Montreal Protocol - Knowledge (XXG)

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released, but their rate of increase has slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because of many uses (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) CFCs were substituted with HCFCs. While there have been reports of attempts by individuals to circumvent the ban, e.g. by smuggling CFCs from undeveloped to developed nations, the overall level of compliance has been high. Statistical analysis from 2010 show a clear positive signal from the Montreal Protocol to the stratospheric ozone. In consequence, the Montreal Protocol has often been called the most successful international environmental agreement to date. In a 2001 report, NASA found the ozone thinning over Antarctica had remained the same thickness for the previous three years, however in 2003 the ozone hole grew to its second largest size. The most recent (2006) scientific evaluation of the effects of the Montreal Protocol states, "The Montreal Protocol is working: There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances and some early signs of stratospheric ozone recovery." However, a more recent study seems to point to a relative increase in CFCs due to an unknown source.

525:, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted the Kigali Amendment whereby the Parties agreed to phase down HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. The amendment to the Montreal Protocol commits the signatory parties to reduce their HFC production and consumption by at least 85 per cent from the annual average value in the period from 2011 to 2013. A group of developing countries including China, Brazil and South Africa are mandated to reduce their HFC use by 85 per cent of their average value in 2020-22 by the year 2045. India and some other developing countries – Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and some oil economies like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait – will cut down their HFCs by 85 per cent of their values in 2024-26 by the year 2047. 786:) was still arguing that the science was too uncertain to justify any action. In 1987, DuPont testified before the US Congress that "We believe there is no imminent crisis that demands unilateral regulation." And even in March 1988, Du Pont Chair Richard E. Heckert would write in a letter to the United States Senate, "we will not produce a product unless it can be made, used, handled and disposed of safely and consistent with appropriate safety, health and environmental quality criteria. At the moment, scientific evidence does not point to the need for dramatic CFC emission reductions. There is no available measure of the contribution of CFCs to any observed ozone change..." 158: 749: 737:. They speculated that this was connected to increased levels of CFCs in the atmosphere. It took several other attempts to establish the Antarctic losses as real and significant, especially after NASA had retrieved matching data from its satellite recordings. This unforeseen phenomenon in the Antarctic, as well as NASA's scientific images of the ozone hole played an important role in the Montreal Protocol negotiations. The impact of these studies, the metaphor 'ozone hole', and the colorful visual representation in a time lapse animation proved shocking enough for negotiators in Montreal, Canada to take the issue seriously. 912:. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs. Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic climate change, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate. 741: 449:

technologies that have been investigated and employed to make it possible to virtually eliminate use of Ozone Depleting Substances (such as CFCs and Halons), that harm the ozone layer. The TEAP is also tasked by the Parties every year to assess and evaluate various technical issues including evaluating nominations for essential use exemptions for CFCs and halons, and nominations for critical use exemptions for methyl bromide. TEAP's annual reports are a basis for the Parties' informed decision-making.

1001: 1029: 25: 5545: 973: 1015: 5507: 227:). As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica). Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General 543: 889: 5555: 987: 505:(HFCs) replaced CFCs and HCFCs. HFCs pose no harm to the ozone layer because, unlike CFCs and HCFCs, they do not contain chlorine. They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs. In 2009, a study calculated that a fast phasedown of high-GWP HFCs could potentially prevent the equivalent of up to 8.8 Gt CO 5536: 5528: 5520: 2805: 166: 961:

achieved the status of the first global regime with universal ratification; even the newest member state, South Sudan, ratified in 2013. UNEP received accolades for achieving global consensus that "demonstrates the world’s commitment to ozone protection, and more broadly, to global environmental protection".

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destroying the ozone layer. Like CFCs, HCFCs are used for refrigeration, aerosol propellants, foam manufacture and air conditioning. Unlike the CFCs, however, most HCFCs are broken down in the lowest part of the atmosphere and pose a much smaller risk to the ozone layer. Nevertheless, HCFCs are very potent

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Reported in 1997, significant production of CFCs occurred in Russia for sale on the black market to the EU throughout the 90s. Related US production and consumption was enabled by fraudulent reporting due to poor enforcement mechanisms. Similar illegal markets for CFCs were detected in Taiwan, Korea,

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stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol". In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global

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The fund is replenished on a three-year basis by the donors. Pledges amount to US$ 3.1 billion over the period 1991 to 2005. Funds are used, for example, to finance the conversion of existing manufacturing processes, train personnel, pay royalties and patent rights on new technologies, and establish

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The environmental consequence of this discovery was that, since stratospheric ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the surface of the planet, depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs would lead to an increase in UV-B radiation at the surface, resulting in an increase in skin

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Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, commonly known as HCFCs, are a group of human-made compounds containing hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon. They are not found anywhere in nature. HCFC production began to take off after countries agreed to phase out the use of CFCs in the 1980s, which were found to be

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Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are

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The Fund is managed by an executive committee with an equal representation of seven industrialized and seven Article 5 countries, which are elected annually by a Meeting of the Parties. The Committee reports annually to the Meeting of the Parties on its operations. The work of the Multilateral Fund

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is to assist developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ozone depleting substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol. Currently, 147 of the 196 Parties to the Montreal Protocol meet these

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in emissions by 2050. A proposed phasedown of HFCs was hence projected to avoid up to 0.5C of warming by 2100 under the high-HFC growth scenario, and up to 0.35C under the low-HFC growth scenario. Recognizing the opportunity presented for fast and effective phasing down of HFCs through the Montreal

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The provisions of the Protocol include the requirement that the Parties to the Protocol base their future decisions on the current scientific, environmental, technical, and economic information that is assessed through panels drawn from the worldwide expert communities. To provide that input to the

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After publishing their pivotal paper in June 1974, Rowland and Molina testified at a hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives in December 1974. As a result, significant funding was made available to study various aspects of the problem and to confirm the initial findings. In 1976, the U.S.

