638:, which were initiated by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 following the Reykjavik Summit to reduce the risk of nuclear war. The negotiations began in May 1986, and the sides agreed in 1987. The sides established NRRCs in Washington and in Moscow, exchanging arms control and confidence building measures notifications, initially including those required by the agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War and the 1972 Agreement on the Prevention of Incidents on and over the High Seas, with their duties expanding over the decades to include notifications covering more than 16 treaties and agreements.
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230:. White House advisers thought faster communications could have averted the crisis, and resolved it quickly. The two countries signed the Hot Line Agreement on June 20, 1963 – the first time they formally took action to cut the risk of starting a nuclear war unintentionally. It was used for the first time by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on August 30, 1963.
401:
In
September 1971, Moscow and Washington decided to upgrade the system. The countries also agreed for the first time when the line should be used. Specifically, they agreed to notify each other immediately in the event of an accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incident involving a nuclear weapon
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made the hotline a priority. During the standoff, official diplomatic messages typically took six hours to deliver; unofficial channels, such as via television network correspondents, had to be used too as they were quicker. The experience of the crisis convinced both sides of the need for better
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BACK 1234567890". The message was sent in all capital letters, since the equipment did not support lowercase. Later, during testing, the
Russian translators sent a message asking their American counterparts, "What does it mean when your people say 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog'?"
433:
satellites and modems, facsimile machines, and computers. The facsimile terminals were operational by 1986. The teletype circuits were cut in 1988 after several years of testing and use proved the fax links to be reliable. The
Soviets transferred the hotline link to the newer, geostationary
238:
The "hotline", as it would come to be known, was established after the signing of a "Memorandum of
Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" on June 20, 1963, in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States.
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had "sought accommodations with
Communism without adequate safeguards and compensating gains for freedom. It has alienated proven allies by opening a 'hot line' first with a sworn enemy rather than with a proven friend, and in general pursued a risky path such as began at
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that the line had only been used once in the war. The official said that the line was used to communicate concerns about
Russian military operations near Ukrainian infrastructure, but did not elaborate. The official said it was not used when
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farmer who ploughed it up once. Regular testing of both the primary and backup links took place daily. During the even hours, the US sent test messages to the Soviet Union. In the odd hours, the Soviet Union sent test messages to the US.
974:. In the second ad, the ringing phone goes unanswered while the narrator says, "there will be no time to wake a president – computers will take control." Roy Spence revived the "red phone" idea in 2008 in an advertisement for candidate
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393:. Each country delivered keying tapes used to encode its messages via its embassy abroad. An advantage of the one-time pad was that neither country had to reveal more sensitive encryption methods to the other.
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cable replaced the old back-up cable. Commercial software is used for both chat and email: chat to coordinate operations, and email for actual messages. Transmission is nearly instantaneous.
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A non-dial "Red Phone" which is on display in the Jimmy Carter
Library and Museum. This telephone is actually a prop, erroneously representing the hotline between Washington and Moscow.
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498:. However, if the message were to indicate "an imminent disaster, such as an accidental nuclear strike", the MOLINK team would telephone the gist of the message to the Situation Room
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suggested that "The most awesome, powerful responsibility in the world lies in the hand that picks up this phone." The advertisement was intended to raise questions about candidate
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The Moscow–Washington hotline was intended for text only; speech might be misinterpreted. Leaders wrote in their native language and messages were translated at the receiving end.
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In numerous books, movies, video games, etc., the hotline between
Washington and Moscow is represented by a red phone, although the real hotline has never been a telephone line.
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Upon receipt of the message at the NMCC, the message was translated into
English, and both the original Russian and the translated English texts are transmitted to the
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1812:...the Americans receive a teletype from their counterparts in the Soviet Union stating that they have now determined that the first missile was not launched by NATO.
