Monsoon of South Asia - Knowledge (XXG)

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gradual process, as expected for most changes in weather pattern. The primary cause is believed to be the height of the Himalayas. As the Tibetan Plateau heats up, the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north. Because of the lofty Himalayas, the westerly jet's movement is inhibited. But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. As such, the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt, causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains. The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon.

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of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean, and changes in land use and land cover, while the role of aerosols remains elusive. Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land, higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall has grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region is still largely

857: 1792: 1978: 1803: 666: 1353: 1179: 1085: 1697:(IOD). An index to calculate it was also formulated. IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October. With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier. In negative dipole years, the reverse happens, making Indonesia much warmer and rainier. 1135: 1523: 708: 737:, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving. 1674:(Australia) to measure the strength of the oscillation. Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin (and low pressure over Tahiti). Conversely, low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India. Thus, Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India. 1073: 1229: 1461:(which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right, whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left), these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere, transforming into southwest trades. These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula. This results in the southwest monsoon. 1616: 1783:, New Delhi. In 2003, IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology, model, and administration. A sixteen-parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003. However, following the 2009 drought in India (worst since 1972), The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an "indigenous model" to further improve its prediction capabilities. 908: 1992: 1566:

Plateau heats up significantly more than the Himalayas that the ITCZ rises abruptly and swiftly shifts north, leading to the bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent. The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds, leading to a second, minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months.

1713:(EQUINOO). When EQUINOO effects are factored in, certain failed forecasts, like the acute drought of 2002, can be further accounted for. The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, along with ENSO and EQUINOO, have been studied, and models to better predict the quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived. 1480: 898:

The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood, making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity, timing, and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in

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Since 1950s, the South Asian summer monsoon has been exhibiting large changes, especially in terms of droughts and floods. The observed monsoon rainfall indicates a gradual decline over central India, with a reduction of up to 10%. This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result

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A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997. Further, the two poles of the IOD – the eastern pole (around Indonesia) and the western pole (off the African coast) — independently and cumulatively affect the quantity

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Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a

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According to this theory, during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. However, the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low-pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves. It is only when the Tibetan

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The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter. This results in the north-to-south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon. With the northward shift of the vertical sun, this jet shifts north,

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First, the Himalayas serve as orographic barriers to the southwest monsoon winds. Second, they help confine the winds to the subcontinent, hampering their northward progress. Third, they contribute to the convergence of the Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds,

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Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation, agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant. Therefore, the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon. Any fluctuations in the time distribution, spatial distribution, or quantity of the monsoon rains may

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Meanwhile, there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015, over the entire central belt of India, leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses. Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall

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According to this theory, the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward the Tibetan Plateau. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. The northward shift is not a slow and

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of land and water, continents heat up faster than seas. Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas. These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas, causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands.

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that the lives of Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon. His own career prospects, his emotional well-being, and the performance of his monetary policy are all "a hostage" to the monsoon, he said, as is the case for most Indians. Additionally, farmers rendered jobless by failed monsoon

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A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002–2014, possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall. Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean—on which is warming faster than the

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Although the ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India, in recent decades, its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken. For example, the strong El niño of 1997 did not cause drought in India. However, it was later discovered that, just like

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plans, and India's budget discussions. In some years, it rains too much, causing floods in parts of India; in others, it rains too little or not at all, causing droughts. In some years, the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary. Sometimes, despite average annual rainfall, the daily

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refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon), characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall. Similarly, the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean

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Annual average monsoon precipitation in India over 110 years. The long-term average has been 899 millimeters of precipitation. However, the monsoon varies over the Indian subcontinent within a ±20% range. Rains that exceed 10% typically lead to major floods, while a 10% shortfall is a significant

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When the southeast trade winds cross the equator, they are perceived in the Northern Hemisphere as equatorial westerlies because they seem to blow from the equator toward the Tropic of Cancer. Similarly, when the ITCZ is at the Tropic of Cancer, the northeast trade winds are confined to the area

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The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one. And when coupled with the traditional theory (based on the heating of sea and land), it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with

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during the summer of the respective hemispheres (Northern and Southern Hemisphere). As such, during the northern summer (May and June), the ITCZ moves north, along with the vertical sun, toward the Tropic of Cancer. The ITCZ, as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region, is the target

776:– among other economic, social, and environmental effects – the monsoon is one of the most anticipated, tracked, and studied weather phenomena in the region. It has a significant effect on the overall well-being of residents and has even been dubbed the "real finance minister of India". 1778:

The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884, and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity, distribution, and timing of the monsoon rains. Its position as the sole authority on the monsoon was cemented in 2005 by the

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The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak, crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply. As a result, the Indian government is actively working with farmers and the nation's meteorological department to produce more drought resistant crops.