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The year 2012 marked the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol. Accordingly, the Montreal Protocol community organized a range of celebrations at the national, regional and international levels to publicize its considerable success to date and to consider the work ahead for the

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have ratified the original Montreal Protocol (see external link below), with the State of Palestine being the last party to ratify the agreement, bringing the total to 198. 197 of those parties (with the exception of the State of Palestine) have also ratified the London, Copenhagen, Montreal, and

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In 1982, representatives from 24 countries met in Stockholm, Sweden to decide on a "Global Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer." The following year, a group of countries, including the United States, Canada, the Nordic Countries, and Switzerland, proposed a worldwide ban on

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Recognizing that worldwide emissions of certain substances can significantly deplete and otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects on human health and the environment. Determined to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control

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In an unexpected policy change, however, the Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy issued a statement in 1986 declaring that "large future increases...in CFCs...would be unacceptable to future generations," and that it would be "inconsistent with goals...to ignore the potential for risk to future

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Under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, especially Executive Committee (ExCom) 53/37 and ExCom 54/39, Parties to this Protocol agreed to set year 2013 as the time to freeze the consumption and production of HCFCs for developing countries. For developed countries,

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The Montreal Protocol is also expected to have effects on human health. A 2015 report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the protection of the ozone layer under the treaty will prevent over 280 million cases of skin cancer, 1.5 million skin cancer deaths, and 45 million

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Numerous reports have been published by various inter-governmental, governmental and non-governmental organizations to catalogue and assess alternatives to the ozone depleting substances, since the substances have been used in various technical sectors, like in refrigeration, air conditioning,

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Within 25 years of signing, parties to the MP celebrate significant milestones. Significantly, the world has phased-out 98% of the Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) contained in nearly 100 hazardous chemicals worldwide; every country is in compliance with stringent obligations; and, the MP has

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the first to provide for national differences in responsibility and financial capacity to respond by establishing a multilateral fund for technology transfer; the first MEA with stringent reporting, trade, and binding chemical phase-out obligations for both developed and developing countries;

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In 2018, scientists monitoring the atmosphere following the 2010 phaseout date have reported evidence of continuing industrial production of CFC-11, likely in eastern Asia, with detrimental global effects on the ozone layer. A monitoring study detected fresh atmospheric releases of carbon

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In 1990 a Technology and Economic Assessment Panel was also established as the technology and economics advisory body to the Montreal Protocol Parties. The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) provides, at the request of Parties, technical information related to the alternative

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On 17 November 2017, ahead of the 29th Meeting of the Parties of the Montreal Protocol, Sweden became the 20th Party to ratify the Kigali Amendment, pushing the Amendment over its ratification threshold ensuring that the Amendment would enter into force 1 January 2019.

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This truly universal treaty has also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 and 1987).

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reduction of HCFC consumption and production began in 2004 and 2010, respectively, with 100% reduction set for 2020. Developing countries agreed to start reducing its consumption and production of HCFCs by 2015, with 100% reduction set for 2030.

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the first treaty where independent experts on atmospheric science, environmental impacts, chemical technology, and economics, reported directly to parties, without edit or censorship, functioning under norms of professionalism, peer review, and

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For each group of ODSs, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be reduced and eventually eliminated. This includes a 10-year phase-out for developing countries identified in Article 5 of the treaty.

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to the Montreal Protocol came into force. Under the Kigali Amendment countries promised to reduce the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by more than 80% over the next 30 years. By 27 December 2018, 65 countries had ratified the Amendment.

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There were a few exceptions for "essential uses" where no acceptable substitutes were initially found (for example, in the past metered dose inhalers commonly used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were exempt) or

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has failed to do so. In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.

679:, Michael McElroy, and Steven Wofsy had independently proposed that chlorine could catalyze ozone loss, but none had realized that CFCs were a potentially large source of chlorine.) Crutzen, Molina and Rowland were awarded the 1995 2558:

Mario Molina, Durwood Zaelke, K. Madhava Sarma, Stephen O. Andersen, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, and Donald Kaniaru. "Reducing abrupt climate change risk using the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory actions to complement cuts in

6703: 6698: 760:, which established a framework for negotiating international regulations on ozone-depleting substances. After the discovery of the ozone hole by SAGE 2 it only took 18 months to reach a binding agreement in Montreal, Canada. 1438: 332:

There was a faster phase-out of halon-1211, -2402, -1301, There was a slower phase-out (to zero by 2010) of other substances (halon 1211, 1301, 2402; CFCs 13, 111, 112, etc.) and some chemicals were given individual attention

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Policy experts have advocated for increased efforts to link ozone protection efforts to climate protection efforts. Policy decisions in one arena affect the costs and effectiveness of environmental improvements in the other.

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from 1994 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed, annually, twenty-five percent of its calculated level of consumption and production in

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from 1991 to 1992 its levels of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A do not exceed 150 percent of its calculated levels of production and consumption of those substances in

6403: 3861: 775:, and various other organizations concluded that continued CFC emissions at the 1980 rate would "reduce global average ozone by about 9 percent by the latter half of the century." Based on these figures, the U.S. 698:, the president of Precision Valve Corporation (and inventor of the first practical aerosol spray can valve), wrote to the Chancellor of UC Irvine to complain about Rowland's public statements (Roan, p. 56.) 5256: 2787:

Canan, Penelope and Nancy Reichman (2013), "The Montreal Protocol" in J. Britt Holbrook (Chief Editor) Ethics, Science, Technology, and Engineering: An International Resource, 2nd Edition, Thompson Learning.

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CS Norman, SJ DeCanio and L Fan. "The Montreal Protocol at 20: Ongoing opportunities for integration with climate protection." Global Environmental Change Volume 18, Issue 2, May 2008, Pages 330–340;

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Rishav Goyal, Matthew H England, Alex Sen Gupta, and Martin Jucker. "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol" Environmental Research Letters 2019 14 (12) 124041;

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estimated that in the United States alone there could be "over 150 million new cases of skin cancer among people currently alive and born by the year 2075, resulting in over 3 million deaths."

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in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182

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The CFC industry continued pushing back against regulation as late as 1986, when the Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy (an association representing the CFC industry founded by

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do not harm the ozone layer, although they can be strong greenhouse gases). Some ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) are not yet controlled by the Montreal Protocol, including

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Up to 20 percent of the contributions of contributing parties can also be delivered through their bilateral agencies in the form of eligible projects and activities.

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equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete it with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge

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Downie, David (1999). "The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem", in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh (eds.)

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the first treaty with a financial mechanism managed democratically by an executive board with equal representation by developed and developing countries.

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Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability)

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that lead to the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone. All of the ozone depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol contain either

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on the ground in developing countries is carried out by four Implementing Agencies, which have contractual agreements with the executive committee:

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decision-making process, advances in understanding on these topics were assessed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1998 and 2002 in a series of reports entitled

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Velders, G. J. M., A. R. Ravishankara, M. K. Miller, M. J. Molina, J. Alcamo, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, S. A. Montzka, and S. Reimann. (2012).

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Downie, David (1995). "Road Map or False Trail: Evaluating the Precedence of the Ozone Regime as Model and Strategy for Global Climate Change,"

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generations." Three months before the protocol negotiations began, U.S. industry announced its support for new international controls on CFCs.

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province, beginning sometime after 2012, and accounting for a large part of emissions exceeding global estimates under the Montreal Protocol.

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Molina, Mario and F. Sherwood Rowland (1974). "Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone."

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Retrospective video on the Montreal Protocol and the collaboration between policy-makers, scientists, and industry leaders to regulate CFCs.

