209:
77:
52:
33:
665:, and other minor components to its venom. Although it injects only small amounts of venom in a bite, the venom of this species is highly potent and has been known to have caused fatalities in adult humans. This can be more common in young children or older individuals that get a case of severe envenomation (especially if fangs inject venom directly into a vein, for instance).
698:
to be 0.42 mg/kg in a 1984 study, and 0.35 mg/kg in a 1985 study, which Latifi conducted for the
Department of the Environment in Iran (was translated to English in 1991). For most adult male humans of 70 kg (150 lb), the estimated lethal dose is thought to be between
602:
Red List of
Threatened Species. It is listed as such due to its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. It is, however, listed as strictly protected (Appendix II) under the
604:
699:
40–50 mg. In his 1984 study, Latifi found the average venom yield to be 10 mg (dry weight of milked venom). This average was attained from the milking of 4,446 specimens of
1408:
809:
Wolfgang Böhme; Petros
Lymberakis; Varol Tok; Ismail H. Ugurtas; Murat Sevinç; Pierre-André Crochet; Yakup Kaska; Yusuf Kumlutaş; Aziz Avci; Nazan Üzüm; et al. (2009).
649:
There is not much information and data about the venom composition, activity, and lethality of this specific species. However, similar to other species within the genus
1325:
440:
It usually grows to a total length (body + tail) of 70–95 cm (27.6-37.4 in), but reaches a maximum total length of 130 cm (51.2 in) on certain
1364:
1485:
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1510:
1457:
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1273:
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988:
919:
884:
876:
725:
956:
932:
1462:
1343:
1044:"Isolation and characterization of the main toxic fraction from the venom of the false horned viper (Pseudocerastes fieldi)"
976:
1170:
1500:
1495:
76:
1291:
1369:
782:
Untersuchungen ĂĽber
Systematik und Verbreitung der europäischen und mediterranen Ottern. Behringwerke-Mitteilungen
777:
623:
1238:
617:
208:
767:
a new mountain viper from central Turkey, with comments on the isolating effects of the
Anatolian "diagonal."
571:
1200:
181:
300:
1490:
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713:
680:
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41:
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71:
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can be found living in humid areas. It favors rocky and "well-vegetated" areas for its habitat.
1330:
1025:
1390:
1247:
1147:
1124:
1071:
1009:
984:
915:
880:
872:
721:
583:
578:." Listed as "Xanthos" by Schwarz (1936). Nilson and Andrén (1986) restricted the species to "
249:
1182:
1403:
1395:
1116:
1063:
832:
735:
419:
198:
1356:
1377:
499:
Rock viper, coastal viper, Ottoman viper, Turkish viper, Near East viper, mountain viper.
1112:
1059:
1286:
552:
404:
279:
1479:
1351:
1120:
1067:
1026:
Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II
684:
434:
431:
61:
56:
1099:
Latifi, M (1984). "Variation in yield and lethality of venoms from
Iranian snakes".
1435:
1252:
703:. The maximum yield was 18 mg (dry weight of milked venom) in the same study.
658:
540:
266:
1312:
1232:
742:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer.) xv + 125 pp. (
158:
32:
575:
445:
427:
408:
400:
1278:
1223:
810:
740:
Catalogue of the
Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum.
1449:
662:
587:
484:
385:
88:
1043:
1128:
1075:
869:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
1429:
1382:
1217:
556:
524:
516:
128:
108:
1176:
1304:
579:
560:
532:
423:
388:
118:
749:
Nilson G, Andrén C. 1986. The mountain vipers of the Middle East: The
1317:
564:
548:
536:
508:
488:
476:
472:
441:
396:
392:
98:
1194:
1146:. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
718:
A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
544:
528:
148:
138:
828:
599:
512:
480:
1265:
1198:
912:
True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
1029:
520:
598:
This species is classified as least concern according to the
683:(IV) was 0.25 mg/kg. Similarly, Iranian herpetologist
914:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
1188:
1419:
1207:
615:According to Nilson, Andrén and Flärdh (1990),
983:. London: New Holland Publishers Ltd. 160 pp.
