31:
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1081:. Our body is equipped with sub-systems for the purpose of maintaining balance and self healing functions. Intervention without sufficient data might damage those healing sub systems. Monitoring medicine fills the gap to prevent diagnosis errors and can assist in future medical research by analyzing all
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method that compares a current test result with previous test results of the same person, and detects whether there is a substantial difference, as can be defined as a critical difference as per previous section, or defined by other pre-defined criteria. If the difference exceeds the pre-defined
715:
is 2.2%, then the critical difference is 8.1 g/L. Thus, for changes of less than 8 g/L since a previous test, the possibility that the change is completely caused by test-retest variability may need to be considered in addition to considering effects of, for example, diseases or treatments.
1157:
Bio sensors may provide warnings when stress levels signs are rising before human can notice it and provide alerts and suggestions. Deep neural network models using photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) data from mobile cameras can assess stress levels with a high degree of accuracy
916:
criteria, the result is reported only after manual confirmation by laboratory personnel, in order to exclude a laboratory error as a cause of the difference. In order to flag samples as deviating from previously, the exact cutoff values are chosen to give a balance between
920:
and the risk of being overwhelmed by false-positive flags. This balance, in turn, depends on the different kinds of clinical situations where the cutoffs are used, and hence, different cutoffs are often used at different departments even in the same hospital.
1707:
Genz, Jutta; Haastert, Burkhard; Meyer, Gabriele; Steckelberg, Anke; MĂźller, Hardy; Verheyen, Frank; Cole, Dennis; Rathmann, Wolfgang; Nowotny, Bettina; Roden, Michael; Giani, Guido; Mielck, Andreas; Ohmann, Christian; Icks, Andrea (2010).
585:
In practice, the possibility that a difference is due to test-retest variability can almost certainly be excluded if the difference is larger than a predefined "critical difference". This "critical difference" (CD) is calculated as:
577:
When monitoring a clinical parameters, differences between test results (or values of a continuously monitored parameter after a time interval) can reflect either (or both) an actual change in the status of the condition or a
477:
Several models of multi-parameter monitors are networkable, i.e., they can send their output to a central ICU monitoring station, where a single staff member can observe and respond to several bedside monitors simultaneously.
1066:-only approach of old school medical treatment, new researches that shows the enormous damage medications can cause, researchers are working to fulfill the need for a comprehensive further study and personal continuous
383:
The translating component of medical monitors is responsible for converting the signals from the sensors to a format that can be shown on the display device or transferred to an external display or recording device.
1330:
1. Some patients will require additional monitoring: e.g. intravascular pressures, cardiac output. 2. Depth of anaesthesia monitors recommended when patients are anaesthetised with total intravenous techniques.
532:
A medical monitor can also have the function to produce an alarm (such as using audible signals) to alert the staff when certain criteria are set, such as when some parameter exceeds of falls the level limits.
1321:
1. Pulse oximeter 2. Non-invasive blood pressure monitor 3. Electrocardiograph 4. Capnograph if the patient has a tracheal tube or supraglottic airway device in situ, or is deeply sedated 5. Temperature
1523:"New decision criteria for selecting delta check methods based on the ratio of the delta difference to the width of the reference range can be generally applicable for each clinical chemistry test item"
661:
1277:
1. Clinical observation (one-to-one) 2. Pulse oximetry 3. Non-invasive blood pressure 4. ECG 5. Core temperature 6. End-tidal carbon dioxide (if tracheal tube or supraglottic airway device in situ)
3486:
316:. These allow for continuous monitoring of a patient, with medical staff being continuously informed of the changes in general condition of a patient. Some monitors can even warn of pending fatal
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2719:
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can take care of the data coding according to these standards and send messages to the medical records application, which decodes them and incorporates the data into the adequate fields.
676:, in which case there is less than 5% probability that a test result would become higher or lower than the critical difference by test-retest variability in the absence of other factors.
489:
Digital monitoring has created the possibility, which is being fully developed, of integrating the physiological data from the patient monitoring networks into the emerging hospital
3531:
1890:
Kamel JT, Christensen B, Odell MS, D'Souza WJ, Cook MJ (December 2010). "Evaluating the use of prolonged video-EEG monitoring to assess future seizure risk and fitness to drive".