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A Japanese-built device called
Electronic Teleprinter Cryptographic Regenerative Repeater Mixer II (ETCRRM II) encrypted the teletype messages using a shared
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1669:"Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for Monitoring the Implementation of Treaties (National Center for Nuclear Risk Reduction)"
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On October 31, 2016, the Moscow–Washington hotline was used to reinforce Barack Obama's September warning that the U.S. would consider any interference on
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195:, as head of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, proposed direct communication links between Moscow and Washington. Objections from others in the
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659:, the United States and Russia created a deconfliction line to prevent miscalculations or escalation. In November 2022, an anonymous U.S. official told
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who was fluent in Russian and well-briefed on world affairs was translator. The hotline was tested hourly. U.S. test messages included excerpts of
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in 1986. Since 2008, the Moscow–Washington hotline has been a secure computer link over which messages are exchanged by a secure form of
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that could increase the risk of nuclear war. Two new satellite communication lines supplemented the terrestrial circuits using two U.S.
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837:, in which a text-based computer communications system was depicted, resembling the actual Hotline equipment from the 1980s and 1990s.
222:'s 3,000-word-initial settlement message – a dangerously long time. By the time Washington had drafted a reply, a tougher message from
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MOLINK team, is depicted as a teleprinter (and not as a fax machine, the technology already in use at the NMCC itself by that year).
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links Moscow and Washington. The new system started operations on January 1, 2008. It continues to use the two satellite links but a
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carried messages from Washington to London. A secondary radio line for back-up and service messages linked Washington and Moscow via
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477:. MOLINK staffers took special care not to include innuendo or literary imagery that could be misinterpreted, such as passages from
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2007:; five-page illustrated article detailing the political and technical history of the hotline up to the Reagan administration.
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300:. The text reads "Post and telegraph department". The cable was also used for the ordinary national telephone service.
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173:) with making governments more aware of the benefit of direct communication between the superpowers. In addition,
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852:. Although connected to a hotline for nuclear warfare command communications, it was a component of the
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The first message transmitted over the hotline was on August 30, 1963. Washington sent Moscow the text: "
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leadership across the square from the Kremlin itself). Although in popular culture it is known as the "
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satellites. This arrangement lasted from 1971 to 1978; it made the radio link via Tangier redundant.
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Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself – While the Rest of Us Die
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The red phone was also featured prominently in an advertisement from that year targeting President
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Republican Party Platform, Section Two, "Weakness Before Communism" (adopted July 13, 1964). See
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Another hotline-type mechanism for formal communications between Washington and Moscow are the US
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capability. The Soviet Union and the United States agreed formally to do this on July 17, 1984.
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equipment that receives the (translated) hotline message, apparently relayed by the Pentagon-
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on an actual red telephone, directly pastiching the cold war fears related to the hotline.
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Videostyle in Presidential Campaigns: Style and Content of Televised Political Advertising
1228:"This Day in History – August 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow"
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1758:"Exclusive: U.S., Russia have used their military hotline once so far during Ukraine war"
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was never a telephone line, and no red phones were used. The first implementation used
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In Finland there are still several signs marking the cable's location. This one is in
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of the NSA. The black box behind the teleprinter is an ETCRRM II encryption machine.
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During the crisis, the United States took nearly twelve hours to receive and decode
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to Moscow for the terminal there. A month later the Soviet equipment, four sets of
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In 2012, it was announced that a proposal was being negotiated with Moscow to add
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in the Pentagon. Each MOLINK (Moscow Link) team worked an eight-hour shift: a
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as the "Red 1 / Ultimate 1 Touch phone", and also in Stanley Kubrick's film
439:
381:, arrived in Washington. The hotline started operations on August 30, 1963.
332:
316:
1732:"US, Russia set up military communication line to prevent accidental clash"
2015:
284:
An East German T63-SU12 teleprinter from the hotline, as displayed in the
92:) is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the
3737:
3122:
2159:
1651:"Agreement on the Establishment of Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers (1987)"
916:
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who would brief the president before a formal translation was complete.
891:
660:
539:
491:, that Washington not send routine communications through the hotline.
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According to the agreement, upgrades were to take place through use of
378:
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In July 1963 the United States sent four sets of teleprinters with the
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The primary link was accidentally cut several times, for example near
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1797:
The End of the World: Apocalypse and Its Aftermath in Western Culture
906:
340:
324:
297:
227:
223:
97:
1609:"What Obama said to Putin on the Red Phone about the election hacks"
1431:
Coit D. Blacker, Gloria Duffy (Stanford Arms Control Group) (1984).
