627:, which were initiated by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 following the Reykjavik Summit to reduce the risk of nuclear war. The negotiations began in May 1986, and the sides agreed in 1987. The sides established NRRCs in Washington and in Moscow, exchanging arms control and confidence building measures notifications, initially including those required by the agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War and the 1972 Agreement on the Prevention of Incidents on and over the High Seas, with their duties expanding over the decades to include notifications covering more than 16 treaties and agreements.
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219:. White House advisers thought faster communications could have averted the crisis, and resolved it quickly. The two countries signed the Hot Line Agreement on June 20, 1963 – the first time they formally took action to cut the risk of starting a nuclear war unintentionally. It was used for the first time by U.S. President John F. Kennedy on August 30, 1963.
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In
September 1971, Moscow and Washington decided to upgrade the system. The countries also agreed for the first time when the line should be used. Specifically, they agreed to notify each other immediately in the event of an accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incident involving a nuclear weapon
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made the hotline a priority. During the standoff, official diplomatic messages typically took six hours to deliver; unofficial channels, such as via television network correspondents, had to be used too as they were quicker. The experience of the crisis convinced both sides of the need for better
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BACK 1234567890". The message was sent in all capital letters, since the equipment did not support lowercase. Later, during testing, the
Russian translators sent a message asking their American counterparts, "What does it mean when your people say 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog'?"
422:
satellites and modems, facsimile machines, and computers. The facsimile terminals were operational by 1986. The teletype circuits were cut in 1988 after several years of testing and use proved the fax links to be reliable. The
Soviets transferred the hotline link to the newer, geostationary
227:
The "hotline", as it would come to be known, was established after the signing of a "Memorandum of
Understanding Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Line" on June 20, 1963, in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States.
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had "sought accommodations with
Communism without adequate safeguards and compensating gains for freedom. It has alienated proven allies by opening a 'hot line' first with a sworn enemy rather than with a proven friend, and in general pursued a risky path such as began at
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that the line had only been used once in the war. The official said that the line was used to communicate concerns about
Russian military operations near Ukrainian infrastructure, but did not elaborate. The official said it was not used when
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farmer who ploughed it up once. Regular testing of both the primary and backup links took place daily. During the even hours, the US sent test messages to the Soviet Union. In the odd hours, the Soviet Union sent test messages to the US.
963:. In the second ad, the ringing phone goes unanswered while the narrator says, "there will be no time to wake a president – computers will take control." Roy Spence revived the "red phone" idea in 2008 in an advertisement for candidate
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382:. Each country delivered keying tapes used to encode its messages via its embassy abroad. An advantage of the one-time pad was that neither country had to reveal more sensitive encryption methods to the other.
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cable replaced the old back-up cable. Commercial software is used for both chat and email: chat to coordinate operations, and email for actual messages. Transmission is nearly instantaneous.
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A non-dial "Red Phone" which is on display in the Jimmy Carter
Library and Museum. This telephone is actually a prop, erroneously representing the hotline between Washington and Moscow.
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487:. However, if the message were to indicate "an imminent disaster, such as an accidental nuclear strike", the MOLINK team would telephone the gist of the message to the Situation Room
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suggested that "The most awesome, powerful responsibility in the world lies in the hand that picks up this phone." The advertisement was intended to raise questions about candidate
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The Moscow–Washington hotline was intended for text only; speech might be misinterpreted. Leaders wrote in their native language and messages were translated at the receiving end.
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In numerous books, movies, video games, etc., the hotline between
Washington and Moscow is represented by a red phone, although the real hotline has never been a telephone line.
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Upon receipt of the message at the NMCC, the message was translated into
English, and both the original Russian and the translated English texts are transmitted to the
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1801:...the Americans receive a teletype from their counterparts in the Soviet Union stating that they have now determined that the first missile was not launched by NATO.