1293:
1. Urine output 2. Invasive pressure monitoring (arterial line, central venous pressure) 3. Cardiac output monitoring 4. Access to haematological and biochemical investigations
3516:
1396:"Assessing the efficacy of targeted therapy using circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETC): the example of SERM therapy monitoring as a unique tool to individualize therapy"
541:
An entirely new scope is opened with mobile carried monitors, even such in sub-skin carriage. This class of monitors delivers information gathered in body-area networking (
2110:
561:
Monitoring of clinical parameters is primarily intended to detect changes (or absence of changes) in the clinical status of an individual. For example, the parameter of
1570:
358:(which are sometimes in themselves called "monitors"), as well as communication links for displaying or recording the results elsewhere through a monitoring network.
1313:
and vapour 4. Airway pressure 5. A nerve stimulator whenever a muscle relaxant is used 6. Temperature (pre-op) and for any procedure >30 min anaesthesia duration
505:. This newer method of charting patient data reduces the likelihood of human documentation error and will eventually reduce overall paper consumption. In addition,
3178:
2388:
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with assessment of the patient's condition relative to their cardiac rhythm. A small monitor worn by an ambulatory patient for this purpose is known as a
3481:
30:
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3133:
3049:
2878:
3511:
2216:
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1. Pulse oximeter 2. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring 3. Electrocardiograph 4. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitor if the patient is sedated.
304:. Multimodal monitors that simultaneously measure and display the relevant vital parameters are commonly integrated into the bedside monitors in
3450:
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2012:
1977:
1950:
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1394:
Pachmann, Katharina; Camara, Oumar; Kohlhase, Annika; Rabenstein, Carola; Kroll, Torsten; Runnebaum, Ingo B.; Hoeffken, Klaus (2010-08-08).
2805:
1710:"Blood glucose testing and primary prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2 - evaluation of the effect of evidence based patient information"
375:
and mechanical sensors. For example, photodiode is used in pulse oximetry, Pressure sensor used in Non
Invasive bood pressure measurement.
3097:
1005:
that emphasizes monitoring of comprehensive medical data of patients, people at risk and healthy people using advanced, smart, minimally
3521:
3332:
2915:
2311:
2296:
2236:
1933:
Karasinski, Jason; Sadik, Omowunmi; Andreescu, Silvana (2006). "Multiarray
Biosensors for Toxicity Monitoring and Bacterial Pathogens".
1006:
412:
of computed parameters on the original data, such as maximum, minimum and average values, pulse and respiratory frequencies, and so on.
3409:
3208:
3419:
3327:
2842:
2709:
2406:
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325:
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intensive care units, brain EEG monitors have a larger multichannel capability and can monitor other physiological events, as well.
954:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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can also be achieved by portable, battery-operated models which are carried by the patient and which transmit their data via a
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Critical differences for other tests include early morning urinary albumin concentration, with a critical difference of 40%.
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457:, another the ECG. Later analog models had a second or third channel displayed on the same screen, usually to monitor
943:
1661:
465:. These machines were widely used and saved many lives, but they had several restrictions, including sensitivity to
3399:
3261:
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1110:(FDA) approvals, therefore many of monitoring medicine solutions are not available today in conventional medicine.
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within the circulatory system. Blood pressure can be measured either invasively through an inserted blood pressure
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from The
Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Author: Brona Roberts. Copyrighted 2012
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Besides the tracings of physiological parameters along time (X axis), digital medical displays have automated
672:, is a factor dependent on the preferred probability level. Usually, it is set at 2.77, which reflects a 95%
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1. Pulse oximeter 2. Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring 3. Inspired and expired oxygen, carbon dioxide,
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Al-Jebrni, Abdulrhman H.; Chwyl, Brendan; Wang, Xiao Yu; Wong, Alexander; Saab, Bechara J. (May 2020).
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449:). Therefore, medical monitors tended to be highly specialized. One monitor would track a patient's
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The development cycle in medicine is extremely long, up to 20 years, because of the need for U.S.
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Respiratory rate monitoring through a thoracic transducer belt, an ECG channel or via capnography
118:
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2031:
Blood
Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics (Contemporary Cardiology)
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1872:
1851:"Using Biosensors to Detect the Release of Serotonin from Taste Buds During Taste Stimulation"
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may provide a continuous results and a computer can provide nutrition suggestions or alerts.
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550:
393:
301:
285:
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207:. Also, there are special patient monitors which incorporate the monitoring of brain waves (
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is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time.
3148:
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2396:
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1849:
HUANG YJ; MARUYAMA Y; Lu, K. S.; PEREIRA E; PLONSKY I; BAUR JE; Wu, D.; ROPER SD (2005).