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The Rowland-Molina hypothesis was strongly disputed by representatives of the aerosol and halocarbon industries. The chair of the board of

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The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Replacing Methyl Bromide in Developing Countries. Friends of the Earth, Washington, 173 pp, 1996

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and Harold Johnston, which had shown that nitric oxide (NO) could catalyze the destruction of ozone. (Several other scientists, including

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atom. Rowland and Molina then proposed that these chlorine atoms might be expected to cause the breakdown of large amounts of ozone (O

560: 195:. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 ( 3113: 3108: 2762: 2533: 1487: 325:

from 1996 its calculated level of consumption and production of the controlled substances in Group I of Annex A does not exceed zero.

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at the time, was considered the "father of the Montreal Protocol" for his role in bringing the nations together for an agreement.

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proposed an amendment to phase down high-GWP HFCs, with the U.S., Canada, and Mexico following with a similar proposal in 2010.

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was quoted as saying that ozone depletion theory is "a science fiction tale...a load of rubbish...utter nonsense".

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Farman, J.C., B.G. Gardiner, and J.D. Shanklin (1985). "Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal

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After seven years of negotiations, in October 2016 at the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in

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Updating Ozone Calculations and Emissions Profiles for Use in the Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework Model

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in 1992 that countries have a common but differentiated responsibility to protect and manage the global commons.

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The Montreal Protocol was the first international treaty to address a global environmental regulatory challenge;

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http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=593&ArticleID=6250&l=en&t=long

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flexible and rigid foam, fire protection, aerospace, electronics, agriculture, and laboratory measurements.

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In 1986, an assessment spearheaded by NASA and sponsored by the United Nationals Environment Program, the

640: 365: 1574: 470:, despite their very low atmospheric concentrations, measured in parts per trillion (million million). - 5362: 5194: 5070: 4978: 4668: 4561: 4361: 4111: 3806: 3640: 2894: 1087: 1006: 656: 481:(ODP), in comparison to CFCs that have ODP 0.6–1.0, these HCFCs have lower ODPs (0.01–0.5). In terms of 338: 5523: 2968:

From Precaution to Profit: Contemporary Challenges to Environmental Protection in the Montreal Protocol

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Mäder, J. A.; Staehelin, J.; Peter, T.; Brunner, D.; Rieder, H. E.; Stahel, W. A. (22 December 2010).

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TOMS satellite map showing the total ozone above the Antarctic region. Taken on 1 October 1983 (NASA)

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where they would finally (after an average of 50–100 years for two common CFCs) be broken down by

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Grundmann, Reiner, Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone, London: Routledge,

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the first to embrace the "precautionary principle" in its design for science-based policymaking;

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However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, contribute to

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Has the Montreal Protocol been successful in reducing ozone-depleting gases in the atmosphere?

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Morissette, P.M. (1989). "The evolution of policy responses to stratospheric ozone depletion."

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Acknowledging that special provision is required to meet the needs of developing countries

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Introductory note by Edith Brown Weiss, procedural history note and audiovisual material

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Velders, G. J. M., S. O. Andersen, J. S. Daniel, D. W. Fahey, and M. McFarland. (2007).

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fire suppression systems used in submarines and aircraft (but not in general industry).

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Velders, G. J. M., D. W. Fahey, J. S Daniel, M. McFarland, and S. O. Andersen. (2009).

2739: 2704: 1882: 1847: 992: 876: 672: 467: 284:

O). For a table of ozone-depleting substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol see:

241: 233: 130: 3081: 2463:"A Mystery Source is Producing Banned Ozone-Destroying Chemicals, Shocking Scientists" 2183:"The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer | Ozone Secretariat" 1014: 5572: 5313: 5214: 5000: 4929: 4701: 4449: 4313: 3198: 2639:"An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11" 2152: 1906: 1216: 494: 277: 2689: 2584: 2346:"Evidence for the effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol to protect the ozone layer" 2182: 1424: 1231:"Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate" 345:

only began in 1996 and will go on until a complete phasing-out is achieved by 2030.

5334: 5308: 5288: 5112: 5075: 5039: 4675: 4622: 4498: 4454: 4439: 4368: 2616:"Banned Ozone-Depleting Chemical Is Still Being Produced Somewhere, Scientists Say" 1102: 1034: 860: 807: 726: 652: 644: 114: 3192:

Green Cooling Initiative on alternative natural refrigerants cooling technologies

2916:

Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources

2421: 1905:

Xu, Yangyang; Zaelke, Durwood; Velders, Guus J. M.; Ramanathan, V (1 June 2013).

1334:"The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" 5271: 5266: 4951: 4946: 4917: 4882: 4855: 4385: 4000: 3182:

Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

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Also in 1985, 20 nations, including most of the major CFC producers, signed the

542: 474: 350: 188: 3047: 2521: 2231:"DuPont's Disgraceful Deeds: The Environmental Record of E.I. DuPont de Nemour" 2041: 1852:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

888: 5448: 5065: 4380: 4373: 4356: 4341: 3173: 2665: 2499:

http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/effects/AHEF_2015_Update_Report-FINAL_508.pdf

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cancer and other impacts such as damage to crops and to marine phytoplankton.

228: 204: 191:

by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for

2900:

Downie, David (1993). "Comparative Public Policy of Ozone Layer Protection."

2103: 1848:"The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing" 1461: 5377: 5329: 5303: 5251: 5085: 5047: 4797: 4787: 4459: 4321: 4296: 3931: 3668: 3661: 3090: 3073: 3056: 2568: 1872: 3191: 3186: 3065:

The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing

2748: 2681: 2144: 1891: 1653:

Guidance on the DOE Facility Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances. 1995.

1337: 3151: 3123: 2814: 5022: 4966: 4627: 4476: 4444: 3654: 3485: 2729: 926: 868: 660: 273: 265: 216: 122: 79: 2087: 1717: 1292: 1192:. United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat. Archived from 4983: 4486: 4464: 4351: 4346: 3119:

Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Controlled Under the Montreal Protocol

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Protecting the Ozone Layer: the United Nations History, Earthscan Press

1846:

Velders GJ, Fahey DW, Daniel JS, McFarland M, Andersen SO (July 2009).

567: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 433: 418: 399: 269: 220: 208: 200: 1625:

Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories. TemaNord 2003:516.

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The ozone treaty has been ratified by 198 parties (197 states and the

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Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

1513: 3103: 2875:

Brodeur, Paul (1986). "Annals of Chemistry: In the Face of Doubt."

