Mosquito Coast - Knowledge (XXG)

1885:, considered the treaty breached and argued openly for the US annexation of Nicaragua and the rest of Central America, for which he was forced to resign. In 1853, the buildings of the US-owned Accessory Transit Company in Greytown were looted and destroyed by the locals. In 1854, an American steamer captain killed a Greytown Creole, and Borland, who had remained in Greytown after his resignation, stopped the arrest for murder by threatening the marshal and his men with a rifle, arguing that they had no power to arrest an American citizen. Though he held no office, Borland ordered 50 American passengers bound for New York to remain on land and "protect US interests" while he sailed to the United States for help. In an example of 909: 495: 1350: 1978: 2202: 1742: 344: 557: 1358: 1767: 61: 1990: 1492: 2177: 1781: 358: 1300:(used by New Granadan coast guards as a base against British privateers, often coming from the Mosquito Coast itself), and transferring sovereignty of the Mosquito Coast over to New Granada and considering the area a dependency of San Andrés. While Spanish rule was never restored over the Mosquito Coast (instead, the British occupied the Archipelago itself in 1806 during the course of the war against Spain), the Royal Decree of 1803 became the reason for territorial disputes between the 1403: 2386:

within the Miskito community. The council advocates for independence and has considered a referendum, seeking international recognition. It also addresses the needs of the impoverished Moskitian communities, such as drug addiction among youth as the coast is slowly gaining influence as a corridor for drug trafficking. However, the allure of possible Narco funding might be a tempting method of supporting independence should the movement find no support.

870: 2617: 4066: 6789: 1121:. The British plantation owners used their estates to grow some export crops and as bases for the exploitation of timber resources, especially mahogany. Most of the labor on the estates was supplied by African slaves and by indigenous slaves captured in Miskito and British raids into Spanish territory. By 1786, there were several hundred British residents on the shore and several thousand slaves, mostly African. 2603: 75: 2589: 996: 6799: 4072: 1316:"King Regent of the Shore", and 33 other Miskito notables gave their "consent, assent, and declaration to, for, and of" George Frederic Augustus I as their "Sovereign King". His coronation in Belize on January 16, 1816, in a deliberate move to secure British support, marked the end of the regency. Meanwhile, Spain lost rule over New Granada in 1819 and over Central America in 1821, when the 1040:. In the early 18th century, the Miskito kingdom became organized into four distinct clusters of population, centered on the banks of the navigable rivers. They were integrated into a single if loosely structured political entity. The northern portions were dominated by Sambus and the southern ones by Tawira Miskitos. The king, whose domain lay from the Wanks River south to the Rio 1292:, and if they had simply raised an army and marched on the Mosquito Coast, nobody would have questioned that the area was part of the Captaincy General once Spanish power was fully restored. Instead, the Spanish government heeded the old advice espoused by Gil de Taboada and Ezpeleta, and decided against Guatemala's request on November 30, 1803, reaffirming the control of the 1029:

accounts refer as well to various noble titles, Miskito social structure does not appear to have been particularly stratified. The 1699 description noted that people holding titles such as "king" and "governor" were only empowered as war leaders, and did not have the last word in judicial disputes. Otherwise, the author saw the population as living in an egalitarian state.

1465:, and claimed it for the Mosquito Kingdom. The commander of the port was kidnapped and abandoned in a deserted beach, and the civilian population was told to leave the place by March 1842. The Nicaraguan government protested and the British did not carry on the threatened evacuation of the port, but neither did they take action against MacDonald for the incident. 1395:, MacGregor having led them to believe that the area was already developed and just in need of skilled workers. In the 1830s and 40s King Robert Charles Frederic also appointed small traders, notably William Hodgson and brothers Peter and Samuel Shepherd, as his agents to administer his claims to tribute and taxes from lands as far south as 1163:, Britain agreed to evacuate British settlers and their slaves from the Mosquito Coast to their as yet informal colony in what was to become British Honduras; later treaties recognized Britain's commercial, but never territorial rights in the region. Some of the settlers and their slaves remained after they swore loyalty to the 1224:, who succeeded Taboada in 1789 and considered that Hodgson's influence among the Miskito was vital to avoid a revolt. Hodgson Jr. was the son of Robert Hodgson Sr., the first British appointed Superintendent in 1749–1759, and he had occupied himself this post from 1767 to 1775, when his political enemies persuaded 476:. Lists of "nations" left by Spanish missionaries include as many as 30 names, though careful analysis of them by Karl Offen suggests that many were duplicated and the regional geography included about a half dozen entities speaking related but distinct dialects occupying the various river basins of the region. 2250:

council was not limited to Miskito: instead, the first council included a number of Moravian missionaries and its first session started with an oration in this denomination. In compensation for his losses, George Augustus Frederic II would be paid £1000 yearly and until 1870 by the Nicaraguan government.

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trade peaked in Europe, but the supply in Belize, a main exporter, was becoming scarce. The Miskito Kingdom became an alternative source to Belize-based traders and wood cutting companies, who acquired concessions and land grants from Robert Charles Frederic. In 1837, Britain formally recognized the

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In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Miskitos Zambos began a series of raids that attacked Spanish-held territories and still independent indigenous groups in the area. Miskito raiders reached as far north as the Yucatán, and as far south as Costa Rica. They sold many of the captives they took

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appear to be descended from the survivors of a shipwrecked slave ship who reached this area in the mid-seventeenth century. These survivors intermarried with the local Miskito people, thereby creating a mixed-race group. They gradually adopted the language and much of the culture of their hosts. The

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as ruler of the territory and its inhabitants, but only as hereditary chief and not king, a title that, along those of general, admiral and governor, was abolished; and that the hereditary chief would be advised by a council of 41 members elected for a period of eight years. The composition of this

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as slaves to English or other British merchants; the slaves were transported to Jamaica to work on sugar plantations. Through such raiding, the Zambo gained a more dominant position and the king's domain was inhabited primarily by Zambos. They also assisted the government of Jamaica in hunting down

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Although the earliest accounts do not mention it, a political entity of uncertain organization, but probably not very stratified, which the English called the "Mosquito Kingdom" was present on the coast in the early seventeenth century. One of the kings of this polity visited England around 1638 at

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During the 16th century, Spanish authorities issued various licenses to conquer Taguzgalpa and Tologalpa in 1545, 1562, 1577, and 1594, but no evidence suggests that any of these licenses resulted in even brief settlements or conquests. The Spanish were unable to conquer this region during the 16th

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arrived in 1797, George II raised an army to attack Bluefields, deposing Hodgson, and drove the Spanish out of the kingdom on September 4, 1800. However, the king died suddenly in 1801. According to British George Henderson, who visited the Mosquito Coast in 1804, many in the kingdom believed that

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as new chief, George Augustus Frederic II's nephew by his second sister, was not recognized by Nicaragua. William Henry Clarence asked for support to Great Britain, accusing Nicaragua of not abiding to the terms of the 1860 treaty and threatening the Miskitu's autonomy, and complaining both about

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In the meantime George II's brother Stephen made some overtures to Spain, who reciprocated by calling Stephen king and giving him the traditional gifts (albeit less frequently than to George II), but he later changed allegiances and raided Spanish held territory. In 1815, Stephen, styling himself

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A more lasting result of this formal relation was that Edward I and other Miskito rulers who followed him allowed the British to establish settlements and plantations within his realm, and issued the first land grants to this effect in 1742. British settlement concentrated especially in the Black

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The United States assumed that this meant the immediate British evacuation of the Mosquito Coast, while the British argued that it only bound them to not expand further in Central America and that both the 1844 protectorate and the 1848 peace treaty were still valid. On November 21, the American

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Miskito dissidents declared the independence of the unrecognized Communitarian Nation of Moskitia in 2009. The movement is led by Reverend Hector Williams, who was elected as "Wihta Tara" (Great Judge) of Moskitia by the Council of Elders, its governing body composed of traditional leaders from

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The death of George Augustus Frederic II in 1865, after only half that time had passed, led to a dispute between Nicaragua and the reserve's government. As indicated in its name, the position of hereditary chief was not completely elective like the title of King that preceded it, but had to be

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Although English accounts referred to the area as a "kingdom", it was relatively loosely organized. A description of the kingdom written in 1699, notes that it occupied discontinuous areas along the coast. It probably did not include a number of settlements of English traders. Although English

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account of the kingdom written by a buccaneer known only as M. W. describes its organization as being fundamentally egalitarian, with the king and some officials (usually called "Captains" in that period but later being more elaborate) being primarily military leaders, but only in time of war.

