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family-oriented strategies. Psychosocial treatments are intended primarily for children before and during the preschool years as this is the optimum time for intervention. This early intervention should include encouragement of exploration, mentoring in basic skills, celebration of developmental advances, guided rehearsal and extension of newly acquired skills, protection from harmful displays of disapproval, teasing, or punishment, and exposure to a rich and responsive language environment. A great example of a successful intervention is the
Carolina Abecedarian Project that was conducted with over 100 children from low socioeconomic status families beginning in infancy through pre-school years. Results indicated that by age 2, the children provided the intervention had higher test scores than control group children, and they remained approximately 5 points higher 10 years after the end of the program. By young adulthood, children from the intervention group had better educational attainment, employment opportunities, and fewer behavioral problems than their control-group counterparts.
51:
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metastrategical by teaching them to discriminate among different tasks and determine which plan or strategy suits each task. Finally, family-oriented strategies delve into empowering the family with the skill set they need to support and encourage their child or children with an intellectual disability. In general, this includes teaching assertiveness skills or behavior management techniques as well as how to ask for help from neighbors, extended family, or day-care staff. As the child ages, parents are then taught how to approach topics such as housing/residential care, employment, and relationships. The ultimate goal for every intervention or technique is to give the child autonomy and a sense of independence using the acquired skills they have. In a 2019 Cochrane review on beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability, small to moderate improvements in
305:(ASD) share clinical characteristics which can result in confusion while diagnosing. Overlapping these two disorders, while common, can be detrimental to a person's well-being. Those with ASD that hold symptoms of ID may be grouped into a co-diagnosis in which they are receiving treatment for a disorder they do not have. Likewise, those with ID that are mistaken to have ASD may be treated for symptoms of a disorder they do not have. Differentiating between these two disorders will allow clinicians to deliver or prescribe the appropriate treatments. Comorbidity between ID and ASD is very common; it was estimated that roughly 40% of those with ID also have ASD, and roughly 70% of those with ASD also have ID. More recently, research has indicated a prevalence of roughly 30% for ID in individuals with ASD. Both ASD and ID require shortfalls in communication and social awareness as defining criteria.
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mannerisms, and preoccupation with parts of objects". Those with ASD tend to show more deficits in non-verbal social behavior such as body language and understanding social cues. In a study done in 2008 of 336 individuals with varying levels of ID, it was found that those with ID display fewer instances of repetitive or ritualistic behaviors. It also recognized that those with ASD, when compared to those with ID, were more likely to isolate themselves and make less eye contact. When it comes to classification ID and ASD have very different guidelines. ID has a standardized assessment called the
Supports Intensity Scale (SIS); this measures severity on a system built around how much support an individual will need. While ASD also classifies severity by support needed, there is no standard assessment; clinicians are free to diagnose severity at their own judgment.
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involving pictures and visual aids, therapists aim at improving speech capacity so that short sentences about important daily tasks (e.g. bathroom use, eating, etc.) can be effectively communicated by the child. In a similar fashion, older children benefit from this type of training as they learn to sharpen their social skills such as sharing, taking turns, following instruction, and smiling. At the same time, a movement known as social inclusion attempts to increase valuable interactions between children with an intellectual disability and their non-disabled peers. Cognitive-behavioral treatments, a combination of the previous two treatment types, involves a
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rehabilitation programs that approximate schools, workshops wherein people with disabilities can obtain jobs, programs that assist people with developmental disabilities in obtaining jobs in the community, programs that provide support for people with developmental disabilities who have their own apartments, programs that assist them with raising their children, and many more. There are also many agencies and programs for parents of children with developmental disabilities.
1065:, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of those with intellectual disability and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population.
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182:, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. Deficits in these functions must be confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing. On the other hand, adaptive behaviors include the social, developmental, and practical skills people learn to perform tasks in their everyday lives. Deficits in adaptive functioning often compromises an individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility.
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988:. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large professional institutions, many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued to focus solely on the provision of
1406:, while "moderate learning difficulties", "severe learning difficulties" and "profound learning difficulties" refer to more significant impairments. The term "Profound and Multiple Learning Disability/ies" (PMLD) is used: the NHS describes PMLD as "when a person has a severe learning disability and other disabilities that significantly affect their ability to communicate and be independent".
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professionals use structured interviews, with which they systematically elicit information about persons' functioning in the community from people who know them well. There are many adaptive behavior scales, and accurate assessment of the quality of someone's adaptive behavior requires clinical judgment as well. Certain skills are important to adaptive behavior, such as:
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profound when individuals are unable to independently care for themselves without ongoing significant assistance from a caregiver throughout adulthood. Individuals with profound ID are completely dependent on others for all ADLs and to maintain their physical health and safety. They may be able to learn to participate in some of these activities to a limited degree.
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based on descriptions of known abilities provided by someone familiar with the person, and also the observations of the assessment examiner, who is able to find out directly from the person what they can understand, communicate, and such like. IQ assessment must be based on a current test. This enables a diagnosis to avoid the pitfall of the
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performance level by a test-taker two standard deviations below the median score for the test-takers age group defined as IQ 70. Until the most recent revision of diagnostic standards, an IQ of 70 or below was a primary factor for intellectual disability diagnosis, and IQ scores were used to categorize degrees of intellectual disability.
1318:, and other disorders that develop during the developmental period (birth to age 18). Because service provision is tied to the designation "developmental disability", it is used by many parents, direct support professionals, and physicians. In the United States, however, in school-based settings, the more specific term
50:
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Adaptive behavior, or adaptive functioning, refers to the skills needed to live independently (or at the minimally acceptable level for age). To assess adaptive behavior, professionals compare the functional abilities of a child to those of other children of similar age. To measure adaptive behavior,
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adapted Binet's test and promoted it as a test measuring "general intelligence". Terman's test was the first widely used mental test to report scores in "intelligence quotient" form ("mental age" divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100). Current tests are scored in "deviation IQ" form, with a
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By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of normalization. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate
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Other specific skills can be critical to an individual's inclusion in the community and to develop appropriate social behaviors, as for example being aware of the different social expectations linked to the principal lifespan stages (i.e., childhood, adulthood, old age). The results of a Swiss study
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people with intellectual disability live on average 16 years less than the general population. Some of the barriers that exist for people with ID accessing quality healthcare include: communication challenges, service eligibility, lack of training for healthcare providers, diagnostic overshadowing,
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In the United States, the average lifetime cost of a person with an intellectual disability amounts to $ 223,000 per person, in 2003 US dollars, for direct costs such as medical and educational expenses. The indirect costs were estimated at $ 771,000, due to shorter lifespans and lower than average
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defined "mental impairment" and "severe mental impairment" as "a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind which includes significant/severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the
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are particularly common signs of moderate ID. People with moderate intellectual disabilities need considerable support in school, at home, and in the community in order to fully participate. While their academic potential is limited, they can learn simple health and safety skills and to participate
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or emotional/behavioral disorders. People with mild ID are capable of learning reading and mathematics skills to approximately the level of a typical child aged nine to twelve. They can learn self-care and practical skills, such as cooking or using the local mass transit system. As individuals with
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The
American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) in 2007, and soon thereafter changed the names of its scholarly journals to reflect the term "intellectual disability". In 2010, the AAIDD released its
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Among children, the cause of intellectual disability is unknown for one-third to one-half of cases. About 5% of cases are inherited. Genetic defects that cause intellectual disability, but are not inherited, can be caused by accidents or mutations in genetic development. Examples of such accidents
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In a study conducted in 2016 surveying 2816 cases, it was found that the top subsets that help differentiate between those with ID and ASD are, "impaired non-verbal social behavior and lack of social reciprocity, restricted interests, strict adherence to routines, stereotyped and repetitive motor
1944:
Boat, Thomas F.; Wu, Joel T.; Disorders, Committee to
Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental; Populations, Board on the Health of Select; Board on Children, Youth; Medicine, Institute of; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; The
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The law treats person with intellectual disabilities differently than those without intellectual disabilities. Their human rights and freedoms, including the right to vote, the right to conduct business, enter into a contract, enter into marriage, right to education, are often limited. The courts
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People with intellectual disabilities are often not seen as full citizens of society. Person-centered planning and approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with disabilities, encouraging a focus on the person as
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shows the distribution between different facilities. Out of 2,046 persons surveyed, 1,281 were in private dwellings, 120 in jails, and 645 in asylums, with men representing nearly two-thirds of the number surveyed. In situations of scarcity of accommodation, preference was given to white men and
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Beyond that, there are specific programs that people with developmental disabilities can take part in wherein they learn basic life skills. These "goals" may take a much longer amount of time for them to accomplish, but the ultimate goal is independence. This may be anything from independence in
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Since the current diagnosis of intellectual disability is not based on IQ scores alone, but must also take into consideration a person's adaptive functioning, the diagnosis is not made rigidly. It encompasses intellectual scores, adaptive functioning scores from an adaptive behavior rating scale
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Along with the changes in terminology, and the downward drift in acceptability of the old terms, institutions of all kinds have had to repeatedly change their names. This affects the names of schools, hospitals, societies, government departments, and academic journals. For example, the
Midlands
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of food, clothing, and shelter. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Individuals of higher wealth were often able to afford higher
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Core components of behavioral treatments include language and social skills acquisition. Typically, one-to-one training is offered in which a therapist uses a shaping procedure in combination with positive reinforcements to help the child pronounce syllables until words are completed. Sometimes
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People with Severe ID (IQ 20–34), accounting for 3.5% of persons with ID, or
Profound ID (IQ 19 or below), accounting for 1.5% of persons with ID, need more intensive support and supervision for their entire lives. They may learn some ADLs, but an intellectual disability is considered severe or
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adopted service to people with developmental disabilities as a major organizational emphasis in 1952. Their earliest efforts included workshops for special education teachers and daycamps for children with disabilities, all at a time when such training and programs were almost nonexistent. The
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There are four broad areas of intervention that allow for active participation from caregivers, community members, clinicians, and of course, the individual(s) with an intellectual disability. These include psychosocial treatments, behavioral treatments, cognitive-behavioral treatments, and
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is increasingly being used as a synonym for people with significantly below-average cognitive ability. These terms are sometimes used as a means of separating general intellectual limitations from specific, limited deficits as well as indicating that it is not an emotional or psychological
817:. Currently, there is no "cure" for an established disability, though with appropriate support and teaching, most individuals can learn to do many things. Causes, such as congenital hypothyroidism, if detected early may be treated to prevent the development of an intellectual disability.
