Moscow trials - Knowledge

2804:, who, while conceding that some of the confessions contain unlikely statements, said there may have been several reasons or motives for this—one being that the handful who made doubtful confessions were trying to undermine the Soviet Union and its government by making dubious statements in their confessions to cast doubts on their trial. Molotov postulated that a defendant might invent a story that he collaborated with foreign agents and party members to undermine the government so that those members would falsely come under suspicion, while the false foreign collaboration charge would be believed as well. Thus, the Soviet government was in his view the victim of false confessions. Nonetheless, he said the evidence of mostly out-of-power Communist officials conspiring to make a power grab during a moment of weakness in the upcoming war truly existed. This defense collapsed after the release of 60: 1988:

anti-Soviet sentiment amongst the proletariat in the world. Throughout spring and summer of 1936 the investigators were requesting from the arrested "to lay down arms in front of the party" exerting a continuous pressure on them. Furthermore, this loss of support, in the event of a war with Germany or Japan, could have disastrous ramifications for the Soviet Union. To Kamenev specifically, Yezhov showed him evidence that his son was subject to an investigation that could result in his son's execution.

998: 2910:, who led a delegation to Mexico, where Trotsky lived, to interview him and hold hearings from April 10 to April 17, 1937. The hearings were conducted to investigate the allegations against Trotsky who publicly stated in advance of them that if the commission found him guilty as charged he would hand himself over to the Soviet authorities. They brought to light evidence which established that some of the specific charges made at the trials could not be true. 6846: 3204: 936: 2601:, a philosophical treatise, and a collection of poems – all of which were found in Stalin's archive and published in the 1990s) suggests that some kind of deal was reached as a condition for his confession. He also wrote a series of emotional letters to Stalin, protesting his innocence and professing his love for Stalin, which contrasts with his critical opinion of Stalin and his policies as expressed to others and with his conduct in the trial. 1641: 1665: 1929:. Ivan Smirnov, also a defendant at the first Moscow Trial, was one of the Trotskyists' leaders. Pierre Broué and a number of historians assumed that the opposition was dissolved after the arrest of Smirnov and Ryutin. However, some documents found after Broué's search showed that the Underground Left Opposition stayed active even in prison, in fact, the prisons became their centers of activities. In December 1934, 6858: 5671: 3055:

became apparent that many party, Government and economic activists who were branded in 1937–38 as 'enemies,' were actually never enemies, spies, wreckers, etc., but were always honest Communists ... They were only so stigmatized and often, no longer able to bear barbaric tortures, they charged themselves (at the order of the investigative judges – falsifiers) with all kinds of grave and unlikely crimes.

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not essential. The confession of the accused is a medieval principle of jurisprudence", his point being that the trial was solely based on coerced confessions. He finished his last plea with "the monstrousness of my crime is immeasurable, especially in the new stage of the struggle of the U.S.S.R. May this trial be the last severe lesson, and may the great might of the U.S.S.R. become clear to all."

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Pikel. Firmly believing in the mythical conspiracy, Rejngold executed the Party task with which he thought himself to be entrusted. The confessions present the standard items of supposed conspiratorial activities: the murder of Kirov; preparations to assassinate the leaders of the Soviet Communist Party; and the readiness to seize power in the USSR in order to "restore capitalism".

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friends, and intellectual friendship is stronger than other friendships. I knew that Bukharin was in the same state of upheaval as myself. That is why I did not want to deliver him bound hand and foot to the People's Commissariat of Home Affairs. Just as in relation to our other cadres, I wanted Bukharin himself to lay down his arms.

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This would have led to the inevitable conclusion about the unprofessionalism of the NKVD leaders who completely missed the existence of the conspiratorial Trotskyist center. Bewilderment was strengthened by the fact that both Zinoviev and Kamenev for a long time were under constant operational surveillance and after the

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and others the methods used to extract the confessions are known: repeated beatings, torture, making prisoners stand or go without sleep for days on end, and threats to arrest and execute the prisoners' families. For example, Kamenev's teenage son was arrested and charged with terrorism. After months

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The result was a curious mix of fulsome confessions and subtle criticisms of the trial. After disproving several charges against him (one observer noted that he proceeded to demolish, or rather showed he could very easily demolish, the whole case), Bukharin said that "the confession of the accused is

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The preparation for this trial was delayed in its early stages due to the reluctance of some party members to denounce their comrades. It was at this time that Stalin personally intervened to speed up the process and replaced Yagoda with Yezhov. Stalin also observed some of the trial in person from a

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was shocked when it was learned that Yezhov (at that time a mere party functionary) had discovered the conspiracy, because the NKVD had no connection to the case. In June 1936, Yagoda reiterated his belief to Stalin that there was no link between Trotsky and Zinoviev, but Stalin promptly rebuked him.

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At the time, many Western observers who attended the trials said that they were fair and that the guilt of the accused had been established. They based this assessment on the confessions of the accused, which were freely given in open court, without any apparent evidence that they had been extracted

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Radek provided the pretext for the purge on a massive scale with his testimony that there was a "third organization separate from the cadres which had passed through school" as well as "semi-Trotskyites, quarter-Trotskyites, one-eighth-Trotskyites, people who helped us, not knowing of the terrorist

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was also arrested and intended to be tried along with Radek, but did not make the confession required of him, and so he was not produced in court. Thirteen of the defendants were eventually executed by shooting (Pyatakov and Serebryakov among them). The rest (including Radek and Sokolnikov) received

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There are several possible interpretations of Bukharin's motivation (besides coercion) in the trial. Koestler and others viewed it as a true believer's last service to the Party (while preserving a modicum of personal honor), whereas Bukharin's biographers Stephen Cohen and Robert Tucker saw traces

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I feel guilty of one thing more: even after admitting my guilt and exposing the organisation, I stubbornly refused to give evidence about Bukharin. I knew that Bukharin's situation was just as hopeless as my own, because our guilt, if not juridically, then in essence, was the same. But we are close

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The commission has become acquainted with a large quantity of materials in the NKVD archives and with other documents and has established many facts pertaining to the fabrication of cases against Communists, to glaring abuses of Socialist legality which resulted in the death of innocent people. It

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among others. His confessions were somewhat different from others in that, while he pleaded guilty to general charges, he denied knowledge of any specific crimes. Some astute observers noted that he would allow only what was in his written confession and refused to go any further. The fact that he

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Finally the exhausted prisoners agreed to a deal with Stalin who promised them, on behalf of the Politburo, their lives in exchange for participation in the anti-Trotskyist spectacle. Kamenev and Zinoviev agreed to confess on condition that they receive a direct guarantee from the entire Politburo