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In subsequent years, the kingdom stood strongly against any Spanish incursions and was prepared to offer rest and asylum to any anti-Spanish groups that might come to their shores. At the very least English and French privateers and pirates did visit there, taking in water and food. A detailed

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The Mosquito Coast was generally defined as the domain of the Miskito Kingdom and expanded or contracted with that domain. During the 19th century, the question of the kingdom's borders was a serious issue of international diplomacy between Britain, the United States, Nicaragua, and Honduras.

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In 1844, the British government declared a new protectorate over the Mosquito Kingdom and appointed a consul-general of the Mosquito Coast, Patrick Walker with seat in Bluefields. The proclamation was motivated by the state of anarchy in the Mosquito Kingdom after the death of Robert Charles

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and began to work in 1849 in Bluefields, targeting the royal family and the Creoles before expanding to the rest of the Kingdom. In 1880, the mission saw a membership of 1,030 made up of mostly urban creoles. By 1890, the membership was 3,924 and made up of mostly Miskito and rural natives.

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also travelled to the Coast with the aim of converting the native population in this period. The acceptance of the new order was unequal and often influenced by the underlying tensions within the own Miskito elites, divided between the northern regions controlled by the Sambu, loyal to King

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over the Caribbean coast between Cabo Gracias a Dios and Greytown to Nicaragua. Attempts to decide the sovereignty over the northern bank of the Wanks/Coco River which cuts Cabo Gracias a Dios in half, began in 1869, but would not be settled until ninety-one years later when the

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With Spanish power over the Mosquito Coast vanished and British influence rapidly returning, the Captaincy General of Guatemala sought full control of the shore from Spain. The Colombian Ricardo S. Pereira, writing in 1883, considered this act a miscalculation on the part of the

1932:. Charles' first plan was to establish a Prussian settlement in the area and sent three German merchants to study this possibility on the ground. Their dictamen was against colonization, but their suggestion to evangelize the Mosquito Coast was taken up by the Prince of 1012:. By the late 17th century, their leader held the office of general with jurisdiction over the northern portions of the Mosquito Kingdom. In the early eighteenth century, they managed to take over the office of King, which they held for at least the rest of the century. 969:(1625–1649). When his father died, this son returned home and placed his country under English protection. Following the capture of Providence Island by Spain in 1641, England did not possess a base close to the coast. However, shortly after the English captured 1328:

As internecine conflicts seized both Gran Colombia and Central America post-independence, the potential of any regional power to threaten the Miskito kingdom declined. Miskito Kings renewed their alliance with Great Britain, which in 1801 had merged with

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The Miskito could also fly their own flag on the Mosquito Coast, so long as said flag included some sign of Nicaraguan suzerainty. A compromise was reached by using the flag used during the British protectorate (designed by Patrick Walker), but with the

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visited the coast briefly in his fourth voyage. Detailed Spanish accounts of the region, however, only relate to the late 16th and early 17th centuries. According to their understanding of the geography, the region was divided between two "Provinces"

1442:. Because of their greater knowledge of English, the Creoles soon became the workers most sought by foreign companies, occupying the intermediate levels in the businesses and relegating the native Miskitu to the worst paid occupations at the base. 2254:

occupied by a member of George Augustus Frederic II's lineage of full Miskito ancestry. The council argued that none of George Augustus Frederic II's wives was Miskito and that none of their children was eligible as a result. The election of

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The protectorate was claimed to extend from Cape Honduras in the north to the mouth of the San Juan River in the south, including San Juan del Norte. Nicaragua protested again and sent forces to San Juan del Norte, which the Miskito King

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The new colony suffered setbacks as a result of many of the settlers dying en route and the Miskito Crown showing its dissatisfaction with the gifts offered by the Spanish. The Miskito resumed trade with Jamaica and, when news of another

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Because the Spanish failed to have significant influence in the region, it remained independent of outside control. This allowed the native people to continue their traditional way of life and to receive visitors from other regions.

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on April 18, 1850. In this document the two powers pledged themselves to guarantee the neutrality and equal use of the proposed canal, and to not "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua,

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By 1859 British opinion was no longer supportive of their nation's presence in the Mosquito Coast. The British government returned the Bay Islands and ceded the northern part of the Mosquito Coast to Honduras, negotiating with

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in 1740, and Robert Hodgson, Senior was appointed as Superintendent of the Shore. The language of the treaty includes what amounts to a surrender of sovereignty, and is often taken by historians as an indication that a British

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led a campaign to annex the reserve, natives responded with vigorous protest, an appeal to Britain to protect them, and more militant resistance – to little avail. The situation was such that, from July 6 to August 7, the US

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Documentos sobre límites de los Estados-Unidos de Colombia: copiados de los originales que se encuentran en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla, y acompañados de breves consideraciones sobre el verdadero Uti possidetis juris de

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The Miskito continued to enjoy a certain autonomy under Nicaragua, though there was considerable tension between the claims of the government and those of the indigenous people. This tension was expressed openly during

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Conflicting claims regarding both the kingdom's extent and arguable nonexistence were pursued in diplomatic exchanges. The British and Miskitu definition applied to the whole eastern seaboard of Nicaragua and even to

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to 'protect US interests'. After enjoying almost complete autonomy for fourteen years, on 20 November 1894 their territory formally became incorporated into that of the republic of Nicaragua by Nicaraguan president

2360:(RAAS), autonomous regions with a certain degree of self-government. Those regions were renamed the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS) in 2014. 1158:

Although Spain had been unable to drive the British from the coast or occupy any position, in the course of the diplomatic negotiations following the war, Britain found itself making concessions to Spain. In the

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rich area was subsequently ravaged. This military cooperation would prove important as Miskito forces were vital to protecting not only British interests in the Mosquito Kingdom but also for British holdings in

7277: 1220:, who was none other but a former British Superintendent of the Mosquito Coast who had sworn recent fealty to Spain, Robert Hodgson Jr., but his loyalty and good work were defended by the New Granadan Viceroy 1231:

The Spanish hoped to win over support of the Miskito elite by offering presents like the British had and educating their youth in Guatemala, as many Miskito had been educated previously in Jamaica.

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George II had been poisoned by his brother Stephen as part of a deal with the Spanish. In order to prevent Stephen from seizing power for himself, General Robinson spirited George II's young heir

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Nicaragua could not limit the goods imported or exported through the port of San Juan del Norte (Greytown), unless these goods went to or came from Nicaraguan territory outside the reserve.

