317:, syllables may last different amounts of time, but there is perceived to be a fairly constant amount of time (on average) between consecutive stressed syllables. Consequently, unstressed syllables between stressed syllables tend to be compressed to fit into the time interval: if two stressed syllables are separated by a single unstressed syllable, as in
412:, for example, tends toward syllable-timing. This does not necessarily mean the language standard itself is to be classified as syllable-timed, of course, but rather that this feature is more pronounced. A subtle example is that to a native English speaker, for example, some accents from Wales may sound more syllable-timed.
497:
types of rhythm to a greater or lesser extent. T. F. Mitchell claimed that there is no language which is totally syllable-timed or totally stress-timed; rather, all languages display both sorts of timing. Languages will, however, differ in which type of timing predominates. This view was developed by
127:
While many linguists find the idea of different rhythm types appealing, empirical studies have not been able to find acoustic correlates of the postulated types, calling into question the validity of these types. However, when viewed as a matter of degree, relative differences in the variability of
480:
has proposed (citing work by Grabe and Low ) that, since languages differ from each other in terms of the amount of difference between the durations of vowels in adjacent syllables, it is possible to calculate a
Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) from measured vowel durations to quantify the
392:
Despite the relative simplicity of the classifications above, in the real world languages do not fit quite so easily into such precise categories. Languages exhibit degrees of durational variability both in relation to other languages and to other standards of the same language.
498:
Dauer in such a way that a metric was provided allowing researchers to place any language on a scale from maximally stress-timed to maximally syllable-timed. Examples of this approach in use are
Dimitrova's study of Bulgarian and Olivo's study of the rhythm of Ashanti Twi.
229:
Since the 1950s, speech scientists have tried to show the existence of equal syllable durations in the acoustic speech signal without success. More recent research claims that the duration of consonantal and vocalic intervals is responsible for syllable-timed perception.
221:
are commonly quoted as examples of syllable-timed languages. This type of rhythm was originally metaphorically referred to as "machine-gun rhythm" because each underlying rhythmical unit is of the same duration, similar to the transient bullet noise of a
423:. The latter has mixed characteristics and varies according to speech rate, sex and dialect. At fast speech rates, Brazilian Portuguese is more stress-timed, while in slow speech rates, it can be more syllable-timed. The accents of rural, southern
123:
claimed "As far as is known, every language in the world is spoken with one kind of rhythm or with the other ... French, Telugu and Yoruba ... are syllable-timed languages, ... English, Russian and Arabic ... are stress-timed languages."
53:-timed. Real world languages do not fit quite so easily into such precise categories. Given the lack of solid evidence for a clear-cut categorical distinction between the two rhythmical types, it seems reasonable to suggest instead that
1120:
Grabe, Esther, "Variation Adds to
Prosodic Typology", B.Bel and I. Marlin (eds), Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 Conference, 11–13 April 2002, Aix-en-Provence: Laboratoire Parole et Langage, 127–132.
1011:
785:
Ong Po Keng, Fiona, Deterding, David and Low Ee Ling (2007) 'Rhythm in
Singapore and British English: a comparison of indexes'. In David Deterding, Adam Brown and Low Ee Ling (eds. 2005),
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differences. The data show that, for example, Dutch (traditionally classed as a stress-timed language) exhibits a higher PVI than
Spanish (traditionally a syllable-timed language).
305:
400:, a syllable-timed language, are effectively stress-timed. English, a stress-timed language, has become so widespread that some standards tend to be more syllable-timed than the
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958:
473:, are most frequently essentially stress-timed. Also, male speakers of Brazilian Portuguese speak faster than female speakers and speak in a more stress-timed manner.
1153:
1169:
Grice, M.; D'Imperio, M.; Savino, M.; Avesani, C., 1998. "Strategies for intonation labelling across varieties of
Italian" in Hirst, D.; Di Christo, A., 1998.
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163:
In a syllable-timed language, every syllable is perceived as taking up roughly the same amount of time, though the absolute length of time depends on the
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Given the lack of solid evidence for a clear-cut categorical distinction between the two rhythmical types, it seems reasonable to suggest instead that
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in 1945, though the concept of language naturally occurring in chronologically and rhythmically equal measures is found at least as early as 1775 (in
270:
vowels, so CVV takes roughly twice the time as CV. A final /N/ also takes roughly as much time as a CV syllable, as does the extra length of a
759:
Low Ee Ling, Grabe, Esther and Nolan, Francis (2000) 'Quantitative characterisations of speech rhythm: syllable-timing in
Singapore English',
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was also mora-timed, though most modern dialects are not. Mora-timing is still common when reciting classical
Persian poetry and music.
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Nespor, M., Shukla, M., & Mehler, J. (2011). Stress‐timed vs. syllable‐timed languages. In van
Oostendorp et al. (Eds.),
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321:, the unstressed syllable will be relatively long, while if a larger number of unstressed syllables intervenes, as in
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Roach, Peter (1982) 'On the distinction between "stress-timed" and "syllable-timed languages", in David
Crystal (ed)
396:
There can be varying degrees of stress-timing within the various standards of a language. Some southern dialects of
509:, Welsh is neither syllable-timed nor stress-timed, as syllable length varies less than in stress-timed languages.