1135:
devices can transmit data to a computer that can assist with daily life suggestions for
982:
The development of new techniques for monitoring is an advanced and developing field in
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For example, if a patient has a hemoglobin level of 100 g/L, the analytical variation (
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2020:, Daniel Tze Huei Lai (Editor), Marimuthu Palaniswami (Editor), Rezaul Begg (Editor),
1759:
Jovanov, E.; Lords, A. O.; Raskovic, D.; Cox, P. G.; Adhami, R.; Andrasik, F. (2003).
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Physiological
Monitoring and Instrument Diagnosis in Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine
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can include several of the ones mentioned above, and most commonly include at least
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can make suggestions for further study in people who are at risk and help prevent
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434:, and multi-parameter displays that can track many different vital signs at once.
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Observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time
1070:
of health conditions while keeping legacy medical intervention as a last resort.
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incorporates diagnostic codes automatically into the charts. Medical monitor's
3193:
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1987:
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1937:. Optical Science and Engineering. Vol. 20065381. CRC. pp. 521â538.
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with integrated systems for monitoring of several vital parameters, including
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in a German hospital in 2015, with a monitoring screen displaying a graphical
24:
1419:
1073:
In many medical problems, drugs offer temporary relief of symptoms while the
80:
Transmitting data from a monitor to a distant monitoring station is known as
2750:
2632:
2568:
1761:""Stress monitoring using a distributed wireless intelligent sensor system""
1726:
1242:
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1165:
1144:
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It can be performed by continuously measuring certain parameters by using a
1911:
1876:
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1437:
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The PASCAL Dynamic
Contour Tonometer. A monitor for detection of increased
2088:
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conditions before visible signs are noticeable to clinical staff, such as
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Medical
Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (Perspectives in Nanotechnology)
1682:
The UltraMind
Solution: Fix Your Broken Brain by Healing Your Body First
186:
concentration. The respiratory rate monitored as such is called AWRR or
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808:
788:
778:
317:
215:(BIS), etc. They are usually incorporated into anesthesia machines. In
2018:
Healthcare Sensor
Networks: Challenges Toward Practical Implementation
469:, base level fluctuations and absence of numeric readouts and alarms.
2226:
2221:
1609:"Healthcare 2030: disease-free life with home monitoring nanomedince"
728:
351:
157:
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of a medical problem remains unknown without enough data of all our
497:
which have been developed for this purpose by organizations such as
2005:
1966:
Thompson, Jonathan P.; Moppett, Iain K.; Wiles, Matt, eds. (2019).
1818:"AI-enabled remote and objective quantification of stress at scale"
1589:"Delta Checks Checkup: Optimizing cutoffs with lab-specific inputs"
96:
Monitoring can be classified by the target of interest, including:
1234:
1215:
may assist with preventing and early treatment of mental disorders
1112:
1087:
1063:
889:
Unless otherwise specified, then reference for critical values is
264:
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assembly, or noninvasively with an inflatable blood pressure cuff.
29:
2642:
2328:
1260:
758:
498:
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of the peak and/or average parameters displayed on the screen.
3487:
American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
1335:
D. Regional techniques & sedation for operative procedures
928:
502:
446:
401:
397:
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capabilities and the growing awareness of the limitations of
1035:
and early warning tools over a short clinical interview and
1281:
Additional monitoring which should be immediately available
3451:
Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
3298:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
2720:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
1233:
and prevent them with changes of daily life activity like
656:{\displaystyle CD=K\times {\sqrt {CV_{a}^{2}+CV_{i}^{2}}}}
156:
which involves measurement of the saturated percentage of
3502:
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
61:
by a bedside monitor), and/or by repeatedly performing
3532:
European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
1648:"Brain Damage Caused by Neuroleptic Psychiatric Drugs"
2351:
Critical illnessârelated corticosteroid insufficiency
1301:
Presence of the anaesthetist throughout anaesthesia
594:
42:, the heart rate and blood pressure all in real time
3517:
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
3474:
3438:
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392:Physiological data are displayed continuously on a
350:used for monitoring. It can consist of one or more
1679:
655:
1768:IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine
1255:Smart biosensors may detect toxic materials such
1400:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
493:and digital charting systems, using appropriate
408:along the time axis. They may be accompanied by
1521:Park SH, Kim SY, Lee W, Chun S, Min WK (2012).