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proceeded at a slow pace. Nikolai Bukharin and 19 other co-defendants were officially completely rehabilitated in February 1988. Yagoda, who was deeply involved in the great purge as the head of NKVD, was not included. In May 1988, rehabilitation of Zinoviev, Kamenev, Radek, and co-defendants was

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was assassinated and, subsequently 15 defendants were found guilty of direct, or indirect, involvement in the crime and were executed. Zinoviev and Kamenev were found to be morally complicit in Kirov's murder and were sentenced to prison terms of ten and five years, respectively. Both Kamenev and

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The basis of the scenario was laid in confessions, extracted under torture, from three of the arrested. One was NKVD agent Valentin Olberg who taught at the Gorky Pedagogic Institute. The others were Soviet statesmen and former members of the internal Party opposition, Isaac Rejngold and Richard

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Bernard Michal. Los Grandes Procesos de la Historia. Los Procesos de Moscú. Tomo I. Ed Circulo de Amigos de la Historia. Editions de Crémille-Genéve. Printed in Barcelona, Spain. pp. 217–219. Sentence signed by V. Ulrich, I Matulevich and H. Rychokv, sentencing to be shot: Yuri Piatakov, Leonid

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later claimed that Bukharin was never tortured, but it is now known that his interrogators were given the order "beating permitted" and were under great pressure to extract confessions out of the "star" defendant. Bukharin held out for three months, but threats to his young wife and infant son,

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In view of the character of the accused, their long terms of service, their recognized distinction in their profession, their long-continued loyalty to the Communist cause, it is scarcely credible that their brother officers ... should have acquiesced in their execution, unless they were

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was blamed by his co-defendants for being the leader of the Center which planned Kirov's assassination. He, however, had been in prison since January 1933 and refused to confess. Another defendant, the Old Bolshevik Eduard Holtzman, was accused of conspiring with Trotsky in Copenhagen at the

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In July 1936, Zinoviev and Kamenev were brought to Moscow from an unspecified prison. When interrogated they denied being part of any Trotsky-led conspiracy. Yezhov appealed to Zinoviev's and Kamenev's devotion to the Soviet Union as old Bolsheviks and advised them that Trotsky was fomenting

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Serebriakov, Nicolai Muralov, Yakov Livchits, Mijail Boguslavski, Ivan Kniazev, Stanislas Rataichak, Boris Norkin, Alexei Chestov, Iossif Tutok, Gavriil Pushin and Ivan Hrasche. 10 years in prison: Grigori Sokolnikov, Karl Radek and Valentin Arnold. 8 years in prison: Mijail Etroilov.

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According to one witness, at the beginning of the summer the central heating was turned on in Zinoviev's and Kamenev's cells. This was very unpleasant for both prisoners but particularly for Zinoviev, who was asthmatic and could not tolerate the artificially increased temperatures.

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In December 1935, the original case surrounding Zinoviev began to widen into what was called the "Trotsky-Zinoviev Center". Stalin allegedly received reports that correspondence from Trotsky was found among the possessions of one of those arrested in the widened probe.

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of March 12, 1936, told the world that "the trials in Moscow represent a new triumph in the history of progress." The article was ironically illustrated by a photograph of Stalin with Yezhov, himself shortly to vanish and his photographs airbrushed from history by

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That while confessions are necessarily entitled to the most serious consideration, the confessions themselves contain such inherent improbabilities as to convince the Commission that they do not represent the truth, irrespective of any means used to obtain

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calls "a hitherto unknown type of trial where there was not the slightest need for evidence: what evidence did you need when you were dealing with 'stinking carrion' and 'mad dogs'?" Vyshinsky would later be responsible for the Soviet preparations for the

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combined with "methods of physical influence", wore him down. However, when he read his confession, amended and corrected personally by Stalin, he withdrew his whole confession. The examination started all over again, with a double team of interrogators.

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had led to an acute economic and political crisis in 1928–1933, which led to the worsened conditions of Soviet workers and peasants. Stalin was acutely conscious of this fact and took steps to prevent it taking the form of an opposition inside the

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noted the absurdity in an editorial on March 1, 1938: "It is as if twenty years after Yorktown somebody in power at Washington found it necessary for the safety of the State to send to the scaffold Thomas Jefferson, Madison, John Adams, Hamilton,

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That Trotsky never instructed any of the accused or witnesses in the Moscow trials to enter into agreements with foreign powers against the Soviet Union that Trotsky never recommended, plotted, or attempted the restoration of capitalism in the

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Vyshinsky achieved international infamy as the prosecutor at the Zinoviev–Kamenev trial, lashing its defenseless victims with vituperative rhetoric. He often punctuated speeches with phrases like "Dogs of the Fascist bourgeoisie", "mad dogs of

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Even sympathetic observers who had stomached the earlier trials found it hard to swallow the new charges as they became ever more absurd, and the purge had now expanded to include virtually every living Old Bolshevik leader except Stalin.

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to take over the case and ascertain whether Trotsky was involved. State Security Commissar of the 2nd Class Georgy Molchanov, a chief of the Secret-political department of the NKVD Main Directory of State Security (a predecessor of

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and others wrote to Stalin seeking clemency for Bukharin, but all the leading defendants were executed except Rakovsky and two others (they were killed in prison in 1941). Despite the promise to spare his family, Bukharin's wife,

2000:. Stalin explained that they were the "commission" authorized by the Politburo, and Stalin agreed to their conditions in order to gain their desired confessions. After that the future defendants were given some medical treatment. 2301:

convinced that these men had been guilty of some offense. It is generally accepted by members of the Diplomatic Corps that the accused must have been guilty of an offense which in the Soviet Union would merit the death penalty.

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caused a sensation when he repudiated his written confession and pleaded not guilty to all the charges. However, he changed his plea the next day after "special measures," which dislocated his left shoulder among other things.

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and again were temporarily expelled from the Communist Party. At this time, they entered in contact with Trotskyists in the USSR and again joined Trotsky against Stalin, this time in secret. They then formed a

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In Britain, the trials were also subject to criticism. A group called the British Provisional Committee for the Defence of Leon Trotsky was set up. In 1936, the Committee published an open letter in the

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The Bukharin trial six months later developed evidence which, if true, more than justified this action. Undoubtedly those facts were all full known to the military court at this time.