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A Japanese-built device called
Electronic Teleprinter Cryptographic Regenerative Repeater Mixer II (ETCRRM II) encrypted the teletype messages using a shared
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1658:"Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for Monitoring the Implementation of Treaties (National Center for Nuclear Risk Reduction)"
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On October 31, 2016, the Moscow–Washington hotline was used to reinforce Barack Obama's September warning that the U.S. would consider any interference on
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184:, as head of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, proposed direct communication links between Moscow and Washington. Objections from others in the
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648:, the United States and Russia created a deconfliction line to prevent miscalculations or escalation. In November 2022, an anonymous U.S. official told
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who was fluent in Russian and well-briefed on world affairs was translator. The hotline was tested hourly. U.S. test messages included excerpts of
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in 1986. Since 2008, the Moscow–Washington hotline has been a secure computer link over which messages are exchanged by a secure form of
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that could increase the risk of nuclear war. Two new satellite communication lines supplemented the terrestrial circuits using two U.S.
147:
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826:, in which a text-based computer communications system was depicted, resembling the actual Hotline equipment from the 1980s and 1990s.
211:'s 3,000-word-initial settlement message – a dangerously long time. By the time Washington had drafted a reply, a tougher message from
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MOLINK team, is depicted as a teleprinter (and not as a fax machine, the technology already in use at the NMCC itself by that year).
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links Moscow and Washington. The new system started operations on January 1, 2008. It continues to use the two satellite links but a
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carried messages from Washington to London. A secondary radio line for back-up and service messages linked Washington and Moscow via
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1983:
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466:. MOLINK staffers took special care not to include innuendo or literary imagery that could be misinterpreted, such as passages from
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1996:; five-page illustrated article detailing the political and technical history of the hotline up to the Reagan administration.
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289:. The text reads "Post and telegraph department". The cable was also used for the ordinary national telephone service.
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162:) with making governments more aware of the benefit of direct communication between the superpowers. In addition,
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841:. Although connected to a hotline for nuclear warfare command communications, it was a component of the
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The first message transmitted over the hotline was on August 30, 1963. Washington sent Moscow the text: "
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leadership across the square from the Kremlin itself). Although in popular culture it is known as the "
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satellites. This arrangement lasted from 1971 to 1978; it made the radio link via Tangier redundant.
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Raven Rock: The Story of the U.S. Government's Secret Plan to Save Itself – While the Rest of Us Die
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The red phone was also featured prominently in an advertisement from that year targeting President
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Republican Party Platform, Section Two, "Weakness Before Communism" (adopted July 13, 1964). See
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Another hotline-type mechanism for formal communications between Washington and Moscow are the US
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capability. The Soviet Union and the United States agreed formally to do this on July 17, 1984.
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equipment that receives the (translated) hotline message, apparently relayed by the Pentagon-
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on an actual red telephone, directly pastiching the cold war fears related to the hotline.
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Videostyle in Presidential Campaigns: Style and Content of Televised Political Advertising
1217:"This Day in History – August 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow"
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1747:"Exclusive: U.S., Russia have used their military hotline once so far during Ukraine war"
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was never a telephone line, and no red phones were used. The first implementation used
98:
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In Finland there are still several signs marking the cable's location. This one is in
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of the NSA. The black box behind the teleprinter is an ETCRRM II encryption machine.
207:
During the crisis, the United States took nearly twelve hours to receive and decode
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to Moscow for the terminal there. A month later the Soviet equipment, four sets of
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In 2012, it was announced that a proposal was being negotiated with Moscow to add
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in the Pentagon. Each MOLINK (Moscow Link) team worked an eight-hour shift: a
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as the "Red 1 / Ultimate 1 Touch phone", and also in Stanley Kubrick's film
428:
370:, arrived in Washington. The hotline started operations on August 30, 1963.
321:
305:
1721:"US, Russia set up military communication line to prevent accidental clash"
2004:
273:
An East German T63-SU12 teleprinter from the hotline, as displayed in the
81:) is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of the
3726:
3111:
2148:
1640:"Agreement on the Establishment of Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers (1987)"
905:
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588:
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who would brief the president before a formal translation was complete.
880:
649:
528:
480:, that Washington not send routine communications through the hotline.