1289:Additional monitoring which should be available
1285:1. Blood/capillary glucose 2. Nerve stimulator
708:) is 1.8% and the intra-individual variability
23:Display device of a medical monitor as used in
1969:Smith and Aitkenhead's textbook of anaesthesia
2799:
2104:
441:patient displays, in contrast, were based on
8:
3179:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1594:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
1569:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
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422:Modern medical display devices commonly use
1305:A. Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia
3482:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
2806:
2792:
2784:
2203:
2111:
2097:
2089:
565:is usually monitored to detect changes in
164:, referred to as SpO2, and measured by an
3527:International Anesthesia Research Society
3134:ASA physical status classification system
1972:(Seventh ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
1866:
1833:
1735:
1725:
1662:"Medications That Can Cause Nerve Damage"
1546:
1485:
1427:
970:Learn how and when to remove this message
645:
640:
624:
619:
610:
593:
516:Long-distance connectivity can avail for
2879:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
1822:Biomedical Signal Processing and Control
1673:
1671:
718:
573:Change in status versus test variability
57:(for example, by continuously measuring
18:
3512:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1386:
105:, which generally refers to continuous
1625:. Technologyreview.com. Archived from
1582:
1580:
1562:
557:Interpretation of monitored parameters
113:. Cardiac monitoring can also involve
3492:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1179:Continuous blood test based nutrition
1054:advances, realizing the human body's
7:
3497:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
2599:Recombinant activated protein C
2046:, Yves W. Brans, William W. Hay Jr,
1623:"Nanosensors for Medical Monitoring"
371:Sensors of medical monitors include
3522:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
3430:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
3333:Postoperative residual curarization
2312:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2297:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
2237:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1460:Fraser, C. G.; Fogarty, Y. (1989).
426:(DSP), which has the advantages of
3410:Operating department practitioners
1509:Câreactive protein (serum, plasma)
253:Cancer therapy monitoring through
211:), gas anesthetic concentrations,
92:Classification by target parameter
14:
3420:Certified anesthesia technologist
3328:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
2843:Procedural sedation and analgesia
2710:Society of Critical Care Medicine
2407:Ventilator-associated lung injury
1462:"Interpreting laboratory results"
326:premature ventricular contraction
3554:
3545:
3544:
2961:Transverse abdominis plane block
2076:
933:
3555:
3461:History of neuraxial anesthesia
3415:Certified anesthesia technician
3237:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
3098:Bloodâgas partition coefficient
2931:Intravenous regional anesthesia
2412:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
2345:Critical illness polyneuropathy
1855:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
1587:Thomas Kampfrath (2017-08-01).
1268:Minimum standards of monitoring
3507:Royal College of Anaesthetists
3466:History of tracheal intubation
3113:Minimum alveolar concentration
3050:Anesthesia provision in the US
1650:. Mindfreedom.org. 2007-09-15.
1227:long-term video-EEG monitoring
720:Critical differences for some
520:, which involves provision of
453:, while another would measure
1:
3456:History of general anesthesia
2968:Total intravenous anaesthesia
2916:Inferior alveolar nerve block
2862:Continuous wound infiltration
2191:Geriatric intensive-care unit
2174:Pediatric intensive care unit
1678:Hyman, Mark (December 2008).
1273:Minimum acceptable monitoring
569:capability of an individual.
178:measurements, referred to as
3019:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
2594:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
2537:Nutritional supplementation
2168:Neonatal intensive care unit
1364:Nanoelectromechanical system
1317:B. Recovery from anaesthesia
1108:Food and Drug Administration
907:In a clinical laboratory, a
696:intra-individual variability
507:automated ECG interpretation
3354:Critical emergency medicine
2694:Water-electrolyte imbalance
2528:Early goal-directed therapy
1904:10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.09.026
1466:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1203:In clinical brain sciences
1168:biosensors may assist with
685:is the analytical variation
117:monitoring via an invasive
3612:
3400:Anesthesiologist assistant
3262:Relative analgesia machine
2546:Total parenteral nutrition
2479:Life-supporting treatments
2186:Critical illness insurance
1943:10.1201/9781420019506.ch19
1935:Smart Biosensor Technology
1835:10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101929
913:laboratory quality control
3540:
3308:Local anesthetic toxicity
2715:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
2511:Ventricular assist device
2506:Intra-aortic balloon pump
2457:Pulmonary artery catheter
2126:
2007:, Scott D. Kelley, M.D.,
1780:10.1109/MEMB.2003.1213626
1539:10.3343/alm.2012.32.5.345
1478:10.1136/bmj.298.6689.1659
1412:10.1007/s00432-010-0942-4
1102:Examples and applications
925:Techniques in development
887:
424:digital signal processing
354:, processing components,
3323:Postanesthetic shivering
3189:Neuromuscular monitoring
3080:Rapid sequence induction
3009:Inhalational anesthetics
1326:C. Additional monitoring
1184:evidence-based nutrition
1149:diabetes mellitus type 2
1133:blood glucose monitoring
1126:Blood glucose monitoring
819:Carcinoembryonic antigen
491:electronic health record
224:Blood glucose monitoring
67:blood glucose monitoring
3591:Intensive care medicine
3374:Oral sedation dentistry
3364:Intensive care medicine
3318:Perioperative mortality
3174:Guedel's classification
2921:Intercostal nerve block
2609:Stress ulcer prevention
2553:Therapeutic hypothermia
2452:Central venous catheter
2120:Intensive care medicine
1727:10.1186/1471-2458-10-15
1611:. Positivefuturist.com.