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contribution. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17–20% of GDP and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood. About 49% of India's land is agricultural; that number rises to 55% if associated

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treatments and massage therapy. One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed. Also, some mountainous areas, especially in Himalayan regions, get cut off when roads are damaged by landslides and floods during heavy rains.

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The onset of the monsoon increases fungal and bacterial activity. A host of mosquito-borne, water-borne and air-borne infections become more common as a result of the change in the ecosystem. These include diseases such as dengue, malaria, cholera, and colds.

1321:. The reverse happens during the winter, when the land is colder than the sea, establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the 1600:

The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India. A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India, and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon.

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lead to floods or droughts, causing the agricultural sector to suffer. This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors, the overall economy, food inflation, and therefore the general population's quality and cost of living.

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A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India. If the shift is delayed, so is the southwest monsoon. An early shift results in an early

788:(derived from the Arabic "mausim", meaning "seasonal reversal of winds"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction, lacks a consistent, detailed definition. Some examples are: 1545:

too. The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau, coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau, generate the tropical easterly jet over central India. This jet creates a low-pressure zone over the

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distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed. In the recent past, rainfall variability in short time periods (about a week) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia.

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of the monsoon under the jet stream theory. Fifth, they help determine the direction of the Bay of Bengal branch of the northeast monsoon. Their role is still a matter of active study, and understanding of them is evolving

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defines it as the seasonal reversal of the direction of winds along the shores of the Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea, which blow from the southwest for half of the year and from the northeast for the other

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The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon. They also help confine it to the subcontinent. Without them, the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into

1060: 1892:'s remark that the monsoon is the "real finance minister of India". A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields, which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports, thus reducing 711:

A visualisation of the South Asian Monsoon based on the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset, analysed and visualised using Google Earth

1847:, alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall, though there are other cities with similar claims. They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon. 1640:. The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds, thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean. The reverse condition is known as 835:

The first people to observe the combined pattern of the monsoons' branches over different regions of South Asia were sailors in the Arabian Sea who traveled between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.

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In the past, Indians usually refrained from traveling during monsoons for practical as well as religious reasons. But with the advent of globalization, such travel is gaining popularity. Places like

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pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons.

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Vinoj, V.; Rasch, Philip J.; Wang, Hailong; Yoon, Jin-Ho; Ma, Po-Lun; Landu, Kiranmayi; Singh, Balwinder (2014). "Short-term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust".

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of both hemispheres. Consequently, with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer, the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it. However, because of the

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features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously. The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows:

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Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. The high temperature during the summer over the

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explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the

1096: 981:, due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds. Orographic barriers force wind to rise. Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of 1344:. This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one. 2101:

Mountains also lie in the path of the southwest monsoon but do not result in much precipitation because they are in the direction of the path of the southwest winds and not

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and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists, both local and foreigners, during the monsoon season. Kerala is one of the top destinations for tourists interested in

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Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas. One area that monsoons impact greatly is India. In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely.

2280: 716: 1309:. It states that during the hot subtropical summers, the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a 1336:

However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire

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received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator, the two

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from south to north. This causes the flow of moisture-laden winds from sea to land. On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling

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Zhang, Zuqiang; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Ding, Yihui (1 October 2004). "Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia".

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overall. Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production. All of these factors have positive ripple effects throughout the economy of India.

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ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, a similar seesaw ocean-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play. This system was discovered in 1999 and named the

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from the northeast for six months and from the southwest for six months. The term has since been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world.