2855:

Technology Transfer for the Ozone Layer: Lessons for Climate Change

2534:"EIA – Emissions of the Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005" 2208:"Dr. Mostafa Tolba, Father of Montreal Protocol, Dies at 93 - IGSD" 1627:

http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:796602/FULLTEXT01.pdf

5397: 5339: 4680: 4612: 4510: 4402: 4190: 1688:"The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" 747: 739: 156: 6704:

Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

6699:

Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

3104:

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

3048:

The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in Protecting the Climate

859:

As of October 2022, all Member States of the United Nations, the

800:

Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

457:

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)

5372: 4493: 4481: 4397: 3031:

Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency

864: 752:

Parties subscribed to the Montreal Protocol by region, 1987-2013

342: 118: 63:

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

4269: 3217: 2926:

Chemicals, Environment, Health: A Global Management Perspective

1121:

The full terms of the Montreal Protocol are available from the

729:

published results of abnormally low ozone concentrations above

3152:

Doomsday Déjà vu: Ozone Depletion's Lessons for Global Warming

3082:

Preserving Montreal Protocol Climate Benefits by Limiting HFCs

2820: 1597:"Technology and Economic Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT" 536: 296:

The stated purpose of the treaty is that the signatory states

161:

The largest Antarctic ozone hole recorded as of September 2006

18: 1770:"Kigali Amendment heralds new dawn for climate change action" 1744:"Kigali Amendment heralds new dawn for climate change action" 1256:

Susan Solomon; Anne R. Douglass; Paul A. Newman (July 2014).

1123:

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat

4265: 4214:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

3830:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

3178:

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

1403:

Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics

181:

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

6404:

Treaties of the Transitional National Government of Somalia

1307:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (20 February 2015).

1908:

The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change

1820:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2 December 2008).

2444:

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/2006/report.html

1063:

International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer

3962:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

3051:. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 104(12), 4814–4819, 2982:

Transnational Environmental Policy: Reconstructing Ozone

808:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

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criteria (they are referred to as Article 5 countries).

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Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory

2933:

The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics

1534:

An Interview with Lee Thomas, EPA’s 6th Administrator.

151:

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

5689:

Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

4047:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

2931:

Downie, David (2013) "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion."

2081: 2079: 2077: 473:

The HCFCs are transitional CFCs replacements, used as

3124:

U.S. EPA Ozone Layer Protection Information Home Page

1336:. Theozonehole.com. 16 September 1987. Archived from 6659:

Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory

3932:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

2257:"Du Pont: A Case Study in the 3D Corporate Strategy" 292:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Phase-out Management Plan

6534:

Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

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Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia

5457: 5406: 5355: 5322: 5155: 5094: 5056: 5038: 4838: 4773: 4710: 4636: 4605: 4570: 4554: 4519: 4312: 3999: 3955:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

3724: 3468: 3378: 3252: 2882:

Chasek, Pam, David Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013). G

147: 137: 109: 101: 93: 85: 75: 67: 62: 5614:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration 4126:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 3839:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 1797:. Down To Earth. 18 September 2012. Archived from 835:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 260:The treaty is structured around several groups of 89:1 January 1989 if 11 states have ratified by then. 6709:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands 6444:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011) 2970:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 1567:"Scientific Assessment Panel | OZONE SECRETARIAT" 1452: 1450: 4163:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 4105:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 3036:United Nations Environmental Programme. (2012). 3024:Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy 2442:Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, 1458:"Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat" 113:198 (all United Nations members, as well as the 6669:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands 4221:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 3939:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 2637:Stephen A. Montzka; et al. (17 May 2018). 2117:Grevsmühl, Sebastian V.; Briday, Régis (2023). 1233:. UNEP. UNEP. 10 September 2014. Archived from 298: 6179:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia 2918:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2123:The British Journal for the History of Science 1384:Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols 6629:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles 4281: 3613:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 3229: 3068:. Proc. of the Natl. Acad. Of Sci., 106(27), 2763:"Ozone Secretariat 25th Anniversary web page" 2703:M. F. Lunt; et al. (28 September 2018). 1952:"Proposed amendment to the Montreal Protocol" 1923:"Proposed amendment to the Montreal Protocol" 8: 6439:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4098:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 445:, by the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP). 57: 6609:Treaties entered into by the European Union 3039:The Montreal Protocol and The Green Economy 2853:., K. M. Sarma and K. N. Taddonio. (2007). 2563:emissions" PNAS 2009 106 (49) 20616-20621; 2043:Halocarbons, effects on stratospheric ozone 1512:. Epa.gov. 15 February 2013. Archived from 1436:book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft 710:"nonessential" uses of CFCs in spray cans. 307:shall accept a series of stepped limits on 5789:Treaties of the People's Republic of China 4288: 4274: 4266: 3925:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 3904:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 3648:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 3375: 3236: 3222: 3214: 2284:Creating a real change for the environment 2066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1309:"Ozone layer depletion: Montreal Protocol" 356:The substances in Group I of Annex A are: 56: 6694:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands 6679:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands 4200:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 4135:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 4119:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 4031:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 3699:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 3692:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 3170:: Reports on illegal trade and solutions. 2738: 2728: 2674:1983/fd5eaf00-34b1-4689-9f23-410a54182b61 2379: 2369: 2134: 1881: 1871: 1718:"Ozone Timeline | Ozone Secretariat" 1291: 1281: 627:Learn how and when to remove this message 5774:Treaties of the Central African Republic 4142:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 3911:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 3207:) is being considered for deletion. See 3142:by F.Sherwood Rowland and Mario J.Molina 2953: 938:future. Among its accomplishments are: 887: 806:It embodies the principle agreed at the 501:Produced mostly in developed countries, 443:Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 341:). The phasing-out of the less damaging 164: 6674:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands 5429:Pollutant release and transfer register 4040:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 3990:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 3983:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 3793:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 2889:Dotto, Lydia and Harold Schiff (1978). 2830:(referred to as Ozone Layer Protection) 1393:by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008 1144: 1114: 142:Secretary-General of the United Nations 6724:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong 6619:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 6109:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3765:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 3756:Office of National Drug Control Policy 2059: 1214:Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", 1190:"Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol" 1176:"Deal reached on HFC greenhouse gases" 16:1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer 6729:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau 5804:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 4207:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 3946:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 3823:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 3708:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1258:"The Antarctic ozone hole: An update" 920:Regional detections of non-compliance 7: 6644:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man 6539:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates 5519: 4760:Electromagnetic radiation and health 4068:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 3779:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 2886:, 6th ed., Boulder: Westview Press. 1959:United Nations Environment Programme 1930:United Nations Environment Programme 1692:United Nations Environment Programme 1415:, Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007 829:United Nations Development Programme 819:United Nations Environment Programme 565:adding citations to reliable sources 5604:Treaties entered into force in 1989 5535: 5527: 4618:Radium and radon in the environment 3814:United States Sentencing Commission 3026:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2909:International Environmental Affairs 5874:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 5719:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2259:. Greenpeace. 1997. Archived from 14: 6429:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis 6369:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro 6354:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe 4156:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 3211:to help reach a consensus. › 2350:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2086:Benedick, Richard Elliot (1989). 1174:McGrath, Matt (15 October 2016). 1093:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 773:World Meteorological Organization 246:first universally ratified treaty 6159:Treaties of the Marshall Islands 5553: 5543: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5506: 5505: 4061:Expedited Funds Availability Act 4010:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 3855:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 3620:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 3605:We begin bombing in five minutes 3033:. New York, John Wiley and Sons 2928:. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. 2904:(NZ) 45(2): (December): 186–197. 2808: This article incorporates 2803: 2765:. Ozone.unep.org. Archived from 2476:Landers, Fredrick Poole (1997). 2092:Issues in Science and Technology 1460:. Ozone.unep.org. Archived from 1027: 1013: 999: 985: 971: 905:cataracts in the United States. 683:for their work on this problem. 649:University of California, Irvine 541: 23: 6689:Treaties extended to Montserrat 6504:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago 6399:Treaties of the Solomon Islands 5639:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda 4332:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4017:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 3129:The Montreal Protocol Who's Who 3085:. Science, 335(6071), 922–923, 2585:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.03.003 2422:"NOAA News Online (Story 2099)" 2398:. gsfc.nasa.gov. 