1375:Wireless ambulatory ECG
942:Some of this article's
580:test-retest variability
467:electrical interference
255:circulating tumor cells
200:Neurological monitoring
188:airway respiratory rate
3425:Anaesthetic technician
3313:Malignant hyperthermia
2684:Level of consciousness
2491:mechanical ventilation
2389:Methicillin-resistant
1225:, next generations of
1200:Psychiatrist-on-a-chip
1122:
1098:
657:
296:, and preferably also
281:
209:electroencephalography
147:Respiratory monitoring
43:
27:
3247:Laryngeal mask airway
3091:Scientific principles
3060:Dogliotti's principle
2936:Occipital nerve block
2901:Brachial plexus block
2391:Staphylococcus aureus
1116:
1091:
658:
495:health care standards
379:Translating component
344:physiological monitor
268:
231:Childbirth monitoring
205:intracranial pressure
130:, which monitors the
33:
22:
3293:Drug-induced amnesia
3288:Anesthesia awareness
3222:Anesthetic vaporizer
3199:Thyromental distance
3103:Concentration effect
2977:Pharmacologic agents
2946:Pudendal nerve block
2366:Stress hyperglycemia
2207:Organ system failure
2141:Medical specialities
2085:at Wikimedia Commons
2059:, Harry F. Tibbals,
2033:, William B. White,
1297:Essential Monitoring
1119:intraocular pressure
1060:medical intervention
992:alternative medicine
988:integrative medicine
592:
582:of the test method.
522:clinical health care
480:Ambulatory telemetry
3217:Anaesthetic machine
3075:Tracheal intubation
3065:Intravenous therapy
3004:General anesthetics
2956:Sciatic nerve block
2911:Femoral nerve block
2906:Fascia iliaca block
2884:Epidural anesthesia
2850:Twilight anesthesia
2729:Related specialties
2689:Acidâbase imbalance
2625:ICU scoring systems
2496:Tracheal intubation
2307:Respiratory failure
2302:Acute liver failure
2292:Acute renal failure
2162:Intensive care unit
2146:Respiratory therapy
1472:(6689): 1659â1660.
1370:Functional medicine
1263:and provide alerts.
1252:Toxicity monitoring
1218:Epilepsy monitoring
1161:Serotonin biosensor
1068:clinical monitoring
1044:biomedical research
1003:predictive medicine
999:preventive medicine
986:, biomedical-aided
839:Glycated hemoglobin
724:
674:prediction interval
650:
629:
473:Communication links
322:atrial fibrillation
310:anesthetic machines
306:critical care units
174:, which involves CO
107:electrocardiography
36:intensive care unit
3581:Medical monitoring
3303:Emergence delirium
3283:Allergic reactions
3159:Entropy monitoring
2941:Paracervical block
2926:Interpleural block
2889:Spinal anaesthesia
2874:Neuraxial blockade
2638:Glasgow Coma Scale
2589:Intravenous fluids
2469:Screening cultures
2437:Arterial blood gas
2402:Refeeding syndrome
2319:Neonatal infection
2280:Vasodilatory shock
2255:Distributive shock
2180:Coronary care unit
2083:Medical monitoring
1774:(3). IEEE: 49â55.
1193:that can run 24/7
1123:
1099:
1085:of many patients.