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and keep low-pressure zones to their left in the Northern Hemisphere and to their right in the Southern Hemisphere. The reversal is a result of the

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areas, etc., are included. Because more than half of these farmlands are rain-fed, the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life.

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Padma supercomputing system. This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five

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This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons, as well as unique features like "bursting" and variability.

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Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal.

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The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands. See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats.

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Roxy, M. K.; Ghosh, Subimal; Pathak, Amey; Athulya, R.; Mujumdar, Milind; Murtugudde, Raghu; Terray, Pascal; Rajeevan, M. (3 October 2017).

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of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to the mean dates. The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the

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The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter. The Western Ghats rise abruptly from the

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One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is "vagaries", used in newspapers, magazines, books,

4855: 4770: 2486: 2203: 652: 600: 3689: 2088:. Southwest winds blow onto the land from the southwest. Northeast winds flow from the northeast toward the southwest, onto the land. 5132: 5053: 4957: 4700: 4264: 3044:

Kumar, K. K.; Balaji Rajagopalan; Mark A. Cane (25 June 1999). "On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO".

694: 2130:, that play active roles in the monsoon are considered major extensions of the Western Ghats and are thus not discussed separately. 5142: 5024: 4820: 4150: 4115: 3994: 3828: 2963: 582: 5147: 5081: 5012: 4992: 4797: 4750: 4725: 4385: 4120: 3630:"IMD's new operational models for long-range forecast of southwest monsoon rainfall over India and their verification for 2003" 2342: 2061: 1221: 815: 793: 3845: 5137: 4745: 4474: 2140:

increasing the intensity of precipitation over the northern part of the subcontinent. Fourth, they are a major factor in the

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Paul, Supantha; Ghosh, Subimal; Oglesby, Robert; Pathak, Amey; Chandrasekharan, Anita; Ramsankaran, RAAJ (24 August 2016).

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rains tend to migrate to cities. This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life.

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Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do cause precipitation on their own.

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Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Murtugudde, Raghu; Ashok, Karumuri; Goswami, B. N. (16 June 2015).

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Districtwise Drought Climatology Of The Southwest Monsoon Season over India Based on Standardized Precipitation Index

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are mostly rain-fed and non-perennial in nature, depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply. Most of the

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The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. They give rise to slowly moving upper-air waves, with 250-

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in India, various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall. At least five prediction models exist.

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Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India, the monsoon can also be categorized into two

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As with ENSO, the atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named

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The northeast monsoon usually "bursts" around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing.

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National Climate Centre, Research Report No: 2/2010, India Meteorological Department Pune, Govt of India

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calculated over a long period. A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the

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The "bursting" of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory.

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arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of

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events which are larger than 150 mm/day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods.

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However, a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon – that is, one that performs close to

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right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds. These are the main cause of the substantial

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Normally, the southwest monsoon can be expected to "burst" onto the western coast of India (near

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There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent.

3974: 3140:"Indian summer monsoon: Extreme events, historical changes, and role of anthropogenic forcings" 2675: 2490: 2200: 1178: 4997: 4920: 4642: 4627: 4364: 3897: 3517: 3468: 3450: 3368: 3350: 3269: 3219: 3092:"Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation" 3061: 2959: 2735: 2729: 2647: 2641: 2610: 2604: 2576: 2570: 2540: 2456: 2450: 2419: 2390: 2249: 2127: 2026: 1670:(SOI), based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, has been formulated by the 1494:

winds in some air streams. First observed by World War II pilots, they develop just below the

1314: 1310: 1134: 982: 811:, caused by differential heating between a continental-scale land mass and the adjacent ocean. 516: 2704: 1662:, Australia. Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti, it was low in Darwin, and 4546: 4424: 4419: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4316: 4095: 4062: 4031: 3507: 3458: 3442: 3403: 3358: 3342: 3261: 3209: 3159: 3111: 3053: 2853: 2532: 2066: 2020: 2016: 1889: 1637: 1511: 1445: 1417: 1413: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1237: 1233: 1066:

Pink arrow: Southwest monsoon wind direction; green arrow: northeast monsoon wind direction.

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The jet stream theory also explains the variability in timing and strength of the monsoon.

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cause these belts to shift gradually north and south, following the Sun's seasonal shifts.

