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technology was not available for decades after the construction had finished. As an effect, stairs and pathways became crooked. Moreover, shelling by U.S. troops at the end of the war had left damages to the rear side of the monument not addressed during the time of
Communist rule. In addition, the effects of nature and pollution had blackened the outside of the structure significantly. Until the 1990s, no significant efforts were made to renovate the monument. In 2003, with funding available, such measures finally started, with a target completion end date of 2013, the 200th anniversary of the battle. The black discolouring of the façade was gradually removed. The pavement in front of the monument was relaid, while a large shell hole dating from World War II was patched up. Not all war damage was removed however, deliberately leaving open some signs of bullets and shell splinters as a reminder. A new drainage system was integrated into the structure to safeguard the building from future water damage. The monument was also made wheel-chair accessible for the first time through the addition of a lift. While some work could not be finished until 2013, the work on the exterior reflection pool was finished in 2018. Some more restoration is still set to be completed as of 2019.
793:, as was a total of about 90 per cent of the entire monument. Concrete, a relatively new material at the time, was used for the first time in such a large structure. Proponents in expert literature argued for an iron construction as granting more stability, but the factors of cost and higher creative freedom ultimately led to the use of concrete. Work on the foundations alone took five years. In total, 26,500 granite blocks and 120,000 cubic metres (160,000 cu yd) of concrete were used for the entire structure. Due to the use of state-of-the-art machineries, such as traction engines, lifts, a concrete mixer, and a cable railway for transporting gravel, construction was finished on schedule, in time for the 100th anniversary of the battle in 1913. The financing, which had originally been thought to rely solely on donations and a lottery, ran out, leading the city of Leipzig to subsidise the remaining costs. The
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1001:(Hall of Fame) on the second floor, four large sculptures are placed facing each other, each meant to symbolise an alleged virtue of the German people (bravery, strength of faith, people's strength, and sacrifice). Each of these sculptures is 9.5 m (10.4 yd) tall. Towering above the crypt is a 68 m (74 yd) high dome. Leading towards it, pillared windows are decorated with 96 smaller sculptures representing the suffering in war. The dome itself is filled with "324 almost life-sized equestrian statues representing the homecoming of the victors". The dome, 29 m (32 yd) in diameter, creates unusual acoustics which allow for concerts to take place within the inner hall. From the crypt, 364 steps lead visitors to the observation platform on top of the monument.
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772:, won fourth prize with a design of a round tower with a dome on top. The Patriotic Association was again not convinced of the winning design and contemplated a third round, but in order not to lose more time, eventually decided to give the commission to Schmitz, who was the most well-respected German architect of the time. While Schmitz was the principal architect, Thieme took great influence on the design, leading to the monument having a distinctive character from Schmitz' earlier work. Schmitz delivered a new design in June 1897, which resembled the final result. This was approved by the Patriotic Association on 18 October 1897 and then presented to
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526:, were outlawed, and commemoration of the Battle of Leipzig subsided over the following years. In the 1840s, the "Association for the Celebration of October 19" was established in Leipzig, partly reviving the remembrance of the event, however, only the anniversaries in 1838 and 1863 were "forcefully expressed". In 1863, for the battle's 50th anniversary, the city of Leipzig put up large festivities, inviting representatives from 200 German cities and several hundred veterans. The celebrations included nationalistic songs and the reading of poems, with between 25,000 and 30,000 people in attendance.
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466:, a leading liberal and nationalistic writer, called for a commemoration of the battle throughout Germany. The anniversary on 19 October should be marked by festivities with "burning fires, festive 'folk' clothing, oak wreaths, and the ringing of bells". In fact, the first anniversary of the battle was marked by celebrations across the German countries, including bonfires. However, in some territories such as
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emperor and "as expressions of the people's hopes for better times". At the top of the monument, of the outside of the dome roof, stand twelve warrior statues, each composed of 47 granite blocks and 13 m (14 yd) tall, meant to remind of the
Germans' will to defend themselves. In the inaugural text about the monument, these statues were described as "guardians of freedom and pillars of justice".
1371:. Thousands of people assembled in Leipzig, leading parades through the city towards the monument. Equally, ten years later, in 1963, the anniversary was marked with a big event, joined by regiments of the Soviet army, highlighting the propaganda value of the monument and the Battle of Leipzig for a German-Russian alliance. Additional events were held at the monument, such as a celebration of the
411:. The Battle of the Nations was fought between France and their German allies against a coalition of Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and Swedish forces. About half a million soldiers were involved and at the end of the battle, around 110,000 men had lost their lives, with many more dying in the days after in field hospitals in and around the city. The scope of the fighting was unprecedented.
1380:. Towards the end of the 1980s, the monument more and more lost its character as a political site, as more entertainment-focused events were held, such as athletic competitions and concerts. During the last major anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig in 1988, the focus of the event, attended by around 100,000 people, was on the horrors of war and the need for peace.
447:), as they became known in Germany, soon established a controversial and divided culture of remembrance. For liberal thinkers and young, educated students, many of whom had fought in the wars, they resembled a starting point for a potential German unification into a national state. This sentiment was embodied in the mythologization of the
1176:. As the war neared its end, the focus of events shifted more towards the monument's original intention. Instead of remembrance for the fallen of a battle one hundred years prior, it now became a site for grieving of the recent dead on the battlefield, such as during a large church service for remembrance of the fallen on 24 June 1918.