1079:biological systems
1010:biomedical devices
829:C-reactive protein
719:
653:
636:
615:
410:numerical readouts
282:
271:anesthetic machine
119:Swan-Ganz catheter
102:Cardiac monitoring
44:
28:
3568:
3567:
3405:Nurse anesthetist
3232:Bronchial blocker
3227:Arterial catheter
3118:Second gas effect
3045:Airway management
3014:Local anesthetics
2951:Retrobulbar block
2781:
2780:
2741:Internal medicine
2487:Airway management
2425:
2424:
2265:Obstructive shock
2250:Cardiogenic shock
2081:Media related to
2065:978-1-4398-0874-0
2052:978-0-521-41951-2
2039:978-0-89603-840-0
2026:978-1-4398-2181-7
2013:978-0-9740696-0-9
1979:978-0-7020-7500-1
1952:978-0-8493-3759-8
1714:BMC Public Health
1693:978-1-4165-4971-0
1664:. Livestrong.com.
1349:Medical equipment
1231:epileptic seizure
1182:In the field of
1154:Stress monitoring
1096:Capsule endoscopy
1037:drug prescription
1033:medical diagnosis
980:
979:
972:
897:
896:
893:
651:
563:oxygen saturation
551:autonomous agents
537:Mobile appliances
511:embedded software
486:data connection.
75:diabetes mellitus
40:electrocardiogram
3603:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3395:Anesthesiologist
3184:Mallampati score
3144:Bispectral index
2984:Anticholinergics
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2502:Cardiac devices
2356:Decubitus ulcers
2270:Neurogenic shock
2204:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2080:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1798:. Archived from
1765:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1457:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1391:
975:
968:
964:
961:
955:
937:
929:
888:
725:
662:
660:
659:
654:
652:
649:
644:
628:
623:
611:
549:and implemented
528:Other components
417:numeric readouts
302:respiratory rate
286:vital parameters
261:Vital parameters
238:Body temperature
213:bispectral index
34:A patient of an
3611:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3536:
3470:
3434:
3383:
3337:
3271:
3203:
3149:Body mass index
3122:
3086:
3033:
2999:Benzodiazepines
2972:
2821:
2812:
2782:
2777:
2724:
2698:
2662:
2619:
2579:Antithrombotics
2557:
2541:Enteral feeding
2523:Kidney dialysis
2473:
2421:
2397:Oxygen toxicity
2375:
2333:
2195:
2150:
2122:
2117:
2073:
2001:
1999:Further reading
1996:
1995:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1763:
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1706:
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1701:
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1677:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1561:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1345:
1299:
1270:
1104:
1028:) and advanced
1020:(in the future
976:
965:
959:
956:
953:
938:
927:
905:
799:Fasting glucose
713:
706:
692:
683:
590:
589:
575:
559:
539:
530:
524:at a distance.
475:
428:miniaturization
390:
381:
369:
364:
356:display devices
340:medical monitor
336:
334:Medical monitor
314:operating rooms
263:
177:
94:
73:in people with
55:medical monitor
17:
12:
11:
5:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3572:
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3407:
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3397:
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3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Cardiothoracic
3345:
3343:
3342:Subspecialties
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Magill forceps
3254:
3252:Laryngeal tube
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Fick principle
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
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3088:
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3085:
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3072:
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3047:
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3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:Butyrophenones
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
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2886:
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2871:
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2869:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:anesthesiology
2813:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2738:
2736:Anesthesiology
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:APACHE II
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2606:
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2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
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2571:
2565:
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2559:
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2556:
2555:
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2548:
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2514:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:Blood cultures
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
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2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:Shock sequence
2210:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Health science
2127:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2071:External links
2069:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1925:
1892:Epilepsy Behav
1882:
1841:
1808:
1805:on 2020-07-30.
1751:
1699:
1692:
1667:
1653:
1639:
1614:
1600:
1576:
1513:
1501:
1443:
1406:(5): 821â828.
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:MECIF Protocol
1356:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1298:
1295:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1219:
1216:
1201:
1198:
1180:
1177:
1172:disorders and
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1143:and with the
1127:
1103:
1100:
1048:nanotechnology
984:smart medicine
978:
977:
944:listed sources
941:
939:
932:
926:
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600:
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574:
571:
558:
555:
538:
535:
529:
526:
474:
471:
463:blood pressure
461:movements and
455:pulse oximetry
451:blood pressure
389:
388:Display device
386:
380:
377:
368:
365:
363:
360:
348:medical device
335:
332:
298:pulse oximetry
290:blood pressure
284:Monitoring of
275:blood pressure
262:
259:
258:
257:
251:
248:thermoelectric
234:
227:
220:
196:
195:
194:
191:
184:carbon dioxide
175:
169:
154:Pulse oximetry
143:
132:blood pressure
122:
115:cardiac output
111:Holter monitor
93:
90:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3608:
3597:
3594:
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3500:
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3480:
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3477:
3475:Organizations
3473:
3467:
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3457:
3454:
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3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:Pain medicine
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
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3326:
3324:
3321:
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3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:Complications
3274:
3268:
3267:Tracheal tube
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Goldman index
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
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3119:
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3114:
3111:
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3020:
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3000:
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2992:
2990:
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2809:
2804:
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2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:Organisations
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:SAPS III
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
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2607:
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2602:
2600:
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2595:
2592:
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2575:
2572:
2570:
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2564:
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2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Arterial line
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:Complications
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Organ failure
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Severe sepsis
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:General terms
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:(4): 608â11.