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were accused of anti-Communist conspiracy and sentenced to death; they were executed on the night of June 11/12, immediately after the verdict delivered by a Special Session of the

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Communist Party leaders in most Western countries denounced criticism of the trials as capitalist attempts to subvert Communism. A number of American communists and "

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that their lives and those of their families and followers would be spared. When they were taken to the supposed Politburo meeting, they were met by only Stalin and

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It is now known that the confessions were given only after great psychological pressure and torture had been applied to the defendants. From the accounts of former

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Zinoviev had been secretly tried in 1935 but it appears that Stalin decided that, with suitable confessions, their fate could be used for propaganda purposes.

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was one of the accused showed the speed at which the purges were consuming their own. Meant to be the culmination of previous trials, it now alleged that

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or earlier, who might even potentially become a figurehead for the growing discontent in the Soviet populace resulting from Stalin's mismanagement of the

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The commission concluded: "We therefore find the Moscow Trials to be frame-ups." For example, in Moscow, Pyatakov had testified that he had flown to

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in December 1935 to "receive terrorist instructions" from Trotsky. The Dewey Commission established that no such flight had taken place.

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That the conduct of the Moscow trials was such as to convince any unprejudiced person that no attempt was made to ascertain the truth.

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proclaims at the end of the trial scene: "Based on twenty years' trial practice, I'd be inclined to believe these confessions."

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with conspiring with imperialist powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union, and restore

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had become incapacitated from a stroke. In the context of the series of defeats of communist revolutions abroad (crucially the

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Bukharin's confession in particular became the subject of much debate among Western observers, inspiring Koestler's novel

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Robert Tucker, "Report of Court Proceedings in the Case of the Anti-Soviet "Block of Rights and Trotskyites", pp. 667–668

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It featured the same type of frame-up of the defendants and it is traditionally considered one of the key trials of the

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worked in the Narkomtrud and the Prokuratura, in the summer of 1917 signed the order to arrest V. Lenin"); Vaksberg,

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and most of their associates. The charge against them would be that they conspired to hand over the United States to

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However, the Moscow trials were generally viewed negatively by most Western observers, including many liberals. The

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The Moscow trials led to the execution of many of the defendants. The trials are generally seen as part of Stalin's

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calling for an international inquiry into the Trials. The letter was signed by several notable figures, including

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quickly intervened, and the offices which had ordered the arrest were dissolved. In 1920, after the defeat of the

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sentences in labour camps, where they were later murdered. Radek was spared as he implicated others, including

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regarded the Moscow trials "as the prelude to the destruction of an entire generation of revolutionaries".

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was allowed to write in prison (he wrote four book-length manuscripts including an autobiographical novel,

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repudiated the trials in a speech to the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union:

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All "confessions" were extracted under the most severe torture. Images of the accused were not shown.

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organization with the purpose of killing Stalin and other members of the Soviet government. Defendant

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Report by Viscount Chilston (British ambassador) to Viscount Halifax, No. 141, Moscow, March 21, 1938

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The trial, with 16 defendants, was held from 19 to 24 August 1936 in the small October Hall of the

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in 1932, where Trotsky was giving a public lecture. A week after the trial it was revealed by a

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Some contemporary observers who thought the trials were inherently fair cite the statements of

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All of the defendants were sentenced to death and were subsequently shot in the cellars of

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in 1929 and Kamenev and Zinoviev temporarily lost their membership in the Communist Party.

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By the third organization, he meant the last remaining former opposition group called

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Redman, Joseph. March–April 1958. "The British Stalinists and the Moscow Trials."

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The Dewey Commission published its findings in the form of a 422-page book titled

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The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939

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trial of the major German war criminals by the International Military Tribunal

2095: 2067: 2039: 1955:

Consequently, Stalin stressed the importance of the investigation and ordered

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of such interrogation, the defendants were driven to despair and exhaustion.

2976:, the British MP, also attacked the Moscow trials as unjust in his newspaper 1889:

in an internal party political conflict over the issue of Stalin's theory of

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International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement

3646:"Viscount Chilston to Mr. Eden." British Embassy Report. February 6, 1937. 2522:

Lenin and Stalin numerous times after 1918 and had murdered Soviet writer

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organization but sympathizing with us, people who from liberalism, from a

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and defeated Trotsky in a power struggle. Trotsky was expelled from the

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Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: A Study in History and Personality

1810:) were sentenced to death during the Stalin era outside these trials. 3254:

Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3073: 2898:

In May 1937, the Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made against

2884:, the outcome of the Bukharin trial marked his break with Stalinism. 2268: 2115: 1759:

Trial, also known as the 'Trial of the Seventeen', January 1937); and

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reported that 25,000 persons had been posthumously rehabilitated.

2212: 1905:

and opposed Stalin specifically. Consequently, Stalin allied with

1575: 27:

1936–1938 show trials held by Stalin to purge political opposition

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hidden chamber in the courtroom. On the first day of the trial,

1968: 1778:

Trial, also known as the 'Trial of the Twenty-One', March 1938).

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Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia

3834:

Lamont, Corliss et al., "An Open Letter to American Liberals",

1916:

In 1932 Zinoviev and Kamenev were found to be complicit in the

6476: 6296: 4047:"The Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyite Centre." Moscow. 1937. 2394: 2391:

The "Trial of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites"

1961: 1748:

Trial, also known as the 'Trial of the Sixteen', August 1936);

1740:

The "Case of the Trotskyite–Zinovievite Terrorist Center" (or

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In the shadow of the dictators: the British Left in the 1930s

2042:

Party who in 1917 had undersigned an order for the arrest of

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

3475:"The beginning of the Great Terror (Начало Большого террора) 3749:"The Moscow Trials: A Statement by American Progressives". 2507:, tied together all the loose threads from earlier trials. 2636:

The trial included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the

2227:

The second trial occurred between 23 and 30 January 1937.

1764:

Case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites

3730:

The Fellow Travellers: a postscript to the Enlightenment.

4335:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

4304:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

2503:

The third show trial, in March 1938, popularly known as

2387:. This trial triggered a massive purge of the Red Army. 4038:

The Case of the Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Centre

3000:, 98 were arrested. Three out of five Soviet marshals ( 2851:

also denounced criticism of the Moscow trials, signing

2787:

The Moscow Trials: A Statement by American Progressives

2530:. Bukharin and others were claimed to have plotted the 5367:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

3355:"The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects" 2670:– former member of Politburo and ambassador to Germany 2090:

newspaper that the hotel had been demolished in 1917.