179:
editor Jess Gorkin personally badgered 1960 presidential candidates
60:
in Moscow, Russia (right), the two facilities linked by the hotline.
2025:
1102:
Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era
839:
777:
344:
291:
279:
267:
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criticized the hotline in its 1964 national platform; it said the
133:
510:
In 2007, the Moscow–Washington hotline was upgraded; a dedicated
1404:
Jozef Goldblat (International Peace Research Institute) (2002).
1065:"There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House"
605:
226:
had been received, demanding that U.S. missiles be removed from
27:
Direct communication system between Russia and the United States
3180:
2029:
864:
675:
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In 1988, the US side of the hotline system was located at the
423:
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proposed to upgrade the hotline by the addition of high-speed
149:
Several people came up with the idea for a hotline, including
129:
3702:
Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act
1953:
YouTube – Hillary Clinton Ad – 3 AM White House Ringing Phone
884:
A telephone is used in the intro cinematic of the video game
2011:
Top Level Telecommunications: The Washington-Moscow Hot Line
1298:
International Affairs Fellowship program 1967–1990 directory
2021:
The original Hotline Agreement Texts of 1963, 1971 and 1984
1129:
Craig, Bell; Richardson, Paul E. (September–October 2009).
191:
during a U.S. visit to adopt the idea. During this period
2003:, December 1983, declassified internal newsletter of the
1323:
America in So Many Words: Words That Have Shaped America
3707:
Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act
312:
The first generation of the hotline used two full-time
3819:
United States military and prostitution in South Korea
3697:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
3982:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
3915:
3497:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
1859:
YouTube – US Democrats – Walter Mondale 1984 Video 10
1532:, US Army War College, Carusle Barracks, 1990, p. 10.
1495:
Historical Dictionary of Arms Control and Disarmament
1270:"CNN Cold War – Spotlight: The birth of the hot line"
1257:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25840
161:
previously. Schelling credited the pop fiction novel
87:
3586:
Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
3552:
Links between Trump associates and Russian officials
1182:
United States Treaty Index: 1776–1990, Consolidation
3771:
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3323:
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2418:
2385:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
2290:
2186:
2102:
706:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
473:; Soviet tests included passages from the works of
56:in Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. (left) and the
1585:"Electrospaces.net: The Washington-Moscow Hotline"
1492:
1432:
1383:"Norges ukjente rolle i den «hete linjen» – DN.no"
1105:. University of Washington Press. pp. 20–28.
104:). This hotline was established in 1963 and links
3874:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3303:Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations
2940:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
1973:"Clinton Ad Hints Obama Is Unprepared for Crisis"
1573:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 225.
820:a direct telephone link is used as the hot line.
4012:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1963
3543:Russian interference in United States elections
2813:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
1491:Larsen, Jeffrey Arthur; Smith, James M. (2005).
1470:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–137.
890:. The call is placed by the US president to the
2771:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
2016:Crypto Machines: The Washington-Moscow Hot Line
919:await a phone call to plunge the planet into a
272:ITT Intelex Teletype L015, as displayed in the
157:, who had worked on nuclear war policy for the
1836:"The Doctor Who Transcripts - World War Three"
1687:"US, Russia plan hotline to prevent cyber war"
823:A more realistic depiction of the Hotline was
645:to the topics to be discussed on the hotline.
528:THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S
319:circuits. The primary circuit was routed from
3623:Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange
3419:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
3192:
3075:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2445:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2041:
1185:(Volume 6 ed.). W.S. Hein. p. 718.
789:A hotline telephone was depicted in the film
75:
8:
4027:Military communications of the United States
1326:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 252–.
1320:David K. Barnhart; Allan A. Metcalf (1999).
1124:
1122:
648:Since 2007 there has been a hotline between
72:Washington–Moscow Direct Communications Link
70:(formally known in the United States as the
1571:As I Saw It: A Secretary of State's Memoirs
859:. It did not connect to foreign officials.
801:, both from 1964 and both loosely based on
3829:Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
3283:Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco
3271:Consulate-General of Russia, New York City
3256:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
3241:Ambassadors of Russia to the United States
3199:
3185:
3177:
2183:
2048:
2034:
2026:
1907:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59.