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According to the agreement, upgrades were to take place through use of
367:
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In July 1963 the United States sent four sets of teleprinters with the
341:
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The primary link was accidentally cut several times, for example near
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1786:
The End of the World: Apocalypse and Its Aftermath in Western Culture
895:
329:
313:
286:
216:
212:
86:
1598:"What Obama said to Putin on the Red Phone about the election hacks"
1420:
Coit D. Blacker, Gloria Duffy (Stanford Arms Control Group) (1984).
168:
editor Jess Gorkin personally badgered 1960 presidential candidates
49:
in Moscow, Russia (right), the two facilities linked by the hotline.
2014:
1091:
Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era
828:
766:
333:
280:
268:
256:
240:
criticized the hotline in its 1964 national platform; it said the
122:
499:
In 2007, the Moscow–Washington hotline was upgraded; a dedicated
1393:
Jozef Goldblat (International Peace Research Institute) (2002).
1054:"There Never Was Such a Thing as a Red Phone in the White House"
594:
215:
had been received, demanding that U.S. missiles be removed from
16:
Direct communication system between Russia and the United States
3169:
2018:
853:
664:
434:
In 1988, the US side of the hotline system was located at the
412:
411:
proposed to upgrade the hotline by the addition of high-speed
138:
Several people came up with the idea for a hotline, including
118:
3691:
Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act
1942:
YouTube – Hillary Clinton Ad – 3 AM White House Ringing Phone
873:
A telephone is used in the intro cinematic of the video game
2000:
Top Level Telecommunications: The Washington-Moscow Hot Line
1287:
International Affairs Fellowship program 1967–1990 directory
2010:
The original Hotline Agreement Texts of 1963, 1971 and 1984
1118:
Craig, Bell; Richardson, Paul E. (September–October 2009).
180:
during a U.S. visit to adopt the idea. During this period
1992:, December 1983, declassified internal newsletter of the
1312:
America in So Many Words: Words That Have Shaped America
3696:
Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act
301:
The first generation of the hotline used two full-time
3808:
United States military and prostitution in South Korea
3686:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
3971:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
3904:
3486:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
1848:
YouTube – US Democrats – Walter Mondale 1984 Video 10
1521:, US Army War College, Carusle Barracks, 1990, p. 10.
1484:
Historical Dictionary of Arms Control and Disarmament
1259:"CNN Cold War – Spotlight: The birth of the hot line"
1246:
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25840
150:
previously. Schelling credited the pop fiction novel
76:
3575:
Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
3541:
Links between Trump associates and Russian officials
1171:
United States Treaty Index: 1776–1990, Consolidation
3760:
3719:
3643:
3456:
3312:
3217:
2988:
2852:
2747:
2687:
2646:
2556:
2483:
2407:
2374:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
2279:
2175:
2091:
695:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
462:; Soviet tests included passages from the works of
45:in Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. (left) and the
1574:"Electrospaces.net: The Washington-Moscow Hotline"
1481:
1421:
1372:"Norges ukjente rolle i den «hete linjen» – DN.no"
1094:. University of Washington Press. pp. 20–28.
93:). This hotline was established in 1963 and links
3863:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3292:Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations
2929:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
1962:"Clinton Ad Hints Obama Is Unprepared for Crisis"
1562:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 225.
809:a direct telephone link is used as the hot line.
4001:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1963
3532:Russian interference in United States elections
2802:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
1480:Larsen, Jeffrey Arthur; Smith, James M. (2005).
1459:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–137.
879:. The call is placed by the US president to the
2760:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
2005:Crypto Machines: The Washington-Moscow Hot Line
908:await a phone call to plunge the planet into a
261:ITT Intelex Teletype L015, as displayed in the
146:, who had worked on nuclear war policy for the
1825:"The Doctor Who Transcripts - World War Three"
1676:"US, Russia plan hotline to prevent cyber war"
812:A more realistic depiction of the Hotline was
634:to the topics to be discussed on the hotline.
517:THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S
308:circuits. The primary circuit was routed from
3612:Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange
3408:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
3181:
3064:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2434:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2030:
1174:(Volume 6 ed.). W.S. Hein. p. 718.