4114:

Breaking with Communism: The Intellectual Odyssey of

2972:. The Committee also supported the Dewey Commission. 2855:

in support of the trials for the March 1937 issue of

1897:. A few years later, Zinoviev and Kamenev joined the 275:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

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Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

2320:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

1751:

The "Case of the Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center" (or

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Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR

1433:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

5099:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 448:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 3584:Stalin's Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky 2992:-era party leadership except Stalin, Trotsky and 2314:Trial of the Generals and the Tukhachevsky Affair 6565:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 4060:" (speech to the 20th Communist Party Congress). 4042:People's Commissariat of Justice of the U.S.S.R. 3949:Speech to the Twentieth Communist Party Congress 2230:This trial involved 17 lesser figures including 5207:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4058:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3052: 3038:and purges as early as 1956, rehabilitation of 2697:– former People's Commissar for Timber Industry 2676:– former ambassador to Great Britain and France 2550:governments, among other preposterous charges. 3469: 3467: 3465: 2628:, was sent to a labor camp, but she survived. 2278:led by Bukharin, whom he implicated by saying: 5701: 4782:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 4684:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 4545:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 4271: 3642: 3640: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 2691:– former People's Commissar for Foreign Trade 2122:. The full list of defendants is as follows: 1689: 1013:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 958: 8: 4186:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 3586:(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990), 83, 107. 2902:in the Moscow Trials, commonly known as the 2209:The "Parallel anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center" 1720:between 1936 and 1938 at the instigation of 4742:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 4225:Getty, J. Arch and Naumov, Oleg V. (2010). 4069:The Red Book on the Moscow Trial: Documents 4015:, 123 minutes, Warner Bros., screenplay by 2703:– former People's Commissar for Agriculture 2174:People's Commissar for Posts and Telegraphs 1964:), played a key role in the investigation. 6596: 5989: 5878: 5708: 5694: 5686: 5168:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 4319: 4278: 4264: 4256: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3172:The trials are mentioned in the 1939 film 1901:in an alliance with Trotsky which favored 1696: 1682: 1276:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 976: 965: 951: 38: 4752:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 4724:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 4040:" (report of court proceedings). Moscow: 3732:London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, (1973). 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 2485:Learn how and when to remove this message 2223:(centre), reading the indictment, in 1937 1478:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 6918:Political repression in the Soviet Union 4694:Great Construction Projects of Communism 4244:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3071:In January 1989, the official newspaper 2288:by torture or drugging. U.S. ambassador 1724:. They were nominally directed against " 5110:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 3267: 3245: 2715:– former Secretary of Central Committee 2709:– former People's Commissar for Finance 2647:– Marxist theoretician, former head of 2271:against the Party, gave us this help." 1938:oversaw the interrogation proceedings. 1786:Party leaders and top officials of the 988: 50: 5734:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 5145:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 4119:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 3867: 3865: 3219:Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries 2738:– former first secretary in Belorussia 1925:with the Trotskyists, along with some 1271:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 500:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 90:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 4150:The Secret History of Stalin's Crimes 4098:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3924:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 3878:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2785:" outside of the Soviet Union signed 1798:. Several prominent figures (such as 402:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 7: 5228:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 5186:20th Congress of the Communist Party 4629:19th Congress of the Communist Party 4466:18th Congress of the Communist Party 4431:17th Congress of the Communist Party 4229:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4169:. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books, Inc. 4134:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3768:Fight for Freedom and Other Writings 2988:All of the surviving members of the 2423:adding citations to reliable sources 1438:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks 1408:20th Congress of the Communist Party 5162:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 4386:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 4132:The Kirov Murder and Soviet History 4072:. New York: New Park Publications. 3977:, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 489–518. 3921:Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). 2853:An Open Letter To American Liberals 2797:, who would later express regrets. 2164:Vagarshak Arutyunovich Ter-Vaganyan 2046:, according to the decision of the 1942:The "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center" 1844:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1821:cadre members from the time of the 1734:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 6928:Trial of the Sixteen (Great Purge) 5309:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 5128:The History of the Communist Party 4947:Soviet offensive plans controversy 4912:Ideological repression in science 4456:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1792:Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code 1264:The History of the Communist Party 622:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 168:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 25: 5347:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 5078:Marxism and the National Question 3671:. Garden City: Garden City Press. 3439:Orlov: 24–25; cf. Lenoe: 376–379. 2355:and the senior military officers 30:For the project by Milo Rau, see 6857: 6856: 6844: 5670: 5669: 4987:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 4451:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4095:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 3506:The Great Terror: A Reassessment 3202: 2638:"Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites" 2542:in collusion with agents of the 2399: 1837:and the brutality of the forced 1663: 1651: 1639: 1281:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 1266:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 996: 934: 686:End of communist rule in Hungary 632:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 58: 5372:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 4508:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 4498:Occupation of the Baltic states 3975:The Journal of American History 3234:Mass graves in the Soviet Union 3012:) and several thousands of the 2764:Ignaty Kazakov – Kremlin doctor 2410:needs additional citations for 703:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 270:Occupation of the Baltic states 3481:, 29 August 2016 (in Russian). 