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Roxy, Mathew Koll; Ritika, Kapoor; Terray, Pascal; Masson, Sébastien (11 September 2014).

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Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures

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factors, influence the behavior of the monsoon. Because of its effect on agriculture, on

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Monsoon On-Line, an Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India initiative

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with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables.

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Change of direction or origin of winds alters their nomenclature as noted above.

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The atmospheric circulation system with associated pressure belts and latitudes.

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of the subcontinent, making effective orographic barriers for the monsoon winds.

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calls it a name for seasonal winds, first applied to the winds blowing over the

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Singh, Deepti; Ghosh, Subimal; Roxy, Mathew K.; McDermid, Sonali (March 2019).

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are also rain-fed and monsoon-dependent. As such, the flora, fauna, and entire

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facilitated the Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM) experiment on the

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The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May, arriving at the

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over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface. The main types are the

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Rajeevapn, M.; D. S. Pai; S. K. Dikshit; R. R. Kelkar (10 February 2004).

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of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence (

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Gadgil, Sulochana; P. N. Vinayachandran; P. A. Francis (1 January 2004).

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on the planet. This pressure difference is because of the differences in

769: 357: 4940: 4935: 3423:"A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India" 3214: 1855:

In India, which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy, the

1389: 1337: 1284: 730: 523: 401: 389: 337: 320: 291: 249: 212: 159: 88: 44: 3346: 4492: 4435: 3979: 3603: 3091: 2857: 2536: 2281:"India cheers as monsoon arrives; hopes of better farm output raised" 1938: 1655: 1139: 757: 325: 313: 308: 75: 70: 60: 53: 3163: 3007:

Gopal Raj, N (4 May 2004). "El Nino & the Indian Ocean Dipole".

3742:"Cherrapunji no longer wettest Challenge comes from nearby village" 1002:

The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent: the

4887: 4837: 4536: 4497: 4175: 4067: 1954:

The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area. The

1763: 1614: 1341: 1227: 1037: 918:

The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the

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must happen. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily

974: 967: 962: 955: 949: 545: 445: 428: 406: 332: 4439: 3983: 1888:

The economic significance of the monsoon is aptly described by

1305:, the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large-scale 3602:. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing. Archived from 2369:"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, Glossary" 1864: 540: 2084:

The name of the wind is based on the direction that it blows

1114:

Recent trends in average annual precipitation from monsoons.

3386:

Roxy, Mathew Koll (2017). "Land warming revives monsoon".

3964: 2763:"Agronomic Measures in Dryland Agriculture: An Overview" 3541:. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India 1632:

is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of

2311:. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 June 2010. Archived from 3565:

Gadgil, Sulochana; J. Srinivasan (10 February 2011).

3023:"Climate glossary - Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)" 1102:

Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India.

1817:

in the Indian subcontinent. As such, it affects the

5072: 5046: 5023: 4978: 4911: 4846: 4792: 4769: 4691: 4603: 4473: 4373: 4311: 4263: 4201: 4081: 4045: 4017: 3829:"Monsoon Illnesses in India – All You Need to Know" 729:is among several geographically distributed global 2241: 1924:, emphasized during a quarterly review of India's 1813:The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for 744:, along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and 3965:Indian Meteorological Department Official Website 3025:. Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). 3 April 2007 2210:, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India 1090:Geographical features of the Indian subcontinent. 2731:Cases in Rural Marketing: An Integrated Approach 1047:For the northeast monsoon, the highlands of the 742:geographical features of the Indian subcontinent 3664:"Man behind old monsoon model goes out quietly" 3144:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2609:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 163–. 872:based on the direction of rain-bearing winds: 868:Alternatively, it can be categorized into two 4451: 3995: 3600:"Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon(SPIM)" 2564: 2562: 1966:of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon. 1317:and leading to orographic rains. This is the 933:by June, and then the winds move towards the 842:based on their spread over the subcontinent: 688: 8: 3970:Centre for Development of Advanced Computing 3623: 3621: 3002: 3000: 1756:Centre for Development of Advanced Computing 1750:Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM) 1208:) and over the entire expected time period ( 1013:The presence of abundant highlands like the 3567:"Seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon" 3560: 3558: 3556: 3085: 3083: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2960:"Met. Terminologies and Glossary - Monsoon" 2635: 2633: 2371:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2309:"India cheers as monsoon arrives in Kerala" 1303:differential heating of sea and land theory 4458: 4444: 4436: 4002: 3988: 3980: 3804:"Monsoon affects economy, health in India" 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3239:"The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming" 2938:"Monsoon withdrawal dates on Map of India" 2734:. Pearson Education India. pp. 106–. 2303: 2301: 1809:, Maharashtra on 28 August in rainy season 1781:Department of Science and Technology (DST) 1149:daily rainfall over the affected regions. 985:and condensation of the moist rising air. 695: 681: 31: 3511: 3462: 3362: 3296:"Warming Indian Ocean, weakening monsoon" 3213: 3115: 805:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 752:, and on the climates of nations such as 3776:"How monsoon impacts the Indian economy" 2279:News Service, Indo-Asian (31 May 2010). 1801: 1790: 1521: 1478: 1351: 1288: 1177: 1133: 906: 855: 838:The monsoon can be categorized into two 715: 706: 3852:. Indo-Asian News Service. 27 July 2010 3533: 3531: 2606:Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography 2481: 2479: 2192: 2173:Geostrophic winds blow parallel to the 2077: 1056: 43: 4053:National Geological Monuments of India 2728:Krishnamacharyulu (1 September 2003). 2674:Kasabe, Nanda Dabhole (23 July 1997). 2575:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 373–. 1768:atmospheric general circulation models 1044:, and Russia without causing any rain. 941:Effect of geographical relief features 3909: 3907: 3840: 3838: 3798: 3796: 3488:"Hydroclimate: Extreme rain in India" 2894:"Monsoon Onset dates on Map of India" 2510: 2508: 2337:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). 2332: 2330: 2274: 2272: 1922:governor of the Reserve Bank of India 1832:Geographical (wettest spots on Earth) 1798:, Maharashtra on 28 May in dry season 1774:India Meteorological Department model 1650:, a phenomenon first observed by Sir 7: 3898:"Traveling in India during monsoons" 3486:Simpkins, Graham (2 November 2017). 2916:"SW Monsoon Normal Withdrawal Dates" 2785:"Weather Insurance To Protect A Few" 2517:International Journal of Climatology 1770:with monsoon rainfall distribution. 1416:. However, geophysical factors like 1051:play the role of orographic barrier. 894:Winter monsoon (October to November) 3871:MITRA, SUBHANKAR (29 August 2009). 