778:A hotline telephone was depicted in the film
64:
8:
4016:Military communications of the United States
1315:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 252–.
1309:David K. Barnhart; Allan A. Metcalf (1999).
1113:
1111:
637:Since 2007 there has been a hotline between
61:Washington–Moscow Direct Communications Link
59:(formally known in the United States as the
1560:As I Saw It: A Secretary of State's Memoirs
848:. It did not connect to foreign officials.
790:, both from 1964 and both loosely based on
3818:Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
3272:Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco
3260:Consulate-General of Russia, New York City
3245:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
3230:Ambassadors of Russia to the United States
3188:
3174:
3166:
2172:
2037:
2023:
2015:
1896:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59.
1126:. Vol. 52, no. 5. Archived from
2874:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2492:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2344:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1881:YouTube – Mondale/Ferraro Commercial 1984
1771:The red phone that was NOT on the Hotline
1518:Crisis Communications between Superpowers
883:in the wake of a global Soviet invasion.
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
527:by a Danish bulldozer operator, and by a
3701:Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act
3622:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
3423:U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs
2508:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
1529:
1527:
1084:Graham, Thomas; La Vera, Damien (2002).
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
263:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
4026:1963 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3911:
3369:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
3304:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2787:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1892:Kaid, Lynda Lee; Anne Johnston (2000).
1622:"Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers (1987)"
1504:moscow hotline teleprinter fax machine.
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
920:The "red phone" was the centerpiece of
344:. This network was originally built by
3768:Russian Empire–United States relations
2869:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2453:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1922:"Superdelegates: Whiners or Deciders?"
1453:James Mayall, Cornelia Navari (1980).
833:This "Red Phone" was installed in the
625:National Nuclear Risk Reduction Center
3981:Cold War history of the United States
3966:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
3747:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
3681:Russian undesirable organizations law
3597:Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
3481:Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
2879:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1428:. Stanford University Press. p.
1284:Council on Foreign Relations (1990).
1168:Kavass, Igor I.; Hein, W. S. (1991).
1021:Stone, Webster (September 18, 1988).
476:. The Soviets also asked, during the
176:, and buttonholed the Soviet premier
7:
3986:Cold War history of the Soviet Union
3976:Soviet Union–United States relations
3773:Soviet Union–United States relations
3255:Consulate-General of Russia, Houston
3240:Embassy of the United States, Moscow
2934:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2222:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
1789:. Open Book Publishers. p. 28.
1290:. Council on Foreign Relations Press
1120:"The Hot Line {Is a Hollywood Myth}"
936:. In 1984, an advertisement made by
693:adding citations to reliable sources
3676:Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
3225:Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.
2190:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
1984:DCL: The Direct Communications Link
577:Threat of Soviet Invasion of Poland
78:Goryachaya liniya Vashington–Moskva
4006:Communications in the Soviet Union
3813:Russian Mission School in New York
3438:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
1745:Stewart, Phil (29 November 2022).
1033:from the original on June 30, 2015
876:Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2
541:Assassination of President Kennedy
472:, given that a bear is considered
442:looked after the equipment, and a
14:
4021:Military communications of Russia
3783:Anti-American sentiment in Russia
3627:2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks
3491:Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries
3471:Kola Peninsula submarine incident
2529:Democratic National Conventions:
2349:University of Alabama integration
952:'s readiness for the presidency.
934:2008 Democratic primary elections
3938:
3926:
3914:
3891:
3890:
3858:Territorial claims in the Arctic
3853:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
3501:Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees
3466:Kildin Island submarine incident
3207:
3197:
3149:
3148:
2398:
2391:
1719:Mitchell, Ellen (3 March 2022).