1814:, did not answer. After the ultimatum expired, Miskito-British forces led by the King and Patrick Walker, and backed by two British warships, seized San Juan del Norte. They also destroyed 1391:" by George Frederic Augustus I and sold forged land rights to eager settlers and investors in Britain and France. Most settlers suffered from the lack of infrastructure and died from 7327: 4995: 7367: 7347: 5446: 1849:) in Honduras' Pacific coast. After British and American forces nearly clashed in El Tigre, both governments reprimanded the commanders of their forces there and concluded the 7397: 7322: 1250:

The Spanish also sought to occupy the positions formerly held by British settlers with their own colonists. Beginning in 1787, around 1,200 settlers were brought in from the

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and the firm opposition of Britain's merchant class to a war with the United States, the British government only protested and demanded an apology that was never received.

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The Miskito kings received regular gifts from the British in the form of weapons and consumer goods, and provided security against slave revolts and capturing runaways.

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The Miskito kings allowed the settlement of foreigners in their lands as long as their sovereignty was respected, opportunity that was seized by British merchants and

1337:, and Belize replaced Jamaica as the principal British connection to the kingdom. George Frederic Augustus I's 1816 coronation in Belize was imitated by his successor 7392: 2237:

The 1860 treaty also recognized that the Mosquito Kingdom, now reduced to the territory around Bluefields, would become an autonomous Miskito reserve, usually called

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off the coast of Honduras and rebuffed the American protests claiming that they had been part of Belize before the treaty. The American representative in Nicaragua,

7387: 1822:, during which Walker drowned. On March 7 Nicaragua signed a peace treaty where it ceded San Juan del Norte to the Mosquito Kingdom, who renamed it Greytown after 3407: 7332: 6835: 6319: 2336: 1243:

who remained himself friendly to the British, and the Tawira southerners aligned with Admiral Briton, who developed closer ties with Spain and adopted the name

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replied to with an ultimatum demanding all Nicaraguan forces to leave before January 1, 1848. Nicaragua appealed to the United States, but the Americans, then

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in 1841, who settled mainly in and around Bluefields, merging with the descendants of the slaves that had not been evacuated in 1786 and giving origin to the

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Nicaragua could not make concessions to the exploitation of natural resources in the Mosquito Coast. That right alone corresponded to the Miskito government.

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Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the area was divided into a large number of small, egalitarian groups, possibly speaking languages related to

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Memorial Submitted by the Government of Nicaragua, vol. I: Maritime delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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Offen, Karl (2002). "The Sambo and Tawira Miskitu: The Colonial Origins and Geography of Intra-Miskitu Differentiation in Eastern Nicaragua and Honduras".

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rule, which sought greater state control. The Miskito were strong supporters of U.S. efforts to undermine the Sandinistas and were important allies of the

2218: 1435: 1334: 5889: 5883: 3251: 3159: 4988: 4773: 4467: 431:, and in November 1894 the Mosquito Coast was militarily incorporated into Nicaragua. However, in 1960, the northern part was granted to Honduras by the 7382: 5945: 3317:

Naylor, Robert A. (1967). "The Mahogany Trade as a Factor in the British Return to the Mosquito Shore in the Second Quarter of the Nineteenth Century".

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Sovereignty over the Mosquito Coast belonged to Nicaragua, but it was largely limited by the autonomy of the Miskito, as recognized in the 1860 treaty.

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

4621: 4336: 2270:. His decision, released on June 2, agreed largely with the interests of the Miskito—and by extension, the British. The arbitration decided that: 1989: 4050: 1491: 962:, the company's main base and settlement, entered into regular correspondence with the coast during the decade of company occupation, 1631–1641. 1870:, business magnate and one of the richest people in the United States. The British government apologized after the United States sent two armed 5793: 4699: 2668: 1977: 1422:

The expansion of the economy attracted and benefitted from the arrival of capital from the United States, and immigrants from the States, the

7184: 7045: 6154: 4981: 4521: 4204: 3474: 3372: 1309: 6492: 4539: 3715: 6102: 5328: 4531: 4164: 3617: 3568: 1044:, including the king's residence near Sandy Bay, was a Sambu, as was the general, who ruled the northern portions of the kingdom, from the 977:

went to visit England. According to the testimony of his son Jeremy, taken around 1699, he was received in audience by "his brother king",

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describes an expedition in search of a silver mine along the coast. The relevant chapters are "an Outlandish Land" and "Blake's Story" in

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Britain's primary motive and the most immediate result of the treaty was to secure an alliance between the Miskito and British for the

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and was given a "lac'd hat" and a commission "to kindly use and relieve such straggling Englishmen as should chance to come that way".

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In the 1840s, two British citizens who travelled Europe advertising the sale of land in Cabo Gracias a Dios attracted the interest of

1904:, then landed and burnt the town to the ground. Damage was extensive but no one was killed. With its attention seized by the ongoing 1858:, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America", nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends. 1446: 1272: 7307: 7257: 6891: 6828: 6312: 5505: 4714: 3602: 3245: 3153: 3024: 2997: 2259:

increasing Nicaraguan immigration and the political instability in Nicaragua proper, which threatened the peace within the reserve.

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In 1881, Nicaragua and Britain agreed to subject the most disputed points of the 1860 treaty to the arbitration of the Emperor

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M. W. mentioned titled officers in his account of 1699, but later sources define these superior offices to include the king, a

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Fort Wellington on the Black River (Engraving showing Fort Wellington (Poyais) on the Black River, Mosquito Coast, mid 1840s.)

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Spain, which claimed the territory, suffered considerably from the Miskito attacks which continued during peacetime. When the

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to replace him with James Lawrie, the last British Superintendent before the evacuation and a declared adversary of Hodgson.

1185: 902: 875: 432: 3105: 3643: 1060:, was recorded; this man was also a Tawira, controlling a region on the extreme south from Pearl Key Lagoon down to around 6505: 6269: 6020: 5358: 5290: 4906: 4807: 4778: 4763: 4694: 4501: 4199: 4179: 4133: 4035: 3971: 1450: 1415:

Mosquito Kingdom as an independent state, and took diplomatic measures to prevent the new nations that left the imploding

485: 3748:, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, Ed.: Steven Ratuva. (London, New York, Singapure, Palgrave Macmillan 2019) url= 7262: 7144: 6821: 6305: 5755: 5679: 5655: 5649: 5009: 4911: 4901: 4684: 4606: 4586: 4289: 4012: 2316:

From 1883, the land and capital in the reserve began to be agglutinated by an increasingly small number of US citizens.

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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Penny Ante Imperialism: The Mosquito Shore and the Bay of Honduras, 1600–1914: A Case Study in British Informal Empire

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In August 1841, a British ship, without knowledge of London, carried the Miskito King Robert Charles Frederic and the

1357: 1289: 1160: 1096:, and the Miskito and British cooperated in attacks on Spanish settlements during the war. The most notable being the 813: 253: 222: 2811:, B. M., London, 1707, pp. lxxvi–lxxvii. According to a conversation held with Jeremy, the future king in about 1688. 1818:, where the British prisoners captured during the first attempt on San Juan del Norte were interned, and advanced to 3386: 6844: 6460: 6237: 6211: 6108: 5877: 4128: 4108: 4103: 4093: 3411: 3232: 3140: 2484: 2442: 1458: 1293: 1277: 1221: 1133: 2306:

Nicaragua could not regulate the Miskito's trade, nor tax importations to or exportations from the Mosquito Coast.

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The first British contacts with the Mosquito region started around 1630, when the agents of the English chartered

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Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".

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Helms, Mary (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".

2646: 1929: 1152: 943: 927: 777: 3269:, House of Commons of Great Britain, London, 1848, p. 46. The names of the signatories are printed on pp. 46-47. 2745:

Añoveros, Jesus Maria Garcia (1988). "La presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (La Mosquitia)".