1897:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1629:on 2012-01-31
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:(5): 345â54.
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:nitrous oxide
1307:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:drug delivery
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:lab-on-a-chip
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:Given Imaging
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:nutrigenomics
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:devices like
1023:
1019:
1018:lab-on-a-chip
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:self-tailored
993:
989:
985:
974:
971:
963:
951:
950:
945:
940:
936:
931:
930:
924:
922:
919:
914:
910:
902:
900:
892:
886:
882:
880:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
797:
796:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
726:
723:
717:
714:
707:
697:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
663:
646:
641:
637:
633:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
587:
583:
581:
572:
570:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
536:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:oscilloscopes
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:data channels
403:
399:
395:
387:
385:
378:
376:
374:
366:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
280:
276:
272:
267:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:containing a
245:
241:
239:
235:
233:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:, such as of
202:
201:
197:
192:
189:
185:
182:or end-tidal
181:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
97:
91:
89:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
71:glucose meter
68:
64:
63:medical tests
60:
56:
51:
49:
46:In medicine,
41:
37:
32:
26:
21:
3586:Nanomedicine
3242:Gas cylinder
3127:Measurements
3070:Laryngoscopy
3055:Bronchoscopy
2773:Traumatology
2674:Hemodynamics
2648:SAPS II
2615:Vasopressors
2533:Induced coma
2390:
2381:Iatrogenesis
2371:Stress ulcer
2275:Spinal shock
2232:Septic shock
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1968:
1961:
1934:
1928:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1861:(2): 87â96.
1858:
1854:
1844:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1800:the original
1771:
1767:
1754:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1686:. Scribner.
1681:
1656:
1642:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:the original
1617:
1603:
1592:
1565:cite journal
1530:
1526:
1516:
1504:
1469:
1465:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1354:Medical test
1338:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1229:may predict
1207:and in vivo
1105:
1072:
1062:by chemical
1056:self-healing
1041:
1030:computerized
1022:nanomedicine
981:
966:
960:October 2011
957:
946:
908:
906:
898:
890:
859:Erythrocytes
709:
702:
700:
688:
679:
669:
664:
588:
584:
576:
560:
547:smart phones
540:
531:
518:telemedicine
515:
488:
476:
436:
421:
414:
391:
382:
370:
343:
339:
337:
330:
283:
244:adhesive pad
236:
229:
222:
217:neurosurgery
198:
145:
124:
100:
95:
86:biotelemetry
79:
54:
52:
47:
45:
3446:ACE mixture
3388:Professions
3209:Instruments
3154:Capnography
3108:Fink effect
2989:Antiemetics
2896:Nerve block
2756:Pulmonology
2679:Hypotension
2574:Antibiotics
2417:Dialytrauma
2260:Anaphylaxis
1527:Ann Lab Med
1249:management.
1195:blood tests
947:may not be
918:sensitivity
909:delta check
903:Delta check
891:Fraser 1989
722:blood tests
567:respiratory
459:respiration
432:portability
250:transducer.
242:through an
172:Capnography
168:finger cuff
150:, such as:
126:Hemodynamic
59:vital signs
3596:Anesthesia
3575:Categories
3194:Pain scale
3038:Techniques
2815:Anesthesia
2763:Pediatrics
2746:Cardiology
2667:Physiology
2569:Analgesics
2518:Chest tube
2347:/ myopathy
2324:Polytrauma
2200:Conditions
1988:1091648161
1828:: 101929.
1633:2011-08-22
1381:References
1213:biosensors
1174:depression
1026:nanorobots
1014:biosensors
869:Leukocytes
849:Hemoglobin
769:Creatinine
545:) to e.g.