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learning technique that teaches children math, language, and other basic skills pertaining to memory and learning. The first goal of the training is to teach the child to be a strategical thinker through making cognitive connections and plans. Then, the therapist teaches the child to be
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There are thousands of agencies around the world that provide assistance for people with developmental disabilities. They include state-run, for-profit, and non-profit, privately run agencies. Within one agency there could be departments that include fully staffed residential homes, day
940:(r. 705–715) built one of the first care homes for individuals with intellectual disabilities and built the first hospital which accommodated intellectually disabled individuals as part of its services. In addition, Al-Walid assigned each intellectually disabled individual a caregiver.
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tooth brushing to an independent residence. People with developmental disabilities learn throughout their lives and can obtain many new skills even late in life with the help of their families, caregivers, clinicians and the people who coordinate the efforts of all of these people.
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for improving the health status for people with intellectual disabilities include: improve access to health care, improve data collection, strengthen the workforce, include people with ID in public health programs, and prepare for emergencies with people with disabilities in mind.
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in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of basic physical needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. Negative stereotypes were prominent in social attitudes of the time.
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Intellectual disability has been documented under a variety of names throughout history. Throughout much of human history, society was unkind to those with any type of disability, and people with intellectual disability were commonly viewed as burdens on their families.
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Although there is no specific medication for intellectual disability, many people with developmental disabilities have further medical complications and may be prescribed several medications. For example, autistic children with developmental delay may be prescribed
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and social self-conception, but more ambitious plans for employment. As adults, they may live independently, with family members, or in different types of institutions organized to support people with disabilities. About 8% currently live in an institution or a
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The term intellectual disability covers the same population of individuals who were diagnosed previously with mental retardation in number, kind, level, type, duration of disability, and the need of people with this disability for individualized services and
577:), as intellectual disability caused by severe iodine deficiency is called, is mild impairment of intelligence. Residents of certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction, are severely affected by iodine deficiency.
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have an essential part in gene regulation, and sometimes these proteins become modified and are prevented from working properly. When the genes responsible for the development of neurons are affected, it affects the brain and behavior in the
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1276:" is not currently defined, but the term may be used to apply to people with IQs in the 70s. People with IQs of 70 to 85 used to be eligible for special consideration in the US public education system on grounds of intellectual disability.
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In early childhood, mild ID (IQ 50–69) may not be obvious or identified until children begin school. Even when poor academic performance is recognized, it may take expert assessment to distinguish mild intellectual disability from
2105:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
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Until the middle of the 20th century, people with intellectual disabilities were routinely excluded from public education, or educated away from other typically developing children. Compared to peers who were segregated in
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The term general learning disability is now used in the UK instead of terms such as mental handicap or mental retardation. The degree of disability can vary significantly, being classified as mild, moderate, severe or
224:(ADLs) when compared to same-aged peers. There often are no physical signs of mild forms of ID, although there may be characteristic physical traits when it is associated with a genetic disorder (e.g., Down syndrome).
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In the past, Australia has used
British and American terms interchangeably, including "mental retardation" and "mental handicap". Today, "intellectual disability" is the preferred and more commonly used descriptor.
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It is formally diagnosed by an assessment of IQ and adaptive behavior. A third condition requiring onset during the developmental period is used to distinguish intellectual disability from other conditions, such as
1061:'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", drawing on some of the ideas proposed by S. G. Howe 100 years earlier. This study posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as
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644:(DSM-IV), three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual disability: significant limitation in general mental abilities (intellectual functioning), significant limitations in one or more areas of
2275:
Siegel, Matthew (1 April 2020). "Practice
Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)".
1031:. Eugenics was later abandoned as a violation of human rights, and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid-20th century.
1647:
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Sundaram SK, Sivaswamy L, Makki MI, Behen ME, Chugani HT (February 2008). "Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging study".
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Figure 8-3. Estimated full-scale IQ distributions for SCA and control children: 47,XXX (mean ~83), 45,X & Variant (mean ~85), 47,XXY (mean ~95), 47,XYY (mean ~100), Controls and SCA Mosaics (mean ~104)
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In general, people with intellectual disabilities have an IQ below 70, but clinical discretion may be necessary for individuals who have a somewhat higher IQ but severe impairment in adaptive functioning.
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Cooney G, Jahoda A, Gumley A, Knott F (June 2006). "Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirations".
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Bilder, Deborah; Botts, Elizabeth L.; Smith, Ken R.; Pimentel, Richard; Farley, Megan; Viskochil, Joseph; McMahon, William M.; Block, Heidi; Ritvo, Edward; Ritvo, Riva-Ariella; Coon, Hilary (2012-09-25).
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did not uphold the complaint saying "it was not used in an offensive context and had been used light-heartedly". It was, however, noted that two previous similar complaints from other shows were upheld.
1526:. Of the costs, about 14% is due to increased medical expenses (not including what is normally incurred by the typical person), and 10% is due to direct non-medical expenses, such as the excess cost of
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Pedersen AL, Pettygrove S, Lu Z, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. (August 2017). "DSM Criteria that Best
Differentiate Intellectual Disability from Autism Spectrum Disorder".
1695:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
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person concerned." As behavior was involved, these were not necessarily permanent conditions: they were defined for the purpose of authorizing detention in hospital or guardianship. The term
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suggest that the performance of adults with ID in recognizing different lifespan stages is related to specific cognitive abilities and to the type of material used to test this performance.
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Hay I, Elias G, Fielding-Barnsley R, Homel R, Freiberg K (2007). "Language delays, reading delays, and learning difficulties: interactive elements requiring multidimensional programming".
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The new term is not yet widely understood, and is often taken to refer to problems affecting schoolwork (the
American usage), which are known in the UK as "learning difficulties". British
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1587:, and behavioral and psychiatric problems compared to people without disabilities. Adults also have a higher prevalence of poor social determinants of health, behavioral risk factors,
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compared to standard schooling. The largest amount, 76%, is indirect costs accounting for reduced productivity and shortened lifespans. Some expenses, such as ongoing costs to family
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has become preferred by most advocates and researchers in most English-speaking countries. In a 2012 survey of 101 Canadian healthcare professionals, 78% said they would use the term
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966:. He believed that it was caused by structural problems in the brain. According to Willis, the anatomical problems could be either an inborn condition or acquired later in life.
640:
893:, who valued reasoning abilities, disparaged people with intellectual disability as barely human. The oldest physiological view of intellectual disability is in the writings of
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Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic, or
3160:
3688:
Kalachnik JE, Hanzel TE, Sevenich R, Harder SR (September 2002). "Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardation".
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economic productivity. The total direct and indirect costs, which amount to a little more than a million dollars, are slightly more than the economic costs associated with
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poll conducted in the United Kingdom came to the conclusion that 'retard' was the most offensive disability-related word. On the reverse side of that, when a contestant on
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in people with intellectual disability requires monitoring and vigilance as side effects occur commonly and are often misdiagnosed as behavioral and psychiatric problems.
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Institute of Mental Sub-normality became the British Institute of Mental Handicap and is now the British Institute of Learning Disability. This phenomenon is shared with
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awareness, word reading, decoding, expressive and receptive language skills, and reading fluency were noted when these elements were part of the teaching intervention.
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van der Schuit M, Segers E, van Balkom H, Verhoeven L (2011). "Early language intervention for children with intellectual disabilities: a neurocognitive perspective".
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has 500 million people with a deficiency, 54 million with goiter, and 2 million with congenital iodine deficiency. Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency,
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intellectual disabilities reach adulthood, many learn to live independently and maintain gainful employment. About 85% of persons with ID are likely to have mild ID.
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Adkins, B.; Summerville, J.; Knox, M.; Brown, A. R.; Dillon, S. (2012). "Digital technologies and musical participation for people with intellectual disabilities".
1326:, is still typically used, and is one of 13 categories of disability under which children may be identified for special education services under Public Law 108–446.
3203:
Straccia C, Tessari Veyre A, Bernasconi F, Petitpierre G (2019-04-11). "Examining lifespan stage recognition abilities among adults with intellectual disability".
1970:
Barros, Isabela; Leão, Vito; Santis, Jessica O.; Rosa, Reginaldo; Brotto, Danielle B.; Storti, Camila; Siena, Ádamo; Molfetta, Greice; Silva Jr, Wilson A. (2021).
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elsewhere in a less well-defined manner—e.g. to allow exemption from taxes—implying that intellectual disability without any behavioral problems is what is meant.
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Hodapp RM, Burack JA (2015). "Developmental Approaches to Children with Mental Retardation: A Second Generation". In Cicchetti, Dante, Cohen, Donald J. (eds.).
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Shenouda, Josephine; Barrett, Emily; Davidow, Amy L.; Sidwell, Kate; Lescott, Cara; Halperin, William; Silenzio, Vincent M. B.; Zahorodny, Walter (2023-02-01).
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against governments and increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the
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Bagner DM, Eyberg SM (2007). "Parent-child interaction therapy for disruptive behavior in children with mental retardation: a randomized controlled trial".
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Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral
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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
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724:, which is a broader concept and includes intellectual deficits that are too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, or too specific (as in
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Campbell FA, Ramey CT, Pungello E, Sparling J, Miller-Johnson S (2002). "Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the Abecedarian Project".
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Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population. 75–90% of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic or
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5055:"Discrimination and other barriers to accessing health care: perspectives of patients with mild and moderate intellectual disability and their carers"
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1100:
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91:
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Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
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prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the needs of the individual. A survey taken in 1891 in
280:, or even semi-independently with significant supportive services to help them, for example, manage their finances. As adults, they may work in a
685:
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4895:(January 2004). "Economic costs associated with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and vision impairment--United States, 2003".
