45:
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mother and
European father. They buried his body and quickly returned to warn their brethren in Schoenbrunn as they thought that the others at Gnadenhutten met the same fate. The Moravian Christian Indians at Schoenbrunn fled to Sandusky before the American militiamen could reach Schoenbrunn, where they planned to commit another massacre.
789:
The monument to the
Moravian martyrs at Gnadenhutten stands upon the site of the Indian town, now the modern cemetery. The small mounds mark the graves of the victims whose bones were gathered by the faithful missionaries some time after the massacre. At Goshen, a short distance up the Tuscarawas, is
292:
on March 6 in order to deliver the news that all of them would be moving to
Detroit. Two of the Moravian Indians from Schoenbrunn went to tell their brethren in Gnadenhutten but on their journey there, they saw that American soldiers had mangled body of Joseph Schebosh Jr, a Moravian with an Indian
357:, an ally of the British, but the destruction of Moraviantown is little more than a footnote. The Munsee fled into the wilderness for safe haven until hostilities had ceased, then returned to build a new Fairfield across the Thames River to the south, which is now known as Moraviantown.
473:
Although the two tribes shared a reservation and were considered one tribe by the United States government in all dealings, they maintained their separate identities in cultural and religious practices. The
Moravian church continued to send
808:
In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety
Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American
268:
militiamen, in search of
Indians who had been raiding settlements in western Pennsylvania, happened upon a group of ninety-six of Zeisberger's Christian Munsee harvesting corn, and rounded them up in the eastern Ohio village of
1576:
165:
to North
American Indian tribes and started settlements, with full tribal support. The ranks of the Christian Munsee included influential Lenape chiefs from the start. The Moravian Christian approach was to preserve
493:. In 1900, the final disbursement of federal funds was paid, and all benefits and official recognition as Native Americans were dissolved. A number of the Christian Munsee Tribe in Kansas live on the reservation in
308:) and others to Kansas, along with Christian missionaries who continued to live and work among them. The descendants of Jacob and Ester, the surviving children of Israel Welapachtshechen (who was martyred in the
462:(Chippewa) that had migrated from Michigan. The Treaty of 1859 officially combined the Swan Creek and Black River Band Chippewa and the Christian Munsee on a reservation of twelve square miles along the
1581:
1087:
281:. But the militia took a vote and decided to kill all of these "Indians", including the women and children. Those killed are known as the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs.
969:
1546:
1267:
970:"Glikhikan, captain of the Lenni Lenape Wolf Clan, speaker in the council of Kaskaskunk, and principal advisor of the great chief Custaloga: Martyred 1782 A.D."
226:, that were endemic among the newcomers, but to which they had no acquired immunity. Those who survived were forced inland by encroaching European settlements.
249:. They sought to protect their converts by creating separate mission villages in the frontier, apart from both European settlers and from other native people.
427:
A small band of
Christian Munsee decided to migrate again, this time to Kansas Territory, to join their non-Christian Lenape kinsmen. They settled first in
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1080:
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297:
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transferred some of their missions to other
Christian denominations, such as the Methodists, Christian Munsee today belong to the Moravian Church,
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1452:
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134:(a Moravian Lenape diplomat and preacher), Glikhikan (Munsee chief, Moravian elder, and Christian martyr), and Washington Jacobs (a chief of the
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By the 1830s, a faction of the
Christian Munsee favored a move to the American West. In 1837, some of the Munsee from Fairfield journeyed to
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While the American militiamen murdered the Moravian Christian Indians in Gnadenhutten, a messenger sent by the Moravian missionaries in
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1014:
Weslager, C. A. (1974). "Enrollment List of Chippewa and Delaware-Munsies Living in Franklin County, Kansas, May 31, 1900".
44:
1130:
1457:
218:. Like most native peoples of the Atlantic coast, the Munsee suffered from the introduction of European diseases, such as
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However, most of the Munsee eventually returned to Canada. The Christian Munsee in southern Ontario remain today as the
401:
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to the individual members and descendants of the tribes in separate 160-acre plots. The people eventually accepted
1329:
432:
304:. Zeisberger lived there until his death, after which many of the Moravian Christian Indians moved to Ontario (cf.
1241:
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missionaries. The Moravians were descended from exiled Protestants from Morava, now Czech Republic, who founded a
1350:
1345:
405:
428:
384:
to join another Christian band of Indians, the Stockbridge Indians, a combination of the last remnants of the
332:. There they lived in relative peace for twenty years, supporting themselves with their farming and industry.