896:The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org
637:are all closely related and together form the
8:
838:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T61537A12509884.en
1094:
1092:
1195:
207:
50:
31:
20:
836:
957:"1000 Pictures - Free Desktop Wallpaper"
763:Nilson G, Andrén C, and Flärdh B. 1990.
320:— Radspieler & Schweiger, 1990
1006:Reptiles -- Their Latin Names Explained
906:
904:
902:
859:
857:
855:
820:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
798:
1008:. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp.
972:
970:
968:
966:
804:
802:
694:) of the crude venom from the species
1042:Batzri-Izraeli, R; Bdolah, A (1982).
7:
910:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003.
732:, p. 223 + Plate 40 + Map 126.)
399:, as well as certain islands in the
1486:IUCN Red List least concern species
422:, it is grey or white with a black
871:. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
586:, S. W. Turkish Anatolia" through
14:
1189:Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe
567:) of the Turkish mainland shelf.
381:
75:
755:Bonner Zoologische Monographien
403:. Like all other vipers, it is
1511:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1:
1177:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1121:10.1016/0041-0101(84)90081-3
1068:10.1016/0041-0101(82)90074-5
981:Venomous Snakes of the World
1191:. Accessed 18 January 2010.
1179:. Accessed 18 January 2010.
720:. London: Collins. 272 pp.
226:— Nilson et al., 1999
1527:
1506:Reptiles described in 1849
1032:. Accessed 9 October 2006.
670:Batzri-Izraeli et al, 1982
574:given is "Xanthus" , and "
430:individuals exist. It has
411:are currently recognized.
471:is thought to consist of
233:
215:
206:
187:
180:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1142:Latifi, Mahmoud (1991).
274:Vipera xanthina xanthina
511:, the Greek islands of
933:"Montivipera xanthina"
555:, the western half of
391:found in northeastern
354:— González, 1991
831:: e.T61537A86548598.
687:found the lethality (
681:intravenous injection
657:genus, it has mainly
563:), and islands (e.g.
507:Extreme northeastern
1239:Montivipera xanthina
1209:Montivipera xanthina
1184:Montivipera xanthina
1172:Montivipera xanthina
813:Montivipera xanthina
696:Montivipera xanthina
639:Montivipera xanthina
559:(inland eastward to
457:Montivipera xanthina
365:Montivipera xanthina
222:Montivipera xanthina
191:Montivipera xanthina
25:Montivipera xanthina
1113:1984Txcn...22..373L
1060:1982Txcn...20..867B
716:, Burton JA. 1978.
594:Conservation status
42:Conservation status
1501:Reptiles of Turkey
1496:Reptiles of Europe
641:group or complex.
1473:
1472:
1391:Open Tree of Life
1201:Taxon identifiers
1153:978-0-916984-22-9
1030:Council of Europe
867:, Touré T. 1999.
769:Amphibia-Reptilia
361:
360:
355:
350:xanthina xanthina
342:
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653:and the related
624:M. bulgardaghica
605:Berne Convention
503:Geographic range
475:and other small
353:
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173:M. xanthina
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16:Species of snake
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1421:Daboia xanthina
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1378:Observation.org
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993:Vipera xanthina
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765:Vipera albizona
751:Vipera xanthina
744:Daboia Xanthina
730:Vipera xanthina
709:
707:Further reading
692:
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618:M. bornmuelleri
613:
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553:European Turkey
505:
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444:islands in the
417:
380:, and by other
368:, known as the
352:
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325:Vipera xanthina
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257:Vipera lebetina
245:Vipera xanthina
237:Daboia Xanthina
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1165:External links
1163:
1160:
1159:
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1144:Snakes of Iran
1134:
1107:(3): 373–380.
1088:
1054:(5): 867–875.
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378:Ottoman viper
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374:coastal viper
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182:Binomial name
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1081:24 September
1079:. Retrieved
1051:
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1021:
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1000:
992:
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951:
940:. Retrieved
937:www.itis.gov
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842:. Retrieved
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495:Common names
468:
467:The diet of
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382:common names
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18:
1491:Montivipera
1313:iNaturalist
1233:Wikispecies
865:Campbell JA
701:M. xanthina
651:Montivipera
635:M. xanthina
582:" (Kınık)
491:, as well.