1137:. Vol. 52, no. 5. Archived from
2885:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2503:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2355:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1892:YouTube – Mondale/Ferraro Commercial 1984
1782:The red phone that was NOT on the Hotline
1529:Crisis Communications between Superpowers
894:in the wake of a global Soviet invasion.
766:Learn how and when to remove this message
538:by a Danish bulldozer operator, and by a
3712:Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act
3633:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
3434:U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs
2519:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
1540:
1538:
1095:Graham, Thomas; La Vera, Damien (2002).
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
274:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
4037:1963 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3922:
3380:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
3315:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2798:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1903:Kaid, Lynda Lee; Anne Johnston (2000).
1633:"Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers (1987)"
1515:moscow hotline teleprinter fax machine.
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
931:The "red phone" was the centerpiece of
355:. This network was originally built by
3779:Russian Empire–United States relations
2880:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2464:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1933:"Superdelegates: Whiners or Deciders?"
1464:James Mayall, Cornelia Navari (1980).
844:This "Red Phone" was installed in the
636:National Nuclear Risk Reduction Center
3992:Cold War history of the United States
3977:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
3758:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
3692:Russian undesirable organizations law
3608:Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
3492:Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
2890:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1439:. Stanford University Press. p.
1295:Council on Foreign Relations (1990).
1179:Kavass, Igor I.; Hein, W. S. (1991).
1032:Stone, Webster (September 18, 1988).
487:. The Soviets also asked, during the
187:, and buttonholed the Soviet premier
7:
3997:Cold War history of the Soviet Union
3987:Soviet Union–United States relations
3784:Soviet Union–United States relations
3266:Consulate-General of Russia, Houston
3251:Embassy of the United States, Moscow
2945:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2233:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
1800:. Open Book Publishers. p. 28.
1301:. Council on Foreign Relations Press
1131:"The Hot Line {Is a Hollywood Myth}"
947:. In 1984, an advertisement made by
704:adding citations to reliable sources
3687:Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
3236:Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.
2201:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
1995:DCL: The Direct Communications Link
588:Threat of Soviet Invasion of Poland
89:Goryachaya liniya Vashington–Moskva
4017:Communications in the Soviet Union
3824:Russian Mission School in New York
3449:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1756:Stewart, Phil (29 November 2022).
1044:from the original on June 30, 2015
887:Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
552:Assassination of President Kennedy
483:, given that a bear is considered
453:looked after the equipment, and a
25:
4032:Military communications of Russia
3794:Anti-American sentiment in Russia
3638:2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks
3502:Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries
3482:Kola Peninsula submarine incident
2540:Democratic National Conventions:
2360:University of Alabama integration
963:'s readiness for the presidency.
945:2008 Democratic primary elections
3949:
3937:
3925:
3902:
3901:
3869:Territorial claims in the Arctic
3864:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
3512:Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees
3477:Kildin Island submarine incident
3218:
3208:
3160:
3159:
2409:
2402:
1730:Mitchell, Ellen (3 March 2022).
1156:. Atomic Archive. Archived from
680:
447:National Military Command Center
77:Горячая линия Вашингтон – Москва
43:
34:
3859:Space Flight Europe-America 500
3814:Anglo-American School of Moscow
3429:The U.S. Russia Investment Fund
2935:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
2552:U.S. presidential election 1960
2325:Federal housing segregation ban
2206:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2080:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1216:Encyclopedia of Russian History
691:needs additional citations for
4007:Russia–United States relations
3532:European Deterrence Initiative
3246:Russian ambassador's residence
3215:Russia–United States relations
2072:President of the United States
564:War between India and Pakistan
1:
4052:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
4042:1963 establishments in Russia
3839:International Launch Services
3809:Congress of Russian Americans
3753:Megatons to Megawatts Program
2649:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2643:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2637:Coretta Scott King phone call
2575:Birthplace and childhood home
2458:A rising tide lifts all boats
2345:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1875:"Clinton Plays the Fear Card"
1794:Lisboa, Maria Manuel (2011).