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forces into the city. Until 1863, seven memorial stones were also placed to mark decisive points of the battle, which still remain to this day. In the same year, on the 50th anniversary of the Battle of
Leipzig, city officials also funded the restoration of the monument they had erected in 1845. During the same festivities, a
554:" ("A Word on the Celebration of the Battle of Leipzig"), he demanded that it "has to be constructed in such a way that it can be seen from all the streets around from which the allied armies moved to the bloody decisive battle. If it is to be seen, it has to be large and splendid – like a collosus, a pyramid, a
1205:, and both institutions held a common October celebration at the monument on the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig. In the years after World War I, the monument was commonly used for remembrance events for fallen of the conflict as well as events focused on the territorial losses suffered by Germany with the
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Schmitz constructed the monument over an artificial hill and selected a pyramidal shape for a clear view of the surroundings. The base is 124 metres (407 ft) square. The main structure, at 91 metres (299 ft), is as of 2013 still the tallest monument in Europe. Poser places the monument in a
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A ground-breaking ceremony was held prior to the start of construction on 18 October 1898, the 85th anniversary of the battle. A total of 82,000 cubic metres (107,000 cu yd) of earth were moved in the following two years until suitable subsoil for the foundation was found. Construction then
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of the time, as the architects attempted to develop a distinctly German style in architecture and sculpture. A "multitude of symbols and metaphors", as Poser writes, "makes a clear characterisation of the
Monument difficult even today." Many of the sculptures reflect the masonic ideas of the members
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regiments, volunteer fighters against the French rule. On the other side, the monarchs of the German states as well as conservatives highlighted the role the princes had played in the struggle against
Napoleon, seeing a growing desire for a German national state as an attack on their royal and noble
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The annual celebrations of the Battle of
Leipzig continued under Nazi rule, now accompanied by representation of the army, police, and the SA. This included a large event for the 125th anniversary in 1938, which was advertised with a weeks-long advertisement campaign that drew a direct line between
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close to the burned out church in
Probstheida. Attached to it was a collection box for donations in order to rebuild the church. Originally envisioned by both the citizens of Leipzig as well as the Russian military command as the place for annual celebration of the battle, the cross was removed by
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At the front side of the monument, a 19 m (21 yd) high and 60 m (66 yd) wide relief depicts a battle scene. The centre piece of the relief is a sculpture of the
Archangel Saint Michael, symbolising the personification of God's support for the German soldiers. Above Michael, an
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also placed a monument in his honour at the site, in 1838. In 1843, a sandstone monument was erected at "Napoleon Hill", where the
Emperor had supposedly watched the battle. Two years later, the local government of Leipzig established another monument, commemorating the entrance of the victorious
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Schmitz also planned to create an accompanying complex for ceremonies that would include a court, a stadium and parade grounds. However, only a reflecting pool and two processional avenues were ultimately completed. Surrounding the monument are oaks, considered to have been a symbol of masculine
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carry the firebrand of war, while two eagles symbolise the "newly won freedom". On both sides of the relief, lateral staircases with 136 steps lead to the second story and the entrance of the crypt. The staircases are decorated with large heads of
Frederick I, reminding of the myth of a sleeping
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on 15 October 1967, attended by around 60,000 people. For the 160th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig in 1973, the exhibition housed within the monument was amended, now emphasising the aspect of German-Russian collaboration even further. Around the same time, the aspect of German unity lost
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was unhappy with the results on the grounds that they were not innovative enough and none was eventually chosen for the monument. In the second round of the competition, which started in August 1896, participation was much larger, with 71 drafts submitted. The jury met to discuss on 21 and 22
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Within a year of the monument's completion, it became apparent that water penetrating the joints between the natural stone ashlars and the concrete core was a problem. Some stone pieces had moved significantly by ice and frost, while water entering the core had no way to escape, as dampening
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and the city of Leipzig erected a monument to the German unification in its centre in 1888. Steffen Poser, head of the Museum of the Monument for the Battle of the Nations, wrote: "he foundation of the German Empire deprived the monument project of what had been its basis for legitimacy so
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and in particular after the German war effort turned towards defeat in 1943, the annual celebrations became smaller and more muted. On Christmas Day 1943, the monument was for the first time used to mourn civilian deaths, as the citizens of Leipzig gathered to remember the victims of the
566:, who had died from injuries sustained in the Battle of Großgörschen, but received no support from state officials. In a letter to Arndt, Friedrich lamented in March 1814: "I am not at all surprised, that no memorials are being erected, neither to mark the great cause of the
1263:(ethnic) unity of the nation and the subservience of the individual to the collective. On 16 July 1933, the Nazi Party held their first big rally at the monument, culminating in a speech by Hitler. On 10 June 1934, the now state party organised a rally in support of the
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architecture. The monument is said to stand on the spot of some of the bloodiest fighting, from where Napoleon ordered the retreat of his army. It was also the scene of fighting in World War II, when Nazi forces in Leipzig made their last stand against U.S. troops.
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On the 18th of October 1913 the Völkerschlachtdenkmal was inaugurated in the presence of about 100,000 people including the Emperor, and all the reigning sovereign rulers of the German states. At the time of completion, it was the tallest monument in Europe.
1209:. The Association thereby closely associated the monument with nationalistic tendencies within the Republic. On 27 April 1924 for instance, the Association of German Patriots hosted a celebration for the 40th anniversary of the foundation of the now lost
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615:, bearing the names of twelve battles fought against the French. Its inscription, "From the king to the people who, at his call, nobly sacrificed their blood and chattels to the Fatherland", highlighted the role of the monarch over that of the people.