479:and native
469:M. xanthina
415:Description
160:Montivipera
1480:Categories
1436:Q109513297
977:O'Shea, M.
942:2022-02-27
879:(series).
793:References
787:: 159-262.
774:: 285-294.
714:Arnold, EN
679:value via
663:haemotoxic
630:M. wagneri
576:Asia Minor
446:Aegean Sea
428:Melanistic
409:subspecies
401:Aegean Sea
370:rock viper
240:Gray, 1849
135:Suborder:
995:, p. 58.)
887:(volume).
844:9 January
778:Schwarz E
753:complex.
659:cytotoxic
588:lectotype
483:. It may
267:F. Werner
167:Species:
149:Viperidae
139:Serpentes
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1430:Wikidata
1409:xanthina
1331:11087126
1218:Wikidata
780:. 1936.
738:. 1849.
611:Taxonomy
557:Anatolia
525:Kalimnos
517:Skiathos
426:stripe.
420:Dorsally
405:venomous
329:—
316:xanthina
299:—
295:xanthina
278:—
265:—
261:xanthina
248:—
217:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1463:1058696
1344:1058462
1305:4820419
1224:Q641092
1175:at the
1129:6474490
1109:Bibcode
1101:Toxicon
1076:7179294
1056:Bibcode
1048:Toxicon
760:: 1-90.
736:Gray JE
580:Xanthos
561:Kayseri
489:lizards
477:mammals
473:rodents
452:Habitat
424:zig-zag
389:species
384:, is a
280:Mertens
250:Strauch
201:, 1849)
155:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1396:590878
1370:110207
1292:214773
1279:316337
1266:793620
1150:
1127:
1074:
1012:
987:
979:2008.
918:
883:
875:
724:
672:, the
655:Vipera
565:Chalki
549:Lesbos
537:Patmos
533:Lipsos
509:Greece
432:keeled
397:Turkey
393:Greece
341:, 1990
339:Flärdh
337:&
335:Andrén
331:Nilson
312:Vipera
308:Daboia
303:, 1983
291:Daboia
287:Daboia
282:, 1952
269:, 1902
252:, 1869
1450:11222
1445:EUNIS
1383:84239
1357:61537
1326:IRMNG
1318:73874
1274:EUNIS
1253:44BGQ
645:Venom
545:Chios
541:Samos
529:Leros
481:birds
442:Greek
407:. No
386:viper
259:var.
1458:ITIS
1365:NCBI
1352:IUCN
1339:ITIS
1300:GBIF
1148:ISBN
1125:PMID
1083:2022
1072:PMID
1010:ISBN
985:ISBN
916:ISBN
881:ISBN
873:ISBN
846:2018
829:IUCN
825:2009
722:ISBN
633:and
600:IUCN
570:The
547:and
513:Simi
485:prey
463:Prey
395:and
301:Obst
199:Gray
1261:EoL
1248:CoL
1187:at
1117:doi
1064:doi
1028:at
991:. (
833:doi
728:. (
521:Kos
487:on
1482::
1460::
1447::
1432::
1406::
1404:RD
1393::
1380::
1367::
1354::
1341::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1263::
1250::
1235::
1220::
1123:.
1115:.
1105:22
1103:.
1091:^
1070:.
1062:.
1052:20
1050:.
1046:.
965:^
935:.
901:^
854:^
827:.
823:.
817:.
801:^
772:11
758:20
691:50
689:LD
676:50
674:LD
661:,
627:,
621:,
607:.
551:,
543:,
539:,
535:,
531:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
448:.
437:.
376:,
372:,
348:.
333:,
314:)
293:)
1156:.
1131:.
1119::
1111::
1085:.
1066::
1058::
1016:.
959:.
945:.
922:.
848:.
835::
815:"
811:"
785:7
346:V
310:(
289:(
197:(
64:)
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