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918:"Quantifying Speech Rhythms: Perception and Production Data in the Case of Spanish, Portuguese, and English"
435:) are considered to sound more syllable-timed than the others, while the southeastern dialects such as the
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A better-documented case of these varying degrees of stress-timing in a language comes from Portuguese.
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standards, an effect which comes from the influence of other languages spoken in the relevant region.
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Ehsan Shafiee Zargar, University of Texas at Arlington and Hamed Rahmani, Radboud University Nijmegen
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450:
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Deterding, David (2001) 'The Measurement of Rhythm: A Comparison of Singapore and British English',
167:. Syllable-timed languages tend to give syllables approximately equal prominence and generally lack
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1218:; Phonetics Laboratory, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Speech Prosody Studies Group, Brazil
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E. Grabe and E.L. Low (2000) "Durational Variability in Speech and the Rhythm Class Hypothesis",
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332:, but any resemblance between the two is only superficial. Stress-timing is strongly related to
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English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus, Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia)
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http://www.journalofspeechsciences.org/index.php/journalofspeechsciences/article/view/27/12
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are typical stress-timed languages. Some stress-timed languages retain unreduced vowels.
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679:"Prosodic Typology: On the Dichotomy between Stress-Timed and Syllable-Timed Languages"
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Olivo, A. M. (2011) Exploring the speech rhythm continuum: evidence from Ashanti Twi,
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Kenworthy, J. (1987). Teaching English pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Dimitrova, S. (1998) "Bulgarian speech rhythm – Syllable-timed or stress-timed?",
1198:– O Troqueu Silábico no Sistema Fonológico (Um Adendo ao Artigo de Plínio Barbosa)
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UTA Working Papers in Linguistics. ed. Susan C. Herring and John C. Paolillo. P.83
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An American English speaker narrating this section. Listen for his stress timing.
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The Variable Elision of Unstressed Vowels in European Portuguese: A Case Study
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41:. Three alternative ways in which a language can divide time are postulated
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Three alternative ways in which a language can divide time are postulated:
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Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) XVI
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Azevedo, Milton Mariano. 2005. Portuguese: a linguistic introduction. P.54
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827:"The Implications of Prosodic Differences Between English and Armenian"
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1349:Étude sur la discrimination des langues par la prosodie (pdf document)
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Meireles, Alexsandro R.; Tozetti1, João Paulo; Borges, Rogério R.;
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Dauer, R. (1987) Phonetic and phonological components of rhythm,
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Supra-segmental Phonology (rhythm, intonation and stress-timing)
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Dauer, R. (1983) Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed,
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Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
1345:, eds. L. Bauer and P. Trudgill, Penguin, 1998, pp. 150–8
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http://www.personal.reading.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/sdjipa.htm
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Proceedings of the XI Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 447–450
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The stress-timing–syllable-timing distinction as a continuum
1012:
Linguistic Change and the Future of Metrical Persian Poetry
1209:
Speech rate and rhythmic variation in Brazilian Portuguese
801:"On the syllable-timing of Cantonese and Beijing Mandarin"
567:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 34–35.
1359:
Languages' rhythm and language acquisition (pdf document)
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http://www.personal.reading.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/frp.pdf
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The duration of every syllable is equal (syllable-timed);
1082:(in German) (2nd ed.), Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag
1343:, "Some Languages are Spoken More Quickly Than Others"
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Mitchell, T. F. (1969), review of Abercrombie (1967),
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syllable duration across languages have been found.
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258:-timed, rather than syllable-timed. In Japanese, a
943:Clark John, Yallop Collin, Fletcher Janet (2007).
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1280:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
262:takes up one timing unit. Japanese does not have
998:Sanskrit Prosody and Numerical Symbols Explained
1065:An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English
449:, of the northern coast and eastern regions of
61:types of rhythm to a greater or lesser extent.
853:"Korean speech rhythm using rhythmic measures"
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1042:(3rd ed.). Routledge. pp. 135–138.
8:
978:. Vol. 49, No. 4 (Dec., 1973), pp. 794–849.
957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
834:Collection of Scientific Articles of YSU SSS
325:, the unstressed syllables will be shorter.
27:Rhythmic division of time in spoken language
1014:Mohsen Mahdavi Mazdeh, Cambridge University
709:
707:
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565:The Intonation of American English, vol. 1
493:languages (and all their accents) display
97:. The idea of was first expressed thus by
93:division of time into equal portions by a
57:languages (and all their accents) display
37:division of time into equal portions by a
542:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
1080:Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen
972:The Inflectional Accent in Indo-European
580:"Accent and Time in Descriptive Prosody"
1160:Durational Variability, Low & Grabe
1024:Musical Rhythm in Persian Poetic Meters
945:Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
750:(pp. 1147-1159). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
530:
1317:Gibbon, D. & Williams, B. (2007).
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947:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. (pp)340.
872:
861:
1067:(4th ed.), London: Edward Arnold
519:Stress and vowel reduction in English
298:Stress and vowel reduction in English
7:
748:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
658:"Another slice of prosodic sausage"
540:English Intonation: An Introduction
722:(5th ed.). Thomson. pp.