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in Berlin situated on it. On the other side of the political spectrum, the nobleman Adolph von Seckendorff put forward the plan for a simple monument to the Saxon government, which would bear an inscription reading "To the liberation of a strong land,
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commenced in mid-September 1900, at which time the original cornerstone from 1863 was moved to the new location. The foundation slab, 70 m (77 yd) times 80 m (87 yd) in area and 2 m (2.2 yd) thick, was constructed from
1156:(national monument), with different groups projecting different symbolism onto it. At the time of its opening in 1913, the Patriotic Association declared in a publication that the monument symbolized a connection from the Wars of Liberation to "
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A first competition to find an architectural design was started in August 1895, with prizes for the best handed out. During the first round, only 32 design were handed in, with first prize going to Karl Doflein from Berlin. However, the
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who had died in the battle, was placed by his sister and Polish veterans near the battle site. After the establishment of the "Association for the Celebration of October 19", more small monuments started to be built. The family of
558:". His plans included a 60 m (200 ft) high mound surrounded by oak groves, with a large cross on top. However, lack of political will prevented such a monument of being built at the time. Arndt, together with the painter
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declared that "the victory over Napoleon was made possible 1. through the organisation of a people's army 2. through German-Russian alliance in arms", thereby drawing a connection to East Germany's alignment with the
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temporarily halted plans for a monument, since public conscience turned towards the more recent military victories. The commemoration of the Battle of Leipzig as a decisive one in German history was replaced by the
570:, nor to the manganimous deeds of great German men. As long as we remain man-servants to the princes, nothing of this sort will happen." Other people came forward with plans for a large memorial as well, including
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993:) are present, symbolically standing guard, two each in front of a total of eight 6 m (6.6 yd) high death masks. The crypt was meant as a symbolic tomb for the fallen soldiers of the battle. In the
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717:(Association for the History of Leipzig) learned during a meeting of the association about the past plans to build a monument. Interested in resuming the project, Thieme, who was also a member of the Apollo
1291:. One pamphlet read: "What fatefully began with the victory at Leipzig, ended in a bitter tragedy for the German People, over which the curtain was only drawn on 30 January 1933". Following the outbreak of
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The structure is 91 metres (299 ft) tall. It contains over 500 steps to a viewing platform at the top, from which there are views across the city and environs. The structure makes extensive use of
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under the command of Oberst Hans von Poncet, were holding out in the monument, but after a direct artillery hit inside the structure, von Poncet was convinced to surrender following long negotiations.
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strength and endurance to the Germanic people of antiquity. The oaks are complemented by evergreens, symbolising feminine fecundity, and they are located in a subordinate position to the oaks.
1307:) position was established on top of the monument. When the US Army captured Leipzig on April 18, 1945, the monument was the last stronghold in the city to surrender. 300 soldiers, men of the
500:. Taking place at the Hasenheide, a park outside Berlin, the event was attended by several tens of thousands of people. Similar celebrations were held the following years. These included the
1201:, the monument was still controlled by the Association of German Patriots, who restricted who was allowed to use it and how. Ideologically, the Association was most closely linked with the
1217:(Imperial Day of the Warrior), celebrating German veterans and the fallen soldiers of the World War. The last big event during the Weimar years came from 18 to 20 September 1932, when the
733:(Association of German Patriots) which raised, by means of donations and a lottery, the funds necessary to construct the monument for the 100th anniversary. The projected cost was set at
209:, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mostly by donations and the city of Leipzig, it was completed in 1913 for the 100th anniversary of the battle at a cost of six million
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384:. However, due to lack of training in his newly recruited soldiers, Napoleon was unable to take full advantage of his victories, allowing his enemies to regroup. Following a
388:, Austria rejoined the Coalition on 17 August. The French advantage in numbers was now reversed, with the Coalition forces counting 490,000 soldiers to Napoleon's 440,000.
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860:. Following Behrens' death in 1905, Metzner completed the work, mainly on the sculptures on the inside and top of the monument. When Behrens died, the sculpture of
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and others. Steffen Poser described the monument in the interwar years as a site used mainly by institutions working against the democratic, republican system.
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in 1989 and 1990, the monument has largely lost its character as a site for political and historic events and now serves mainly as a tourist attraction.
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in Leipzig's city parliament, proposed the project during a meeting and gained the support of his fellow masons. Later that same year, he founded the
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proposed a fortress to be built outside Leipzig, at the top of which a pyramid was to be placed, with the quadriga that Napoleon had taken from the
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1347:(SED), quickly moved to change the monument's symbolism: the East German state was pictured as the continuation of a free, unified Germany while
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in August 1898, where it won a prize. Several more design changes, especially to the top of the building, were made in the followings years.
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6,000,000 (€32,904,393 in 2024). The following year, the city of Leipzig donated a 40,000-square-metre (9.9-acre) site for the construction.
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1300:. In 1944, the celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig was called off altogether, as the Allied forces advanced on Germany.
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was laid on 13 May 1912 by Thieme. Final works were done over the remaining year, including a late decision to add glass windows around the
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836:, aimed at introducing them to the general public through the monument. Unlike many monuments and buildings of the era, the monument lacks
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Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918
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In 1953, the East German government hosted a large celebration of the 140th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig, at the cost of 680,000
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2664:(1996). "The Wars of Liberation in Prussian Memory: Reflections on the Memorialization of War in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany".