2073:The main charge was forming a 2048:Russian Provisional Government 1468:Communist Party of New Zealand 1458:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 522:Mozambican War of Independence 219:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 1: 6903:Political and cultural purges 6397:Political abuse of psychiatry 6189:Congress of People's Deputies 5213:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 5024:1946–1947 Soviet famine 4597:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 4167:1937: Stalin's Year of Terror 3927:. Verso Books. p. 1370. 3528:"Андрей Януарьевич Вышинский" 3318:1937: Stalin's Year of Terror 3091:The World Must Still be Young 2941:British Provisional Committee 2701:Mikhail Alexandrovich Chernov 2588:and a philosophical essay by 1839:agricultural collectivization 581:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 5362:1956 Georgian demonstrations 3772:University of Missouri Press 2518:and others had conspired to 1947:Conspiracy and investigation 1378:Chinese Communist Revolution 387:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 382:1956 Georgian demonstrations 343:East German uprising of 1953 285:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 6560:Academy of Medical Sciences 5377:Stalin Monument in Budapest 5044:Night of the Murdered Poets 4962:Allegations of antisemitism 4699:Engineers of the human soul 4446:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 4422:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 3793:Antifascism in American Art 3698:Conquest 1990, pp. 364–365. 3509:. Oxford University Press. 3161:The Case of Comrade Tulayev 3046:After the death of Stalin, 2811:In Britain, the lawyer and 2808:to the Twentieth Congress. 2505:The Trial of the Twenty-One 1398:Death and funeral of Stalin 1078:Soviet socialist patriotism 512:Angolan War of Independence 369:"On the Cult of Personality 322:Death and funeral of Stalin 52:History of the Soviet Union 6944: 5417:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 5387:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 4535:Soviet atomic bomb project 4240:Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). 3625:The Treason Case Summed Up 3492:Dictatorship and Democracy 3229:Kommunarka shooting ground 2891: 2806:Khrushchev's Secret Speech 2577: 2496: 2317: 2118:by NKVD chief executioner 2007: 1967:The central office of the 1883:Chinese Revolution of 1927 1879:German revolutions of 1919 1790:. Most were charged under 1493:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR 1448:Communist Party of Germany 1353:Soviet atomic bomb project 713:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 297:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 209:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 178:Death and funeral of Lenin 29: 6838: 6599: 5665: 5397:Places named after Stalin 5382:Stalin Monument in Prague 4906:Repressions in Azerbaijan 4624:1950 legislative election 4550:1946 legislative election 4461:1937 legislative election 4293: 4189:. New York: Basic Books. 3999:. Retrieved June 5, 2013. 3791:Whiting, Cecile M. 1989. 3503:Conquest, Robert (1990), 3359:Marxists Internet Archive 3036:Stalin's personality cult 2767:Venyamin Maximov-Dikovsky 2385:Supreme Court of the USSR 2038:, a former member of the 1833:during the period of the 1453:Communist Party of Greece 5218:Soviet Nonconformist Art 5134:1936 Soviet Constitution 4787:Soviet famine of 1932–33 4747:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 4719:Transformation of nature 4704:1936 Soviet Constitution 4664:Socialism in One Country 4503:German–Soviet Axis talks 3766:Hughes, Langston. 2001. 3342:. London: Edward Arnold. 3002:Alexander Ilyich Yegorov 2088:Danish Social Democratic 2044:Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) 2008:Not to be confused with 1891:Socialism in One Country 1483:National Bolshevik Party 1473:Romanian Communist Party 1443:Albanian Party of Labour 1088:Transformation of nature 1068:Socialism in one country 773:independence declaration 544:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 532:South African Border War 199:Socialism in one country 6908:Law of the Soviet Union 6851:Soviet Union portal 5342:Iosif Stalin locomotive 5085:Foundations of Leninism 5071:Anarchism or Socialism? 4952:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 4819:NKVD prisoner massacres 4471:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4360:Death and state funeral 4130:Leno, Matthew L. 2010. 3901:Tauris Academic Studies 3825:Redman 1958, pp. 44–53. 3634:April 1938 (in English) 2664:and member of Politburo 2649:Communist International 2499:Trial of the Twenty One 2066:, Vyshinsky joined the 1556:Authoritarian socialism 1526:Stalin and antisemitism 1259:Foundations of Leninism 941:Soviet Union portal 676:Fall of the Berlin Wall 642:Lithuanian independence 353:1954 transfer of Crimea 255:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 148:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6743:Stalinist architecture 6497:Science and technology 6407:Ideological repression 6335:Soviet Airborne Forces 6273:Destruction battalions 5550:(second father-in-law) 4804:Murder of Sergey Kirov 4679:Stalinist architecture 4565:Turkish Straits crisis 3895:Corthorn, Paul. 2006. 3859:Wolfe 1990, pp. 10–15. 3689:Conquest 1990, p. 352. 3655:Conquest 1990, p. 164. 3057: 2839:In the United States, 2308: 2285: 2224: 1980:were held in custody. 1728:" and members of the " 1541:Stalinist architecture 1181:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 596:: Decline and collapse 6525:List of metro systems 6078:Collective leadership 5571:William Wesley Peters 5116:Falsifiers of History 5039:Rootless cosmopolitan 4345:Rule as Soviet leader 3969:Bennett, Todd (2001) 3960:Orlov 1953, p. ? 3797:Yale University Press 3782:. p. 9 (introduction) 3361:. Progress Publishers 3138:Children of the Arbat 2611:unhappy consciousness 2590:Maurice Merleau-Ponty 2578:Bukharin's confession 2298: 2280: 2248:Alexander Beloborodov 2216: 2170:Ivan Nikitich Smirnov 2079:Ivan Nikitich Smirnov 1881:, but also later the 1804:Alexander Beloborodov 1616:Soviet–Albanian split 1551:Anti-Soviet agitation 1521:Rise of Joseph Stalin 348:Virgin Lands campaign 173:National delimitation 6487:Net material product 6430:Censorship of images 6347:Political repression 6307:Soviet Border Troops 6240:First Deputy Premier 5824:1965 economic reform 5819:Soviet space program 5592:Stalin's house, Gori 5523:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 5451:Besarion Jughashvili 5392:Batumi Stalin Museum 5303:Nineteen Eighty-Four 5054:Censorship of images 4733:Crimes, repressions, 4436:1931 Menshevik Trial 4417:First five-year plan 4207:. New York: Norton. 4152:. Random House, Inc. 3947:Khrushchev, Nikita, 3872:Alexander, Robert J. 3353:Trotsky, LD (1931). 3338:Ward, Chris (1993). 