3846:"All Indians 'chasing the monsoon'" 3690:"Drought in India worst since 1972" 2676:"Vagaries apart, monsoon is normal" 2572:Encyclopedia of weather and climate 1711:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 1705:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 1605:El Niño–Southern Oscillation effect 2940:. Indian Meteorological Department 2918:. Indian Meteorological Department 2896:. Indian Meteorological Department 2874:. Indian Meteorological Department 2709:. Pratiyogita Darpan. pp. 93– 2487:"Indian Meteorological Department" 2393:. Indian Meteorological Department 2391:"IMD terminologies & glossary" 1821:(and associated flora, fauna, and 1623:on the weather of the subcontinent 1440:(ITCZ) under the influence of the 25: 2199:India Meteorological Department, 1956:peninsular/Deccan rivers of India 1248:Theories for mechanism of monsoon 891:Summer monsoon (May to September) 4594: 3662:BAGLA, PALLAVA (28 April 2003). 2964:Indian Meteorological Department 2118:Other major highlands, like the 1990: 1976: 1579:Theories for monsoon variability 1182:Annual average rainfall in India 1107: 1095: 1083: 1071: 1059: 664: 5082:Indian Institutes of Technology 5064:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 4993:South Asian Football Federation 2872:"SW Monsoon Normal Onset Dates" 2343:American Meteorological Society 2240:Alexander Frater (1 May 2005). 2062:India Meteorological Department 1960:coastal rivers of Western India 1510:. They follow the principle of 1222:India Meteorological Department 816:India Meteorological Department 794:American Meteorological Society 3917:. India.gov.in. Archived from 3740:Philip, A J (24 August 2003). 2155:north of the Tropic of Cancer. 1843:, both in the Indian state of 1738:Monsoon rain prediction models 1438:Intertropical Convergence Zone 1266:Because of differences in the 1174:Ideal and normal monsoon rains 954:Two factors are essential for 860:Southwest monsoon clouds over 27:Monsoon in Indian subcontinent 1: 4400:World Heritage Sites in India 3058:10.1126/science.284.5423.2156 1636:that replaces the usual cold 1293:A: sea breeze; B: land breeze 1025:throughout the subcontinent. 4325:Biogeographic classification 3096:Geophysical Research Letters 2489:. imd.gov.in. Archived from 1611:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 4381:National monuments of India 3915:"Rivers-Profile-Know India" 2646:. Springer. pp. 188–. 2603:M. Hanif (1 January 2005). 2455:. Springer. pp. 766–. 1518:Process of monsoon creation 1428:Process of monsoon creation 1279:Process of monsoon creation 922:and reverse winds from the 592:Severe weather terminology 54:Temperate and polar seasons 5174: 5158:Weather events in Pakistan 5087:Inventions and discoveries 5059:Sino-Indian border dispute 4806:Human rights in South Asia 4592: 3447:10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9 1685: 1682:Indian Ocean dipole effect 1668:Southern Oscillation Index 1608: 1472: 1365: 1359: 1333:during the winter months. 1282: 1259: 1210:mean temporal distribution 987: 947: 899:India for any given year. 4063:Sacred mountains of India 3688:AFP (30 September 2009). 3266:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1 2226:24 September 2015 at the 1744:Great Famine of 1876–1878 1504:subtropical westerly jets 1206:mean spatial distribution 1120:Features of monsoon rains 1078:Orographic precipitation. 973:Additionally, one of the 5133:Regional climate effects 5054:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 2412:Colin S. Ramage (1971). 2206:24 December 2010 at the 2032:Tropical monsoon climate 1717:Impact of climate change 1420:, its rotation, and its 1023:orographic precipitation 822:Colin Stokes Ramage, in 5143:Weather events in India 4861:Archaeological cultures 4395:Indian-origin religions 4386:National parks of India 4131:Highest point by states 2569:Michael Allaby (2002). 1553:Theories for "bursting" 1378:atmospheric circulation 1368:Atmospheric circulation 5148:Weather events in Asia 5074:Science and technology 4273:States and territories 4068:Sacred rivers of India 4058:Sacred groves of India 3300:India Climate Dialogue 2201:Monsoon data 1901-2010 1859:recently overtook the 1810: 1799: 1624: 1547:northern Indian plains 1534: 1508:tropical easterly jets 1506:, and the less common 1484: 1357: 1294: 1285:Monsoon § Process 1268:specific heat capacity 1244: 1183: 1142: 1030:Western Coastal Plains 912: 903:Changes of the Monsoon 879:Northeast (NE) monsoon 876:Southwest (SW) monsoon 865: 722: 713: 653:Tropical cyclone terms 5138:Environmental science 4953:Religious persecution 4811:Religious nationalism 4671:European and Eurasian 4475:Countries and regions 3492:Nature Climate Change 3427:Nature Communications 3388:Nature Climate Change 3194:Nature Communications 2789:The Financial Express 2011:Monsoon (photographs) 1805: 1794: 1672:Bureau of Meteorology 1618: 1584:The jet stream effect 1525: 1482: 1465:orographic barriers. 