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In 1798, David Zeisberger led many of the Moravian Christian Indians back to Ohio, where they established the
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The Christian Munsee, who then numbered less than one hundred, chose to purchase a new reservation in
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with the entirety of the Christian faith. As such, Moravian Christian missionaries developed the
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The Christian Munsee tribe has produced several people who have become notable figures in both
1401:
948:
846:
737:
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632:
604:
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182:"compiled dictionaries of various Native tongues, translating them into English and German".
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1406:
1293:
1288:
448:
253:
199:
179:
104:
992:. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Building.
470:. Signing the treaty for the Munsee were Henry Donohoe, Ignatius Caleb, and John Williams.
1571:
1479:
1298:
1096:
571:
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The Christian Munsee tribe has produced several people who have become notable figures in
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485:, the Chippewa-Christian Indian Reservation, as it was known in the 1859 treaty, was
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229:
By the mid-18th century, one group of Lenape people began to follow the teachings of
72:
629:
Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere
320:
After ten more years of strife, most of the Christian Munsee followed Zeisberger to
506:
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393:
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In 1903, the Moravian Christians transferred the Munsee mission in Moraviantown to
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Glikhikan, Munsee chief, Moravian Christian elder, and Moravian Christian martyr
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17:
1044:"A Fragment of Kansas Land History: The Disposal of the Christian Indian Tract"
345:. The battle is well known historically as a victory for United States General
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127:
119:
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1380:
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486:
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324:, Canada, where they established a new home at Fairfield, commonly known as
273:. The Munsee protested their innocence of the incidents and explained their
260:, which he hoped would isolate them from the hostilities of the approaching
223:
131:
1375:
1365:
354:
238:
219:
385:
350:
339:, when American soldiers burned their village to the ground during the
321:
312:), make up the majority of the Christian Munsee tribe in Kansas today.
1038:
1033:
1007:
Blackcoats among the Delaware — David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier
459:
444:
246:
195:
191:
167:
60:
998:
Wilderness Christians — the Moravian Mission to the Delaware Indians
945:
Pacifist Prophet: Papunhank and the Quest for Peace in Early America
396:
in New York, whence the two tribes became known collectively as the
655:
1065:
210:
meet. The first recorded European contact occurred in 1524, when
1069:
497:
where they cling to their Christian faith and Lenape heritage.
79:
and have converted to Christianity, following the teachings of
1577:
History of the America (North) Province of the Moravian Church
759:"Event marks massacre of Moravian Delaware Indians in Gnaden"
49:
The power of the Gospel: Zeisberger preaching to the Indians
990:
Census of the Chippewa and Christian Indians, June 30, 1893
869:. Kansas State Historical Society. 1910. pp. 317–319.
83:
missionaries. The Christian Munsee are also known as the
256:. In 1772, he led his group of Christian Munsee to the
1582:
Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America
1488:
1440:
1389:
1338:
1317:
1276:
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1219:
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532:, a Moravian Christian Lenape diplomat and preacher
368:. Today many Christian Munsee still belong to this
252:The most prominent missionary among the Munsee was
170:cultural practices while introducing Lenape to the
867:Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society
650:
648:
631:. Native American Book Publishers. p. 1211.
141:Present-day Christian Munsee communities include
916:
914:
821:
819:
817:
145:, the Christian Munsee tribe in Kansas, and the
843:American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook
594:
592:
37:For the Christian Indians in New England, see
1081:
806:. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246.
730:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
501:Notable members of the Christian Munsee tribe
335:But they became unwitting victims during the
8:
1294:Moravian College & Theological Seminary
704:
702:
700:
698:
364:, a denomination that eventually joined the
118:and the Delaware Nation as a whole, such as
922:"Turtle Chief Tamanend Made a Peace Treaty"
622:
620:
1088:
1074:
1066:
882:"Munsee tribe remembers historic massacre"
711:David Zeisberger, Diary for March 23, 1782
845:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 65.
841:Kennedy, Frances H. (23 September 2008).
1009:. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
43:
588:
198:, occupying the area where present-day
111:, among other Christian denominations.
828:The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio
603:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. xvi.
7:
1547:Native American tribes in New Jersey
1055:Treaty with the Chippewa, Etc., 1859
968:Valderrama, David (25 August 2010).
830:. Gordon Printing. pp. 295–303.
802:Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899).
539:96 Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs
509:and the Delaware Nation as a whole:
1252:Star Mountain Rehabilitation Centre
790:the grave of the leader Zeisberger.
679:Delaware Tribe in a Cherokee Nation
709:Steele, T.A.; Miller, Jon (2006).
656:"The History of the Kansas Munsee"
277:and practice of non-combatant and
130:to the Native peoples in Alaska),
25:
516:, Lenape chief of the Turtle clan
1034:Christian Munsee Tribe in Kansas
627:Ricky, Donald (1 January 2009).