2888:The Dewey Commission 2419:improve this article 2353:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2342:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2340:generals, including 2261:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2010:Trial of the Sixteen 1895:permanent revolution 1873:in early 1923 after 1846:to his increasingly 1835:First five-year plan 1788:Soviet secret police 1782:The defendants were 1658:Socialism portal 1646:Communism portal 1561:Comparison to Nazism 1311:First five-year plan 1116:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 768:Ukrainian revolution 696:German reunification 654:Latvian independence 569:1984 Olympic boycott 564:1980 Olympic boycott 554:1980 Summer Olympics 527:Mozambican Civil War 417:Cuban Missile Crisis 397:Peaceful coexistence 265:Operation Barbarossa 6555:Academy of Sciences 6370:Population transfer 6314:Soviet Armed Forces 6177:Congress of Soviets 6158:Presidium/Politburo 6122:Soviet anti-Zionism 5971:West Siberian Plain 5849:Revolutions of 1989 5786:Great Patriotic War 5771:New Economic Policy 5584:Stalin's residences 5531:Galina Dzhugashvili 5515:Svetlana Alliluyeva 5499:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 5426:Cultural depictions 5268:Anti-Stalinist left 5223:Shvernik Commission 5191:Pospelov Commission 4967:Population transfer 4942:1941 Red Army purge 4916:Suppressed research 4570:First Indochina War 4513:Great Patriotic War 4491:Moscow Peace Treaty 4355:Cult of personality 3836:Soviet Russia Today 3816:Snyder 2010, p. 74. 3597:Stalin's Prosecutor 3571:Stalin's Prosecutor 3558:Stalin's Prosecutor 3545:Stalin's Prosecutor 3210:Soviet Union portal 3030:While Khrushchev's 2949:Manchester Guardian 2857:Soviet Russia Today 2736:Vasily Sharangovich 2730:Fayzulla Khodzhayev 2594:Humanism and Terror 2326:Tukhachevsky Affair 2062:and the end of the 2017:House of the Unions 1971:that was headed by 1670:Politics portal 1606:Sino-Albanian split 1586:National Bolshevism 1511:Anti-Stalinist left 1383:First Indochina War 1141:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1028:Cult of personality 691:Romanian Revolution 671:Peaceful Revolution 666:Pan-European Picnic 661:Revolutions of 1989 602:Invasion of Grenada 478:Cambodian Civil War 432:: Era of Stagnation 317:First Indochina War 292:Soviet deportations 260:Great Patriotic War 233:Cultural Revolution 163:New Economic Policy 117:February Revolution 6893:Soviet show trials 6200:Military Collegium 6068:Capital punishment 5946:Caucasus Mountains 5859:Post-Soviet states 5739:Russian Revolution 5555:Alexander Svanidze 5483:Konstantin Kuzakov 5475:Yakov Dzhugashvili 5434:Apocalypse: Stalin 5407:Stalin Peace Prize 5402:State Stalin Prize 5105:"Ten Blows" speech 5092:Dizzy with Success 5002:Operation "Priboi" 4982:Operation "Lentil" 4935:1937 Soviet Census 4614:Sino-Soviet Treaty 4528:Potsdam Conference 4481:Invasion of Poland 4054:Khrushchev, Nikita 3848:Moscow's New Purge 3630:2016-03-03 at the 3252:Yezhov headed the 3114:Eastern Approaches 2843:advocates such as 2817:Denis Nowell Pritt 2674:Christian Rakovsky 2668:Nikolai Krestinsky 2571:Vyacheslav Molotov 2560:Nikolai Krestinsky 2244:Leonid Serebryakov 2240:Grigory Sokolnikov 2225: 2218:Prosecutor General 2197:Konon Berman-Yurin 2147:Sergei Mrachkovsky 2137:Grigory Yevdokimov 2052:October Revolution 2032:Prosecutor General 1998:Kliment Voroshilov 1923:bloc of opposition 1823:Russian Revolution 1591:National communism 1226:Vladimir Kryuchkov 1151:Vyacheslav Molotov 1146:Valerian Kuybyshev 1121:Kliment Voroshilov 923:Post-Soviet states 627:Singing Revolution 617:Chernobyl disaster 537:Rhodesian Bush War 138:October Revolution 18:Moscow Show Trials 6870: 6869: 6834: 6833: 6826:Hammer and sickle 6768:and their groups 6766:Soviet dissidents 6545:Communist Academy 6462:Economic planning 6438: 6437: 6331:Soviet Air Forces 6250:Security services 6170:General Secretary 6153:Central Committee 6095:Political parties 6027:Brezhnev Doctrine 6022:Foreign relations 5979: 5978: 5920:Autonomous okrugs 5834:Soviet–Afghan War 5814:Sino-Soviet split 5756:Russian Civil War 5683: 5682: 5640:Kholodnaya Rechka 5337:Iosif Stalin tank 5258:Lenin's Testament 5233:Era of Stagnation 5034:Mingrelian Affair 5012:Forced settlement 4997:Operation "North" 4957:Soviet war crimes 4735:and controversies 4674:Socialist realism 4637: 4636: 4619:Tito–Stalin split 4518:Tehran Conference 4441:Spanish Civil War 4412:Chinese Civil War 4250:978-0-521-19196-8 4235:978-0-300-10407-3 4201:Tucker, Robert C. 4195:978-0-465-00239-9 4163:Rogovin, Vadim Z. 4140:978-0-300-11236-8 4084:Secondary sources 4009:Mission to Moscow 3934:978-1-78168-721-5 3740:(pp. 86, 115–126) 3669:Mission to Moscow 3665:Davies, Joseph E. 3582:Arkady Vaksberg, 3473:Aleksandrov, K., 3320:. Mehring books. 3314:Rogovin, Vadim Z. 3181:Mission to Moscow 3048:Nikita Khrushchev 2998:Central Committee 2789:. These included 2783:fellow travellers 2689:Arkady Rosengolts 2682:– former head of 2607:Aesopian language 2495: 2494: 2487: 2469: 2361:Ieronim Uborevich 2334:military tribunal 2306: 2294:Mission to Moscow 2151:Russian Civil War 2064:Russian Civil War 1848:totalitarian rule 1831:industrialization 1829:. Stalin's rapid 1712:were a series of 1706: 1705: 1621:Tito–Stalin split 1611:Sino–Soviet split 1343:Spanish Civil War 1326:Industrialisation 1253:Theoretical works 1221:Nicolae Ceauşescu 1201:Nikos Zachariadis 1126:William Z. Foster 1073:Socialist realism 975: 974: 804:Soviet leadership 790:Alma-Ata Protocol 785:Belovezha Accords 681:Velvet Revolution 647:Economic blockade 549:Soviet–Afghan War 517:Angolan Civil War 468:Laotian Civil War 443:Era of Stagnation 438:Brezhnev Doctrine 407:Sino-Soviet split 337:: Khrushchev Thaw 228:Industrialization 143:Russian Civil War 32:The Moscow Trials 16:(Redirected from 6935: 6923:Right Opposition 6898:Trials in Russia 6883:Events in Moscow 6860: 6859: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6597: 6505: 6360:Collectivization 6105:Marxism–Leninism 5990: 5879: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5673: 5672: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5558:(brother-in-law) 5551: 5547:Sergei Alliluyev 5543: 5539:Joseph Alliluyev 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5455: 5357:Pantheon, Moscow 5315:The Soviet Story 5289:Darkness at Noon 5178:De-Stalinization 5029:Leningrad Affair 4762:Decossackization 4560:1946 Iran crisis 4523:Yalta Conference 4395:Collectivization 4320: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4146:Orlov, Alexander 4116:Bertram D. Wolfe 4090:Conquest, Robert 4020: 4006: 4000: 3989:(April 5, 2004) 3984: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3918: 3912: 3893: 3887: 3869: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3850:– New York Times 3845: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3789: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3635: 3622:Andrey Vyshinsky 3619: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3471: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3385:www.marxists.org 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3311: 3256: 3250: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3190:Joseph E. Davies 3133:Rybakov, Anatoly 3109:Maclean, Fitzroy 3102:Darkness at Noon 3097:Koestler, Arthur 2970:Eleanor Rathbone 2954:H. N. Brailsford 2904:Dewey Commission 2894:Dewey Commission 2761:– Kremlin doctor 2755:– Kremlin doctor 2645:Nikolai Bukharin 2599:How It All Began 2585:Darkness at Noon 2516:Nikolai Bukharin 2490: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2427: 2403: 2395: 2344:, in June 1937. 