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Columbia University Press. 2860:Benedick, Richard E. (1991). 2536:. eia.doe.gov. Archived from 933:25th anniversary celebrations 6719:Treaties extended to Tokelau 6654:Treaties extended to Bermuda 6334:Treaties of the Soviet Union 6284:Treaties of Papua New Guinea 5809:Treaties of the Cook Islands 4472:Persistent organic pollutant 4228:Video Privacy Protection Act 4082:Conservation Reserve Program 3685:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 3590:Strategic Defense Initiative 2884:lobal Environmental Politics 2864:. Harvard University Press. 2709:Geophysical Research Letters 2229:Doyle, Jack (October 1991). 2038:National Academy of Sciences 1822:"Ozone-depleting substances" 910:anthropogenic global warming 704:National Academy of Sciences 272:(substances containing only 6639:Treaties extended to Jersey 6484:Treaties of North Macedonia 6299:Treaties of the Philippines 6229:Treaties of the Netherlands 5482:Least polluted cities by PM 3897:Minerals Management Service 3749:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 3742:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3245:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3204:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 3012:249: 810–812, 28 June 1974. 2980:Grundmann, Reiner. (2001). 2911:, 7(4):321–345 (Fall 1995). 2857:. Earthscan Press, London. 2843:. and K. M. Sarma. (2002). 2237:. Vol. 12, no. 10 1152:Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. 925:tetrachloride from China's 639:In the 1970s, the chemists 248:in United Nations history. 6750: 6634:Treaties extended to Aruba 5844:Treaties of Czechoslovakia 5599:Treaties concluded in 1987 5424:Pollution haven hypothesis 5347:Brain health and pollution 4585:Ecological light pollution 4415:Internal combustion engine 3890:Medical Waste Tracking Act 3883:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3367:Presidential proclamations 2963:315: 207–210, 16 May 1985. 1795:"Climate of irrationality" 1486:. Unep.org. Archived from 892:Ozone-depleting gas trends 798:The main objective of the 6114:Treaties of Liechtenstein 5979:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau 5503: 5227:Nonpoint source pollution 5147:War and environmental law 4506:Volatile organic compound 4303: 4237: 4075:Food Security Act of 1985 3976:Water Quality Act of 1987 3800:Armed Career Criminal Act 3405:Joint session of Congress 3157:10 September 2009 at the 3017:Natural Resources Journal 2994:Litfin, Karen T. (1994). 2966:Gareau, Brian J. (2013). 2666:10.1038/s41586-018-0106-2 2595:UNEP press release, 2008 2371:10.5194/acp-10-12161-2010 2235:The Multinational Monitor 2136:10.1017/S000708742300002X 1556:(see p15). 19 April 2012. 1541:22 September 2020 at the 681:Nobel Prize for Chemistry 489:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 479:ozone depletion potential 97:Ratification by 20 states 32:This article needs to be 6734:Technological phase-outs 6604:Treaties of the Holy See 6519:Treaties of Turkmenistan 6409:Treaties of South Africa 6379:Treaties of Sierra Leone 6359:Treaties of Saudi Arabia 6144:Treaties of the Maldives 5949:Treaties of East Germany 5944:Treaties of West Germany 5744:Treaties of Burkina Faso 4686:Marine mammals and sonar 4597:Radio spectrum pollution 3918:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 3846:Toxics Release Inventory 3209:templates for discussion 3187:Green Cooling Initiative 2827:(Archived 2003 edition.) 2602:16 November 2010 at the 2522:10.1088/1748-9326/ab4874 1632:21 November 2015 at the 1098:Phase-out of gas boilers 1083:Vienna Conference (1985) 851:national ozone offices. 715:British Antarctic Survey 483:global warming potential 262:halogenated hydrocarbons 232:regulation based on the 187:designed to protect the 6614:United Nations treaties 6464:Treaties of Switzerland 6434:Treaties of Saint Lucia 6414:Treaties of South Sudan 6319:Treaties of South Korea 6234:Treaties of New Zealand 5889:Treaties of El Salvador 5849:Treaties of North Korea 5819:Treaties of Ivory Coast 5799:Treaties of the Comoros 5669:Treaties of the Bahamas 5609:1989 in the environment 5532:WikiProject Environment 5490:Most polluted countries 5434:Polluter pays principle 5165:Agricultural wastewater 4244:← Carter administration 3678:American Homecoming Act 3562:Constructive engagement 3325:Administration scandals 3091:10.1126/science.1216414 3074:10.1073/pnas.0902817106 3057:10.1073/pnas.0610328104 3022:Parson, Edward (2003). 2935:. New York: Routledge. 2715:(20): 11, 423–11, 430. 2569:10.1073/pnas.0902568106 1873:10.1073/pnas.0902817106 1441:12 October 2014 at the 647:, who were then at the 6589:Treaties of Yugoslavia 6564:Treaties of Uzbekistan 6489:Treaties of East Timor 6474:Treaties of Tajikistan 6374:Treaties of Seychelles 6349:Treaties of San Marino 6204:Treaties of Mozambique 6194:Treaties of Montenegro 6164:Treaties of Mauritania 6129:Treaties of Madagascar 6124:Treaties of Luxembourg 6079:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 6059:Treaties of Kazakhstan 5934:Treaties of the Gambia 5814:Treaties of Costa Rica 5769:Treaties of Cape Verde 5679:Treaties of Bangladesh 5664:Treaties of Azerbaijan 5579:Environmental treaties 5550:Environment portal 4783:Agricultural pollution 4177:Tax Reform Act of 1986 3397:"Tear down this wall!" 2810:public domain material 1408:26 August 2014 at the 1389:26 August 2014 at the 893: 753: 745: 641:Frank Sherwood Rowland 493:On 1 January 2019 the 330: 176: 162: 6574:Treaties of Venezuela 6424:Treaties of Sri Lanka 6384:Treaties of Singapore 6239:Treaties of Nicaragua 6169:Treaties of Mauritius 6119:Treaties of Lithuania 6014:Treaties of Indonesia 5969:Treaties of Guatemala 5654:Treaties of Australia 5644:Treaties of Argentina 5205:Industrial wastewater 5071:Clutter (advertising) 4979:Municipal solid waste 4825:Soil guideline values 4669:Sustainable transport 4562:Information pollution 4362:Open burning of waste 4253:Bush administration → 3807:Sentencing Reform Act 3715:Exon–Florio Amendment 3641:Executive Order 12333 3627:Goldwater–Nichols Act 3302:Judicial appointments 3288:Assassination attempt 3114:The Vienna Convention 3109:The Montreal Protocol 3029:Roan, Sharon (1989). 2984:, London: Routledge. 2895:Doubleday (publisher) 2504:17 April 2015 at the 2449:29 March 2010 at the 1552:12 April 2019 at the 1088:Fossil fuel phase-out 1007:Global warming portal 891: 751: 743: 657:ultraviolet radiation 339:1,1,1-trichloroethane 174: 160: 6599:Treaties of Zimbabwe 6549:Treaties of Tanzania 6479:Treaties of Thailand 6454:Treaties of Eswatini 6449:Treaties of Suriname 6394:Treaties of Slovenia 6389:Treaties of Slovakia 6309:Treaties of Portugal 6289:Treaties of Paraguay 6269:Treaties of Pakistan 6189:Treaties of Mongolia 6139:Treaties of Malaysia 6069:Treaties of Kiribati 5994:Treaties of Honduras 5869:Treaties of Dominica 5864:Treaties of Djibouti 5794:Treaties of Colombia 5759:Treaties of Cameroon 5754:Treaties of Cambodia 5739:Treaties of Bulgaria 5724:Treaties of Botswana 5684:Treaties of Barbados 5477:Most polluted cities 5170:Biological pollution 5081:Overhead power lines 3735:AIDS crisis response 3509:Soviet Union summits 2730:10.1029/2018GL079500 1430:3 March 2016 at the 1340:on 12 September 2012 1237:on 13 September 2014 880:Beijing amendments. 823:OzonAction Programme 821:(UNEP), through its 561:improve this article 335:Carbon tetrachloride 183:is an international 6579:Treaties of Vietnam 6569:Treaties of Vanuatu 6559:Treaties of Uruguay 6509:Treaties of Tunisia 6364:Treaties of Senegal 6329:Treaties of Romania 6324:Treaties of Moldova 6249:Treaties of Nigeria 6214:Treaties of Namibia 6209:Treaties of Myanmar 6199:Treaties of Morocco 6104:Treaties of Liberia 6099:Treaties of Lesotho 6094:Treaties of Lebanon 6044:Treaties of Jamaica 6029:Treaties of Ireland 6004:Treaties of Iceland 5999:Treaties of Hungary 5964:Treaties of Grenada 5919:Treaties of Finland 5904:Treaties of Estonia 5899:Treaties of Eritrea 5879:Treaties of Ecuador 5859:Treaties of Denmark 5824:Treaties of Croatia 5749:Treaties of Burundi 5714:Treaties of Bolivia 5694:Treaties of Belgium 5674:Treaties of Bahrain 5659:Treaties of Austria 5649:Treaties of Armenia 5629:Treaties of Andorra 5624:Treaties of Algeria 5619:Treaties of Albania 5594:History of Montreal 5540:WikiProject Ecology 5237:Ocean acidification 5142:Unexploded ordnance 5013:Post-consumer waste 4873:Foam food container 4851:Biodegradable waste 4425:Global distillation 3969:1982 VRA Amendments 3597:International trips 3569:Invasion of Grenada 3339:Impeachment efforts 3281:Second inauguration 3274:Release of hostages 3148:(NOAA Aeronomy Lab) 3134:31 May 2010 at the 2721:2018GeoRL..4511423L 2658:2018Natur.557..413M 2424:. noaanews.noaa.gov 2402:on 31 December 2009 2362:2010ACP....1012161M 2356:(24): 12161–12171. 