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for a future grand monument was placed by Leipig's mayor Karl Wilhelm Otto Koch, and 23 cities from all around Germany, including
603:", honouring the three monarchs who led the fight against Napoleon. While none of the proposals for Leipzig gained any support, a
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was the decisive one in the war, cementing the French defeat and temporarily ending Napoleon's rule. The Emperor was exiled to
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Das Völki, wie das Denkmal von der Bevölkerung Leipzigs gern genannt wird, ist Anziehungspunkt von Touristen aus aller Welt.
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On the first anniversary of the battle, in 1814, a 18 m (59 ft) tall wooden cross was placed as a monument on the
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Bartetzky, Arnold. "Befreiungskriege und Völkerschlacht in der visuellen Erinnerungskultur des Deutschen Kaiserreichs". In
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line of tradition of similar national monuments of the 19th century. The design deviates consciously from the style of the
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The architectural style of the monument was immediately divisive even among contemporaries. While commentators from the
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The Year 1813, East Central Europe and Leipzig. The Battle of the Nations as a (trans)national place of remembrance
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Shortly after the Battle of Leipzig, Arndt called for a monument to be built at the site. In a pamphlet entitled "
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in March 1813. During the early part of the campaign, the allied forces against Napoleon suffered defeats at
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Topfstedt, Thomas. "Das Leipziger Völkerschlachtsdenkmal: Eine kurze Ideen- und Baugeschichte". In
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Das Jahr 1813, Ostmitteleuropa und Leipzig. Die Völkerschlacht als (trans)nationaler Erinnerungsort
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After World War II during the time of the separation of Germany, Leipzig was part of the Socialist
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Tebbe, Jason (2010). "Revision and "Rebirth": Commemoration of the Battle of Nations in Leipzig".
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Poser, Steffen. "Zur Rezeptionsgeschichte des Völkerschlachtsdenkmals zwischen 1914 und 1989". In
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Originally intended by the Association of German Patriots as a symbol for the achievement of
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on top, symbolising the victory of Germany against France, the "modern Rome". The architect
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2038:[Monument to the Battle of the Nations in Leipzig: Pyramid of the Patriot].
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the following year, before being permanently banished following his defeat at the
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on 18 October 1814. Events such as this took place in all of Germany on that day.
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under the title Napoleon I since 1804. Over the course of the hostilities, the
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importance, as a two-state solution was preferred under the new leadership of
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against the French and their German allies. Following Napoleon's unsuccessful
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View from inside the crypt with the guarding warriors and death masks visible
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The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918
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In the circle-shaped crypt on the first floor, sixteen statues of warriors (
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30 January 1933 was the day on which Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor.
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2578:[Tourist Magnet "Völki": Complete Restoration Draws to a Close].
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The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig: Europe's Battle Against Napoleon
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In the immediate aftermath, both the Battle of Leipzig as well as the
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Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig (City-Historical Museum Leipzig)
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style elements, instead borrowing from the architecture of ancient
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annexed by France, as well as troops from his German allies of the
2439:"Last Stand at Völkerschlachtdenkmal: The Battle of Leipzig, 1945"
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in 1809 had ended with another defeat for the joint forces of the
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Training Socialist Citizens: Sports and the State in East Germany
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throughout the 19th century, the monument was soon accepted as a
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Picture of the sculpture representing "People's strength" in the
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The cornerstone, laid down in 1863, in a drawing from around 1880
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at Leipzig, a crucial step towards the end of hostilities in the
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From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1870-1990
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December of the same year, with first prize this time going to
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Remembrance of the Battle of the Nations between 1813 and 1871
2576:"Touristenmagnet "Völki": Komplettsanierung nähert sich Ende"
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for approval. In August, the design was presented during the
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was the first to propose a large monument on the site of the
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joined the countries already at war with France to begin the
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Die Völkerschlacht bei Leipzig: Europas Kampf gegen Napoleon
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1813: The Battle of the Nations and the End of the Old World
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the winter of the same year, following the division of the
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National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany
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2275:
2036:"Völkerschlachtdenkmal in Leipzig: Pyramide des Patrioten"
512:
as well as the Battle of Leipzig. However, following the
427:
on the first anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig at the
1052:
Detail of the sculpture representing "Strength of faith"
530:
First proposals for a monument at the site of the battle
286:
The War of the Sixth Coalition and the Battle of Leipzig
2073:
2071:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1621:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1438:, inspired by the Monument to the Battle of the Nations
1139:
Reception and usage of the monument through the decades
1025:
Detailed view of guarding warriors next to a death mask
963:
View of the guardian statues on the outside of the dome
272:. It is widely regarded as one of the best examples of
2238:
2236:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2116:
2114:
1076:
Details of the horse statues on the inside of the dome
919:
Detail of a horse on the left side of the front relief
2862:
Public Monuments: Art in Political Bondage, 1870-1997
2466:[The Monument to the Battle of the Nations].
1833:
1831:
1829:
1692:
1690:
1090:
View of the monument and the adjacent reflecting pool
478:, they were incorporated into the festivities around
2881:
1813: Die Völkerschlacht und das Ende der Alten Welt
2092:"Völkerschlachtdenkmal, auf den Müll der Geschichte"
683:far—namely, the desire for German unification, the
522:, the nationalistic student groups, as well as the
159:
151:
143:
135:
127:
119:
111:
101:
83:
2923:Monument to the Battle of the Nations: Short Guide
2838:
2803:Keller, Katrin; Schmid, Hans-Dieter, eds. (1995).
1251:Following the rise of the Nazi Party to power and
864:, the relief of the battle scene and the heads of
504:in 1817, a nationalistic event commemorating both
474:, such celebrations were prohibited, while in the
2811:] (in German). Leipziger Universitätsverlag.