1811: 74: 7068: 6575: 6283: 6230: 6138: 6096: 6060: 6014: 5629: 5278: 5220: 4881: 4740: 4677: 4647: 4359: 4306: 4247: 4184: 4169: 4065: 3964: 3517: 3248: 3156: 2635: 2325: 1201: 1137: 959: 623: 597: 420: 5461:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 3749: 7058: 6896: 6866: 6792: 6624: 6499: 6467: 6448: 6114: 6066: 6008: 5717: 5661: 5040: 4896: 4823: 4689: 4667: 4326: 3364:

The awakening coast : an anthology of Moravian writings from Mosquitia and eastern Nicaragua, 1849-1899

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in damages, an apology and a pledge of good behavior in the future. When the terms weren't met, the crew

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The Providence Island Company sponsored the Miskito's "King's Son" visit to England during the reign of

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was fired upon by a British warship for not paying port tariffs at Greytown. One of the passengers was

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in 1622, and a third one between 1667 and 1675. None of these efforts resulted in any lasting success.

7132: 7094: 7032: 6751:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6713: 6531: 6444: 6378: 6356: 6257: 6217: 6126: 6090: 6028: 5953: 5705: 5641: 5376: 5370: 5364: 4934: 4868: 4788: 4745: 4728: 4544: 4488: 4331: 4194: 4152: 1867: 1439: 1317: 966: 464: 170: 89: 3853:"Of Kings and Contexts: Ethnohistorical Interpretations of Miskito Political Structure and Function" 6913: 6886: 6881: 6192: 5995: 5902: 5850: 5737: 5725: 5693: 5605: 5396: 5308: 4848: 4413: 4374: 4346: 4270: 4235: 3999: 2676: 1823: 1799: 1259: 1225: 1193: 1141: 6798: 1402: 7174: 7078: 6876: 6871: 6438: 6420: 6360: 6251: 5977: 5939: 5915: 5896: 5787: 5334: 5260: 5226: 5125: 5108: 5034: 4957: 4891: 4876: 4581: 4316: 3910: 3839: 3831: 3802: 3660: 3401: 2968: 2933: 2863: 2855: 2727: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2349: 1655: 1508: 1454: 1370: 1330: 1240: 1073: 706: 611: 588: 520: 3625: 3576: 1184:

The Mosquito Coast was initially annexed (or from the Spanish point of view, re-annexed) to the

3491: 3350:

The diplomacy of trade and investment: American economic expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865-1900

1815: 7073: 7027: 7017: 6978: 6384: 6002: 5967: 5699: 5587: 5535: 5529: 5513: 5352: 5346: 5296: 5266: 5196: 4496: 4429: 4394: 4384: 4301: 3470: 3378: 3368: 3241: 3149: 3020: 2993: 2569: 2297: 2222: 2116: 2041: 1917: 1916:

to enlarge the British territory in Belize as compensation. The next year, Britain signed the

1886: 1802:

and the British desire to build a canal through Central America before the United States did.

1760: 1681: 1392: 1251: 573: 504: 165: 3880:

Del arco y la flecha a las armas de fuego. Los indios mosquitos y la historia centroamericana

3339:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 103–117; 122–123 on the concessions 7242: 7117: 7099: 7000: 6755: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6600: 6511: 6479: 6366: 6166: 6078: 5863: 5389: 5382: 5284: 5169: 5117: 4962: 4369: 4364: 4252: 4071: 3902: 3867: 3823: 3794: 2960: 2925: 2847: 2821: 2719: 2608: 2263: 2035: 2007: 1890: 1541: 1380: 1106: 1033: 652: 157: 2951:

Olien, Michael (1998). "General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession".

1841:

and Honduras to form a common front against the British, who were now threatening to annex

7237: 7104: 6973: 6941: 6708: 6485: 6414: 6205: 6144: 5983: 5667: 5569: 5272: 4434: 3852: 3647: 3594: 3498: 3433: 3255: 3236: 3163: 3144: 3109: 2776: 2630: 2594: 2550: 2527: 2515: 2267: 2144: 1941: 1937: 1897: 1462: 1374: 1366: 1244: 1209: 1100:

in August by 1747 – the main fort (Fuerte de San Fernando de Matina) was captured and the

1057: 1049: 1037: 1017: 3930:

Micro/Macro-Level Linkages: Regional Political Structure on the Mosquito Coast, 1845–1864

2809:

A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica ...

3539: 7010: 6593: 6581: 6426: 5971: 5960: 5749: 5711: 5617: 5581: 5575: 5541: 5082: 5005: 2511: 2148: 1819: 1733: 1699: 1519: 1431: 1255: 1189: 1149: 1097: 1077: 889: 841: 524: 416: 97: 7231: 6963: 6946: 6634: 6454: 5635: 5519: 4591: 4526: 3914: 3843: 2937: 2867: 2731: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2403: 2245:. The municipal constitution of the reserve, signed on September 13, 1861, confirmed 1882: 1305: 1213: 1164: 1148:; however, this ultimately failed when armed settlers led by the Anglo-Irish soldier 1004: 990: 974: 690: 460: 456: 207: 106: 3777: 3513: 3424: 1216:. Guatemala protested the perceived unruliness of the Spanish appointed governor at 6995: 6958: 6664: 6372: 5933: 5927: 5908: 5673: 5408: 5315: 5254: 5248: 3778:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987" 3514:"Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987" 2477: 2281: 1871: 1842: 1834: 1205: 1136:

broke out, Spanish forces attempted to eliminate the British presence, seizing the

1086: 1053: 995: 619: 607: 3871: 2767: 2700:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 95–102, 110–112, 144–157 2389:

The movement was backed by a 400-man "indigenous army" made up of veterans of the

1208:, mirroring the long-standing relation that the Mosquito Kingdom had earlier with 3464: 3447: 3202:

The Evacuation of the Mosquito Shore and the English Who Stayed Behind, 1786–1800

3102: 3014: 2987: 1833:

With the Mexican–American War concluded, the new US delegate in Central America,

7005: 6781: 6277: 6178: 5989: 5593: 5493: 5208: 5202: 3638: 2804: 2546: 2531: 1905: 1838: 1423: 1204:

even suggested that government over the Mosquito Coast should be transferred to

1045: 3944:

Die Mosquitoküste im Spannungsfeld Britischer und Spanischer Politik, 1502–1821

6983: 6054: 6035: 5778: 5557: 5176: 5096: 3906: 2929: 2723: 2584: 2460: 2370: 2289: 2226: 2025: 1940:. The first missionaries arrived in 1848 with a letter of recommendation from 1877:

More incidents happened in the following years. In 1852, Britain occupied the

1855: 1529: 1235: 1217: 1168: 1118: 1101: 1061: 1009: 508: 469: 427:. From 1860 suzerainty of the area was transferred to Nicaragua with the name 138: 7213: 7200: 6813: 3925:, Journal of Anthropological Research, vol. 39, no. 2, 1983, pp. 198–241 3827: 3382: 2851: 6700: 5553: 5302: 5089: 4476: 3716:"Account of the attempt to form a settlement in 1823, on the Mosquito Shore" 3449:

Foreign Relations of the United States: Nicaragua (Mosquito Territory), 1894

2507: 2418: 2195: 1913: 1747: 527: 507:" the region through missionary efforts. These included several attempts by 473: 408: 379: 337: 3722:. New Series (5). Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Archived from 3103:

Etnogénesis, hibridación y consolidación de la identidad del pueblo miskitu

1145: 3362: 2277:

Nicaragua had the right to fly its flag in any part of the Mosquito Coast.