1864:2009PNAS..10610949V 1668:on 27 February 2008 1274:2014PhT....67g..42D 1128:3 July 2008 at the 1058:Net capacity factor 762:Mostafa Kamal Tolba 576:"Montreal Protocol" 59: 6594:Treaties of Zambia 6529:Treaties of Uganda 6524:Treaties of Tuvalu 6514:Treaties of Turkey 6459:Treaties of Sweden 6339:Treaties of Rwanda 6304:Treaties of Poland 6279:Treaties of Panama 6259:Treaties of Norway 6184:Treaties of Monaco 6174:Treaties of Mexico 6134:Treaties of Malawi 6089:Treaties of Latvia 6074:Treaties of Kuwait 6054:Treaties of Jordan 6034:Treaties of Israel 5984:Treaties of Guyana 5974:Treaties of Guinea 5959:Treaties of Greece 5924:Treaties of France 5834:Treaties of Cyprus 5764:Treaties of Canada 5734:Treaties of Brunei 5729:Treaties of Brazil 5709:Treaties of Bhutan 5699:Treaties of Belize 5634:Treaties of Angola 5560:Ecology portal 5444:Waste minimisation 5419:Industrial ecology 5414:Cleaner production 5232:Nutrient pollution 5109:Herbicidal warfare 4903:Construction waste 4539:Introduced species 4410:Indoor air quality 4337:Chlorofluorocarbon 3576:Iran–Contra affair 3270:First inauguration 2816:The World Factbook 2618:. NPR. 17 May 2018 2381:20.500.11850/27649 2046:. Washington, DC. 1993:on 26 January 2018 1698:on 14 October 2018 1607:on 26 January 2018 979:Environment portal 894: 873:State of Palestine 764:, the head of the 754: 746: 503:hydrofluorocarbons 256:Terms and purposes 177: 163: 6584:Treaties of Yemen 6499:Treaties of Tonga 6469:Treaties of Syria 6419:Treaties of Spain 6344:Treaties of Samoa 6314:Treaties of Qatar 6274:Treaties of Palau 6244:Treaties of Niger 6224:Treaties of Nepal 6219:Treaties of Nauru 6154:Treaties of Malta 6064:Treaties of Kenya 6049:Treaties of Japan 6039:Treaties of Italy 6009:Treaties of India 5989:Treaties of Haiti 5954:Treaties of Ghana 5929:Treaties of Gabon 5884:Treaties of Egypt 5854:Treaties of Zaire 5784:Treaties of Chile 5704:Treaties of Benin 5566: 5565: 5439:Pollution control 5119:Nuclear holocaust 5028:Thermal treatment 4996:Plastic pollution 4913:Mercury poisoning 4866:Battery recycling 4765:Radioactive waste 4534:Genetic pollution 4529:Biological hazard 4327:Air quality index 4263: 4262: 3634:Montreal Protocol 3464: 3463: 3455:1988 SOTU Address 3448:1987 SOTU Address 3441:1986 SOTU Address 3434:1985 SOTU Address 3427:1984 SOTU Address 3420:1983 SOTU Address 3413:1982 SOTU Address 3353:Executive actions 2902:Political Science 2831: 2819:(2024 ed.). 2652:(7705): 413–417. 2088:"Ozone Diplomacy" 1801:on 1 October 2012 1464:on 8 October 2014 1283:10.1063/PT.3.2449 1219:12-9-2014, p. 10. 1196:on 23 August 2014 1053:Copenhagen Accord 794:Multilateral Fund 758:Vienna Convention 677:Richard Stolarski 637: 636: 629: 611: 244:), making it the 172: 155: 154: 71:16 September 1987 58:Montreal Protocol 53: 52: 6741: 6494:Treaties of Togo 6294:Treaties of Peru 6264:Treaties of Oman 6254:Treaties of Niue 6149:Treaties of Mali 6084:Treaties of Laos 6024:Treaties of Iraq 6019:Treaties of Iran 5914:Treaties of Fiji 5829:Treaties of Cuba 5779:Treaties of Chad 5558: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5383:Legacy pollution 5242:Oil exploitation 5104:Chemical warfare 5018:Waste management 4925:Industrial waste 4893:Biomedical waste 4861:Electronic waste 4846:Advertising mail 4830:Phytoremediation 4805:Land degradation 4590:Overillumination 4544:Invasive species 4290: 4283: 4276: 4267: 4256: 4247: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3869:Grace Commission 3864: 3857: 3848: 3841: 3832: 3825: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3717: 3710: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3555: 3553:Governors Island 3548: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3392: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3360:Executive orders 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3265: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3215: 2996:Ozone Discourses 2958: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2829: 2824: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2606: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2540:on 21 April 2011 2530: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2373: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2333:on 14 June 2006. 2332: 2326:. Archived from 2325: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2301:. United Nations 2295: 2289: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2179: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2138: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2083: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2057: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1885: 1875: 1858:(27): 10949–54. 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1694:. Archived from 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1661:. Archived from 1660: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1603:. Archived from 1593: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1577:on 24 April 2018 1573:. Archived from 1563: 1557: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1454: 1445: 1422: 1416: 1413:Reiner Grundmann 1400: 1394: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1285: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1227: 1221: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1149: 1132: 1119: 1048:Carbon footprint 1037: 1032: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1004: 1003: 995: 990: 989: 988: 981: 976: 975: 696:Robert Abplanalp 632: 625: 621: 618: 612: 610: 569: 545: 537: 495:Kigali Amendment 468:greenhouse gases 173: 60: 48: 45: 39: 27: 26: 19: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6738: 5584:Ozone depletion 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5554: 5552: 5542: 5499: 5485: 5453: 5402: 5351: 5318: 5257:Pharmaceuticals 5247:Oil exploration 5151: 5123:Nuclear fallout 5090: 5052: 5034: 5008:Packaging waste 4962:Deep sea mining 4888:Hazardous waste 4834: 4815:Open defecation 4769: 4735:Nuclear fallout 4730:Nuclear fission 4706: 4632: 4601: 4572:Electromagnetic 4566: 4550: 4515: 4435:Ozone depletion 4308: 4299: 4294: 4264: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4149:Reagan tax cuts 4147: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001:Economic policy 3995: 3988: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3772:Cannabis policy 3770: 3763: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3726:Domestic policy 3720: 3713: 3706: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3551: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3479:Reagan Doctrine 3477: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3374: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3346:Opinion polling 3344: 3337: 3332:Bush transition 3330: 3323: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3268: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3212: 3159:Wayback Machine 3136:Wayback Machine 3100: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2922:David L. Downie 2862:Ozone Diplomacy 2837: 2835:Further reading 2813: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2769:on 25 June 2012 2761: 2760: 2756: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2604:Wayback Machine 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2515: 2511: 2506:Wayback Machine 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2451:Wayback Machine 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2263:on 6 April 2012 2255: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2210:. 29 March 2016 2206: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2164: 2160: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2085: 2084: 2075: 2058: 2054: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1911:. Vol. 13. 1904: 1903: 1899: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1634:Wayback Machine 1624: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1554:Wayback Machine 1543:Wayback Machine 1533: 1529: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1490:on 4 March 2016 1482: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1443:Wayback Machine 1432:Wayback Machine 1423: 1419: 1410:Wayback Machine 1401: 1397: 1391:Wayback Machine 1382: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1130:Wayback Machine 1120: 1116: 1111: 1068:Paris Agreement 1033: 1026: 1021:Politics portal 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 986: 984: 977: 970: 967: 935: 922: 901:and Hong Kong. 886: 875:as well as the 857: 796: 713:Then, in 1985, 669:Paul J. Crutzen 666: 633: 622: 616: 613: 570: 568: 558: 546: 535: 508: 491: 459: 431: 427: 416: 412: 408: 397: 393: 389: 378: 374: 363: 329: 328: 294: 283: 258: 193:ozone depletion 165: 49: 43: 40: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6747: 6745: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 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5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Surface runoff 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5180:Eutrophication 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5137:Scorched earth 5134: 5131:nuclear winter 5127:nuclear famine 5116: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4972:Uranium mining 4969: 4964: 4959: 4957:Surface mining 4954: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4908:Lead poisoning 4905: 4900: 4898:Chemical waste 4895: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Bioremediation 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725:Bioremediation 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646:Transportation 4642: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Global dimming 4417: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4391:Diesel exhaust 4383: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4248: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4093: 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3099: 3098:External links 3096: 3095: 3094: 3077: 3060: 3043: 3034: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2992: 2978: 2976:978-0300175264 2964: 2959:Interaction." 