652:and also Beijing and Moscow.
632:Nuclear Risk Reduction Center
485:the national symbol of Russia
349:transatlantic telephone cable
3849:U.S.–Russia Business Council
3424:Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission
2848:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2300:Communications Satellite Act
1589:electrospaces.blogspot.co.uk
972:Strategic Defense Initiative
848:underground command post at
3459:International Space Station
3375:U.S.–Russia peace proposals
2750:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
2608:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2531:1960 presidential primaries
2439:We choose to go to the Moon
2305:Community Mental Health Act
1824:YouTube – Red Alert 2 intro
1546:"Washington Moscow Hotline"
1499:. Scarecrow Press. p.
1467:The end of the post-war era
1154:"Hot Line Agreement (1963)"
1097:"The 'Hot Line' Agreements"
1063:Clavin, Tom (19 Jun 2013).
988:Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
805:'s Cold War thriller novel
715:"Moscow–Washington hotline"
657:Russian invasion of Ukraine
594:Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
406:satellites, and two Soviet
286:National Cryptologic Museum
88:
4068:
4047:Hotlines between countries
3804:Center on Global Interests
3537:Operation Atlantic Resolve
2536:1960 presidential campaign
2469:State of the Union Address
2433:American University speech
2320:Federal affirmative action
2150:Presidential Proclamations
1435:International arms control
1410:. Sage. pp. 301–302.
1354:Graff, Garrett M. (2017).
998:Beijing–Washington hotline
941:1984 presidential election
875:White House Situation Room
626:Other hotlines with Moscow
576:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
546:The line was used during:
496:White House Situation Room
128:equipment, and shifted to
3899:
3667:Russian foreign agent law
3507:Pristina airport incident
3487:Norwegian rocket incident
3439:Moscow–Washington hotline
3363:Obama–Medvedev Commission
3138:
2930:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
2400:
2375:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2277:Moscow–Washington hotline
2063:
438:-class satellites of the
212:1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
76:
68:Moscow–Washington hotline
18:Moscow-Washington hotline
3854:Stanford US–Russia Forum
3717:Task Force KleptoCapture
3628:Black Sea drone incident
3387:2017 St. Petersburg raid
3276:John Henry Hammond House
3087:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2788:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2776:Profile in Courage Award
2370:All-Channel Receiver Act
2340:Pilot Food Stamp Program
2005:National Security Agency
1717:Arms Control Association
1034:"Moscow's Still Holding"
835:its 2002 film adaptation
655:At the beginning of the
451:non-commissioned officer
264:Technology and procedure
260:a quarter century ago."
3834:Russian Cultural Center
3662:Jackson–Vanik amendment
3407:Arctic Ocean Conference
3027:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
2950:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2783:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2365:Voter Education Project
1358:. Simon & Schuster.
1268:Kennedy, Bruce (1998).
1152:U.S. State Department.
993:Seoul–Pyongyang hotline
955:on behalf of candidate
937:1984 Democratic primary
905:episode of the British
418:In May 1983, President
167:(the basis of the film
3972:Communication circuits
3844:U.S. Russia Foundation
3618:Russian bounty program
3333:Operation Provide Hope
3144:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3081:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2875:Harvard Kennedy School
2793:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2686:A Nation of Immigrants
2160:Presidential limousine
933:television commercials
860:
783:
650:Beijing and Washington
347:, the first submarine
301:
289:
277:
253:Kennedy administration
207:delayed introduction.
114:Soviet Communist Party
3789:NATO–Russia relations
3722:Executive Order 14071
3613:Arrest of Trevor Reed
3412:Ilulissat Declaration
3063:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3051:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2743:attending dignitaries
2315:Executive Order 11110
2196:Alliance for Progress
2133:Judicial appointments
1935:. Real Clear Politics
927:Political advertising
870:By Dawn's Early Light
843:
781:
489:Carter administration
295:
283:
271:
4022:Cold War terminology
3392:2018 Helsinki summit
3348:2005 Slovakia Summit
3343:2001 Slovenia Summit
2843:U.S. five cent stamp
2803:Kennedy Space Center
2451:Ich bin ein Berliner
2259:Cuban Missile Crisis
2249:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2155:Presidential pardons
1713:"Hotline Agreements"
1657:. 15 September 1987.