1404:, giving rise to the 1355: 1292: 1231: 1212:). Additionally, the 1181: 1138:"Monsoon burst" over 1137: 950:Rain § Formation 910: 859: 727:Monsoon of South Asia 719: 710: 260:Extratropical cyclone 184:Air-mass thunderstorm 5102:Traditional medicine 4415:Environment of India 3873:"The monsoon effect" 3513:10.1038/nclimate3429 3408:10.1038/nclimate3356 3117:10.1029/2004GL019733 2765:. India Water Portal 1648:Southern Oscillation 1483:Jet streams of Earth 1453:destination for the 1232:Monsoon clouds over 1198:statistical averages 963:Moisture-laden winds 620:Weather modification 218:Anticyclonic tornado 5153:Climate of Pakistan 5033:South Asian studies 4559:South Asian regions 3504:2017NatCC...7..760S 3439:2017NatCo...8..708R 3400:2017NatCC...7..549R 3339:2016NatSR...632177P 3258:2014JCli...27.8501R 3206:2015NatCo...6.7423R 3156:2019WIRCC..10E.571S 3108:2004GeoRL..3112213G 3052:(5423): 2156–2159. 2850:2014NatGe...7..308V 2529:2004IJCli..24.1461Z 2493:on 24 December 2010 2415:Monsoon meteorology 2244:Chasing the Monsoon 1695:Indian Ocean Dipole 1688:Indian Ocean Dipole 1146:Bursting of monsoon 824:Monsoon Meteorology 735:Indian subcontinent 615:Weather forecasting 451:Rain and snow mixed 277:Subtropical cyclone 4467:South Asian topics 4011:Geography of India 3941:"Indian Geography" 3921:on 4 February 2011 3694:The Times of India 3327:Scientific Reports 3246:Journal of Climate 3215:10.1038/ncomms8423 2817:. 22 February 2011 2706:Pratiyogita Darpan 2701:Pratiyogita Darpan 2680:The Indian Express 2418:. Academic Press. 2006:East Asian Monsoon 1811: 1800: 1701:of monsoon rains. 1625: 1535: 1530:lies north of the 1485: 1358: 1297:Also known as the 1295: 1256:Traditional theory 1245: 1188:Thiruvananthapuram 1184: 1153:Rain variability ( 1143: 913: 911:Monsoon over India 866: 846:Arabian Sea branch 723: 714: 671:Weather portal 287:Atlantic hurricane 265:European windstorm 172:Volcanic lightning 133:Cumulonimbus cloud 5110: 5109: 5013:Traditional games 4998:South Asian Games 4586:General geography 4433: 4432: 3347:10.1038/srep32177 3252:(22): 8501–8509. 2838:Nature Geoscience 2741:978-81-317-0188-1 2653:978-3-540-40610-5 2643:The Asian monsoon 2640:Bin Wang (2006). 2616:978-81-261-2482-4 2582:978-0-8160-4801-4 2523:(12): 1461–1482. 2462:978-0-7923-4066-9 2425:978-0-12-576650-0 2255:978-0-330-43313-6 2128:Nilgiri Mountains 2105:them, causing no 2056:Impact on climate 2027:Asian brown cloud 1570:Jet stream theory 1512:geostrophic winds 1469:Jet stream theory 1323:northeast monsoon 1319:southwest monsoon 1311:pressure gradient 1271:This is known as 996:geographic relief 983:adiabatic cooling 968:Droplet formation 733:. It affects the 705: 704: 16:(Redirected from 5165: 5123:Climate of India 5008:Physical culture 4903:Former countries 4898:Contemporary era 4598: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4437: 4425:Tourism in India 4420:History of India 4410:Culture of India 4405:Climate of India 4278:Autonomous areas 4032:Geology of India 4004: 3997: 3990: 3981: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3772: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3571: 3562: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3004: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2858:10.1038/ngeo2107 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2703:(October 2007). 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2537:10.1002/joc.1082 2512: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2349:on 22 March 2008 2345:. 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IndiaBook.com 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3637:Current Science 3632: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3606:on 2 March 2011 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3574:Current Science 3569: 3564: 3563: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3164:10.1002/wcc.571 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3005: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2285:Hindustan Times 2278: 2277: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2228:Wayback Machine 2218: 2214: 2208:Wayback Machine 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2179:Coriolis effect 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2138: 2134: 2124:Anaimalai Hills 2117: 2113: 2107:orographic lift 2096: 2092: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2042:Tibetan Plateau 1996: 1991: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1952: 1935: 1926:monetary policy 1915: 1906: 1886: 1874:dryland farming 1857:services sector 1853: 1834: 1789: 1776: 1752: 1740: 1719: 1707: 1690: 1684: 1613: 1607: 1596: 1586: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1555: 1539:Tibetan Plateau 1528:Tibetan Plateau 1520: 1477: 1471: 1459:Coriolis effect 1430: 1370: 1364: 1350: 1287: 1281: 