2944: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2887: 2880: 2877:The New Yorker 2873: 2858: 2851:Andersen, S. O 2848: 2841:Andersen, S. O 2836: 2833: 2799: 2798: 2796:ozone.unep.org 2789: 2780: 2754: 2695: 2629: 2607: 2588: 2572: 2560: 2551: 2525: 2509: 2490: 2468: 2465:. 16 May 2018. 2454: 2435: 2413: 2387: 2336: 2312: 2290: 2274: 2248: 2221: 2199: 2187:ozone.unep.org 2174: 2158: 2129:(2): 247–267. 2109: 2073: 2052: 2029: 2017:UN Environment 2004: 1972: 1961:. 30 July 2010 1943: 1914: 1897: 1838: 1812: 1786: 1760: 1742:Msuya, Joyce. 1734: 1722:ozone.unep.org 1709: 1679: 1646: 1637: 1618: 1601:ozone.unep.org 1588: 1571:ozone.unep.org 1558: 1527: 1516:on 11 May 2008 1501: 1475: 1446: 1417: 1395: 1376: 1351: 1325: 1299: 1248: 1222: 1207: 1181: 1166: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1024: 1010: 996: 993:Ecology portal 982: 966: 963: 958: 957: 954: 950: 946: 943: 934: 931: 921: 918: 885: 882: 877:European Union 856: 853: 845: 844: 838: 832: 826: 795: 792: 723:Brian Gardiner 673:Ralph Cicerone 664: 635: 634: 617:September 2019 549: 547: 540: 534: 531: 506: 490: 487: 458: 455: 438: 437: 429: 425: 422: 414: 410: 406: 403: 395: 391: 387: 384: 376: 372: 369: 361: 327: 326: 323: 319: 314: 313: 293: 290: 281: 257: 254: 242:European Union 234:Kyoto Protocol 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 131:European Union 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 51: 50: 44:September 2022 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6746: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 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6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5314:Water quality 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Traffic signs 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5001:Microplastics 4999: 4998: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Nanomaterials 4989: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4930:Lead smelting 4928: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Radioactivity 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4702:Noise control 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Metal working 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583:Libya bombing 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389:"Evil empire" 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3316:controversies 3313: 3310: 3309:Supreme Court 3306: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163:Ben Lieberman 3160: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3004:0-231-08137-5 3001: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2990:0-415-22423-3 2987: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891:The Ozone War 2888: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870:0-674-65001-8 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2555: 2552: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171:0-415-22423-3 2168: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2053:0-309-02532-X 2049: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Physics Today 1259: 1252: 1249: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217:Arbetarbladet 1211: 1208: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 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305: 302: 297: 291: 289: 285: 279: 278:nitrous oxide 275: 271: 267: 263: 255: 253: 249: 247: 243: 238: 235: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 159: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 61: 55: 47: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5393:Point source 5335:Heavy metals 5309:Urban runoff 5289:Sulfur water 5267:Septic tanks 5113:Agent Orange 4967:Mining waste 4793:Manure waste 4623:Volcanic ash 4499:Black carbon 4455:Oil refining 4440:Particulates 4369:Construction 4251: 4242: 3633: 3202: 3177: 3080: 3063: 3046: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3019:29: 793–820. 3016: 3009: 2995: 2981: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2932: 2925: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2893:. New York: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2861: 2854: 2844: 2815: 2802: 2792: 2783: 2771:. Retrieved 2767:the original 2757: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2649: 2645: 2632: 2620:. Retrieved 2610: 2591: 2575: 2554: 2544:16 September 2542:. Retrieved 2538:the original 2528: 2512: 2493: 2481:. Retrieved 2471: 2457: 2438: 2428:16 September 2426:. Retrieved 2416: 2406:16 September 2404:. Retrieved 2400:the original 2390: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2328:the original 2315: 2303:. Retrieved 2293: 2283: 2277: 2265:. Retrieved 2261:the original 2251: 2239:. Retrieved 2234: 2224: 2214:28 September 2212:. Retrieved 2202: 2190:. Retrieved 2186: 2177: 2161: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2098:(1): 43–50. 2095: 2091: 2042: 2032: 2020:. Retrieved 2016: 2007: 1995:. Retrieved 1988:the original 1975: 1963:. Retrieved 1958: 1946: 1934:. Retrieved 1932:. 4 May 2009 1929: 1917: 1907: 1900: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1829:. Retrieved 1825: 1815: 1805:28 September 1803:. Retrieved 1799:the original 1789: 1777:. Retrieved 1774:The Standard 1773: 1763: 1751:. 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London. 2022:25 January 1997:25 January 1672:3 December 1547:Transcript 1520:28 October 1139:References 841:World Bank 735:South Pole 731:Halley Bay 719:Joe Farman 587:newspapers 229:Kofi Annan 205:Copenhagen 138:Depositary 129:, and the 5407:Responses 5378:Garbology 5304:Turbidity 5252:Oil spill 5185:Firewater 5086:Vandalism 5048:Satellite 4745:Poisoning 4740:Plutonium 4720:Actinides 4712:Radiation 4460:Wood dust 4322:Acid rain 4297:Pollution 3669:H-2B visa 3662:H-2A visa 3523:Reykjavík 2305:2 October 2153:256825183 2104:0748-5492 2062:cite book 1779:2 January 1344:17 August 1200:24 August 733:near the 219:), 1999 ( 215:), 1997 ( 211:), 1995 ( 207:), 1993 ( 203:), 1992 ( 199:), 1991 ( 148:Languages 127:Palestine 110:Ratifiers 94:Condition 86:Effective 5495:Treaties 5467:Diseases 5279:Shipping 5175:Diseases 5023:Landfill 4698:Abstract 4695:Military 4628:Wildfire 4477:Smelting 4445:Asbestos 3655:Form I-9 3500:2nd term 3493:1st term 3486:Cold War 3380:Speeches 3254:Timeline 3199:template 3155:Archived 3132:Archived 2749:33005064 2690:21705434 2682:29769666 2600:Archived 2502:Archived 2447:Archived 2192:22 April 2145:36776108 2040:(1976). 1892:19549868 1831:22 April 1753:22 April 1727:22 April 1630:Archived 1611:23 April 1581:23 April 1550:Archived 1539:Archived 1468:10 March 1439:Archived 1428:Archived 1406:Archived 1387:Archived 1318:22 April 1126:Archived 965:See also 949:respect; 927:Shandong 869:Holy See 837:(UNIDO). 661:chlorine 511:per year 274:fluorine 266:chlorine 217:Montreal 123:Holy See 80:Montreal 76:Location 5524:Commons 5299:Thermal 5200:Hypoxia 4984:Garbage 4755:Uranium 4606:Natural 4555:Digital 4487:Aerosol 4465:Welding 4352:Biomass 4347:Biofuel 4306:History 3295:Cabinet 3201:below ( 3180:in the 3176:on the 2773:11 July 2740:7526663 2717:Bibcode 2654:Bibcode 2358:Bibcode 1883:2700150 1860:Bibcode 1494:11 July 1270:Bibcode 1159:7 March 855:Parties 831:(UNDP). 601:scholar 533:History 434:CFC-115 419:CFC-114 400:CFC-113 270:bromine 221:Beijing 209:Bangkok 201:Nairobi 34:updated 5388:Midden 5368:Debris 5323:Topics 5262:Sewage 5215:debris 5210:Marine 5058:Visual 4942:Mining 4937:Litter 4430:Mining 3546:Moscow 3516:Geneva 3407:(1981) 3399:(1987) 3391:(1983) 3010:Nature 3002: 2988: 2974: 2961:Nature 2868: 2825: 2747: 2737: 2688: 2680: 2646:Nature 2622:17 May 2169: 2151: 2143: 2102: 2050: 1965:17 May 1936:17 May 1890: 1880: 1369:28 May 1364:un.org 1178:. 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