1145:. Atomic Archive. Archived from
669:
436:National Military Command Center
66:Горячая линия Вашингтон – Москва
32:
23:
3848:Space Flight Europe-America 500
3803:Anglo-American School of Moscow
3418:The U.S. Russia Investment Fund
2924:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
2541:U.S. presidential election 1960
2314:Federal housing segregation ban
2195:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2069:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1205:Encyclopedia of Russian History
680:needs additional citations for
3996:Russia–United States relations
3521:European Deterrence Initiative
3235:Russian ambassador's residence
3204:Russia–United States relations
2061:President of the United States
553:War between India and Pakistan
1:
4041:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
4031:1963 establishments in Russia
3828:International Launch Services
3798:Congress of Russian Americans
3742:Megatons to Megawatts Program
2638:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2632:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2626:Coretta Scott King phone call
2564:Birthplace and childhood home
2447:A rising tide lifts all boats
2334:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1864:"Clinton Plays the Fear Card"
1783:Lisboa, Maria Manuel (2011).
641:and also Beijing and Moscow.
621:Nuclear Risk Reduction Center
474:the national symbol of Russia
338:transatlantic telephone cable
3838:U.S.–Russia Business Council
3413:Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission
2837:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2289:Communications Satellite Act
1578:electrospaces.blogspot.co.uk
961:Strategic Defense Initiative
837:underground command post at
3448:International Space Station
3364:U.S.–Russia peace proposals
2739:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
2597:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2520:1960 presidential primaries
2428:We choose to go to the Moon
2294:Community Mental Health Act
1813:YouTube – Red Alert 2 intro
1535:"Washington Moscow Hotline"
1488:. Scarecrow Press. p.
1456:The end of the post-war era
1143:"Hot Line Agreement (1963)"
1086:"The 'Hot Line' Agreements"
1052:Clavin, Tom (19 Jun 2013).
977:Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
794:'s Cold War thriller novel
704:"Moscow–Washington hotline"
646:Russian invasion of Ukraine
583:Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
395:satellites, and two Soviet
275:National Cryptologic Museum
77:
4057:
4036:Hotlines between countries
3793:Center on Global Interests
3526:Operation Atlantic Resolve
2525:1960 presidential campaign
2458:State of the Union Address
2422:American University speech
2309:Federal affirmative action
2139:Presidential Proclamations
1424:International arms control
1399:. Sage. pp. 301–302.
1343:Graff, Garrett M. (2017).
987:Beijing–Washington hotline
930:1984 presidential election
864:White House Situation Room
615:Other hotlines with Moscow
565:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
535:The line was used during:
485:White House Situation Room
117:equipment, and shifted to
3888:
3656:Russian foreign agent law
3496:Pristina airport incident
3476:Norwegian rocket incident
3428:Moscow–Washington hotline
3352:Obama–Medvedev Commission
3127:
2919:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
2389:
2364:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2266:Moscow–Washington hotline
2052:
427:-class satellites of the
201:1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
65:
57:Moscow–Washington hotline
3843:Stanford US–Russia Forum
3706:Task Force KleptoCapture
3617:Black Sea drone incident
3376:2017 St. Petersburg raid
3265:John Henry Hammond House
3076:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2777:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2765:Profile in Courage Award
2359:All-Channel Receiver Act
2329:Pilot Food Stamp Program
1994:National Security Agency
1706:Arms Control Association
1023:"Moscow's Still Holding"
824:its 2002 film adaptation
644:At the beginning of the
440:non-commissioned officer
253:Technology and procedure
249:a quarter century ago."
3823:Russian Cultural Center
3651:Jackson–Vanik amendment
3396:Arctic Ocean Conference
3016:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
2939:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2772:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2354:Voter Education Project
1347:. Simon & Schuster.
1257:Kennedy, Bruce (1998).
1141:U.S. State Department.
982:Seoul–Pyongyang hotline
944:on behalf of candidate
926:1984 Democratic primary
894:episode of the British
407:In May 1983, President
156:(the basis of the film
3961:Communication circuits
3833:U.S. Russia Foundation
3607:Russian bounty program
3322:Operation Provide Hope
3133:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3070:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2864:Harvard Kennedy School
2782:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2675:A Nation of Immigrants
2149:Presidential limousine
922:television commercials
849:
772:
639:Beijing and Washington
336:, the first submarine
290:
278:
266:
242:Kennedy administration
196:delayed introduction.