4337:"Intellectual developmental disorders: towards a new name, definition and framework for "mental retardation/intellectual disability" in ICD-11"
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people with intellectual disabilities had limited rights and were generally looked down upon. They were considered property and could be kept
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does not develop properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the fetus's cells divide as it grows. A pregnant woman who drinks
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is not associated with significantly lowered IQ though affected individuals may have slightly lower IQs than non-affected siblings on average.
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segregation of people with developmental disabilities was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1969 publication of
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In the 13th century, England declared people with intellectual disabilities to be incapable of making decisions or managing their affairs.
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A documentary about eight young people with IDD in California and their experiences with competitive integrated employment. Funded by the
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Siperstein GN, Glick GC, Parker RC (April 2009). "Social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in a recreational setting".
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in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful
981:, whose life and guardianship battles provide significant insight into the early legal and social treatment of people with disabilities.
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were significant causes of intellectual disability. Some causes of intellectual disability are decreasing, as medical advances, such as
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degrees of care such as home care or private asylums. Heavy tranquilization and assembly-line methods of support were the norm, and the
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Matson JL, Matson ML, Rivet TT (September 2007). "Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview".
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Black men (whose insanity threatened white society by disrupting employment relations and the taboo sexual contact with white women).
874:. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013. It is more common in males and in low to middle income countries.
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2467:"Excess Mortality and Causes of Death in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Follow up of the 1980s Utah/UCLA Autism Epidemiologic Study"
553:, affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide, is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in areas of the
220:
Intellectual disability (ID) becomes apparent during childhood and involves deficits in mental abilities, social skills, and core
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Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (September 2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders".
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Clinical and Educational Child Psychology an Ecological-Transactional Approach to Understanding Child Problems and Interventions
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that have no mental or intellectual components, although it, too, is sometimes used as a euphemism for intellectual disability.
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are sometimes used, but have been criticized for "reinforc the idea that people cannot deal honestly with their disabilities".
652:, and more), and evidence that the limitations became apparent in childhood or adolescence (onset during developmental phase).
486:
350:
103:
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Matson JL, Shoemaker M (November–December 2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders".
1394:. In education, "learning difficulties" is applied to a wide range of conditions: "specific learning difficulty" may refer to
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1551:, which sets minimum standards for the rights of persons with disabilities, has been ratified by more than 180 countries. In
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Decades-long quest by disabilities advocates finally persuades state, federal governments to end official use of 'retarded'.
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that was necessary for a person to commit a crime, during the 1920s, Western society believed they were morally degenerate.
2063:
189:
are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities.
6490:
6466:
6104:
5865:
5741:
4314:
2679:
Matson JL, Dempsey T (2008). "Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity".
1372:
582:
5459:"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study"
4507:
7435:
6972:
6505:
6350:
5906:
3467:
Kemp C, Carter M (2002). "The social skills and social status of mainstreamed students with intellectual disabilities".
749:
725:
264:
59:
7493:
5521:
1217:(2013). The term "mental retardation" is still used in some professional settings such as governmental aid programs or
6680:
6478:
5911:
5886:
5715:
5525:
5163:
4539:
994:
745:
648:
across multiple environments (as measured by an adaptive behavior rating scale, i.e. communication, self-help skills,
490:
139:
2990:
1418:
was removed from the Act in November 2008, but the grounds for detention remained. However, English statute law uses
1390:
may use "learning difficulty" to refer to both people with intellectual disability and those with conditions such as
1579:
People with intellectual disabilities are usually at a higher risk of living with complex health conditions such as
7430:
6345:
6180:
5972:
5808:
5720:
5668:
1069:
733:
221:
621:
Furthermore, lack of stimulation of sensory pathways in infants can also cause developmental and cognitive delays.
409:
401:
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6256:
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5751:
4628:
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1584:
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918:
389:
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5511:
4335:
Salvador-Carulla L, Reed GM, Vaez-Azizi LM, Cooper SA, Martinez-Leal R, Bertelli M, et al. (October 2011).
3701:
7488:
7404:
7399:
7096:
7059:
7051:
6869:
6838:
6579:
6073:
6048:
5594:
1642:
1302:
1096:
1007:
910:
890:
886:
741:
661:
302:
2524:"Comorbidity of intellectual disability confounds ascertainment of autism: implications for genetic diagnosis"
4395:
2918:"Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review"
1857:
1800:
1485:
by people with intellectual disabilities, which means allowing them to make decisions about their own lives.
611:
and nations struggling with extended periods of warfare that disrupt agriculture production and distribution.
231:
Delays in reaching, or failure to achieve milestones in motor skills development (sitting, crawling, walking)
7425:
6932:
6782:
6777:
6734:
6187:
6134:
6129:
6058:
3249:
1826:
1376:
998:
978:
906:
729:
405:
5306:. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch. Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from
1821:
234:
Slowness learning to talk, or continued difficulties with speech and language skills after starting to talk
7303:
6942:
6833:
6792:
6767:
6675:
6170:
6109:
6063:
1474:
1410:
1088:
1083:
From the 1960s to the present, most states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions.
669:
558:
82:
3327:
Ramey SL, Ramey CT (1992). "Early educational intervention with disadvantaged children—To what effect?".
7498:
7231:
7111:
7018:
6997:
5761:
5240:
1498:
1258:
1053:
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proposed selective breeding of humans to reduce intellectual disability. Early in the 20th century, the
705:, which is a consequence of changes in population IQ test performance changing IQ test norms over time.
681:
151:
5286:
People with Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries
4573:
2254:
1239:
became popular in the middle of the 20th century to replace the previous set of terms, which included "
237:
Difficulty with self-help and self-care skills (e.g., getting dressed, washing, and feeding themselves)
3020:
2804:
Siderius LE, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H, de Jager F, van den Helm B, Kremer H, et al. (July 1999).
2082:
1774:"Mental retardation (term that has been replaced by intellectual developmental disorder) – GPnotebook"
1268:
in some contexts covers the whole field, but it previously applied to people with milder impairments.
7323:
7236:
6992:
6812:
6413:
6393:
6094:
6078:
6043:
5977:
5066:
4243:
1307:
1020:
944:
649:
377:
147:
5300:
Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review
5225:
On the Margins of Citizenship: Intellectual Disability and Civil Rights in Twentieth-Century America
4432:
A manual for the classification, training, and education of the feeble-minded, imbecile, and idiotic
4173:
Gernsbacher, Morton Ann; Raimond, Adam R.; Balinghasay, M. Theresa; Boston, Jilana S. (2016-12-19).
3298:. Vol. 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 235–267.
1221:
paperwork, where "mental retardation" is specifically covered but "intellectual disability" is not.
7373:
7355:
7318:
7308:
7162:
7064:
7041:
6889:
6881:
6660:
6638:
6366:
6227:
5746:
5579:
5493:
The Story of Intellectual Disability: An Evolution of Meaning, Understanding, and Public Perception
5408:
2845:
Laumonnier F, Holbert S, Ronce N, Faravelli F, Lenzner S, Schwartz CE, et al. (October 2005).
1381:
1253:
1228:
1119:
1045:
Although ancient Roman law had declared people with intellectual disability to be incapable of the
814:
765:
713:
150:
that is first apparent during childhood. Children with intellectual disabilities typically have an
107:
5426:
Whatever Happened to Inclusion?: The Place of Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Education
4315:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (2018): 6A00 Disorders of intellectual development"
1103:
created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services.
838:
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7036:
6633:
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6160:
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5710:
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3414:
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2786:
2696:
2661:
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2551:
2411:
2353:"Almost all students with disabilities are capable of graduating on time. Here's why they're not"
2333:
2293:
1891:
1637:
1523:
1478:
1435:
live used the phrase "walking like a retard", despite complaints from the public and the charity
1244:
1058:
615:
381:
281:
227:
The level of impairment ranges in severity for each person. Some of the early signs can include:
194:
186:
99:
4818:
2205:
2197:
5469:(3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235.
4157:
4001:
7282:
6807:
6797:
6729:
6655:
6539:
6114:
6017:
5967:
5778:
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5446:
5438:
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5375:
5367:
5253:
5245:
5213:
5145:
5094:
5035:
5006:"Health disparities of adults with intellectual disabilities: what do we know? What do we do?"
4912:
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4483:
4460:
4450:
4413:
4366:
4278:
4214:
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3705:
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3527:
3449:
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3307:
3255:
3220:
3124:
3106:
3067:
2947:
2876:
2847:"Mutations in PHF8 are associated with X linked mental retardation and cleft lip/cleft palate"
2827:
2778:
2653:
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2598:
2590:
2543:
2504:
2486:
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2403:
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2317:
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2003:
1924:
1871:
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1673:
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1588:
1527:
1519:
1224:
1039:
717:
645:
550:
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393:
385:
346:
159:
155:
66:
4522:"Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports (11th Edition)"
4478:
Cummings NA, Wright RH (2005). "Chapter 1, Psychology's surrender to political correctness".
4268:
Smith, J. D.; Wehmeyer, M. L. (1999). "TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEFINITIONS OF MENTAL RETARDATION".
1751:
1567:(2010) that Hungary cannot restrict voting rights only on the basis of guardianship due to a
496:
Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth, such as not getting enough
7152:
7106:
7074:
6922:
6900:
6865:
6628:
6510:
6461:
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6383:
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5424:
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5203:
5195:
5135:
5125:
5084:
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5025:
5017:
4853:
4390:
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4288:
4204:
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4130:
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3912:
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3652:
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3562:
3511:
3476:
3441:
3398:
3363:
3336:
3299:
3212:
3114:
3098:
3059:
2937:
2929:
2866:
2858:
2817:
2770:
2688:
2637:
2582:
2535:
2494:
2478:
2438:
2395:
2285:
2284:(4). Elsevier on behalf of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: 468–96.