1639:. 15 September 1987.
1550:www.cryptomuseum.com
1526:Stephen L. Thacher,
1276:on 23 September 2008
1069:Smithsonian Magazine
1004:Notes and references
857:Primary Alert System
830:The Sum of All Fears
700:improve this article
666:a missile hit Poland
455:commissioned officer
112:(historically, with
3444:Shuttle–Mir program
3151:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3039:Tatiana Schlossberg
3021:John F. Kennedy Jr.
2838:U.S. postage stamps
2833:Kennedy half dollar
2823:Cultural depictions
2676:Profiles in Courage
2380:Revenue Act of 1962
2228:Trade Expansion Act
2088:U.S. Representative
1637:US State Department
1569:Rusk, Dean (1991).
611:2003: Aftermath of
459:William Shakespeare
243:Political criticism
3748:Mutual detargeting
3397:2021 Geneva summit
3338:1998 Moscow Summit
3117:John F. Fitzgerald
3099:Jean Kennedy Smith
3009:Jacqueline Bouvier
2955:Kennedy Expressway
2925:Runnymede memorial
2726:in popular culture
2627:Castle Hot Springs
2165:Presidential yacht
1931:(March 19, 2008).
1160:on August 30, 2022
909:television series
861:
784:
672:In popular culture
357:Harris Corporation
302:
290:
278:
159:Defense Department
98:Russian Federation
3913:
3912:
3677:Dima Yakovlev Law
3603:Battle of Khasham
3174:
3173:
3129:Billie and Debbie
3093:Robert F. Kennedy
2920:Portland memorial
2900:Brooklyn memorial
2690:
2680:
2670:
2666:Why England Slept
2428:Inaugural address
2398:
2397:
2390:Wetlands Loan Act
2213:Flexible response
1971:(March 1, 2008),
1965:Kornblut, Anne E.
1873:(March 1, 2008),
1840:www.chakoteya.net
1784:, August 30, 2013
921:nuclear holocaust
899:"World War Three"
814:In the 1979 film
776:
775:
768:
750:
582:Soviet–Afghan War
375:Cyrillic alphabet
220:Nikita Khrushchev
189:Nikita Khrushchev
86:
16:(Redirected from
4059:
4002:1963 in politics
3954:
3953:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3921:
3905:
3904:
3522:Illegals Program
3370:Syrian civil war
3229:Diplomatic posts
3223:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3163:
3162:
3069:Rosemary Kennedy
3045:Jack Schlossberg
3033:Rose Schlossberg
3015:Caroline Kennedy
2910:Hyannis memorial
2688:
2678:
2668:
2632:Hammersmith Farm
2580:Kennedy Compound
2413:
2406:
2330:Fifty-mile hikes
2218:Kennedy Doctrine
2184:
2145:Executive Orders
2095:
2083:
2075:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
1981:
1980:
1969:Murray, Shailagh
1961:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
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1770:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
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1665:
1659:
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1647:
1641:
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1629:
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1622:
1620:
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1605:
1599:
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1596:
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1581:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1389:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1370:The Codebreakers
1366:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1272:. Archived from
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1234:. Archived from
1224:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1029:
771:
764:
760:
757:
751:
749:
708:
684:
676:
622:a grave matter.
512:computer network
471:first-aid manual
321:Washington, D.C.
249:Republican Party
215:communications.