1172:or celebrations of the birthday of Field Marshal
2418:"Kalenderblatt: 19.4.1945 – Das letzte Aufgebot"
822:Outside view of the front of the monument (2014)
329:had ceased to exist following the abdication of
552:Ein Wort ĂĽber die Feier der Leipziger Schlacht
2736:
2727:
931:View of the relief from the right side, with
496:movement, gymnastic clubs led by nationalist
8:
2827:
2703:Dmitrieva, Marina; Karl, Lars, eds. (2016).
2609:"The Voortrekker Monument: Monolith to Myth"
2195:
1283:), pledged allegiance to the Nazi movement.
1150:German unity after a long period of struggle
995:
987:
727:
711:
490:, the main celebration was organised by the
380:(20–21 May), being driven back to the river
19:
2906:. New German-American Studies. Peter Lang.
2711:] (in German). Cologne: Böhlau Verlag.
1917:"The Völkerschlachtdenkmal and its History"
1131:'s design for a new parliament building in
607:was erected in Berlin in 1821. Designed by
337:from various former members of the Empire.
317:had taken control of the country, first as
3106:Buildings and structures completed in 1913
1879:
1711:
1499:
1344:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands
34:
18:
2634:
2308:
2281:
2210:
2147:
2062:
2021:
1997:
1982:
1970:
1955:
1940:
1852:
1820:
1781:
1681:
1341:, or East Germany. The ruling party, the
1903:
533:
216:The monument commemorates the defeat of
3056:"Homepage of the choir of the Monument"
3028:"Homepage of the monument's supporters"
3013:"Monument to the Battle of the Nations"
2171:
1474:
1454:
1003:
897:
701:The monument under construction in 1912
689:, which had been missing at the time."
3044:"Homepage of the annual bathtub races"
2990:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck.
2293:
2077:
1764:
1752:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1408:The monument during restoration (2011)
1303:During the war, an anti-aircraft gun (
1298:bombing of the city on 4 December 1943
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2437:Haskew, Michael E. (4 October 2020).
2404:
2392:
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2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
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2254:
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2227:
2183:
2159:
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2120:
2009:
1891:
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1642:
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1612:
1595:
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1571:
1559:
1547:
1333:in the shadow of the monument in 1953
1269:referendum held the following January
890:" . To either side of the archangel,
673:and the subsequent foundation of the
650:Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg
250:Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg
173:Monument to the Battle of the Nations
7:
3141:Art Nouveau sculptures and memorials
1267:rejoining Germany in advance of the
391:Between 16 and 19 October 1813, the
3136:Art Nouveau architecture in Germany
3116:Buildings and structures in Leipzig
2034:von RĂĽpke, Marc (18 October 2013).
1921:Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig
605:monument for the Wars of Liberation
3126:Monuments and memorials in Germany
3064:"7 panorama views and information"
2845:. University of California Press.
1102:In the background can be seen the
801:to safeguard it from the weather.
713:Verein fĂĽr die Geschichte Leipzigs
14:
2765:Johnson, Molly Wilkinson (2008).
313:against its European neighbours.
20:Monument to the Battle of Nations
3121:Military monuments and memorials
2750:. University of Michigan Press.
2746:Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig (2007).
2614:South African Historical Journal
1321:Under Communist rule (1945–1989)
1069:
1057:
1045:
1030:
1018:
1006:
968:
956:
940:
924:
912:
900:
2090:Reichel, Peter (13 July 2013).
1144:World War I and Weimar Republic
782:GroĂźe Berliner Kunstausstellung
3131:Tourist attractions in Leipzig
3101:1913 establishments in Germany
2940:Sembach, Klaus-JĂĽrgen (2002).
1:
3146:Outdoor sculptures in Germany
2667:The Journal of Modern History
1247:Nazi Germany and World War II
1225:Evangelical Church in Germany
482:'s jubilee on 23 October. In
40:The monument at night in 2015
2982:Thamer, Hans-Ulrich (2013).
2860:Michalski, Sergiusz (1998).
2472:(in German). 18 October 2018
2464:"Das Völkerschlachtsdenkmal"
1329:Historic reenactment of the
645:Marshal of the French Empire
425:Emperor Francis I of Austria
16:Monument in Leipzig, Germany
3046:(in German). Archived from
3034:(in German). Archived from
2925:. Leipzig: Passage-Verlag.
2879:Platthaus, Andreas (2015).
2788:. Purdue University Press.
2737:Dmitrieva & Karl (2016)
2728:Dmitrieva & Karl (2016)
2607:Delmont, Elizabeth (1993).
1265:Territory of the Saar Basin
1183:The centenary event of the
876:Description of the Monument
562:, worked on a monument for
3172:
3156:War of the Sixth Coalition
2864:. London: Reaktion Books.
2828:Keller & Schmid (1995)
2784:Kamusella, Tomasz (2007).
1487:, retrieved March 26, 2014
1353:Confederation of the Rhine
1339:German Democratic Republic
370:War of the Sixth Coalition
342:War of the Fifth Coalition
335:Confederation of the Rhine
321:from 1799, and reigned as
258:Confederation of the Rhine
228:. The coalition armies of
226:War of the Sixth Coalition
2902:Pohlsander, Hans (2008).
2627:10.1080/02582479308671763
881:Exterior of the structure
705:In 1894, Clemens Thieme (
639:. In 1817, a monument to
405:briefly returned to power
268:, and the facings are of
185:, sometimes shortened to
49:
45:
33:
24:
2469:Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
2196:Keller & Schmid 1995
1287:the Napoleonic Wars and
1211:German overseas colonies
2921:Poser, Steffen (2014).