2217:
2209:
2124:
2116:
1993:
1983:
1863:
1722:
1706:
1218:
925:
in order to avoid them burdening society. However, they were exempt from their crimes under
871:
369:
365:
205:
58:
Children with intellectual disabilities and other developmental conditions competing in the
4980:
3641:"Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability"
2523:
1181:, which stemmed from the understanding that such conditions arose as a result of delays or
7328:
7286:
7157:
7144:
7091:
7086:
7069:
6949:
6744:
6716:
6517:
6340:
6279:
5916:
2774:
1972:"Non-Syndromic Intellectual Disability and Its Pathways: A Long Noncoding RNA Perspective"
1903:
1617:
1368:
1311:
1068:
This publication may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the
930:
855:
397:
87:
7378:
5340:"Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues"
4585:
Website of the UK's leading learning disability charity, which uses that term throughout.
1272:
used to mean mild impairments in the UK, and once applied in the US to the whole field. "
984:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, housing and care moved away from families and towards an
854:
or mood stabilizers to help with their behavior. Use of psychotropic medications such as
5114:"Healthcare for persons with intellectual and developmental disability in the community"
5070:
4658:
4603:
1917:
Boat, TF; Wu, JT, eds. (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities".
1126:, increase. Other causes are increasing as a proportion of cases, perhaps due to rising
7313:
7254:
7178:
6987:
6954:
6937:
6927:
6165:
5773:
5140:
5113:
5089:
5054:
5030:
5005:
4680:
4361:
4352:
4336:
4209:
4174:
4135:
4102:
3850:
3665:
3640:
3119:
3086:
2942:
2917:
2871:
2846:
2626:"Prevalence and Disparities in the Detection of Autism Without Intellectual Disability"
2499:
2466:
2129:
2104:
1998:
1971:
1727:
1694:
1599:
1556:
1515:
1490:
1482:
1315:
1115:
1012:
806:
520:
463:
328:
5506:
3340:
3142:
2120:
1710:
897:
in the late fifth century BCE, who believed that it was caused by an imbalance in the
7522:
7347:
7298:
6616:
6002:
5768:
5475:
5458:
4857:
3901:"An exploration of health, family and economic experiences of leprosy patients, Iran"
3488:
3232:
2933:
2700:
2665:
2610:
2337:
2213:
1867:
1796:
1502:
1335:
1297:
1135:
1108:
1092:
1027:
as a rationale for the mass murder of people with intellectual disability during the
959:
851:
810:
777:
771:
566:
458:
syndrome affect a small number of girls worldwide, while boys may be affected by 49,
373:
342:
190:
163:
95:
6248:
5588:
5584:
5387:
5307:
3934:
3625:
3582:
3418:
3375:
2790:
1343:
11th edition of its terminology and classification manual, which also used the term
1264:
Usage has changed over the years and differed from country to country. For example,
7201:
6982:
6534:
6119:
5987:
5947:
5645:
5339:
5232:
Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment
3656:
2806:"X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip/palate maps to Xp11.3-q21.3"
2555:
2415:
1568:
1247:", among others, and are now considered offensive. By the end of the 20th century,
1127:
1035:
1024:
952:
843:
702:
693:
689:
600:
590:
467:
447:
443:
276:
in simple activities. As adults, they may live with their parents, in a supportive
272:
4956:"5 reasons why people with intellectual disabilities should get the right to vote"
4763:
4103:"What's in a name? Attitudes surrounding the use of the term 'mental retardation'"
3510:(2). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: 97–107.
3216:
2569:
Katusic, Maja Z.; Myers, Scott M.; Weaver, Amy L.; Voigt, Robert G. (2021-12-01).
2156:
204:
cases account for 30–50% of these cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a
5599:
5079:
3952:
3917:
3900:
3566:
3191:
The resolution ... urges a change from the old term to "developmental disability"
1023:
and prohibition of marriage in most of the developed world and was later used by
271:
Moderate ID (IQ 35–49) is nearly always apparent within the first years of life.
17:
7186:
6917:
6648:
6398:
6197:
5648:
5629:
5569:
3480:
3367:
3063:
2715:
2714:
Boat TF, Wu JT (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities".
2043:
1946:
1918:
1603:
and absence of targeted health promotion services. Key recommendations from the
1399:
1387:
1123:
989:
974:
970:
898:
894:
554:
532:
455:
451:
353:
are the next most common causes. Some other frequently observed causes include:
179:
5230:
4542:. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).
3795:
Disabilities and the Disabled in the Roman World: A Social and Cultural History
3445:
2442:
2289:
1461:
1130:, which is associated with several syndromic forms of intellectual disability.
7503:
7196:
7101:
6802:
6527:
6522:
6318:
6192:
6007:
5705:
5691:
5610:
5533:
4191:
3609:
3515:
3303:
2692:
2482:
2399:
1595:, and poor or fair health status than adults without intellectual disability.
1547:
have upheld some of these limitations and found discrimination in others. The
1535:
1507:
937:
867:
586:
528:
413:
338:
277:
201:
75:
71:
5484:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5199:
5130:
4819:"Australian Psychological Society: Psychologists and intellectual disability"
4200:
4126:
3709:
3531:
3523:
3402:
3224:
3110:
2649:
2641:
2594:
2586:
2490:
2305:
2297:
1718:
1227:
eventually become perceived as an insult, in a process commonly known as the
1138:
and motor disabilities, and seen to a lesser degree in sensory disabilities.
1107:
over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including
797:
By most definitions, intellectual disability is more accurately considered a
7456:
7388:
7206:
6665:
6403:
6328:
5992:
5640:
5457:
Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009).
5397:"Invisible Victims Violence against persons with developmental disabilities"
4464:
2862:
2321:
1531:
1028:
926:
921:. Many of them were killed early in the childhood, and then dumped into the
603:
is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world affected by
474:
143:
5379:
5149:
5098:
5039:
4916:
4865:
4790:"Ofcom says TV channels have 'human right' to broadcast offensive material"
4625:"Special Educational Needs and Disability: A. Cognition and Learning Needs"
4370:
4218:
4144:
3926:
3717:
3674:
3617:
3574:
3539:
3453:
3410:
3128:
3102:
3071:
2951:
2880:
2831:
2823:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<216::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-X
2782:
2657:
2602:
2547:
2508:
2450:
2407:
2329:
2138:
2059:
2007:
1736:
1633:
Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
1099:, a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within
5450:
5217:
4417:
4118:
4101:
Nash, Chris; Hawkins, Ann; Kawchuk, Janet; Shea, Sarah E (February 2012).
2221:
2204:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p.
870:
ID accounts for 30–50% of cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a
332:
Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability.
7191:
6861:
6828:
6754:
6124:
5257:
4503:
4024:"The ARC Highlights — Beyond Affliction: Beyond Affliction Document"
2539:
1988:
1592:
1580:
1395:
1391:
1240:
1209:(codes 6A00–6A04; 6A00.Z for the "unspecified" diagnosis code). The term
1046:
1016:
834:
737:
665:
608:
364:
inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons like
357:
209:
175:
4908:
1559:
states, persons with intellectual disabilities are disenfranchised. The
1091:
are dominant. Along with the work of Wolfensberger and others including
44:
Intellectual developmental disability (IDD), general learning disability
5803:
5208:
2571:"IQ in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study"
1073:
1062:
963:
524:
512:
504:
482:
5552:
5442:
5053:
Ali A, Scior K, Ratti V, Strydom A, King M, Hassiotis A (2013-08-12).
5021:
4480:
Destructive trends in mental health: the well-intentioned path to harm
2528:
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
2522:
Polyak, Andrew; Kubina, Richard M.; Girirajan, Santhosh (2015-07-22).
249:
Failure to grow intellectually, or continued infant childlike behavior
6909:
6724:
5564:
5344:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
5265:
The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia
1466:
1436:
1202:
1198:
1190:
781:
604:
594:
562:
536:
516:
497:
368:
in genes associated with intellectual disability. The most prevalent
171:
3954:
The Confinement of the Insane: International Perspectives, 1800–1965
3879:
Theology and Down Syndrome: Reimagining Disability in Late Modernity
2916:
Leggett V, Jacobs P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DV (February 2010).
212:. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013.
4006:
Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded
774:
skills, such as understanding what is said and being able to answer
688:, was adapted from a test battery designed for school placement by
632:
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
6687:
5850:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
5528:'s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
4385:
2278:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1460:
1440:
1283:
1214:
922:
768:, such as getting dressed, using the bathroom, and feeding oneself
578:
478:
459:
361:
327:
167:
1648:
Intellectual disability and higher education in the United States
805:. Intellectual disability can be distinguished in many ways from
4008:. President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.
2313:
1473:
someone with capacities and gifts as well as support needs. The
540:
439:
430:
425:
7477:
7345:
7280:
7132:
6859:
6704:
6614:
6434:
6295:
6252:
5664:
5273:
Intellectual Disability: A Guide for Families and Professionals
3816:
The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
3732:
Preventing Intellectual Disability: Ethical and Clinical Issues
1334:
disability. It is not specific to congenital disorders such as
1211:"intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)"
962:
provided the first description of intellectual disability as a
500:, they may have a developmental disability due to brain damage.
284:. About 10% of persons with ID are likely to have moderate ID.
4932:"Voting is every EU citizen's right, regardless of disability"
3283:(5th ed.). pp. 308–313). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
1426:
5660:
3852:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society
3021:"Malnutrition Is Cheating Its Survivors, and Africa's Future"
4569:
1300:, intellectual disability is subsumed into the broader term
5463:
Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities
5327:"John F. Kennedy and people with intellectual disabilities"
3797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–54, 65–66.
3702:
10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0376:BBSERA>2.0.CO;2
2717:
Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children
1951:
Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children
1920:
Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children
5241:
Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook
3751:
Albrecht, Gary; Seelman, Katherine; Bury, Michael (2001).
3639:
Reichow B, Lemons CJ, Maggin DM, Hill DR (December 2019).