197:State Department
155:Thomas Schelling
91:
81:
79:
78:
47:
38:
21:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4056:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3895:
3884:Second Cold War
3767:
3726:
3682:Guantanamo List
3650:
3591:Havana syndrome
3517:RM Broadcasting
3463:
3454:Exercise RIMPAC
3319:
3293:Lothrop Mansion
3288:Elmcroft Estate
3224:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3175:
3170:
3134:
3057:Rose Fitzgerald
3041:(granddaughter)
3035:(granddaughter)
2995:
2984:John F. Kennedy
2975:John F. Kennedy
2967:John F. Kennedy
2915:London memorial
2905:Dallas memorial
2866:
2859:
2754:
2738:Riderless horse
2694:
2653:
2563:
2490:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2394:
2286:
2182:
2106:
2098:
2086:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2057:John F. Kennedy
2054:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1977:Washington Post
1963:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1879:Washington Post
1869:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1793:
1792:
1788:
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1776:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
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1729:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1693:. 30 April 2012
1685:
1684:
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1578:
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1554:
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1525:
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1511:
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1478:
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1458:
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1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1238:on May 20, 2023
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1150:
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1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1030:
1011:
1006:
984:
976:Hillary Clinton
929:
798:Dr. Strangelove
772:
761:
755:
752:
709:
707:
697:
685:
674:
628:
524:
508:
480:Winnie the Pooh
416:
399:
387:
310:
266:
245:
236:
193:Gerard C. Smith
181:John F. Kennedy
170:Dr. Strangelove
147:
142:
74:; Russian:
64:
63:
62:
61:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3879:New Great Game
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
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3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3557:Steele dossier
3554:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3527:Stephen Holmes
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3402:Arctic Council
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986: (CVN-79)
2979:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2855:Operation Sail
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:media coverage
2713:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2599:Navy service:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2335:Food for Peace
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:Soviet Union:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2188:Foreign policy
2181:
2180:
2178:Situation Room
2175:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2076:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1989:
1988:External links
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:, pp. A01
1956:
1945:
1920:
1913:
1895:
1884:
1881:, pp. A08
1862:
1851:
1827:
1816:
1806:
1786:
1774:
1748:
1722:
1704:
1678:
1675:. 5 June 2024.
1660:
1642:
1624:
1600:
1576:
1561:
1534:
1519:
1510:978-0810850606
1509:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1423:
1416:
1396:
1393:on 2017-12-08.
1374:
1372:, pp. 715–716
1361:
1346:
1333:978-0618002702
1332:
1312:
1287:
1260:
1248:
1219:
1208:
1192:978-0899417707
1191:
1171:
1144:
1141:on 2015-06-30.
1118:
1112:978-0295801414
1111:
1080:
1055:
1038:New York Times
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
983:
980:
957:Walter Mondale
928:
925:
833:from 1991 and
774:
773:
688:
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673:
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627:
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609:
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590:
584:
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570:Yom Kippur War
566:
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364:Latin alphabet
309:
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100:(formerly the
52:
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3358:Russian reset
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3298:Pioneer Point
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3119:(grandfather)
3118:
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3111:P. J. Kennedy
3109:
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2960:Mount Kennedy
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2282:Vienna summit
2280:
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2272:Berlin Crisis
2269:
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2262:
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2138:Supreme Court
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1978:
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1966:
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1924:
1921:
1916:
1914:0-275-94071-3
1910:
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1871:Kurtz, Howard
1866:
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1807:9781906924508
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968:Ronald Reagan
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720:
717: –
716:
712:
711:Find sources:
705:
701:
695:
694:
689:This article
687:
683:
678:
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671:
669:
667:
662:
658:
653:
651:
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643:cyber warfare
639:
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497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
481:
476:
475:Anton Chekhov
472:
468:
467:encyclopedias
464:
460:
456:
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448:
443:
441:
437:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:Ronald Reagan
413:
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201:U.S. military
198:
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185:Richard Nixon
182:
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165:
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152:
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119:
118:red telephone
115:
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103:
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94:United States
90:
84:
73:
69:
59:
55:
46:
37:
19:
3890:Not One Inch
3888:
3643:
3562:Maria Butina
3438:
3158:
3149:
3142:
2983:
2974:
2966:
2766:Bibliography
2685:
2675:
2665:
2620:
2613:Arthur Evans
2601:
2585:Hickory Hill
2419:Presidential
2350:Space policy
2292:New Frontier
2276:
2170:
2123:Inauguration
1998:
1976:
1959:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1904:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1865:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1819:
1811:
1796:
1789:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1494:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1434:
1426:
1407:Arms control
1406:
1399:
1391:the original
1386:
1377:
1369:
1368:David Kahn,
1364:
1355:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1322:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1297:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1263:
1251:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1231:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1196:. Retrieved
1181:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1147:
1139:the original
1135:Russian Life
1134:
1101:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1037:
965:
935:used in the
930:
910:
896:
885:
883:
868:
863:In the 1990
862:
828:
822:
815:
813:
806:
803:Peter George
796:
790:
788:
785:
762:
753:
743:
736:
729:
722:
710:
698:Please help
693:verification
690:
654:
647:
640:
634:and Russian
629:
620:Election Day
617:
545:
533:
525:
509:
500:duty officer
493:
478:
444:
428:
417:
400:
391:one-time pad
388:
371:teleprinters
361:
311:
303:
246:
237:
217:
209:
175:
168:
162:
148:
130:fax machines
117:
106:the Pentagon
102:Soviet Union
71:
67:
65:
54:The Pentagon
3655:Legislation
3308:Killenworth
3261:Spaso House
3105:Ted Kennedy
2991:Yad Kennedy
2243:Vietnam War
2223:Peace Corps
2094:(1947–1953)
2082:(1953–1960)
2074:(1961–1963)
1929:Beckel, Bob
1767:December 1,
1762:reuters.com
1741:December 1,
1736:thehill.com
1697:5 September
1232:History.com
1048:October 28,
811:from 1958.