2304: 2290:Joseph E. Davies 2253:Nikolai Bukharin 2159:Russian Far East 2149:, a hero of the 2127:Grigory Zinoviev 2036:Andrey Vyshinsky 1907:Nikolai Bukharin 1869:formed a ruling 1859:Grigory Zinoviev 1767: 1730:Right Opposition 1698: 1691: 1684: 1668: 1667: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1516:De-Stalinization 1488:The Other Russia 1403:De-Stalinization 1321:Collectivisation 1236:Gennady Zyuganov 1191:Valko Chervenkov 1176:Lazar Kaganovich 1048:Marxism–Leninism 1023:Collectivization 1018:Anti-revisionism 1000: 977: 967: 960: 953: 939: 938: 937: 918:Soviet republics 758:New Union Treaty 559:Olympic boycotts 377:We will bury you 363:De-Stalinization 280:Battle of Berlin 204:Collectivization 85:World revolution 62: 39: 21: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6845: 6843: 6830: 6778: 6752: 6672: 6586: 6531: 6503: 6477:Internet domain 6472:Five-year plans 6434: 6401: 6341: 6244: 6206: 6138:Communist Party 6126: 6085:Passport system 5975: 5951:European Russia 5929: 5868: 5809:Khrushchev Thaw 5788:(World War II) 5766:Creation treaty 5720: 5714: 5684: 5679: 5661: 5657:Stalin's bunker 5607:Room at Kremlin 5597:Tiflis Seminary 5578: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5534:(granddaughter) 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5491:Artyom Sergeyev 5485: 5477: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5439: 5421: 5325: 5283:True Communists 5246: 5244: 5237: 5201:Khrushchev Thaw 5172: 5139:Stalin's poetry 5058: 4926:Japhetic theory 4864:Medvedev Forest 4757:Georgian Affair 4734: 4728: 4689:Five-year plans 4633: 4602:Berlin Blockade 4592:Greek Civil War 4381:August Uprising 4369: 4350:Political views 4315: 4309: 4289: 4284: 4222: 4220:Further reading 4181:Snyder, Timothy 4086: 4033: 4031:Primary sources 4028: 4023: 4007: 4003: 3985: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3894: 3890: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3790: 3786: 3765: 3761: 3753:, May 3, 1938, 3748: 3744: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3632:Wayback Machine 3620: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3539: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3340:Stalin's Russia 3337: 3336: 3332: 3312: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3170: 3083: 3065:Alexander Orlov 3025:Isaac Deutscher 3006:Vasily Blyukher 2986: 2943: 2896: 2890: 2849:Lillian Hellman 2791:Langston Hughes 2779: 2771:Pyotr Kryuchkov 2759:Dmitry Pletnyov 2742:Prokopy Zubarev 2719:Sergei Bessonov 2695:Vladimir Ivanov 2634: 2580: 2567:Anastas Mikoyan 2501: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2434:"Moscow trials" 2428: 2426: 2416: 2404: 2393: 2381:Vitaly Primakov 2322: 2316: 2211: 2193:Valentin Olberg 2187:Eduard Holtzman 2100:Arkady Vaksberg 2013: 2006: 1978:murder of Kirov 1949: 1944: 1856: 1765: 1702: 1662: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1626:Totalitarianism 1506: 1498: 1497: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1413:Khrushchev Thaw 1358:Greek Civil War 1294: 1286: 1285: 1265: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1241:Aleksandr Dugin 1196:Georgy Malenkov 1171:Walter Ulbricht 1161:Bolesław Bierut 1131:Georgi Dimitrov 1106: 1098: 1097: 1033:Five-year plans 1008: 971: 935: 933: 928: 927: 868: 860: 859: 805: 797: 796: 718:April 9 tragedy 597: 586: 585: 433: 422: 421: 358:Khrushchev Thaw 338: 327: 326: 307:Berlin Blockade 194: 183: 182: 133: 132:: Establishment 122: 121: 100:Bolshevik Party 95:Bolshevik split 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6762: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6520:Rail transport 6517: 6515:Railway system 6507: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6235:Deputy Premier 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6218:Heads of state 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6192: 6186: 6183:Supreme Soviet 6180: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6145: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6100:State ideology 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5996: 5994: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5966:Ural Mountains 5963: 5958: 5956:North Caucasus 5953: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5412:Stalin Society 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:Stalin statues 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5253:Stalin Epigram 5249: 5247: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5196:Rehabilitation 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772:Wittorf affair 4769: 4767:Dekulakization 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709:New Soviet man 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4238: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4198: 4178: 4160: 4153: 4143: 4128: 4110:Hessen, Robert 4107: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4061: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4013:Robert Buckner 4011:, produced by 4001: 3979: 3962: 3953: 3940: 3933: 3913: 3888: 3861: 3852: 3840: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3784: 3759: 3742: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3657: 3648: 3636: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3549: 3533: 3519: 3496: 3483: 3441: 3432: 3430:Lenoe: 345–371 3423: 3412:. January 1917 3397: 3372: 3345: 3330: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3224:Vasiliy Ulrikh 3221: 3214: 3213: 3197: 3194: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3150:Dust and Ashes 3130: 3121:Orwell, George 3118: 3106: 3094: 3087:Grieg, Nordahl 3082: 3079: 3040:Old Bolsheviks 2985: 2982: 2966:Frank Horrabin 2942: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2892:Main article: 2889: 2886: 2865:New York Times 2845:Corliss Lamont 2778: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2749:– NKVD officer 2744: 2739: 2733: 2732:– Uzbek leader 2727: 2726:– Uzbek leader 2721: 2716: 2713:Isaac Zelensky 2710: 2707:Grigori Grinko 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680:Genrikh Yagoda 2677: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2651:and member of 2633: 2630: 2621:Romain Rolland 2579: 2576: 2512:Genrikh Yagoda 2510:The fact that 2497:Main article: 2493: 2492: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2365:Robert Eideman 2336:of a group of 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2259:, and Marshal 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184:Richard Pickel 2182: 2179: 2178:Yefim Dreitzer 2176: 2167: 2161: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2120:Vasily Blokhin 2005: 2002: 1973:Genrikh Yagoda 1957:Nikolai Yezhov 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1936:Genrikh Yagoda 1875:Vladimir Lenin 1855: 1852: 1808:Nikolai Yezhov 1780: 1779: 1760: 1749: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536:Stalin Society 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1505:Related topics 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Nina Andreyeva 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186:Andrei Zhdanov 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136:Ernst Thälmann 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1063:Self-criticism 1060: 1055: 1053:New Soviet man 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 993: 992: 986: 985: 973: 972: 970: 969: 962: 955: 947: 944: 943: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 869: 867:Related topics 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 787: 782: 781: 780: 775: 765: 760: 755: 750: 748:The Barricades 745: 743:January Events 740: 738:Dushanbe riots 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 658: 657: 656: 651: 650: 649: 639: 634: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 598: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 566: 556: 551: 546: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 507:Wars in Africa 504: 503: 502: 492: 490:Yom Kippur War 487: 486: 485: 483:Fall of Saigon 480: 475: 473:Operation Menu 470: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 434: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 360: 355: 350: 345: 339: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 247: 246: 245: 235: 230: 225: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 201: 195: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 134: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 107:Russian Empire 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 82: 77: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6940: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6863: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Printed media 6721: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6656:Cyrillisation 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6624:Working class 6622: 6620: 6619:Soviet people 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Energy policy 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6195:Supreme Court 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5797:The Holocaust 