3180:"Rosa's Law to remove stigmatized language from law books"
1945:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2015-10-28),
1019:
movement became popular throughout the world. This led to
1005:
In the late 19th century, in response to Charles Darwin's
5329:. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
2966:"Loss of epigenetic regulators causes mental retardation"
5010:
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
1549:
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4540:"Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability"
2991:"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"
1947:"Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities"
360:
conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal
5538:
California State Council on Developmental Disabilities
3251:
IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
3205:
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability
1375:
for the United Kingdom from 1995 to 1997, changed the
5840:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5112:
Ervin DA, Hennen B, Merrick J, Morad M (2014-07-15).
2202:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2044:"Identification and evaluation of mental retardation"
1859:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
641:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
493:
may also have a baby with an intellectual disability.
197:
are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.
5542:
5279:
2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability
5238:
Dalton, A. J.; Janicki, Matthew P., editors (1999).
4707:"Profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD)"
7449:
7418:
7387:
7366:
7245:
7222:
7176:
7143:
7050:
7017:
6965:
6908:
6899:
6880:
6821:
6753:
6715:
6575:
6550:
6447:
6359:
6306:
6153:
6087:
6026:
5960:
5925:
5879:
5858:
5822:
5796:
5789:
5729:
5698:
5620:
5546:
5407:(1). American Bar Association: 9–12. Archived from
5268:. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper.
4002:"The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models"
3946:
3944:
3598:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
2720:. National Academies Press (US). pp. 169–176).
1923:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
955:were created to take over their financial affairs.
258:
Difficulty understanding and following social rules
113:
81:
65:
40:
35:
3085:Ardiel, Evan L; Rankin, Catharine H (March 2010).
2681:Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
2042:Daily DK, Ardinger HH, Holmes GE (February 2000).
1185:of a child's natural development, was used in the
442:). In the rarest of cases, abnormalities with the
4168:
4166:
5164:"Unrecognized Health Disparity Population | CDC"
1409:In England and Wales between 1983 and 2008, the
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4179:Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
1534:or the extra costs associated with living in a
1501:in regular classrooms report similar levels of
744:is any disability that is due to problems with
3989:. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. pp. 74–75.
2150:
2148:
1359:had become the common medical term, replacing
477:. Intellectual disability can result when the
6264:
5845:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
5676:
4175:""Special needs" is an ineffective euphemism"
3818:. Facts on File, Incorporated. pp. 179, 330.
2471:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2381:
2379:
2377:
1078:Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
1052:Ignoring the prevailing attitude, U.S.-based
909:by their father. These people could also not
722:disabilities affecting intellectual abilities
8:
5235:, bilingual reports on 14 European countries
4893:Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)
4602:. University of Bedfordshire. Archived from
4430:Duncan, P. Martin; Millard, William (1866).
4240:National Center on Disability and Journalism
3899:Abedi H, Javadi A, Naji S (September 2013).
2763:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
2198:"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5"
1225:Historical terms for intellectual disability
740:. Cognitive deficits may appear at any age.
255:Failure to adapt or adjust to new situations
5244:. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. p. 12.
4897:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4846:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
3645:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3504:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
337:are development of an extra chromosome 18 (
142:characterized by significant impairment in
7474:
7363:
7342:
7277:
7168:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
7140:
7129:
6905:
6877:
6856:
6712:
6701:
6611:
6444:
6431:
6303:
6292:
6271:
6257:
6249:
6233:
6034:Augmentative and alternative communication
5793:
5683:
5669:
5661:
5543:
5168:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4049:"Christmas in Purgatory & Willowbrook"
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3244:
3242:
2922:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
2098:
2096:
1815:
1813:
1518:, and double that associated with serious
716:, intellectual disability is a subtype of
345:, which is the most common genetic cause.
240:Poor planning or problem-solving abilities
49:
32:
5474:
5139:
5129:
5088:
5078:
5029:
4360:
4208:
4190:
4134:
3916:
3664:
3118:
2941:
2870:
2821:
2498:
2196:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2128:
1997:
1987:
1856:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1726:
138:(in the United States), is a generalized
7431:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
7027:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
4449:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
4277:. Austin, TX: Pro-ED. pp. 380–381.
4074:"Fernald School Closing and RICCI Class"
3087:"The importance of touch in development"
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
1822:"Erasing a Hurtful Label From the Books"
1042:for measuring intelligence in children.
243:Difficulty following verbal instructions
6069:Disproportionality in special education
3905:Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences
3143:"Definition of Intellectual Disability"
2245:Queensland Government (July 30, 2015),
2077:
2075:
2073:
2037:
1658:
1538:, were excluded from this calculation.
1207:"disorders of intellectual development"
1201:(codes F70–F79). In the next revision,
27:Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
4546:from the original on 14 September 2013
4398:from the original on 8 September 2011.
4271:Mental Retardation in the 21st Century
4026:. Disabilitymuseum.org. Archived from
3859:from the original on 28 September 2010
3690:American Journal on Mental Retardation
3434:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3182:. Ithaca, New York: The Ithaca Journal
2431:Research in Developmental Disabilities
2388:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1899:
1889:
969:The first known person in the British
535:is delayed or inadequate. Exposure to
5522:Facts about intellectual disabilities
4732:"Draft Illustrative Code of Practice"
4410:The imbecile with criminal instincts.
4096:
4094:
3734:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
2775:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610
2167:from the original on October 28, 2016
2163:, U.S. National Library of Medicine,
2155:Kaneshiro, Neil K. (April 21, 2015),
929:, and they were also used to perform
728:), or acquired later in life through
571:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
531:can cause intellectual disability if
134:(in the United Kingdom) and formerly
7:
4764:"The path from cinema to playground"
4000:Wolfensberger W (January 10, 1969).
3951:Porter R, Wright D (7 August 2003).
2989:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (2006-12-16).
2810:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1820:Ansberry, Clare (20 November 2010).
1322:or, more recently (and preferably),
1146:Over the past two decades, the term
973:with an intellectual disability was
784:members, spouses, adults, and others
7134:Physiological and physical behavior
6176:Disability in children's literature
5429:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
5004:Krahn GL, Fox MH (September 2014).
4596:"Learning Disabilities: Prevalence"
1758:from the original on 27 June 2015.
1623:History of psychiatric institutions
1404:developmental coordination disorder
1274:Borderline intellectual functioning
1257:become widely seen as disparaging,
709:Distinction from other disabilities
406:Phelan–McDermid syndrome (22q13del)
404:. Other genetic conditions include
7080:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
6474:Emotional and behavioral disorders
6039:Emotional or behavioral disability
4353:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00045.x
4313:World Health Organization (2018).
4012:from the original on May 12, 2006.
3881:. Baylor University Press. p. 28.
3161:"What Is Intellectual Disability?"
2896:Genetics and Learning Disabilities
2743:from the original on April 4, 2023
1243:", "idiot", "feeble-minded", and "
686:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
297:Autism and intellectual disability
25:
7260:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3774:Handbook of Child Psychopathology
3329:Applied and Preventive Psychology
2351:Butrymowicz, Sarah (2017-11-04).
2083:"Definition of mentally retarded"
1834:from the original on 27 June 2015
756:Limitations in more than one area
170:, intellectual functions include
6560:X-linked intellectual disability
6232:
6223:
6222:
5505:
5476:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x
5338:Jones, Jessica (December 2007).
4858:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00789.x
4649:Vickerman, Philip (2009-07-08).
4600:Social Work, Alcohol & Drugs
4528:from the original on 2016-12-02.
4510:from the original on 2014-08-21.
4158:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
3985:Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992).
3555:Journal of Learning Disabilities
3268:from the original on 2015-08-13.
3149:from the original on 2017-01-23.
2934:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x
2733:"Many Low IQs Are Just Bad Luck"
2731:Natalie Wolchover (2012-10-01).
2214:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2066:from the original on 2010-12-04.
1868:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
1187:American Psychiatric Association
636:American Psychiatric Association
569:. More common than full-fledged
561:. Iodine deficiency also causes
428:) as caused by mutations in the
418:X-linked intellectual disability
351:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
324:X-linked intellectual disability
6389:Intermittent explosive disorder
6314:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
4825:from the original on 2012-09-08
4800:from the original on 2010-07-11
4788:Beckford, Martin (2010-03-11).
4770:from the original on 2008-09-25
4744:from the original on 2007-09-26
4576:from the original on 2010-12-15
4412:Fourth edition. Boston: Ellis.
3031:from the original on 2009-04-17
3001:from the original on 2010-07-12
1953:, National Academies Press (US)
1750:Tidy, Colin (25 January 2013).
1672:. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 168.
1439:, the communications regulator
547:may also affect mental ability.
503:The group of proteins known as
487:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
104:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
7032:Dissociative identity disorder
6297:Adult personality and behavior
6054:Disability and LGBT identities
4655:Teacher Training Resource Bank
4651:"Severe Learning Difficulties"
4107:Paediatrics & Child Health
3957:. Cambridge University Press.
3753:Handbook of Disability Studies
3657:10.1002/14651858.CD011359.pub2
3091:Paediatrics & Child Health
1561:European Court of Human Rights
1261:, and in need of replacement.
1205:, it was replaced by the term
246:Behavioral and social problems
1:
5866:Services for mental disorders
5510:The dictionary definition of
5491:Wehmeyer, Michael L. (2013).
4670:Extensive further references.
4076:. Arcmass.org. Archived from
4051:. Arcmass.org. Archived from
3755:. SAGE Publications. p. 269.
3356:Applied Developmental Science
3341:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80134-9
3296:Developmental Psychopathology
3217:10.3109/13668250.2019.1580116
3019:Wines, Michael (2006-12-28).
2121:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
2087:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
1752:"General Learning Disability"
1711:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1542:Human rights and legal status
1373:Secretary of State for Health
750:congenital medical conditions
748:. This term encompasses many
511:Exposure to certain types of
252:Problems keeping up in school
158:and deficits in at least two
7544:Neurodevelopmental disorders
7436:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
6973:Generalized anxiety disorder
6706:Neurological and symptomatic
6351:Sexual relationship disorder
5871:Services for disabled people
5080:10.1371/journal.pone.0070855
4930:Toplak, Jurij (2020-09-07).