6628: 6543: 5822: 5774: 5523: 5450: 5436: 5432: 5402: 5190: 4007: 3987: 2893:

M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and His Golden River", in Churchill, Anshaw;

2557: 2409: 1774: 1411: 1232: 951: 486:

Spanish conquest of Nicaragua § Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua

412: 384: 351: 183: 17: 3228: 3136: 2556:

Early history of the Mosquito Coast also saw minor involvement from the

2352:. During the 1980s, the department was dissolved and substituted by the 6537: 5870: 5830: 5423: 5180: 5139: 4534: 3835: 3806: 2859: 2415: 2390: 2374: 1827: 1384: 1377: 1312:, and between Nicaragua and Colombia for the rest of the 19th century. 999:

The Wanks or Coco river, in the northern limit of the Mosquito Kingdom.

970: 3763:

Nicaragua's Mosquito Shore: The Years of British and American Presence

3640:

Mosquito bite as a swarm of Miskitos takes over the coast of Nicaragua

2972: 1353:

A panoramic view of Black River in the (fictional) Territory of Poyais

6951: 6547: 5922: 5687: 5465: 5070: 4445: 1396: 1388: 1281: 1110: 530:

who preyed on Spanish ships soon found refuge in the Mosquito Coast.

30:

This article is about the Central American area. For other uses, see

3956: 3951:

Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII

3798: 3132:

Nota del Virrey Ezpeleta sobre Pacificación de la Costa de Mosquitos

2882:

Las Sociedades del Atlántico de Nicaragua en los siglos XVII y XVIII

3466:

Indigenous Struggles for Autonomy: The Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua

2964: 6048: 5770: 5242: 1427: 1401: 1356: 1348: 994: 493: 5599: 3937:

General, Governor and Admiral: Three Miskito Lines of Succession

3785:

Helms, Mary (1969). "The Cultural Ecology of a Colonial Tribe".

3294:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989, pp. 99–100 6817: 6652: 6564: 6301: 5810: 5482: 5157: 5053: 4977: 4449: 3960: 3191:, Revista de Historia de América, vol. 73/74, 1972, pp. 145–153 2779:, PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts, University College, London, 1969 958:

and established friendly relations with the local inhabitants.

3178:, Anuario de Estudios Americanos, vol. 23, 1967, pp. 1205–1235 2344:. The former Mosquito Coast was established as the Nicaraguan 1052:, controlled the southern regions, from the Cucalaya River to 955: 1188:. Since the beginning, however, poor land communication with 2769:

The British Superintendency of the Mosquito Shore, 1749–1787

3753: 2510:

has a population of 400,000 inhabitants, consisting of 57%

2309:

Nicaragua had to pay the money overdue to the Miskito king.

3176:

El Coronel Hodgson y la Expedición a la Costa de Mosquitos

490:

Spanish conquest of Honduras § Province of Taguzgalpa

7278:

Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas

1298:

Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina

3772:, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (NM), 1967 2393:, which captured the YAMATA party headquarters in 2009. 1262:

and Black River, but not in the new capital Bluefields.

1056:. In the later 18th century (post 1766), another title, 973:

in 1655, they recommenced relations with the coast, and

3618:"Narco-Dividends: White Lobsters on the Mosquito Coast" 3367:. Karl Offen, Terry Rugeley. Lincoln. 2014. p. 3. 2503:

The Mosquito Coast was a sparsely populated territory.

2284:

on the Mosquito Coast to defend her national interests.

534:

British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom

443:

in Honduras: i.e., the coast region as far west as the

3939:, Ethnohistory, vol. 45, no. 2, 1998, pp. 278–318 3932:, Ethnohistory, vol. 34, no. 3, 1987, pp. 256–287 3688:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 197–245. 2820:

M. W.; "The Mosqueto Indian and his Golden River". in

2553:

gained a significant following in the Mosquito Coast.

1920:, ceding the rest of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua. 1430:

and China. Especially abundant was the immigration of

5786:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 3882:, Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 2011 3189:

Spanish Colonization of the Mosquito Coast, 1787–1800

2762: 2760: 3889:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, London, 1989 2793:

Providence Island: The Other Puritan Colony, 1631–41

1463:

possible future transoceanic canal through Nicaragua

407:) is an area along the eastern coast of present-day 7157: 7087: 7041: 6934: 6927: 6851: 4867: 4806: 4727: 4634: 4553: 4487: 4345: 4288: 4234: 4151: 4080: 3998: 3279:

The Honduras Almanack for the year of our Lord 1829

3240:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, 3148:, Camacho Roldan y Tamayo, Bogotá, Colombia, 1883, 2140: 2126: 2113: 2101: 2082: 2067: 2055: 2047: 2031: 2021: 2013: 1955: 1695: 1678: 1665: 1652: 1642: 1630: 1613: 1600: 1583: 1567: 1555: 1547: 1535: 1525: 1514: 1475: 1469:

Second British protectorate and American opposition

837: 823: 810: 797: 787: 774: 762: 745: 732: 720: 700: 684: 672: 664: 645: 633: 580: 540: 372: 303: 293: 281: 262: 247: 235: 216: 201: 189: 179: 150: 128: 81: 41: 3746:Displaced minorities: The Wayuu and Miskito people 3516:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. p. 37. 2992:. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68–69. 1247:Carlos Antonio Castilla after his own conversion. 7373:19th-century disestablishments in Central America 3588: 3586: 3215:An Account of the British Settlement of Honduras 2675:. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Archived from 985:Emergence of the Mosquitos Zambos (Miskito Sambu) 1419:in 1838–1841 from interfering with the kingdom. 1180:Government reorganization and Spanish settlement 4512:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) 3436:, International Court of Justice, 21 March 2001 3204:, The Americas, vol. 55, no. 1, 1998, pp. 63–89 1453:, to occupy Nicaragua's only Caribbean port in 511:between 1604 and 1612; another one led by Fray 1192:made easier for the Miskito elites to sail to 7328:States and territories disestablished in 1894 6829: 6313: 4989: 4461: 3972: 3595:"Drugs dilemma on Nicaragua's Mosquito coast" 3267:Correspondence Respecting the Mosquito Shore 1798:Frederic, but also by the impending American 8: 7368:1860 disestablishments in the British Empire 7348:1787 disestablishments in the British Empire 6748:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 6731:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6609:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3923:The Miskito Kings and the Line of Succession 3502:, Pueblos Originarios de América: Biografías 3217:, R. Baldwin, London, 1811 (2nd ed.), p. 219 3072:, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington (DC), 2003 2506:Today, what used to be the Miskito Coast of 1048:to nearly Trujillo. The Governor, who was a 3123: 3121: 3119: 3056: 2884:, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995, p. 165 1436:slavery in the British and French Caribbean 1089:was established over the Mosquito Kingdom. 503:century and in the 17th century sought to " 498:Political map of the Caribbean around 1600. 7323:States and territories established in 1638 6931: 6836: 6822: 6814: 6649: 6561: 6335: 6320: 6306: 6298: 5807: 5479: 5154: 5050: 4996: 4982: 4974: 4816: 4812: 4733: 4640: 4559: 4468: 4454: 4446: 4294: 4240: 4157: 4086: 3979: 3965: 3957: 3446:United States Department of State (1895). 3406:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3305:British and Foreign State Papers (1849–50) 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 1952: 1472: 537: 73: 38: 7363:1844 establishments in the British Empire 7343:1638 establishments in the British Empire 7170:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 3569:"Mosquito Coast Bites Nicaragua's Ortega" 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 5792:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 3770:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 3540:"Nicaragua's Miskitos seek independence" 3307:, vol. 38, London, 1862, pp. 687 and 689 3016:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 2989:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia 7378:1894 disestablishments in North America 7338:1860 disestablishments in North America 2660: 2225:on January 28, 1860, which transferred 1284:and established a regency in his name. 7398:United Kingdom–United States relations 6777:Historical flags of the British Empire 6761:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 3399: 3780:. Stanford (CA): Stanford University. 3281:, Legislative Assembly, Belize, p. 56 2125: 2112: 2108: 2081: 2066: 2062: 2054: 1677: 1664: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1612: 1599: 1595: 1582: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1196:and swear fealty to Spain before the 1117:River area, Cape Gracias a Dios, and 822: 809: 796: 786: 773: 769: 744: 731: 727: 719: 699: 683: 679: 671: 302: 292: 288: 261: 246: 242: 234: 215: 200: 196: 188: 7: 7333:1638 establishments in North America 4522:United States occupation (1912–1933) 3352:, University of Missouri Press, 1998 3013:Floyd, Troy S. (December 26, 1967). 1212:, but this idea was rejected by the 7358:1819 disestablishments in New Spain 6858:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies 6588:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 5431:. British Cameroons is now part of 4031:Federal Republic of Central America 3953:, Banco Nicaraguënse, Managua, 1995 3816:Journal of Anthropological Research 3765:, University of Alabama Press, 1985 2897:, London, 1728, vol. 6, pp. 285–290 2895:A Collection of Voyages and Travels 2840:Journal of Anthropological Research 2826:A Collection of Voyages and Travels 1417:Federal Republic of Central America 1302:United Provinces of Central America 7393:Nicaragua–United Kingdom relations 7318:Former monarchies of North America 7293:History of the British West Indies 5447:unilaterally declared independence 5142:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 3452:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 3019:. University of New Mexico Press. 2795:, Cambridge University Press, 1993 118:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua 25: 7388:Honduras–United Kingdom relations 6654:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 6633:Occupied by Argentina during the 2017:Autonomous territory of Nicaragua 1082:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 7353:1787 establishments in New Spain 7283:Former colonies in North America 7165:List of monarchs in the Americas 6902:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6797: 6788: 6787: 6200:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4070: 4064: 3605:from the original on 2012-01-01. 3538:Gibbs, Stephen (3 August 2009). 3303:His grants to them are found in 3134:, 1790, in Pereira, Ricardo S.; 2615: 2601: 2587: 2358:South Atlantic Autonomous Region 2354:North Atlantic Autonomous Region 2200: 2175: 1988: 1976: 1936:, who delegated the task in the 1779: 1765: 1740: 1726: 1490: 907: 882: 868: 555: 356: 342: 59: 7303:18th century in Central America 7298:17th century in Central America 3666:. Salamanca: El Rincón del Vago 3550:from the original on 2022-07-04 3520:from the original on 2010-04-20 3463:Baracco, Luciano (2018-11-29). 3389:from the original on 2020-05-08 2906:M. W.; "Mosketo Indian", p. 293 2128:• Annexation to Nicaragua 1406:Dwellings in Bluefields in 1845 1008:Miskito Sambu settled near the 415:. It was named after the local 32:Mosquito Coast (disambiguation) 6696:Australian Antarctic Territory 5552:since 1965 (before as part of 5549:British Indian Ocean Territory 5435:, while Tanganyika is part of 5069:since 1960 (before as part of 4545:Post-Sandinista period (1990–) 3650:, SchNEWS, no. 677, 2009-05-29 2828:, London, 1732, vol. 6, p. 288 2234:decided in favor of Honduras. 2232:International Court of Justice 1924:Arrival of the Moravian Church 1889:, the Americans sent then the 1383:pretended to have been named " 1186:Captaincy General of Guatemala 903:Captaincy General of Guatemala 876:Captaincy General of Guatemala 433:International Court of Justice 101:(1787–1800, de jure 1816–1819) 1: 7145:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76) 4540:Sandinista period (1979–1990) 3872:10.1525/ae.1986.13.3.02a00070 2494:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2487:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2480:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2473:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 2466:, Hereditary Chief of Miskito 1644:• Protectorate declared 1457:, placed at the mouth of the 1258:. They settled in Sandy Bay, 954:treasurer—occupied two small 7383:Honduras–Nicaragua relations 5010:British Overseas Territories 4013:Spanish conquest of Honduras 3575:. 1 May 2009. Archived from 1373:. Between 1820 and 1837 the 480:Attempted Spanish settlement 27:Coastline in Central America 6723:British Antarctic Territory 6433:Western Pacific Territories 4859:Water supply and sanitation 4337:Water supply and sanitation 3684:Burden, W. Douglas (1956). 3492:Jefes Hereditarios Miskitos 2471:George William Albert Hendy 2455:George Augustus Frederic II 2280:Nicaragua could maintain a 2247:George Augustus Frederic II 2183:Second British protectorate 2074:George Augustus Frederic II 1808:George Augustus Frederic II 1574:George Augustus Frederic II 1434:following the abolition of 1310:Latin American independence 1290:Real Audiencia of Guatemala 721:Superintendent of the Shore 423:interests and known as the 254:George Augustus Frederic II 223:George Augustus Frederic II 7414: 7288:Regions of Central America 6845:Monarchies in the Americas 6461:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5878:British Arctic Territories 4056:2009 constitutional crisis 3708:Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua) 3616:Rogers, Tim (2011-04-14). 