404:screen as
373:biosensors
362:Components
308:, and the
294:heart rate
279:heart rate
240:monitoring
140:transducer
136:blood flow
128:monitoring
48:monitoring
25:anesthesia
3369:Obstetric
3359:Geriatric
3029:Sedatives
2751:Neurology
2604:Sedatives
2584:Inotropes
2430:Diagnosis
1420:0171-5216
1243:nutrition
1166:serotonin
1145:physician
1141:nutrition
1137:lifestyle
879:Platelets
739:Potassium
665:, where:
608:×
82:telemetry
65:(such as
3550:Category
3139:Baricity
2838:Sedation
2442:Catheter
2361:Fungemia
2136:Medicine
1920:44834010
1912:21035403
1877:16106989
1788:12845819
1746:20074337
1557:22950070
1438:20694797
1343:See also
1223:epilepsy
1209:Bio-MEMS
1007:invasive
949:reliable
749:Chloride
484:wireless
166:infrared
3560:Outline
3439:History
3024:Opioids
2867:Topical
2833:General
2768:Surgery
1868:3712826
1737:2819991
1548:3427822
1496:2503170
1487:1836738
1429:3074080
1257:mercury
1191:implant
1164:Future
1130:In vivo
809:Amylase
789:Albumin
779:Calcium
694:is the
352:sensors
328:(PVC).
318:cardiac
160:in the
69:with a
2243:Other
2222:Sepsis
2176:(PICU)
2170:(NICU)
2063:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
1986:
1976:
1949:
1918:
1910:
1875:
1865:
1796:902182
1794:
1786:
1744:
1734:
1720:: 15.
1690:
1555:
1545:
1494:
1484:
1436:
1426:
1418:
1366:(NEMS)
1239:stress
1211:based
1158:(86%).
729:Sodium
439:analog
367:Sensor
158:oxygen
2857:Local
2826:Types
2611:drugs
2562:Drugs
2245:shock
2182:(CCU)
2164:(ICU)
1916:S2CID
1803:(PDF)
1792:S2CID
1764:(PDF)
1235:sleep
1064:drugs
911:is a
346:is a
180:EtCO2
162:blood
2817:and
2658:SOFA
2643:PIM2
2489:and
2329:Coma
2217:SIRS
2061:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1908:PMID
1873:PMID
1784:PMID
1742:PMID
1688:ISBN
1571:link
1553:PMID
1492:PMID
1434:PMID
1416:ISSN
1261:lead
1259:and
1247:mood
1245:and
1186:, a
1170:mood
1083:data
1075:root
1050:and
1001:and
883:25%
873:32%
863:10%
843:21%
833:43%
823:69%
813:30%
803:15%
773:14%
763:30%
759:Urea
743:14%
501:and
499:IEEE
437:Old
300:and
292:and
277:and
134:and
1939:doi
1900:doi
1863:PMC
1859:143
1830:doi
1776:doi
1732:PMC
1722:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1482:PMC
1474:doi
1470:298
1424:PMC
1408:doi
1404:137
1221:In
1139:or
1042:As
990:,
853:8%
793:8%
783:5%
753:4%
733:3%
543:BAN
503:HL7
447:ECG
402:LCD
400:or
398:LED
394:CRT
342:or
324:or
312:in
269:An
84:or
77:).
3577::
1982:.
1945:.
1914:.
1906:.
1896:19
1894:.
1871:.
1857:.
1853:.
1826:59
1824:.
1820:.
1790:.
1782:.
1772:22
1770:.
1766:.
1740:.
1730:.
1718:10
1716:.
1712:.
1670:^
1591:.
1579:^
1567:}}
1563:{{
1551:.
1541:.
1531:32
1529:.
1525:.
1490:.
1480:.
1468:.
1464:.
1446:^
1432:.
1422:.
1414:.
1402:.
1398:.
1241:,
1237:,
1046:,
1039:.
1016:,
1012:,
994:,
710:CV
703:CV
689:CV
680:CV
553:.
430:,
396:,
338:A
88:.
2807:e
2800:t
2793:v
2112:e
2105:t
2098:v
1990:.
1955:.
1941::
1922:.
1902::
1879:.
1838:.
1832::
1778::
1748:.
1724::
1696:.
1636:.
1597:.
1573:)
1559:.
1537::
1498:.
1476::
1440:.
1410::
1176:.
1151:.
1121:.
973:)
967:(
962:)
958:(
952:.
712:i
705:a
691:i
682:a
670:K
647:2
642:i
638:V
634:C
631:+
626:2
621:a
617:V
613:C
605:K
602:=
599:D
596:C
190:)
176:2
121:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