2586:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
2443:Warfare History Network
2174:, pp. 28 & 38.
1384:The monument since 1989
975:Close-up of the statues
862:Archangel Saint Michael
609:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
564:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
139:91 metres (299 ft)
131:70 metres (230 ft)
123:80 metres (260 ft)
3032:Voelkerschlachtdenkmal
1409:
1334:
1223:, a society under the
1190:
1111:
1091:
996:
988:
951:next to the staircases
823:
809:Design of the Monument
729:Deutsche Patriotenbund
728:
723:National Liberal Party
712:
702:
671:Unification of Germany
623:
560:Caspar David Friedrich
547:
436:
302:
294:A painting by Russian
180:
115:Granite-faced concrete
2962:German Studies Review
2837:Koshar, Rudy (2000).
1407:
1328:
1257:Chancellor of Germany
1203:German People's Party
1182:
1101:
1089:
821:
700:
621:
584:Friedrich Weinbrenner
538:Historian and writer
537:
498:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
486:, the capital of the
422:
393:Battle of the Nations
323:Emperor of the French
300:Battle of the Nations
293:
246:Alexander I of Russia
182:Völkerschlachtdenkmal
68:51.31222°N 12.41306°E
27:Völkerschlachtdenkmal
3022:(Quicktime required)
2805:Vom Kult zur Kulisse
1444:in Wrocław (Breslau)
1428:Voortrekker Monument
1394:German reunification
1207:Treaty of Versailles
1189:on 18 September 1932
1064:Dome of the memorial
947:One of the heads of
721:and represented the
3068:Virtualcity Leipzig
2809:The cult of scenery
2739:, pp. 137–155.
2730:, pp. 123–134.
1985:, pp. 141–144.
1894:, pp. 624–625.
1808:, pp. 622–623.
1672:, pp. 623–624.
1574:, pp. 619–620.
1423:Kyffhäuser Monument
1390:Peaceful Revolution
1220:Gustav-Adolf-Verein
1186:Gustav-Adolf-Verein
1174:Paul von Hindenburg
935:inscription visible
866:Emperor Frederick I
856:and his apprentice
756:Kyffhäuser Monument
709:), a member of the
576:August von Kotzebue
423:A celebration with
309:, France had waged
197:) is a monument in
144:Beginning date
64: /
21:
3151:Statues in Germany
2830:, pp. 78–104.
2662:Clark, Christopher
1755:, pp. 99–100.
1482:leipzig-sachsen.de
1410:
1373:October Revolution
1335:
1289:National Socialism
1255:'s appointment as
1191:
1112:
1092:
868:, better known as
824:
703:
637:Congress of Vienna
624:
548:
540:Ernst Moritz Arndt
488:Kingdom of Prussia
476:Kingdom of Hanover
464:Ernst Moritz Arndt
441:Wars of Liberation
437:
409:Battle of Waterloo
362:invasion of Russia
331:Emperor Francis II
315:Napoleon Bonaparte
303:
73:51.31222; 12.41306
2997:978-3-406-64610-2
2951:978-3-8228-2022-3
2932:978-3-938543-73-3
2913:978-3-03911-352-1
2894:978-3-499-62922-8
2852:978-0-520-21768-3
2818:978-3-929031-60-7
2795:978-1-55753-371-5
2757:978-0-472-11573-0
2718:978-3-412-50399-4
2565:, pp. 24–31.
2517:, pp. 97–98.
2505:, pp. 94–97.
2493:, pp. 92–94.
2407:, pp. 89–92.
2383:, pp. 86–88.
2371:, pp. 84–85.
2359:, pp. 82–83.
2335:, pp. 79–80.
2257:, pp. 15–18.
2186:, pp. 14–15.
2162:, pp. 13–14.
2135:, pp. 12–14.
1369:East German marks
1331:Battle of Leipzig
907:Archangel Michael
886:engraving reads "
854:Christian Behrens
829:Wilhelmine period
641:JĂłzef Poniatowski
633:Kingdom of Saxony
601:Friedrich Wilhelm
556:Cologne Cathedral
544:Battle of Leipzig
516:of 1819 both the
502:Wartburg Festival
403:in May 1814, but
327:Holy Roman Empire
307:French Revolution
244:were led by Tsar
207:Battle of Leipzig
169:
168:
164:Battle of Leipzig
160:Dedicated to
152:Opening date
3163:
3087:
3082:. Archived from
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2978:
2955:
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2426:. 19 March 2009.
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2019:
2013:
2012:, pp. 8–12.
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1313:and boys of the
1215:Reichskriegertag
1125:Social Democrats
1073:
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999:
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588:Brandenburg Gate
519:Burschenschaften
514:Carlsbad Decrees
445:Befreiungskriege
311:a number of wars
298:, depicting the
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3080:Waltlockley.com
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2588:. 26 April 2019
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1880:Pohlsander 2008
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1500:Pohlsander 2008
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1442:Centennial Hall
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1386:
1357:Walter Ulbricht
1349:Konrad Adenauer
1323:
1279:(bishop of the
1249:
1199:Weimar Republic
1195:interwar period
1154:Nationaldenkmal
1146:
1141:
1117:
1084:
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811:
762:as well as the
695:
680:Battle of Sedan
532:
508:'s stay at the
417:
346:Austrian Empire
288:
283:
155:18 October 1913
147:18 October 1898
72:
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3093:
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3086:on 2008-11-21.
3072:
3060:
3052:
3050:on 2005-12-15.