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5676: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Semyonovskoye 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5556: 5553: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5507:Vasily Stalin 5505: 5502:(second wife) 5500: 5497: 5494:(adopted son) 5492: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5467:Kato Svanidze 5465: 5460: 5457: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:Ryutin Affair 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5243:Criticism and 5240: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156:Order No. 270 5154: 5152: 5151:Order No. 227 5149: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5049:Doctors' plot 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:Nazino affair 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4971:German–Soviet 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4930:Slavists case 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896:Moscow Trials 4894: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659:Korenizatsiya 4657: 4655: 4654:Neo-Stalinism 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4540:Ili Rebellion 4538: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4287:Joseph Stalin 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4213:0-393-05487-X 4210: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175:0-929087-77-1 4172: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4157:Labour Review 4154: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4125:0-8179-8881-5 4122: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104:0-19-505580-2 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078:0-86151-015-1 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3991:Set Your VCRs 3988: 3987:Walker, Jesse 3983: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3805:0-300-04259-0 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780:0-8262-1371-5 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3490:Sean, Delap. 3487: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3326:0-929087-77-1 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157:Serge, Victor 3155: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081:In literature 3080: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032:Secret Speech 3028: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2882:Bertram Wolfe 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2825:Harry Pollitt 2822: 2821:Beatrice Webb 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747:Pavel Bulanov 2745: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724:Akmal Ikramov 2722: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:dismemberment 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2489: 2486: 2478: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2436: – 2435: 2431: 2430:Find sources: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2408:This section 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Boris Feldman 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:Yuri Pyatakov 2233: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2201:Moissei Lurye 2200: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2181:Isak Reingold 2180: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084:Hotel Bristol 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2025:Vasili Ulrikh 2022: 2018: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1918:Ryutin Affair 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Joseph Stalin 1864: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Andrei Bubnov 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:Old Bolshevik 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:Joseph Stalin 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Moscow trials 1699: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1546:Neo-Stalinism 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393:Doctors' plot 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336:Moscow trials 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1166:Mátyás Rákosi 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Harry Pollitt 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1111:Joseph Stalin 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1058:Popular front 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1043:Korenizatsiia 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978: 968: 963: 961: 956: 954: 949: 948: 946: 945: 942: 932: 931: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 908:Soviet Empire 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 864: 863: 854: 853: 848: 847: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 791: 788: 786: 783: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 723:Black January 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 704: 701: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 655: 652: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 595: 590: 589: 582: 579: 577: 576:Polish strike 574: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 505: 501: 498: 497: 496: 495:Prague Spring 493: 491: 488: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 431: 426: 425: 418: 415: 413: 412:Space program 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 370: 366: 365: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 336: 331: 330: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243:Moscow trials 241: 240: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 192: 187: 186: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 158:War communism 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 131: 126: 125: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6842: 6614:Demographics 6604:Antisemitism 6457:Central Bank 6375:Forced labor 6323:Spetsnaz GRU 6143:organisation 6051:Human rights 6000:Constitution 5883:Subdivisions 5761:Russian SFSR 5717:Soviet Union 5574:(son-in-law) 5566:(son-in-law) 5563:Yuri Zhdanov 5470:(first wife) 5459:Keke Geladze 5432: 5321:Antisemitism 5313: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5278:Kremlin Plot 5205: 5143: 5127: 5114: 5019:Tax on trees 4977:Deportations 4714:Stakhanovite 4575:Eastern Bloc 4476:World War II 4429: / 4316:and politics 4241: 4226: 4204: 4184: 4166: 4156: 4149: 4131: 4113: 4112:, ed. 1990. 4093: 4067: 4026:Bibliography 4008: 4004: 3994: 3982: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3948: 3943: 3923: 3916: 3896: 3891: 3875: 3855: 3843: 3838:(March 1937) 3835: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3792: 3787: 3767: 3762: 3750: 3745: 3729: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3651: 3617: 3609:(in Spanish) 3604: 3596: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3570: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3522: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479:Novoe vremya 3478: 3435: 3426: 3414:. 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London: 3884:082231066X 3751:New Masses 3738:0297995669 3595:Vaksberg, 3569:Vaksberg, 3556:Vaksberg, 3515:0195071328 3410:Left Voice 3263:References 3034:denounced 3023:Historian 2915:Not Guilty 2908:John Dewey 2875:George III 2632:Defendants 2445:newspapers 2357:Iona Yakir 2232:Karl Radek 2114:Prison in 2096:Trotskyism 2068:Bolsheviks 2050:, but the 1903:Trotskyism 1854:Background 1796:capitalism 1596:Patriotism 1531:Stalin era 1463:CARC Party 1388:Korean War 898:Leadership 825:Khrushchev 778:referendum 753:Referendum 637:Baltic Way 312:Korean War 153:Red Terror 80:Bolshevism 69:Background 6913:Stalinism 6819:Republics 6807:Republics 6795:Republics 6646:Languages 6510:Transport 6392:Holodomor 6285:Militsiya 6223:President 6115:Stalinism 6017:Elections 5891:Republics 5874:Geography 5864:Nostalgia 5776:Stalinism 5635:New Athos 4901:Hotel Lux 4884:Vinnytsia 4839:Chortkiv 4829:Berezwecz 4824:Berezhany 4792:Holodomor 4649:Stalinism 4587:Cominform 4323:Overviews 4056:. 1956. 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