1264: 1258: 1250: 1225: 1176: 1159: 1132: 1122: 1115: 1112: 1103: 1100: 1091: 1088: 1079: 1076: 1067: 1064: 992: 990:Orographic lift 952: 943: 935:South China Sea 924:South China Sea 905: 833: 782: 750:flora and fauna 701: 663: 658: 657: 633: 625: 624: 483: 473: 472: 385: 375: 374: 363:Ground blizzard 123: 113: 112: 91: 81: 80: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4784:Climate change 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391:Nature worship 4388: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4303:Municipalities 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4121:Extreme points 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3959:External links 3957: 3955: 3954: 3932: 3903: 3900:. 31 May 2013. 3889: 3863: 3834: 3820: 3808:WORLD MONSOONS 3792: 3758: 3732: 3721:. 10 June 2010 3706: 3680: 3654: 3617: 3591: 3552: 3539:"Introduction" 3527: 3478: 3413: 3394:(8): 549–550. 3378: 3313: 3302:. 16 June 2015 3287: 3229: 3177: 3130: 3102:(12): L12213. 3079: 3036: 3014: 2976: 2951: 2929: 2907: 2885: 2863: 2844:(4): 308–313. 2828: 2802: 2791:. 16 July 2004 2776: 2754: 2740: 2720: 2692: 2666: 2652: 2629: 2615: 2595: 2581: 2558: 2504: 2475: 2461: 2449:, ed. (1997). 2438: 2424: 2404: 2382: 2360: 2326: 2315:on 5 June 2010 2297: 2268: 2254: 2232: 2212: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2166: 2157: 2147: 2132: 2120:Cardamom Hills 2111: 2090: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2049: 2039: 2029: 2024: 2014: 2013:of India, 1960 2008: 2002: 2001: 1987: 1984:Weather portal 1971: 1968: 1951: 1948: 1934: 1931: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1894:food inflation 1885: 1882: 1852: 1849: 1833: 1830: 1788: 1785: 1775: 1772: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1718: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1652:Gilbert Walker 1609:Main article: 1606: 1603: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561:Dynamic theory 1559: 1554: 1551: 1519: 1516: 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1434:dynamic theory 1429: 1426: 1400:, and the two 1382:thermal energy 1366:Main article: 1360:Main article: 1349: 1348:Dynamic theory 1346: 1327:Andhra Pradesh 1299:thermal theory 1283:Main article: 1280: 1277: 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1218:departure date 1175: 1172: 1158: 1151: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1033: 1011: 988:Main article: 975:causes of rain 971: 970: 965: 956:rain formation 948:Main article: 942: 939: 904: 901: 896: 895: 892: 881: 880: 877: 854: 853: 847: 832: 829: 828: 827: 820: 812: 801: 781: 778: 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 643:Climate change 640: 634: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 590: 585: 578:Severe weather 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 554: 553: 548: 538: 537: 536: 526: 521: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 496: 495: 490: 484: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 443: 438: 437: 436: 426: 421: 416: 415: 414: 412:Megacryometeor 404: 399: 398: 397: 386: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 345: 340: 335: 330: 329: 328: 318: 317: 316: 311: 301: 296: 295: 294: 289: 279: 274: 273: 272: 267: 257: 252: 247: 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2327: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2109:of the winds. 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950:Environmental 1949: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1807:Western Ghats 1804: 1797: 1796:Western Ghats 1793: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1673: 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1020: 1016: 1015:Western Ghats 1012: 1009: 1008:Bay of Bengal 1005: 1001: 1000: 999: 997: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 959: 957: 951: 946: 940: 938: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 920:Bay of Bengal 916: 909: 902: 900: 893: 890: 889: 888: 886: 878: 875: 874: 873: 871: 863: 858: 851: 850:Bay of Bengal 848: 845: 844: 843: 841: 836: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 810: 809:precipitation 806: 802: 799: 795: 791: 790: 789: 787: 779: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 718: 709: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 676: 675: 672: 667: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 648:Tornado terms 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 607: 606:United States 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 535: 532: 531: 530: 527: 525: 522: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 498: 497: 494: 491: 489: 488:Air pollution 486: 485: 482: 477: 476: 467: 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