328:Stress-timing is sometimes called
150:The interval between two stressed
25:
851:Mok, Peggy; Lee, Sang Im (2008).
388:Degrees of durational variability
254:also have regular pacing but are
1036:Collins, B.; Mees, I. (2013) .
891:"Research on linguistic rhythm"
578:Lightfoot, Marjorie J. (1970).
284:were also strictly mora-timed.
1229:Papers in Laboratory Phonology
637:"Slicing the syllabic bologna"
596:10.1080/00437956.1970.11435580
419:is more stress-timed than the
111:(1889) attributed the idea to
1:
1173:. Cambridge University Press.
980:Linguistic Society of America
656:Mark Liberman (May 6, 2008).
619:Elements of General Phonetics
808:Chinese Journal of Phonetics
621:. Edinburgh U.P. p. 97.
132:Alternative division of time
115:. This has implications for
617:Abercrombie, David (1967).
1649:
1319:"Timing Patterns in Welsh"
1296:Journal of Speech Sciences
1101:Silva, David James. 1994.
924:. University of California
295:
825:Mirakyan, Norayr (2016).
714:Ladefoged, Peter (2006).
563:Pike, Kenneth L. (1945).
1001:. Trübner & Company.
696:Linguistic Controversies
677:Antonio Pamies Bertrán.
154:is equal (stress-timed).
840:(13). YSU Press: 91–96.
69:Rhythm is an aspect of
1242:Journal of Linguistics
993:Brown, Charles Phillip
871:Cite journal requires
310:
147:is equal (mora-timed).
143:The duration of every
1338:Roach, Peter (1998).
1231:7 (The Hague, Mouton)
1078:Kohler, K.J. (1995),
1063:Gimson, A.C. (1989),
718:A Course in Phonetics
315:stress-timed language
308:
1255:Journal of Phonetics
774:Journal of Phonetics
538:Wells, John (2006).
467:eastern Minas Gerais
238:Some languages like
191:Brazilian Portuguese
799:Mok, Peggy (2009).
761:Language and Speech
698:, Arnold, pp 73–9,
417:European Portuguese
378:European Portuguese
117:linguistic typology
104:Prosodia Rationalis
18:Mora-timed language
1305:2014-12-27 at the
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1171:Intonation Systems
1156:2013-06-15 at the
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776:, 29 (2), 217–230.
421:Brazilian standard
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272:geminate consonant
33:is the postulated
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1049:978-0-415-50650-2
974:. Paul Kiparsky.
922:escholarship.org/
425:Rio Grande do Sul
330:Morse-code rhythm
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1548:Vowel length
1452:Pitch accent
1447:Tone contour
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1298:1(2), 3–15;
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1582:Pitch reset
1492:Tone letter
1487:Tone sandhi
1282:27, 27–33,
1192:Bisol, leda
336:processes.
234:Mora timing
224:machine gun
1622:Categories
1571:Intonation
1543:Gemination
1244:5, 153–164
814:: 148–154.
525:References
455:fluminense
453:, and the
447:paulistano
296:See also:
264:diphthongs
244:Gilbertese
89:refers to
75:intonation
1628:Phonetics
1472:Downdrift
1257:11, 51–62
953:cite book
928:24 August
901:24 August
604:0043-7956
476:Linguist
451:São Paulo
429:Northeast
366:Norwegian
203:Cantonese
195:Icelandic
152:syllables
87:Isochrony
31:Isochrony
1597:Loudness
1538:Chroneme
1462:Downstep
1457:Register
1414:Syllable
1303:Archived
1212:Archived
1154:Archived
1106:Archived
995:(1869).
976:Language
895:unito.it
513:See also
457:, along
427:and the
240:Japanese
211:Armenian
199:Singlish
187:Romanian
95:language
91:rhythmic
45:-timed,
43:syllable
39:language
35:rhythmic
1573:(pitch)
1563:Prosody
897:. LFSAG
724:245–247
438:mineiro
402:British
398:Italian
370:Faroese
362:Swedish
354:Russian
338:English
215:Turkish
183:Spanish
179:Italian
165:prosody
71:prosody
65:History
1592:Rhythm
1587:Stress
1530:Length
1520:Accent
1502:Stress
1467:Upstep
1406:Timing
1353:French
1125:
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602:
546:
445:, the
380:, and
358:Danish
350:German
268:double
248:Slovak
219:Korean
175:French
113:Curwen
109:Soames
81:, and
79:stress
51:stress
1607:Pausa
1321:. In
1196:PUCRS
856:(PDF)
830:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
682:(PDF)
433:Bahia
374:Dutch
313:In a
252:Ganda
1439:Tone
1419:Mora
1131:.doc
1123:ISBN
1044:ISBN
959:link
930:2019
903:2019
877:help
728:ISBN
600:ISSN
584:WORD
544:ISBN
505:and
495:both
465:and
342:Thai
280:and
266:but
256:mora
250:and
217:and
145:mora
59:both
47:mora
1129:. (
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592:doi
491:all
404:or
346:Lao
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