103:Soviet Communist Party
3778:NATO–Russia relations
3711:Executive Order 14071
3602:Arrest of Trevor Reed
3401:Ilulissat Declaration
3052:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3040:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2732:attending dignitaries
2304:Executive Order 11110
2185:Alliance for Progress
2122:Judicial appointments
1924:. Real Clear Politics
916:Political advertising
859:By Dawn's Early Light
832:
770:
478:Carter administration
284:
272:
260:
4011:Cold War terminology
3381:2018 Helsinki summit
3337:2005 Slovakia Summit
3332:2001 Slovenia Summit
2832:U.S. five cent stamp
2792:Kennedy Space Center
2440:Ich bin ein Berliner
2248:Cuban Missile Crisis
2238:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2144:Presidential pardons
1702:"Hotline Agreements"
1646:. 15 September 1987.
1628:. 15 September 1987.
1539:www.cryptomuseum.com
1515:Stephen L. Thacher,
1265:on 23 September 2008
1058:Smithsonian Magazine
993:Notes and references
846:Primary Alert System
819:The Sum of All Fears
689:improve this article
655:a missile hit Poland
444:commissioned officer
101:(historically, with
3433:Shuttle–Mir program
3140:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3028:Tatiana Schlossberg
3010:John F. Kennedy Jr.
2827:U.S. postage stamps
2822:Kennedy half dollar
2812:Cultural depictions
2665:Profiles in Courage
2369:Revenue Act of 1962
2217:Trade Expansion Act
2077:U.S. Representative
1626:US State Department
1558:Rusk, Dean (1991).
600:2003: Aftermath of
448:William Shakespeare
232:Political criticism
3737:Mutual detargeting
3386:2021 Geneva summit
3327:1998 Moscow Summit
3106:John F. Fitzgerald
3088:Jean Kennedy Smith
2998:Jacqueline Bouvier
2944:Kennedy Expressway
2914:Runnymede memorial
2715:in popular culture
2616:Castle Hot Springs
2154:Presidential yacht
1920:(March 19, 2008).
1149:on August 30, 2022
898:television series
850:
773:
661:In popular culture
346:Harris Corporation
291:
279:
267:
148:Defense Department
87:Russian Federation
3902:
3901:
3666:Dima Yakovlev Law
3592:Battle of Khasham
3163:
3162:
3118:Billie and Debbie
3082:Robert F. Kennedy
2909:Portland memorial
2889:Brooklyn memorial
2679:
2669:
2659:
2655:Why England Slept
2417:Inaugural address
2387:
2386:
2379:Wetlands Loan Act
2202:Flexible response
1960:(March 1, 2008),
1954:Kornblut, Anne E.
1862:(March 1, 2008),
1829:www.chakoteya.net
1773:, August 30, 2013
910:nuclear holocaust
888:"World War Three"
803:In the 1979 film
765:
764:
757:
739:
571:Soviet–Afghan War
364:Cyrillic alphabet
209:Nikita Khrushchev
178:Nikita Khrushchev
75:
4048:
3991:1963 in politics
3943:
3942:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3894:
3893:
3511:Illegals Program
3359:Syrian civil war
3218:Diplomatic posts
3212:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3058:Rosemary Kennedy
3034:Jack Schlossberg
3022:Rose Schlossberg
3004:Caroline Kennedy
2899:Hyannis memorial
2677:
2667:
2657:
2621:Hammersmith Farm
2569:Kennedy Compound
2402:
2395:
2319:Fifty-mile hikes
2207:Kennedy Doctrine
2173:
2134:Executive Orders
2084:
2072:
2064:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
1970:
1969:
1958:Murray, Shailagh
1950:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1378:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1359:The Codebreakers
1355:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1261:. Archived from
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1223:. Archived from
1213:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1018:
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
738:
697:
673:
665:
611:a grave matter.
501:computer network
460:first-aid manual
310:Washington, D.C.
238:Republican Party
204:communications.