4762:Rohrer, Finlo (2008-09-22).
4627:. teachernet. Archived from
4445:Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1997).
3918:10.1080/02673843.2011.649565
3567:10.1177/00222194070400050301
3279:Mash, E.; Wolfe, D. (2013).
1583:and neurological disorders,
1367:in England and Wales, until
726:specific learning disability
489:) or gets an infection like
301:Intellectual disability and
265:specific learning disability
208:, and about 5% of cases are
60:Special Olympics World Games
7212:REM sleep behavior disorder
6681:Seasonal affective disorder
6479:Separation anxiety disorder
6154:Arts, media, culture, sport
5526:Centers for Disease Control
4408:Fernald, Walter E. (1912).
3481:10.1080/0144341022000003097
3368:10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05
3064:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.037
2851:Journal of Medical Genetics
995:medical model of disability
680:The first English-language
593:programs. But, as of 2006,
589:have instituted widespread
557:where iodine deficiency is
450:may also cause disability.
140:neurodevelopmental disorder
132:general learning disability
7560:
7534:Developmental disabilities
7479:Symptoms and uncategorized
6580:developmental disabilities
6346:Sexual maturation disorder
6181:Disability in horror films
5973:Activities of daily living
5297:Endicott, Orville (1991).
5275:. Oxford University Press.
5227:. Temple University Press.
5118:Frontiers in Public Health
4434:. Longmans, Green, and Co.
3446:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.010
3178:Lawyer, Liz (2010-11-26).
2443:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003
2290:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.018
1666:Wilmshurst, Linda (2012).
1585:gastrointestinal disorders
1465:Severely disabled girl in
1070:social model of disability
734:neurodegenerative diseases
321:
222:activities of daily living
7484:
7473:
7441:Simple-type schizophrenia
7410:Schizophreniform disorder
7362:
7341:
7294:
7276:
7139:
7128:
6876:
6855:
6788:Mild cognitive impairment
6773:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6711:
6700:
6671:Major depressive disorder
6624:
6610:
6576:Psychological development
6443:
6430:
6302:
6291:
6218:
5395:Petersilia, Joan (2000).
5271:Harris, James C. (2010).
5223:Carey C. Allison (2010).
4192:10.1186/s41235-016-0025-4
3610:10.1080/15374410701448448
3516:10.1352/1934-9556-47.2.97
3304:10.1002/9780470939406.ch6
3281:Abnormal child psychology
3052:The Journal of Pediatrics
2894:Bender, Bruce G. (1986).
2693:10.1007/s10882-007-9086-0
2483:10.1007/s10803-012-1664-z
2400:10.1007/s10578-016-0681-0
2247:"Intellectual disability"
2157:"Intellectual disability"
2048:American Family Physician
1195:World Health Organization
1047:deliberate intent to harm
390:congenital hypothyroidism
57:
48:
7489:Impulse-control disorder
7405:Schizoaffective disorder
7400:Brief reactive psychosis
7097:Mass psychogenic illness
7060:Body dysmorphic disorder
6839:Post-concussion syndrome
6449:Emotional and behavioral
6074:Sexuality and disability
6049:Disability and disasters
5961:Structural and assistive
5356:10.1177/0306624X07299343
5200:10.1177/1461444812457338
5131:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00083
4233:"Disability Style Guide"
3793:Laes, Christian (2018).
3772:Hersen, Michael (2013).
3730:Louhiala, Pekka (2004).
3403:10.1177/0145445507301650
2642:10.1542/peds.2022-056594
2587:10.1542/peds.2020-049899
1643:Severe mental impairment
1303:developmental disability
1160:developmentally disabled
1008:On the Origin of Species
742:Developmental disability
662:traumatic brain injuries
565:, an enlargement of the
491:rubella during pregnancy
303:autism spectrum disorder
164:everyday, general living
7529:Intellectual disability
7426:Childhood schizophrenia
6778:Frontotemporal dementia
6735:High-functioning autism
6552:Intellectual disability
6188:Disability in the media
6059:Disability and religion
5998:Personal Care Assistant
5513:intellectual disability
5192:New Media & Society
4681:"Learning disabilities"
4482:. New York: Routledge.
4447:Creating born criminals
2863:10.1136/jmg.2004.029439
1827:The Wall Street Journal
1345:intellectual disability
1331:intellectual disability
1324:intellectual disability
1158:(8%). Expressions like
1156:intellectual disability
1148:intellectual disability
999:Cape Town, South Africa
730:acquired brain injuries
124:Intellectual disability
36:Intellectual disability
6943:Specific social phobia
6834:Organic brain syndrome
6676:Melancholic depression
6437:Childhood and learning
6171:Disability in the arts
6064:Disability and poverty
6003:Physical accessibility
5423:Smith, Philip (2010).
5283:Kovago, Emese (2003).
4384:Cook J (5 July 2001).
4242:. 2015. Archived from
3814:Noll, Richard (2009).
3469:Educational Psychology
1565:Alajos Kiss v. Hungary
1477:promotes the right of
1475:self-advocacy movement
1469:
1411:Mental Health Act 1983
1306:, which also includes
1292:
1089:deinstitutionalization
746:growth and development
630:According to both the
333:
83:Differential diagnosis
7539:Learning disabilities
7499:Psychomotor agitation
7289:and substance-related
7232:Postpartum depression
7112:Somatization disorder
6998:Acute stress reaction
6763:AIDS dementia complex
5762:driver rehabilitation
5495:. Brookes Publishing.
4821:. Psychology.org.au.
3776:. Springer US. p. 6.
3391:Behavior Modification
1464:
1432:Celebrity Big Brother
1291:USA team in July 2019
1287:
1259:politically incorrect
958:In the 17th century,
676:Intelligence quotient
410:Mowat–Wilson syndrome
402:Prader–Willi syndrome
384:(common among boys),
331:
322:Further information:
152:intelligence quotient
7494:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
7324:Substance dependence
7237:Postpartum psychosis
6783:Huntington's disease
6565:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
6414:Personality disorder
6095:Models of disability
6079:Youth and disability
6044:Invisible disability
5993:Orthotics and braces
5978:Assistive technology
5790:Rights, law, support
5350:(6). Sage: 723–733.
3103:10.1093/pch/15.3.153
2902:. pp. 175–201.
2540:10.1002/ajmg.b.32338
2357:The Hechinger Report
2054:(4): 1059–67, 1070.
1989:10.3390/ncrna7010022
1705:(10053): 1545–1602.
1021:forced sterilization
650:interpersonal skills
416:, and Siderius type
378:Klinefelter syndrome
309:Defining differences
148:adaptive functioning
7374:Delusional disorder
7319:Stimulant psychosis
7309:Physical dependence
7163:Rumination syndrome
7065:Conversion disorder
7042:Psychogenic amnesia
6892:with depressed mood
6890:Adjustment disorder
6793:Parkinson's disease
6768:Alzheimer's disease
6661:Atypical depression
6497:Social functioning
6372:Munchausen syndrome
6367:Factitious disorder
5747:Learning disability
5411:on 1 September 2000
5333:on 21 January 2022.
5194:. 15 (4): 501–518.
5071:2013PLoSO...870855A
4294:on 12 November 2020
4119:10.1093/pch/17.2.71
3877:Yong, Amos (2007).
2257:on October 28, 2016
1799:, Pub. L. 111-256,
1553:several U.S. states
1524:hearing impairments
1493:, students who are
1457:Society and culture
1382:learning disability
1361:mental subnormality
1229:euphemism treadmill
1152:developmental delay
1120:infectious diseases
1038:produced the first
766:Daily living skills
670:Alzheimer's disease
174:, problem solving,
166:. According to the
108:learning disability
7393:schizophrenia-like
7037:Dissociative fugue
6486:Movement disorders
6161:Disability culture
6088:Disability studies
5983:Independent living
5711:Disability studies
5621:External resources
4985:electionaccess.org
3165:www.psychiatry.org
3025:The New York Times
2995:The New York Times
2900:College Hill Press
2636:(2): e2022056594.
2581:(6): e2020049899.
1638:Secondary handicap
1575:Health disparities
1479:self-determination
1470:
1379:'s designation to
1320:mental retardation
1293:
1266:mental retardation
1233:mental retardation
1193:(1994) and in the
1179:mental retardation
1154:with parents over
1101:state institutions
1059:Wolf Wolfensberger
891:Roman philosophers
616:arcuate fasciculus
414:genetic ciliopathy
382:Fragile X syndrome
370:genetic conditions
334:
282:sheltered workshop
216:Signs and symptoms
195:fragile X syndrome
187:signs and symptoms
160:adaptive behaviors
136:mental retardation
117:153 million (2015)
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7337:
7336:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7013:
7012:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6808:Vascular dementia
6730:Asperger syndrome
6696:
6695:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6540:Tourette syndrome
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6246:
6245:
6115:Neuroqueer theory
6018:Web accessibility
5968:Accessible toilet
5956:
5955:
5809:Disability rights
5804:Ableism/disablism
5658:
5657:
5022:10.1111/jar.12067
4981:"Election Access"
4489:978-0-415-95086-2
4284:978-0-89079-819-5
3987:The Civitan Story
3964:978-0-521-80206-2
3887:978-1-60258-006-0
3824:978-0-8160-7508-9
3803:978-1-107-16290-7
3782:978-1-4615-7136-0
3761:978-0-7619-2874-4
3740:978-0-521-53371-3
3313:978-0-471-23738-9
3261:978-0-646-57440-0
2363:on April 20, 2023
2231:978-0-89042-555-8
2115:(9995): 743–800.