3040:
3038:on 2009-04-23.
3024:
3007:
3006:External links
3004:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2979:
2969:(3): 618–640.
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2680:10.1086/245342
2674:(3): 550–576.
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2553:, p. 102.
2543:
2541:, p. 100.
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2423:Spiegel Online
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2313:
2311:, p. 133.
2309:Bartetzky 2016
2298:
2286:
2282:Michalski 1998
2271:
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2247:
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2215:
2213:, p. 425.
2211:Platthaus 2015
2200:
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2150:, p. 424.
2148:Platthaus 2015
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2065:, p. 137.
2063:Topfstedt 2016
2055:
2026:
2024:, p. 153.
2022:Topfstedt 2016
2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 145.
1998:Topfstedt 2016
1987:
1983:Topfstedt 2016
1975:
1973:, p. 423.
1971:Platthaus 2015
1960:
1958:, p. 142.
1956:Topfstedt 2016
1945:
1943:, p. 141.
1941:Topfstedt 2016
1933:
1908:
1906:, p. 122.
1896:
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1882:, p. 169.
1869:
1867:, p. 624.
1857:
1855:, p. 140.
1853:Topfstedt 2016
1842:
1825:
1823:, p. 422.
1821:Platthaus 2015
1810:
1798:
1796:, p. 558.
1786:
1784:, p. 131.
1782:Bartetzky 2016
1769:
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 559.
1733:
1731:, p. 622.
1716:
1714:, p. 168.
1701:
1686:
1684:, p. 138.
1682:Topfstedt 2016
1674:
1659:
1657:, p. 566.
1647:
1645:, p. 623.
1632:
1630:, p. 562.
1617:
1615:, p. 621.
1600:
1598:, p. 553.
1588:
1586:, p. 552.
1576:
1564:
1562:, p. 620.
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1502:, p. 170.
1489:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1439:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1401:
1398:
1388:Following the
1385:
1382:
1378:Erich Honecker
1322:
1319:
1248:
1245:
1234:Sturmabteilung
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1129:Eliel Saarinen
1116:
1113:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
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1005:
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939:
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911:
909:
906:
899:
882:
879:
877:
874:
815:
812:
810:
807:
694:
691:
572:Karl Sieveking
531:
528:
416:
413:
350:United Kingdom
305:Following the
296:A.I. Zauerweid
287:
284:
282:
279:
205:, to the 1813
167:
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47:
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43:
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39:
31:
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25:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3168:
3157:
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3149:
3147:
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3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
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3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2985:
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2963:
2957:
2953:
2947:
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2915:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2871:9781861890252
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2843:
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2776:9789004169579
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2603:
2600:
2587:
2584:(in German).
2583:
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2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:, p. 99.
2528:
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2499:
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2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
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2419:
2413:
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2406:
2401:
2398:
2395:, p. 89.
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:, p. 81.
2346:
2341:
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2329:
2326:
2323:, p. 78.
2322:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:, p. 46.
2295:
2290:
2287:
2284:, p. 65.
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:, p. 18.
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2245:, p. 19.
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:, p. 15.
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
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2168:
2165:
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2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 13.
2122:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2080:, p. 44.
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:Hoffmann 2007
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
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1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
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1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:, p. 98.
1766:
1761:
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1580:
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1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:, p. 43.
1537:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 42.
1525:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 30.
1513:
1508:
1505:
1501:
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1294:
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1277:Reichsbischof
1274:
1273:Ludwig MĂĽller
1270:
1266:
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1108:New Town Hall
1105:
1104:City-Hochhaus
1100:
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1043:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
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981:On the inside
980:
971:
966:
959:
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915:
910:
903:
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889:
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875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:Franz Metzner
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Patriotenbund
830:
820:
813:
808:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
783:
778:
775:
771:
767:
766:
765:Deutsches Eck
761:
757:
753:
752:Bruno Schmitz
749:
748:Wilhelm Kreis
744:
743:Patriotenbund
738:
736:
732:
730:
724:
720:
719:masonic lodge
716:
714:
708:
699:
692:
690:
688:
687:
681:
676:
675:German Empire
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
628:village green
620:
616:
614:
610:
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565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
541:
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:Martin Luther
503:
499:
495:
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489:
485:
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118:
114:
110:
107:
106:Bruno Schmitz
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
77:
48:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
3084:the original
3079:
3067:
3058:(in German).
3048:the original
3036:the original
3031:
3016:
2987:
2983:
2966:
2960:
2941:
2922:
2903:
2884:
2880:
2861:
2840:
2808:
2804:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2708:
2704:
2671:
2665:
2655:Bibliography
2640:. Retrieved
2618:
2612:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2579:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2432:
2421:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2289:
2262:
2250:
2198:, p. 9.
2191:
2179:
2172:Sembach 2002
2167:
2155:
2128:
2101:. Retrieved
2095:
2085:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1978:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1860:
1840:, p. 7.
1801:
1789:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1699:, p. 6.
1677:
1650:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1550:, p. 4.
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1436:South Africa
1411:
1387:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1315:Hitler Youth
1308:
1302:
1293:World War II
1285:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1253:Adolf Hitler
1250:
1238:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1192:
1184:
1153:
1147:
1120:
1118:
1093:
1082:Surroundings
1038:
994:
989:Totenwächter
986:
984:
948:
933:Gott mit uns
932:
888:Gott mit uns
887:
884:
869:
833:
825:
803:
798:
787:
780:
763:
742:
739:
726:
710:
704:
693:Construction
684:
625:
567:
551:
549:
523:
517:
491:
462:
454:
448:
444:
438:
390:
376:(2 May) and
374:Großgörschen
339:
304:
262:
215:
193:
192:
187:
186:
181:
172:
170:
26:
2944:. Taschen.