186:State Department
144:Thomas Schelling
80:
70:
68:
67:
36:
27:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3884:
3873:Second Cold War
3756:
3715:
3671:Guantanamo List
3639:
3580:Havana syndrome
3506:RM Broadcasting
3452:
3443:Exercise RIMPAC
3308:
3282:Lothrop Mansion
3277:Elmcroft Estate
3213:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3164:
3159:
3123:
3046:Rose Fitzgerald
3030:(granddaughter)
3024:(granddaughter)
2984:
2973:John F. Kennedy
2964:John F. Kennedy
2956:John F. Kennedy
2904:London memorial
2894:Dallas memorial
2855:
2848:
2743:
2727:Riderless horse
2683:
2642:
2552:
2479:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2383:
2275:
2171:
2095:
2087:
2075:
2067:
2056:
2048:
2046:John F. Kennedy
2043:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1966:Washington Post
1952:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1868:Washington Post
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1682:. 30 April 2012
1674:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1227:on May 20, 2023
1215:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1020:
1019:
1000:
995:
973:
965:Hillary Clinton
918:
787:Dr. Strangelove
761:
750:
744:
741:
698:
696:
686:
674:
663:
617:
513:
497:
469:Winnie the Pooh
405:
388:
376:
299:
255:
234:
225:
182:Gerard C. Smith
170:John F. Kennedy
159:Dr. Strangelove
136:
131:
63:; Russian:
53:
52:
51:
50:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3900:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3868:New Great Game
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3546:Steele dossier
3543:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3516:Stephen Holmes
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3391:Arctic Council
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2975: (CVN-79)
2968:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2844:Operation Sail
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:media coverage
2702:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2588:Navy service:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Food for Peace
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:Soviet Union:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:Foreign policy
2170:
2169:
2167:Situation Room
2164:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2073:
2065:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1978:
1977:External links
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:, pp. A01
1945:
1934:
1909:
1902:
1884:
1873:
1870:, pp. A08
1851:
1840:
1816:
1805:
1795:
1775:
1763:
1737:
1711:
1693:
1667:
1664:. 5 June 2024.
1649:
1631:
1613:
1589:
1565:
1550:
1523:
1508:
1499:978-0810850606
1498:
1472:
1465:
1445:
1438:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1382:on 2017-12-08.
1363:
1361:, pp. 715–716
1350:
1335:
1322:978-0618002702
1321:
1301:
1276:
1249:
1237:
1208:
1197:
1181:978-0899417707
1180:
1160:
1133:
1130:on 2015-06-30.
1107:
1101:978-0295801414
1100:
1069:
1044:
1027:New York Times
997:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
972:
969:
946:Walter Mondale
917:
914:
822:from 1991 and
763:
762:
677:
675:
668:
662:
659:
616:
613:
605:
604:
598:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
559:Yom Kippur War
555:
549:
543:
512:
509:
496:
493:
404:
401:
387:
384:
375:
372:
353:Latin alphabet
298:
295:
254:
251:
233:
230:
224:
221:
135:
132:
130:
127:
89:(formerly the
41:
40:
31:
30:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
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706: –
705:
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700:Find sources:
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678:This article
676:
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632:cyber warfare
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464:Anton Chekhov
461:
457:
456:encyclopedias
453:
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409:Ronald Reagan
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190:U.S. military
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174:Richard Nixon
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107:red telephone
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83:United States