552:Washington Jacobs, chief of the
392:peoples of the east bank of the
1039:Delaware Nation at Moraviantown
826:Mansfield, John Brandt (1884).
526:to the Native peoples in Alaska
306:Delaware Nation at Moraviantown
264:. However, in 1782, a force of
1475:Quakers and Moravians Act 1838
1448:History of the Moravian Church
757:Davis, Cindy (12 March 2017).
435:. A few families settled near
30:For the Old Slavic tribe, see
1:
1227:Eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar
906:Zeisberger, David (1721-1808)
545:as they were murdered in the
443:. By 1857, most of the other
51:by Christian Schussele (1862)
1537:Native American Christianity
943:Pointer, Richard W. (2020).
447:(of Kansas) were removed to
402:Stockbridge-Munsee Community
186:Mid-Atlantic states and Ohio
147:Stockbridge–Munsee Community
1048:Kansas Historical Quarterly
1016:Kansas Historical Quarterly
880:Mast, Greg (6 March 2020).
349:, and for the death of the
157:Starting in the 1740s, the
95:or, in context, simply the
1598:
1330:Moravian Church Foundation
1005:Olmstead, Earl P. (1991).
194:were the Wolf Clan of the
93:Moravian Christian Indians
36:
29:
1562:Shawano County, Wisconsin
1061:Chippewa-Munsee Genealogy
924:. Crosswalk. 23 June 2021
783:Wilcox, Frank N. (1933).
677:Obermeyer, Brice (2009).
406:Shawano County, Wisconsin
1567:First Nations in Ontario
1557:Wyandotte County, Kansas
1277:Educational institutions
1201:Tanzania (South Western)
214:sailed into what is now
178:for Lenape dialects and
1552:Franklin County, Kansas
947:. U of Nebraska Press.
734:Smithsonian Institution
681:. U of Nebraska Press.
464:Marais des Cygnes River
366:United Church of Canada
109:United Church of Canada
75:, that primarily speak
27:Group of Lenape Indians
996:Gray, Elma E. (1956).
728:Goddard, Ives (1978).
599:St-Denis, Guy (2005).
554:Moravian of the Thames
417:Munsee-Delaware Nation
413:Moravian of the Thames
347:William Henry Harrison
212:Giovanni da Verrazzano
163:Christian missionaries
143:Moravian of the Thames
136:Moravian of the Thames
126:(a Moravian Christian
52:
1000:. Toronto: Macmillan.
804:The Firelands Pioneer
547:Gnadenhutten massacre
522:, Moravian Christian
458:from a small band of
310:Gnadenhutten massacre
275:Christian convictions
47:
1422:Moravian Advent star
1151:European Continental
972:Early Christian Life
362:Methodist Christians
342:Battle of the Thames
1432:Spice Cookies (USA)
1196:Tanzania (Southern)
1146:Eastern West Indies
715:University of Akron
658:. The Kansas Munsee
400:. They are now the
288:on March 3 reached
262:American Revolution
1542:Great Lakes tribes
1318:Other institutions
1206:Tanzania (Western)
785:Ohio Indian Trails
763:The Times Reporter
520:John Henry Kilbuck
433:Leavenworth County
398:Stockbridge-Munsee
237:denomination from
124:John Henry Kilbuck
122:(a Lenape chief),
53:
1524:
1523:
1402:Christmas village
1237:Northern Tanzania
954:978-1-4962-2356-2
852:978-0-547-52367-5
743:978-0-16-048774-3
688:978-0-8032-2683-8
638:978-1-878592-73-6
610:978-0-7735-2843-7
577:Indian Reductions
466:near the town of
370:United Protestant
97:Christian Indians
69:Indigenous people
32:Moravians (tribe)
16:(Redirected from
1589:
1463:Moravian Indians
1407:Daily Watchwords
1289:Moravian Academy
1191:Tanzania (Rukwa)
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541:, who practiced
451:(now Oklahoma).
449:Indian Territory
429:Wyandotte County
254:David Zeisberger
180:David Zeisberger
105:Methodist Church
89:Moravian Indians
57:Christian Munsee
21:
18:Moravian Indians
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1299:Ockbrook School
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1121:America (South)
1116:America (North)
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572:Mission Indians
567:Praying Indians
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549:on 8 March 1782
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478:to the Munsee.
456:Franklin County
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216:New York Harbor
188:
159:Moravian Church
155:
101:Moravian Church
85:Moravian Munsee
63:(also known as
59:are a group of
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39:Praying Indians
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