1930:978-0-309-37685-3
1877:978-0-89042-555-8
1679:978-1-118-43998-2
1628:IQ classification
1528:special education
1420:mental impairment
1416:mental impairment
1365:mental deficiency
1237:mentally retarded
1040:standardized test
901:in the brain. In
718:cognitive deficit
646:adaptive behavior
551:Iodine deficiency
394:Williams syndrome
386:neurofibromatosis
366:de novo mutations
347:DiGeorge syndrome
180:abstract thinking
130:), also known as
121:
120:
30:Medical condition
18:Motor retardation
16:(Redirected from
7551:
7475:
7364:
7343:
7278:
7153:Anorexia nervosa
7141:
7130:
7107:Psychogenic pain
7075:Globus pharyngis
6923:Childhood phobia
6906:
6878:
6857:
6713:
6702:
6612:
6511:Selective mutism
6462:Conduct disorder
6445:
6432:
6409:Trichotillomania
6384:Gender dysphoria
6379:Fear of intimacy
6336:Sexual anhedonia
6304:
6293:
6280:Mental disorders
6273:
6266:
6259:
6250:
6236:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6208:Special Olympics
6100:Inspiration porn
6013:Universal design
5814:Pejorative terms
5794:
5757:Physical therapy
5685:
5678:
5671:
5662:
5544:
5509:
5488:
5478:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5391:
5334:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5305:
5211:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5082:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4960:Inclusion Europe
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4889:
4870:
4869:
4852:(Pt 6): 432–44.
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4657:. Archived from
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4421:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4341:World Psychiatry
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4287:. Archived from
4276:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4249:on April 4, 2023
4248:
4237:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4194:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3920:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3846:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3651:(12): CD011359.
3636:
3630:
3629:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2477:(5): 1196–1204.
2461:
2455:
2454:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2359:. Archived from
2348:
2342:
2341:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2253:, archived from
2242:
2236:
2235:
2193:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1817:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1754:. Patient.info.
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1663:
1363:in Scotland and
1289:Special Olympics
1219:health insurance
872:genetic disorder
555:developing world
519:. Diseases like
473:Problems during
206:genetic disorder
53:
33:
21:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7508:
7480:
7461:
7445:
7414:
7392:
7383:
7358:
7333:
7290:
7287:substance abuse
7264:
7241:
7218:
7172:
7158:Bulimia nervosa
7135:
7116:
7092:Hypochondriasis
7087:False pregnancy
7070:Ganser syndrome
7052:Somatic symptom
7046:
7009:
6961:
6950:Specific phobia
6895:
6872:
6843:
6817:
6749:
6745:Savant syndrome
6717:Autism spectrum
6707:
6692:
6620:
6598:
6577:
6571:
6546:
6439:
6418:
6394:Dermatillomania
6355:
6341:Sexual anorexia
6298:
6287:
6277:
6247:
6242:
6214:
6149:
6083:
6022:
5952:
5926:Activist groups
5921:
5875:
5854:
5818:
5785:
5725:
5694:
5689:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5616:
5615:
5555:
5502:
5456:
5414:
5412:
5394:
5337:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5207:
5187:
5185:Further reading
5182:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4940:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4891:
4890:
4873:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4803:
4801:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4773:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4607:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4549:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4407:
4403:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4274:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4017:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3830:
3813:
3809:
3792:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3750:
3746:
3729:
3725:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3262:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2737:livescience.com
2730:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2041:
2040:
2015:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1835:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1618:Future planning
1614:
1577:
1544:
1491:special schools
1459:
1450:
1369:Stephen Dorrell
1357:mental handicap
1353:
1282:
1213:is used in the
1144:
1097:Rosemary Dybwad
880:
864:
856:benzodiazepines
839:metastrategical
795:
758:
711:
678:
628:
614:Absence of the
591:salt iodization
398:phenylketonuria
326:
320:
311:
299:
294:
218:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7557:
7555:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7521:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7360:
7359:
7346:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7314:Rebound effect
7311:
7306:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7281:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7255:Hypersexuality
7251:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7194:
7189:
7183:
7181:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7062:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7023:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6990:
6988:Panic disorder
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6955:Claustrophobia
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6938:Anthropophobia
6930:
6928:Social anxiety
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6860:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6798:Pick's disease
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6289:
6288:
6284:Classification
6278:
6276:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6230:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6168:
6166:Disability art
6163:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5637:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5602:
5591:
5572:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:Classification
5541:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5518:
5517:
5501:
5500:External links
5498:
5497:
5496:
5489:
5454:
5435:978-1433104343
5421:
5392:
5335:
5323:
5313:on 1 July 2013
5294:
5281:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5155:
5104:
5045:
4996:
4972:
4947:
4922:
4871:
4835:
4810:
4780:
4754:
4723:
4698:
4687:. 9 April 2018
4672:
4641:
4616:
4587:
4561:
4531:
4513:
4495:
4488:
4470:
4455:
4437:
4422:
4401:
4386:"The "R" Word"
4376:
4327:
4305:
4283:
4260:
4224:
4162:
4150:
4090:
4065:
4040:
4015:
3992:
3977:
3963:
3940:
3911:(18): 927–32.
3891:
3870:
3828:
3807:
3786:
3765:
3744:
3723:
3696:(5): 376–410.
3680:
3631:
3588:
3545:
3494:
3475:(4): 391–411.
3459:
3424:
3397:(5): 682–707.
3381:
3346:
3335:(3): 131–140.
3319:
3312:
3286:
3271:
3260:
3238:
3211:(2): 110–118.
3195:
3170:
3152:
3134:
3097:(3): 153–156.
3077:
3041:
3011:
2981:
2957:
2908:
2886:
2837:
2796:
2753:
2723:
2706:
2687:(2): 155–165.
2671:
2616:
2561:
2534:(7): 600–608.
2514:
2456:
2437:(6): 1107–14.
2421:
2394:(4): 537–545.
2373:
2343:
2267:
2237:
2230:
2222:2027.42/138395
2177:
2144:
2092:
2069:
2013:
1976:Non-Coding RNA
1962:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1900:|website=
1876:
1848:
1809:
1801:124 Stat. 2643
1789:
1778:gpnotebook.com
1765:
1742:
1685:
1678:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1600:United Kingdom
1576:
1573:
1557:European Union
1555:, and several
1543:
1540:
1516:cerebral palsy
1483:self-direction
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1388:social workers
1352:
1351:United Kingdom
1349:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1316:cerebral palsy
1281:
1278:
1143:
1140:
1116:lead poisoning
1013:Francis Galton
919:raise children
879:
876:
863:
860:
852:antipsychotics
807:mental illness
801:rather than a
794:
791:
786:
785:
775:
769:
757:
754:
710:
707:
677:
674:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
612:
598:
548:
521:whooping cough
509:
501:
494:
471:
319:
316:
310:
307:
298:
295:
293:
290:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
217:
214:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
85:
79:
78:
69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7556:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7476:
7472:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:Schizophrenia
7417:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7348:Schizophrenia
7344:
7340:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7299:Drug overdose
7297:
7296:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7247:Sexual desire
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7127:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6933:Social phobia
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6868:-related and
6867:
6863:
6858:
6854:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6574:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6239:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:Social issues
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:Special needs
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Mainstreaming
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Medical model
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5516:at Wiktionary
5515:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5309:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5291:archived copy
5288:
5287:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:0-87630-916-3
5247:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:(8): e70855.
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5016:(5): 431–46.
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4997:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4836:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4740:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4661:on 2014-10-26
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4631:on 2010-05-01
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4606:on 2014-10-26
4605:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4456:0-252-02237-8
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4347:(3): 175–80.
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4316:
4309:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4080:on 2010-05-30
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4055:on 2010-07-11
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4030:on 2010-07-11
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(3): 418–29.
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:(2): 705–12.
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2928:(2): 119–29.
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:. San Diego:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:(10): 780–6.
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2816:(3): 216–20.
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1869:
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1852:
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1833:
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1823:
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1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1769:
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1757:
1753:
1746:
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1734:
1729:
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1700:
1696:
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1521:
1517:
1511:
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1463:
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1421:
1417:
1412:
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1405:
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1393:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:Down syndrome
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:North America
1295:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:United States
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:Feeble-minded
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:special needs
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1136:mental health
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:In the past,
1112:
1110:
1109:Massachusetts
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Normalization
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
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1010:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
960:Thomas Willis
956:
954:
953:Guardianships
949:
946:
945:Enlightenment
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
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892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
847:
845:
840:
836:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:schizophrenia
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
783:
779:
778:Social skills
776:
773:
772:Communication
770:
767:
764:
763:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
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643:
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620:
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610:
606:
602:
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596:
592:
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576:
572:
568:
567:thyroid gland
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
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534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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502:
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495:
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465:
461:
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449:
445:
441:
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432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Down syndrome
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
352:
348:
344:
343:Down syndrome
340:
330:
325:
317:
315:
308:
306:
304:
296:
291:
289:
285:
283:
279:
274:
273:Speech delays
269:
266:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
191:Down syndrome
188:
183:
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173:
169:
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96:down syndrome
93:
89:
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80:
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43:
39:
34:
19:
7379:Folie à deux
7304:Intoxication
7285:substances,
7283:Psychoactive
7202:Night terror
7019:Dissociative
6983:Panic attack
6551:
6535:Tic disorder
6130:Anthropology
6120:Deaf studies
6110:Crip as verb
5988:Mobility aid
5948:Reach Canada
5721:Social model
5639:
5628:
5604:
5593:
5574:
5559:
5524:from the US
5512:
5492:
5466:
5462:
5425:
5413:. Retrieved
5409:the original
5404:
5401:Human Rights
5400:
5347:
5343:
5331:the original
5315:. Retrieved
5308:the original
5299:
5285:
5272:
5264:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5191:
5172:. Retrieved
5170:. 2019-10-28
5167:
5158:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:
4975:
4964:. Retrieved
4962:. 2019-05-15
4959:
4950:
4939:. Retrieved
4936:euractiv.com
4935:
4925:
4900:
4896:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4827:. Retrieved
4813:
4802:. Retrieved
4793:
4783:
4772:. Retrieved
4766:. BBC News.
4757:
4746:. Retrieved
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4710:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4659:the original
4654:
4644:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:the original
4619:
4608:. Retrieved
4604:the original
4599:
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4564:
4555:
4550:12 September
4548:. Retrieved
4534:
4516:
4498:
4479:
4473:
4446:
4440:
4431:
4425:
4409:
4404:
4389:
4379:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4318:. Retrieved
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4289:the original
4270:
4263:
4251:. Retrieved
4244:the original
4239:
4227:
4182:
4178:
4153:
4113:(2): 71–74.