3593:Rogers, Tim (2011-05-10). 3319:Jamaica Historical Journal 2485:Jonathan Charles Frederick 2443:George Frederic Augustus I 2323: 1837:, tried to get Nicaragua, 1447:British Governor of Belize 1294:Viceroyalty of New Granada 1278:George Frederic Augustus I 1134:American Revolutionary War 988: 825:• British evacuation 483: 419:and was long dominated by 29: 7313:19th century in Nicaragua 6772: 6741: 6701:Commonwealth of Australia 6659: 6648: 6619: 6571: 6560: 6526: 6333: 6297: 6103:Newfoundland and Labrador 5817: 5806: 5784:League of Nations mandate 5765: 5489: 5478: 5459:Lancaster House Agreement 5429:League of Nations mandate 5418: 5164: 5153: 5060: 5049: 5016: 4928: 4819: 4815: 4736: 4643: 4562: 4527:Somoza Family (1936–1979) 4407: 4297: 4243: 4160: 4089: 4062: 3907:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 3776:Hale, Charles R. (1994). 3512:Hale, Charles R. (1994). 3029:– via Google Books. 2930:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 2724:10.1215/00141801-49-2-319 2221:and Nicaragua signed the 2154: 2136: 2109: 2097: 2063: 2002: 1972: 1967: 1930:Prince Charles of Prussia 1705: 1691: 1638: 1626: 1596: 1579: 1563: 1518:Protectorate of the 1503: 1487: 1482: 1461:and likely endpoint of a 1161:1786 Convention of London 1138:settlement at Black River 1003:While accounts vary, the 944:Providence Island Company 928:Providence Island Company 847: 833: 778:Providence Island Company 770: 758: 728: 716: 686:• c. 1650–1687 680: 568: 552: 547: 317: 313: 289: 277: 243: 231: 203:• c. 1650–1687 197: 72: 56: 51: 7308:19th century in Honduras 7258:Colonial Central America 7046:colonies in the Americas 6231:Turks and Caicos Islands 5538:(protectorate) 1907–1949 5113:(integrated into the UK) 4648:Administrative divisions 4507:Mexican rule (1822–1823) 4165:Administrative divisions 3828:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966 3187:Sorsby, William Shuman; 2852:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966 2766:Sorsby, William Shuman; 2326:Nicaragua Crisis of 1895 1324:Renewed British presence 1202:Francisco Gil de Taboada 1142:driving British settlers 930:and sealed an alliance. 7273:Former Spanish colonies 7268:Former English colonies 7185:Araucania and Patagonia 7054:Courland and Semigallia 6514:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 6339:18th and 19th centuries 6155:Queen Charlotte Islands 6115:North-Western Territory 6087:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 5690:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 5355:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 5041:Commonwealth of Nations 3949:Romero Vargas, Germán; 3946:, Bölau., Cologne, 1988 3878:Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia; 3714:Douglas, James (1867). 2880:Romero Vargas, German; 2673:Encyclopædia Britannica 2449:Robert Charles Frederic 2364:Miskito under Nicaragua 2320:Annexation to Nicaragua 1669:Bombardment of Greytown 1339:Robert Charles Frederic 1222:José Manuel de Ezpeleta 52:Early 17th century–1894 7253:Geography of Nicaragua 7180:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 6264:West Indies Federation 5453:) and continued as an 5039:Current member of the 3697:Sources and references 3686:Look to the Wilderness 2986:Floyd, Troy S (1967). 2789:Kupperman, Karen Ordal 2574:Look to the Wilderness 2518:(Afro-Europeans), 15% 2464:William Henry Clarence 2256:William Henry Clarence 1410:At the same time, the 1407: 1362: 1354: 1198:Viceroy of New Granada 1153:retook the settlements 1000: 938:Early British alliance 776:• Arrival of the 499: 305:• Disestablished 114:(1810–1816, 1819–1844) 93:(1638–1787, 1844–1860) 7248:Geography of Honduras 6935:Indigenous monarchies 6892:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6186:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5457:state until the 1979 5066:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4008:Pre-Columbian history 3710:– Mosquito Coast flag 3410:) CS1 maint: others ( 3226:Pereira, Ricardo S.; 3174:Pedrote, Enrique S.; 2623:United Kingdom portal 2530:(Afro-Indians), 0.5% 2492:Robert Henry Clarence 2089:Robert Henry Clarence 2032:Common languages 1851:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty 1654:• Annexation of 1536:Common languages 1440:Miskito Coast Creoles 1405: 1360: 1352: 1280:to Jamaica by way of 1024:Sociopolitical system 998: 646:Common languages 497: 269:Robert Henry Clarence 151:Common languages 7095:Barbados (1966–2021) 6714:Realm of New Zealand 6712:(transferred to the 6699:(transferred to the 6532:Realm of New Zealand 6133:Prince Edward Island 6011:1671–1816, 1833–1960 5126:Malta (Protectorate) 4715:Territorial disputes 4139:World Heritage Sites 3860:American Ethnologist 3851:Helms, Mary (1986). 3348:Pletcher, David M.; 3062:Latin America's Wars 3060:Scheina, Robert L.; 2239:Mosquito Reservation 1934:Schönburg-Waldenburg 1896:and demanded 24,000 1868:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1318:First Mexican Empire 814:Convention of London 801:British protectorate 789:• British ally 738:Robert Hodgson, Sr. 90:British protectorate 7263:History of Honduras 7210: / 7042:European monarchies 6862:Antigua and Barbuda 6745:Since 2009 part of 6637:of April–June 1982. 6224:Trinidad and Tobago 5838:Antigua and Barbuda 5738:Straits Settlements 3942:Potthast, Barbara; 3885:Naylor, Robert A.; 3754:permanent dead link 3661:"Lenguas indigenas" 3469:. Lexington Books. 3335:Naylor, Robert A.; 3290:Naylor, Robert A.; 3213:Henderson, George; 3128:Ezpeleta, Joseph de 2696:Naylor, Robert A.; 2337:occupied Bluefields 1824:Charles Edward Grey 1800:annexation of Texas 1451:Alexander MacDonald 1260:Cape Gracias a Dios 1226:Lord George Germain 1194:Cartagena de Indias 1094:War of Jenkins' Ear 1080:concluded a formal 399:(also known as the 295:• Established 7175:Kingdom of Redonda 7105:Guyana (1966–1970) 7100:Brazil (1822–1889) 5897:Cape Breton Island 5788:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 5630:Unfederated States 5445:Southern Rhodesia 5035:Commonwealth realm 4784:Telecommunications 4266:Telecommunications 4018:Captaincy General 3702:Internet resources 3646:2016-03-04 at the 3497:2015-04-24 at the 3432:2014-08-19 at the 3254:2014-08-19 at the 3235:2014-08-19 at the 3162:2014-08-19 at the 3143:2014-08-19 at the 3108:2022-01-07 at the 2775:2014-08-19 at the 2647:The Mosquito Coast 2437:George II Frederic 2381:Miskito separatism 2342:José Santos Zelaya 1902:bombarded Greytown 1812:at war with Mexico 1656:San Juan del Norte 1509:God Save the Queen 1455:San Juan del Norte 1408: 1371:Trujillo, Honduras 1363: 1355: 1345:Economic expansion 1241:George II Frederic 1128:British evacuation 1068:British settlement 1010:Wanks (Coco) River 1001: 926:the behest of the 707:George II Frederic 640:(King's residence) 513:Cristóbal Martinez 500: 299:Early 17th century 7214:13.379°N 83.584°W 7193: 7192: 7153: 7152: 6811: 6810: 6768: 6767: 6644: 6643: 6576:Providence Island 6556: 6555: 6521: 6520: 6389:Western Australia 6357:Van Diemen's Land 6293: 6292: 6270:Associated States 5968:Columbia District 5802: 5801: 5656:Manila and Cavite 5474: 5473: 5353:Southern Rhodesia 5347:South-West Africa 5297:Northern Rhodesia 5209:Cape of Good Hope 5149: 5148: 5029:Current territory 4971: 4970: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4802: 4801: 4723: 4722: 4700:Political parties 4695:National Assembly 4663:Foreign relations 4630: 4629: 4443: 4442: 4403: 4402: 4284: 4283: 4230: 4229: 4205:Political parties 4200:National Congress 4180:Foreign relations 4147: 4146: 3744:Cwik, Christian; 3476:978-1-4985-5882-2 3374:978-0-8032-5449-7 3100:García, Claudia; 2822:Churchill, Ansham 2650:- a 1986 US movie 2570:W. Douglas Burden 2526:(Amerindian), 1% 2332:Rigoberto Cabezas 2298:flag of Nicaragua 2223:Treaty of Managua 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2188: 2187: 2117:Treaty of Managua 2093: 2084:• 1890-1894 2078: 2069:• 1860-1865 1961:Reserva Mosquitia 1949:Treaty of Managua 1918:Treaty of Managua 1887:gunboat diplomacy 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1761:Treaty of Managua 1753: 1752: 1682:Treaty of Managua 1622: 1615:• 1849–1860 1609: 1602:• 1844–1848 1589: 1569:• 1842–1860 1393:tropical diseases 1273:Anglo-Spanish War 1252:Iberian Peninsula 1200:instead. Viceroy 1175:Spanish interlude 1144:from the isle of 1072:The Miskito king 960:Providence Island 950:was chairman and 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 895: 894: 754: 747:• 1775–1787 741: 734:• 1749–1759 712: 702:• 1776–1801 696: 641: 574:God Save the King 393: 392: 368: 367: 364: 363: 273: 264:• 1890–1894 258: 249:• 1860–1865 227: 218:• 1842–1860 212: 143: 121: 115: 102: 94: 16:(Redirected from 7405: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7088:Sovereign states 6932: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6815: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6756:Antarctic Treaty 6717: 6704: 6689:Falkland Islands 6681:Tristan da Cunha 6673:Ascension Island 6650: 6601:Falkland Islands 6562: 6530:Now part of the 6402:Pitcairn Islands 6367:Auckland Islands 6336: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6284:Windward Islands 6238:Vancouver Island 6015:MassachusettsBay 5884:British Columbia 5808: 5624:Federated States 5480: 5390:Tristan da Cunha 5359:Southern Nigeria 5291:Northern Nigeria 5170:Ascension Island 5155: 5114: 5051: 5025:Former territory 5022: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4975: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4907:National symbols 4817: 4813: 4764:Economic history 4759: 4734: 4641: 4560: 4502:Spanish conquest 4470: 4463: 4456: 4447: 4423: 4416: 4295: 4256: 4241: 4158: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4021: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3935:Olien, Michael; 3928:Olien, Michael; 3921:Olien, Michael; 3918: 3875: 3857: 3847: 3810: 3781: 3768:Floyd, Troy S.; 3755: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3624:. Archived from 3613: 3607: 3606: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3579:on 17 June 2013. 