2942:Art Nouveau
2642:27 December
2592:27 December
2294:Koshar 2000
2103:27 December
2078:Koshar 2000
2044:(in German)
2041:Der Spiegel
1765:Thamer 2013
1753:Thamer 2013
1536:Thamer 2013
1524:Thamer 2013
1512:Thamer 2013
1400:Restoration
1193:During the
1166:World War I
1039:Ruhmeshalle
997:Ruhmeshalle
850:Art Nouveau
842:Mesopotamia
799:Ruhmeshalle
655:cornerstone
472:WĂĽrttemberg
460:positions.
222:French army
71: /
3095:Categories
2636:10539/7785
2621:: 76–101.
2563:Poser 2014
2551:Poser 1995
2539:Poser 1995
2527:Poser 1995
2515:Poser 1995
2503:Poser 1995
2491:Poser 1995
2405:Poser 1995
2393:Poser 1995
2381:Poser 1995
2369:Poser 1995
2357:Poser 1995
2345:Poser 1995
2333:Poser 1995
2321:Poser 1995
2267:Poser 2014
2255:Poser 2014
2243:Poser 2014
2228:Poser 2014
2184:Poser 2014
2160:Poser 2014
2133:Poser 2014
2121:Poser 2014
2010:Poser 2014
1926:August 23,
1892:Tebbe 2010
1865:Tebbe 2010
1838:Poser 2014
1806:Tebbe 2010
1794:Clark 1996
1741:Clark 1996
1729:Tebbe 2010
1697:Poser 2014
1670:Tebbe 2010
1655:Clark 1996
1643:Tebbe 2010
1628:Clark 1996
1613:Tebbe 2010
1596:Clark 1996
1584:Clark 1996
1572:Tebbe 2010
1560:Tebbe 2010
1548:Poser 2014
1469:References
1310:Volkssturm
1237:(SA), the
1229:Nazi Party
1162:Versailles
949:Barbarossa
870:Barbarossa
852:sculptors
838:classicist
777:Wilhelm II
580:Iron Cross
480:George III
274:Wilhelmine
59:12°24′47″E
56:51°18′44″N
2696:143695987
1240:Stahlhelm
1170:war bonds
1135:in 1912.
1115:Reception
760:Thuringia
686:leitmotif
613:Kreuzberg
593:Alexander
450:Freikorps
386:ceasefire
364:in 1812,
211:goldmarks
194:Schlachti
2975:20787996
2581:Die Welt
2476:18 March
2448:17 March
2097:Die Welt
1432:Pretoria
1417:See also
1261:völkisch
1133:Canberra
1121:völkisch
1106:and the
795:keystone
791:concrete
510:Wartburg
456:Landwehr
395:outside
358:Portugal
266:concrete
218:Napoleon
112:Material
102:Designer
84:Location
2688:2946767
1197:of the
832:of the
774:Emperor
770:Koblenz
667:Dresden
663:Hanover
635:at the
524:Turners
397:Leipzig
378:Bautzen
366:Prussia
281:History
270:granite
238:Austria
234:Prussia
203:Germany
199:Leipzig
96:Germany
88:Leipzig
2994:
2973:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2891:
2868:
2849:
2815:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2715:
2694:
2686:
2048:24 May
892:furies
665:, and
659:Vienna
599:, and
493:Turner
484:Berlin
433:Vienna
429:Prater
356:, and
319:Consul
242:Sweden
230:Russia
177:German
136:Height
120:Length
92:Saxony
2986:[
2971:JSTOR
2883:[
2807:[
2707:[
2692:S2CID
2684:JSTOR
1449:Notes
1281:Reich
1158:Sedan
846:Egypt
814:Style
597:Franz
468:Baden
354:Spain
254:Rhine
188:Völki
128:Width
2992:ISBN
2946:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2889:ISBN
2866:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2644:2020
2594:2020
2478:2021
2450:2022
2105:2020
2050:2015
1928:2011
1392:and
1362:USSR
1305:Flak
1160:and
844:and
643:, a
574:and
568:Volk
470:and
453:and
401:Elba
382:Elbe
340:The
248:and
240:and
171:The
2676:doi
2631:hdl
2623:doi
1430:in
1231:'s
768:in
758:in
431:in
220:'s
191:or
3097::
3078:.
3066:.
3030:.
3015:.
2967:33
2965:.
2690:.
2682:.
2672:68
2670:.
2629:.
2619:29
2617:.
2611:.
2441:.
2420:.
2301:^
2274:^
2235:^
2218:^
2203:^
2140:^
2113:^
2070:^
1990:^
1963:^
1948:^
1919:.
1872:^
1845:^
1828:^
1813:^
1772:^
1719:^
1704:^
1689:^
1662:^
1635:^
1620:^
1603:^
1492:^
1434:,
1364:.
1275:,
750:.
707:de
661:,
595:,
352:,
348:,
260:.
236:,
232:,
213:.
201:,
179::
94:,
90:,
3070:.
3019:.
3000:.
2977:.
2954:.
2935:.
2916:.
2897:.
2874:.
2855:.
2821:.
2798:.
2779:.
2760:.
2721:.
2698:.
2678::
2646:.
2633::
2625::
2596:.
2480:.
2452:.
2107:.
2052:.
1930:.
1110:.
735:â„ł
546:.
443:(
175:(
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