558:Six Day War
516:fiber optic
368:East German
3966:Categories
3596:Zersetzung
3353:5+2 format
3131:(hamsters)
3047:(grandson)
3017:(daughter)
2865:Memorials,
2590:La Querida
2118:Transition
2104:Presidency
1939:2008-03-20
1845:2023-08-16
1673:Russia MOD
1618:2016-12-20
1594:2016-02-28
1555:2016-02-28
1477:0521226988
1450:0804712115
1417:0761940162
1242:2023-05-06
1164:August 30,
1074:2013-07-01
953:Roy Spence
949:Bob Beckel
912:Doctor Who
850:Offutt AFB
825:Tom Clancy
756:March 2014
726:newspapers
604:2001: The
536:Copenhagen
463:Mark Twain
408:Molniya II
385:Encryption
329:Copenhagen
203:, and the
153:professor
145:Background
3799:Bush legs
3763:New START
3743:START III
3469:Incidents
3325:Diplomacy
3107:(brother)
3095:(brother)
3065:(brother)
2982:USS
2973:USS
2867:namesakes
2721:reactions
2496:Elections
2000:Cryptolog
1387:www.dn.no
1204:TIAS 5362
1198:30 August
961:Gary Hart
827:'s novel
808:Red Alert
792:Fail-Safe
440:Stationar
424:facsimile
414:Facsimile
397:Satellite
373:with the
333:Stockholm
317:telegraph
234:Agreement
164:Red Alert
108:with the
83:romanized
3956:Politics
3907:Category
3738:START II
3731:Treaties
3646:incident
3165:Category
3123:Pushinka
3101:(sister)
3089:(sister)
3083:(sister)
3077:(sister)
3071:(sister)
3059:(mother)
3053:(father)
2711:timeline
2421:speeches
2171:Resolute
2109:timeline
1613:NBC News
1280:18 March
1042:Archived
982:See also
943:and the
917:Slitheen
613:Iraq War
600:Gulf War
469:, and a
442:system.
436:Gorizont
431:Intelsat
404:Intelsat
377:made by
337:Helsinki
308:Teletype
126:Teletype
96:and the
3918:Portals
3772:Related
2595:Wexford
2557:debates
2128:Cabinet
1339:28 June
1305:28 June
892:Kremlin
846:CINCSAC
740:scholar
661:Reuters
608:attacks
540:Finnish
379:Siemens
353:Tangier
205:Kremlin
151:Harvard
140:Origins
122:hotline
120:", the
110:Kremlin
58:Kremlin
3944:Russia
3644:Lady R
3011:(wife)
3001:Family
2759:Legacy
2689:(1958)
2679:(1956)
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199:, the
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3125:(dog)
3029:(son)
3023:(son)
2828:films
2818:VISTA
2699:Death
2658:Books
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2238:USAID
2092:MA–11
867:film
747:JSTOR
733:books
522:Usage
506:Email
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3569:2018
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951:and
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