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3509: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3314: 3308: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3125: 3114: 3113:CSIC Press, 2007 3098: 3073: 3058: 3031: 3030: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2669:"Mosquito Coast" 2665: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2609:Nicaragua portal 2606: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2402:c. 1650–c. 1687 2296:replaced by the 2264:Francis Joseph I 2243:Mosquito Reserve 2204: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2156: 2155: 2132:20 November 1894 2091: 2076: 2056:Hereditary Chief 2008:Hermosa Soberana 1992: 1980: 1957:Mosquito Reserve 1953: 1783: 1782: 1769: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1744: 1743: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1707: 1706: 1620: 1607: 1587: 1494: 1473: 1381:Gregor MacGregor 1320:was proclaimed. 1167:, especially in 1107:British Honduras 1054:Pearl Key Lagoon 911: 910: 899: 898: 886: 885: 872: 871: 865: 864: 849: 848: 752: 739: 710: 694: 639: 629: 626:under local rule 617: 614:under local rule 602: 596:Protectorate of 593: 587:Protectorate of 559: 542:Mosquito Kingdom 538: 429:Mosquito Reserve 425:Mosquito Kingdom 360: 359: 346: 345: 334: 333: 319: 318: 309:20 November 1894 271: 256: 236:Hereditary Chief 225: 210: 141: 119: 113: 100: 92: 77: 63: 39: 21: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7228: 7227: 7219:13.379; -83.584 7218: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7149: 7083: 7043: 7037: 6923: 6847: 6842: 6812: 6807: 6764: 6737: 6711: 6709:Ross Dependency 6698: 6655: 6640: 6615: 6567: 6552: 6522: 6517: 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2469:1879–1888 H.E. 2453:1841–1865 H.M. 2447:1824–1841 H.M. 2441:1800–1824 H.M. 2435:1776–1800 H.M. 2429:1755–1776 H.M. 2423:1729–1755 H.M. 2399: 2383: 2366: 2328: 2322: 2268:Austria-Hungary 2201: 2176: 2147: 2145:Nicaraguan peso 2129: 2122:January 28 1860 2119: 2085: 2070: 2040: 2038: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1942:Lord Palmerston 1938:Moravian Church 1926: 1780: 1766: 1741: 1727: 1687:January 28 1860 1684: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1616: 1606:Patrick Walker 1603: 1585: 1570: 1540: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1478: 1477:Miskito Kingdom 1471: 1432:Afro-Caribbeans 1367:Garifuna people 1347: 1326: 1268: 1210:British Jamaica 1182: 1177: 1130: 1070: 1026: 993: 987: 948:Earl of Warwick 940: 908: 883: 869: 826: 816: 803: 790: 780: 748: 735: 709: 703: 693: 687: 660: 638: 627: 615: 605: 600: 591: 564: 561: 560: 543: 536: 492: 482: 453: 389: 357: 343: 306: 296: 265: 250: 219: 204: 175: 146: 124: 68: 67: 64: 47: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7411: 7409: 7401: 7400: 7395: 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4432: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124:National parks 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3901:(2): 319–372. 3890: 3883: 3876: 3866:(3): 506–523. 3848: 3822:(2): 179–197. 3811: 3782: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3711: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3676: 3652: 3631: 3628:on 2013-06-08. 3608: 3582: 3560: 3530: 3504: 3489:Varela, Raúl; 3482: 3475: 3455: 3438: 3417: 3373: 3354: 3341: 3328: 3309: 3296: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3115: 3074: 3032: 3025: 3005: 2998: 2978: 2965:10.2307/483061 2959:(2): 278–318. 2943: 2924:(2): 319–372. 2908: 2899: 2886: 2873: 2846:(2): 179–197. 2830: 2813: 2797: 2781: 2756: 2749:(in Spanish). 2737: 2702: 2689: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2612: 2598: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2565: 2562: 2543: 2540: 2538:(Amerindian). 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2395: 2382: 2379: 2365: 2362: 2330:When in 1894, 2321: 2318: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2285: 2278: 2275: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2152: 2151: 2149:Pound sterling 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1925: 1922: 1826:, governor of 1820:Lake Nicaragua 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1734:Miskito people 1731: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1703: 1702: 1700:Pound sterling 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584:Consul-General 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1520:United Kingdom 1516: 1512: 1511: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1459:San Juan River 1346: 1343: 1335:United Kingdom 1325: 1322: 1267: 1266:Miskito revolt 1264: 1256:Canary Islands 1190:Guatemala City 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1150:Edward Despard 1129: 1126: 1098:Raid on Matina 1069: 1066: 1025: 1022: 1020:in the 1720s. 989:Main article: 986: 983: 946:—of which the 939: 936: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 905: 896: 893: 892: 890:Miskito people 887: 879: 878: 873: 861: 860: 855: 845: 844: 842:Pound sterling 839: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 824: 821: 820: 817: 811: 808: 807: 804: 798: 795: 794: 791: 788: 785: 784: 781: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 760: 759: 756: 755: 749: 746: 743: 742: 736: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 722: 718: 717: 714: 713: 704: 701: 698: 697: 688: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 662: 661: 659: 658: 655: 649: 647: 643: 642: 635: 631: 630: 604: 603: 594: 584: 582: 578: 577: 566: 565: 562: 554: 553: 550: 549: 545: 544: 541: 535: 532: 481: 478: 452: 449: 417:Miskito Nation 405:Mosquito Shore 397:Mosquito Coast 391: 390: 388: 387: 382: 376: 374: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 354: 348: 347: 340: 331: 328: 327: 322: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 274: 266: 263: 260: 259: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 228: 220: 217: 214: 213: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 174: 173: 168: 163: 160: 154: 152: 148: 147: 145: 144: 136: 132: 130: 126: 125: 123: 122: 116: 103: 98:Spanish colony 95: 85: 83: 79: 78: 70: 69: 65: 58: 57: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 43:Mosquito Coast 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7410: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7226: 7223: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6832: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6651: 6647: 6636: 6635:Falklands War 6632: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6566:South America 6563: 6559: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6455:Union Islands 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167:Rupert's Land 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6127:Paulet affair 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073:New Hampshire 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6061:New Brunswick 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5812:North America 5809: 5805: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732:South Vietnam 5730: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5156: 5152: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Ethnic groups 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4222:Supreme Court 4220: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3726:on 2013-07-04 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246:9781141811274 3243: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154:9781141811274 3151: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026:9780826300362 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2999:9780826300362 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2679:on 2007-09-29 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2610: 2599: 2596: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2408:c. 1687–1718 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2397:Miskito Kings 2396: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 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