4110:
4106:
4082:. Retrieved
4078:the original
4068:
4057:. Retrieved
4053:the original
4043:
4032:. Retrieved
4028:the original
4018:
4005:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3953:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3878:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3851:
3815:
3810:
3794:
3789:
3773:
3768:
3752:
3747:
3731:
3726:
3693:
3689:
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3648:
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3561:(5): 400–9.
3558:
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3507:
3503:
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3462:
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3328:
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3280:
3274:
3250:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3184:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3155:
3137:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3058:(2): 250–5.
3055:
3051:
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3024:
3014:
3003:. Retrieved
2994:
2984:
2973:. Retrieved
2970:ScienceDaily
2969:
2960:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2726:
2716:
2709:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2633:
2629:
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2578:
2574:
2564:
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2470:
2459:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2391:
2387:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the original
2356:
2346:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2259:, retrieved
2255:the original
2250:
2240:
2201:
2169:, retrieved
2160:
2112:
2108:
2086:
2051:
2047:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1955:, retrieved
1950:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1881:. Retrieved
1858:
1851:
1843:
1836:. Retrieved
1825:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1759:
1745:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1597:
1578:
1571:disability.
1569:psychosocial
1564:
1545:
1512:
1495:mainstreamed
1487:
1471:
1451:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1301:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1231:. The terms
1223:
1210:
1206:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1128:maternal age
1113:
1105:
1082:
1067:
1051:
1044:
1036:Alfred Binet
1033:
1025:Adolf Hitler
1006:
1004:
986:asylum model
983:
979:Richard Buck
968:
957:
950:
942:
935:
931:menial labor
903:ancient Rome
885:
881:
865:
862:Epidemiology
848:
844:phonological
831:
827:
823:
819:
802:
798:
796:
787:
780:with peers,
759:
712:
703:Flynn effect
699:
694:Lewis Terman
690:Alfred Binet
679:
658:
654:
639:
629:
601:Malnutrition
574:
533:medical care
448:Y chromosome
429:
335:
312:
300:
292:Co-morbidity
286:
270:
261:
226:
219:
199:
184:
162:that affect
144:intellectual
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
7352:schizotypal
7187:Hypersomnia
7177:Nonorganic
6918:Agoraphobia
6649:Cyclothymia
6644:Bipolar NOS
6619:(affective)
6491:Stereotypic
6399:Kleptomania
6203:Paralympics
6198:Deaflympics
6008:Prosthetics
5699:Main topics
5630:MedlinePlus
5534:Let's Work!
5209:10072/47764
4903:(3): 57–9.
3849:Wickham P.
2261:October 27,
2171:October 27,
2161:MedlinePlus
1400:dyscalculia
1355:In the UK,
1329:The phrase
1249:retardation
1183:retardation
1142:Terminology
1124:vaccination
990:basic needs
975:Benoni Buck
915:hold office
899:four humors
895:Hippocrates
835:strategical
692:in France.
668:(including
508:individual.
456:pentasomy X
452:Tetrasomy X
400:(PKU), and
41:Other names
7523:Categories
7504:Stereotypy
7367:Delusional
7356:delusional
7329:Withdrawal
7197:Parasomnia
7102:Nosophobia
6882:Adjustment
6870:somatoform
6803:Sundowning
6656:Depression
6639:Bipolar II
6528:Stuttering
6523:Cluttering
6319:Paraphilia
6193:Parasports
5730:Approaches
5706:Disability
5692:Disability
5606:DiseasesDB
5443:2009-44580
5174:2020-04-06
4990:2020-11-29
4966:2020-11-29
4941:2020-11-29
4829:2010-06-29
4804:2010-06-29
4774:2010-06-29
4748:2007-08-23
4716:25 October
4691:25 October
4665:2014-10-19
4635:2010-12-08
4610:2014-10-18
4580:2010-12-07
4504:"Journals"
4084:2010-06-29
4059:2010-06-29
4034:2010-06-29
3186:2010-12-04
3035:2009-07-21
3005:2009-07-21
2975:2022-08-16
2769:: 125–48.
2747:2022-08-16
2630:Pediatrics
2575:Pediatrics
2367:2022-07-07
2251:qld.gov.au
1957:2024-04-13
1883:2024-04-13
1838:4 December
1797:Rosa's Law
1783:2024-07-08
1654:References
1589:depression
1536:group home
1532:caregivers
1508:group home
1172:challenged
943:Until the
868:idiopathic
815:depression
809:, such as
799:disability
793:Management
714:Clinically
684:test, the
607:, such as
587:Kazakhstan
573:(formerly
529:meningitis
339:trisomy 18
278:group home
202:idiopathic
76:pediatrics
72:Psychiatry
7457:Catatonia
7389:Psychosis
7224:Postnatal
7207:Nightmare
6813:Wandering
6666:Dysthymia
6634:Bipolar I
6589:Pervasive
6404:Pyromania
6329:Voyeurism
6324:Fetishism
6140:Education
6135:Geography
5779:education
5742:Inclusion
5649:neuro/605
5641:eMedicine
5485:1741-1130
5451:460711867
5372:0306-624X
5364:1552-6933
5218:829241491
4794:Telegraph
4557:supports.
4418:543795982
4320:26 August
4201:2365-7464
4185:(1): 29.
4127:1205-7088
3970:11 August
3863:8 October
3710:0895-8017
3532:1934-9491
3524:1934-9556
3489:143880400
3362:: 42–57.
3233:151191181
3225:1366-8250
3111:1205-7088
2701:143874013
2666:256273971
2650:0031-4005
2611:243762735
2595:0031-4005
2491:0162-3257
2338:212947591
2306:0890-8567
2298:1527-5418
1982:(1): 22.
1902:ignored (
1892:cite book
1803:(2010). (
1761:profound.
1719:0140-6736
1563:ruled in
1448:Australia
1177:The term
1080:in 1980.
1034:In 1905,
1029:Holocaust
977:, son of
927:Roman law
666:dementias
626:Diagnosis
575:cretinism
475:pregnancy
462:, or 49,
210:inherited
172:reasoning
114:Frequency
100:Fragile X
67:Specialty
7192:Insomnia
6862:Neurotic
6829:Delirium
6755:Dementia
6594:Specific
6228:Category
6145:Journals
6125:Eugenics
6105:Bodymind
5912:Students
5859:Services
5646:med/3095
5388:27995011
5380:17636203
5258:39223703
5150:25077139
5099:23951026
5059:PLOS ONE
5040:23913632
4917:14749614
4909:23315317
4866:16672037
4823:Archived
4798:Archived
4768:Archived
4739:Archived
4574:Archived
4570:"mencap"
4544:Archived
4526:Archived
4508:Archived
4465:35548813
4396:Archived
4371:21991267
4253:30 April
4219:28133625
4145:23372396
4010:Archived
3935:43528098
3927:24502149
3857:Archived
3718:12186578
3675:31805208
3626:18526396
3618:17658985
3583:21854907
3575:17915494
3540:19368488
3454:21159487
3419:35318587
3411:17699124
3376:71602425
3266:Archived
3254:. 2015.
3147:Archived
3129:21358895
3072:18206698
3029:Archived
2999:Archived
2952:20059514
2881:16199551
2832:10398231
2791:40223129
2783:16722803
2741:Archived
2658:36700335
2603:34851412
2548:26198689
2509:23008058
2451:19604668
2408:27558812
2330:33928910
2322:14404226
2314:87640752
2165:archived
2139:26063472
2064:Archived
2060:10706158
2008:33799572
1832:Archived
1756:Archived
1737:27733282
1612:See also
1593:diabetes
1581:epilepsy
1499:included
1396:dyslexia
1392:dyslexia
1308:epilepsy
1241:imbecile
1074:lawsuits
1054:Civitans
1017:eugenics
971:colonies
938:Al-Walid
738:dementia
634:and the
609:Ethiopia
597:had not.
505:histones
372:include
176:planning
156:below 70
6901:Anxiety
6740:PDD-NOS
6629:Bipolar
6282: (
5880:Support
5600:D008607
5570:F70-F79
5415:12 July
5317:30 June
5141:4098023
5090:3741324
5067:Bibcode
5031:4475843
4362:3188762
4298:16 June
4210:5256467
4136:3299349
3666:6894923
3120:2865952
2943:2820350
2872:1735927
2556:7635120
2500:4814267
2416:4377173
2130:4561509
1999:8005948
1805:Archive
1728:5055577
1598:In the
1425:A 2008
1164:special
1063:deviant
964:disease
936:Caliph
878:History
803:disease
559:endemic
545:mercury
537:poisons
525:measles
513:disease
483:alcohol
358:Genetic
7145:Eating
6993:Stress
6910:Phobia
6866:stress
6725:Autism
6518:Speech
6307:Sexual
5797:Rights
5774:school
5635:001523
5483:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5386:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5256:
5248:
5216:
5148:
5138:
5124:: 83.
5097:
5087:
5038:
5028:
4915:
4907:
4864:
4711:Mencap
4685:nhs.uk
4486:
4463:
4453:
4416:
4369:
4359:
4281:
4217:
4207:
4199:
4160:, 2013
4143:
4133:
4125:
3961:
3933:
3925:
3885:
3822:
3801:
3780:
3759:
3738:
3716:
3708:
3673:
3663:
3624:
3616:
3581:
3573:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3487:
3452:
3417:
3409:
3374:
3310:
3258:
3231:
3223:
3127:
3117:
3109:
3070:
2950:
2940:
2879:
2869:
2830:
2789:
2781:
2699:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2554:
2546:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2449:
2414:
2406:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2228:
2137:
2127:
2109:Lancet
2058:
2006:
1996:
1927:
1874:
1735:
1725:
1717:
1699:Lancet
1676:
1520:vision
1503:stigma
1467:Bhutan
1437:Mencap
1312:autism
1254:retard
1203:ICD-11
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