79:
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48:
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35:
26:
3879:Not One Inch
3877:
3632:
3551:Maria Butina
3427:
3147:
3138:
3131:
2972:
2963:
2955:
2755:Bibliography
2674:
2664:
2654:
2609:
2602:Arthur Evans
2590:
2574:Hickory Hill
2408:Presidential
2339:Space policy
2281:New Frontier
2265:
2159:
2112:Inauguration
1987:
1965:
1948:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1912:
1893:
1887:
1876:
1867:
1854:
1843:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1785:
1778:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
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1652:
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1634:
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1483:
1475:
1455:
1448:
1423:
1415:
1396:Arms control
1395:
1388:
1380:the original
1375:
1366:
1358:
1357:David Kahn,
1353:
1344:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1286:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1252:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1220:
1211:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1185:. Retrieved
1170:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:the original
1136:
1128:the original
1124:Russian Life
1123:
1090:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
954:
924:used in the
919:
899:
885:
874:
872:
857:
852:In the 1990
851:
817:
811:
804:
802:
795:
792:Peter George
785:
779:
777:
774:
751:
742:
732:
725:
718:
711:
699:
687:Please help
682:verification
679:
643:
636:
629:
623:and Russian
618:
609:Election Day
606:
534:
522:
514:
498:
489:duty officer
482:
467:
433:
417:
406:
389:
380:one-time pad
377:
360:teleprinters
350:
300:
292:
235:
226:
206:
198:
164:
157:
151:
137:
119:fax machines
106:
95:the Pentagon
91:Soviet Union
60:
56:
54:
43:The Pentagon
3644:Legislation
3297:Killenworth
3250:Spaso House
3094:Ted Kennedy
2980:Yad Kennedy
2232:Vietnam War
2212:Peace Corps
2083:(1947–1953)
2071:(1953–1960)
2063:(1961–1963)
1918:Beckel, Bob
1756:December 1,
1751:reuters.com
1730:December 1,
1725:thehill.com
1686:5 September
1221:History.com
1037:October 28,
800:from 1958.
547:Six Day War
505:fiber optic
357:East German
3955:Categories
3585:Zersetzung
3342:5+2 format
3120:(hamsters)
3036:(grandson)
3006:(daughter)
2854:Memorials,
2579:La Querida
2107:Transition
2093:Presidency
1928:2008-03-20
1834:2023-08-16
1662:Russia MOD
1607:2016-12-20
1583:2016-02-28
1544:2016-02-28
1466:0521226988
1439:0804712115
1406:0761940162
1231:2023-05-06
1153:August 30,
1063:2013-07-01
942:Roy Spence
938:Bob Beckel
901:Doctor Who
839:Offutt AFB
814:Tom Clancy
745:March 2014
715:newspapers
593:2001: The
525:Copenhagen
452:Mark Twain
397:Molniya II
374:Encryption
318:Copenhagen
192:, and the
142:professor
134:Background
3788:Bush legs
3752:New START
3732:START III
3458:Incidents
3314:Diplomacy
3096:(brother)
3084:(brother)
3054:(brother)
2971:USS
2962:USS
2856:namesakes
2710:reactions
2485:Elections
1989:Cryptolog
1376:www.dn.no
1193:TIAS 5362
1187:30 August
950:Gary Hart
816:'s novel
797:Red Alert
781:Fail-Safe
429:Stationar
413:facsimile
403:Facsimile
386:Satellite
362:with the
322:Stockholm
306:telegraph
223:Agreement
153:Red Alert
97:with the
72:romanized
3945:Politics
3896:Category
3727:START II
3720:Treaties
3635:incident
3154:Category
3112:Pushinka
3090:(sister)
3078:(sister)
3072:(sister)
3066:(sister)
3060:(sister)
3048:(mother)
3042:(father)
2700:timeline
2410:speeches
2160:Resolute
2098:timeline
1602:NBC News
1269:18 March
1031:Archived
971:See also
932:and the
906:Slitheen
602:Iraq War
589:Gulf War
458:, and a
431:system.
425:Gorizont
420:Intelsat
393:Intelsat
366:made by
326:Helsinki
297:Teletype
115:Teletype
85:and the
3907:Portals
3761:Related
2584:Wexford
2546:debates
2117:Cabinet
1328:28 June
1294:28 June
881:Kremlin
835:CINCSAC
729:scholar
650:Reuters
597:attacks
529:Finnish
368:Siemens
342:Tangier
194:Kremlin
140:Harvard
129:Origins
111:hotline
109:", the
99:Kremlin
47:Kremlin
3933:Russia
3633:Lady R
3000:(wife)
2990:Family
2748:Legacy
2678:(1958)
2668:(1956)
2658:(1940)
2591:PT-109
2253:ExComm
2236:Cuba:
1900:
1793:
1496:
1463:
1436:
1403:
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