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going where no man or woman dares go. I took NASA on for not including women and I gave some history of the powerful women who had applied and, after five times applying, felt disenfranchised and backed off. NASA was having their fifth or sixth recruitment and women and ethnic people staying away in droves. I was asked to come to headquarters the next day and they wanted me to assist them in persuading women and people of ethnic backgrounds that NASA was serious . And I said you've got to be joking; I didn't take them seriously. . . . John
Yardley, who I knew from working on a previous project, was in the room and said 'Nichelle, we are serious.' I said OK. I will do this and I will bring you the most qualified people on the planet, as qualified as anyone you've ever had and I will bring them in droves. And if you do not pick a person of color, if you do not pick a woman, if it's the same old, same old, all-white male astronaut corps, that you've done for the last five years, and I'm just another dupe, I will be your worst nightmare.
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2008:. She returned to Earth on April 20, 2010. Yamazaki worked on ISS hardware development projects in the 1990s. She is an aerospace engineer and also holds a master's degree in that field. She was selected for astronaut training in 1999 and was certified by 2001. She was a mission specialist on her 2010 space shuttle flight, and spent 362 hours in space. Yamazaki worked on robotics and transitioned through the reorganization of Japanese spaceflight organization in 2003 when
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40:
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men. The women employed in the space agency NASA are also still more likely to work in lower-ranked jobs, while men are more often employed in higher-ranked occupations, particularly in space crew settings, despite women having similar qualifications to those of men. There has also been found a larger gender gap in certain jobs such as manufacturing, while downstream application and service jobs have a higher representation of women employees.
208:
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reproductive organs (including unreleased ova). The unknown nature of the effects of spaceflight on women was also noted. However, the director of the China
Astronaut Centre has stated that marriage is a preference but not a strict limitation. Part of why they were so strict was because it was their first astronaut selection and they were trying be "extra cautious". China's first woman astronaut,
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1515:
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78:. A considerable number of women from a range of countries have worked in space, though overall women are still significantly less often chosen to go to space than men, and by June, 2020 constitute only 12% of all astronauts who have been to space. Yet, the proportion of women among space travelers is increasing substantially over time.
519:
Since the final years of the Space Race most of the women who have been to space have been
American women, outnumbering all other countries combined. But the more than 50 American women astronauts, contrasted by the several hundred astronauts who have entered space, women still only make up about 12%
957:
in the programme stated that "working for girls and women in science has been empowering, encouraging me to persist in a work environment that is sometimes so hostile and not inclusive". In
October 2017, UNOOSA and UN women also cooperated to organise a ‘Space for Women’ Expert Meeting with the goal
773:
to make it easier for women to join and 17 women applied for the role to join a space travel mission, but all 17 job applications were declined. NASA did employ thousands of women in jobs where space travel was not included in the 1960s, but there was still hierarchical differences between women and
3209:
From the late 1970s until the late 1980s, NASA employed
Nichelle Nichols to recruit new astronaut candidates. Many of her new recruits were women or members of racial and ethnic minorities, including Guion Bluford (the first African-American astronaut), Sally Ride, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair
944:
There have been attempts at combating gender discrimination within the space sector. For example, the United
Nations has made the Space4Women project which is intended to focus on gender related issues in space and find reasons why gender inequality is still an issue in the outer space sector. The
340:
on
November 3, 1963, at the Moscow Wedding Palace, with Khrushchev presiding at the wedding party together with top government and space program leaders. The occasion was described by Kamanin as "probably useful for politics and science". Tereshkova gave birth on 8 June 1964, nearly one year after
3236:
Ten years after "Star Trek" was cancelled, almost to the day, I was invited to join the board of directors of the newly formed
National Space Society. They flew me to Washington and I gave a speech called "New Opportunities for the Humanization of Space" or "Space, What's in it for me?" In , I'm
268:
of the then rejected "Mercury 13". At one point
Kamanin noted in his diary, "We cannot allow that the first woman in space will be American. This would be an insult to the patriotic feelings of Soviet women." The Soviet government generally had no interest in using women as cosmonaut pilots, but
2157:
candidates, chosen in 2010 from the ranks of fighter pilots, were required to be married mothers. The
Chinese stated that married women were "more physically and psychologically mature" and that the rule that they had have had children was because of concerns that spaceflight would harm their
1146:
For fetus radiation increases the risk of childhood cancers. Additionally children of female astronauts could be sterile if the astronaut were exposed to too much ionizing radiation during the later stages of a pregnancy. Ionizing radiation may destroy the egg cells of a female fetus inside a
1174:. A Soviet experiment in 1983 showed that a rat that orbited while pregnant later gave birth to healthy babies; the babies were "thinner and weaker than their Earth-based counterparts and lagged behind a bit in their mental development," although the developing pups eventually caught up.
166:
as men. Scientific studies generally show no particular adverse effect from short space missions. It has even been suggested by some that women might be better suited for longer space missions. Studies have continually indicated that the main obstacle for women to go to space remains
103:, and her years of experience in sport parachuting, which she used on landing after ejecting from her capsule. Women were not qualified as space pilots and workers co-equal to their male counterparts until 1982. By October 2021, most of the 70 women who have been to space have been
1937:
was selected by the Canadian Space Agency to receive astronaut training at Johnson Space Center. She completed the two-year Astronaut Candidate Training Program and obtained the official title of astronaut in January 2020. She has been assigned as the backup for
842:’ or uncertainty in an otherwise stable environment, and women have previously said that they have struggled to be taken seriously in outer space environments. Some women in the space industry have also reported that they feel like they have to express typically
892:
have been made to allow for women to enter outer space occupations, but that these changes do not seem to have been as effective as one might have expected. Pesterfield has argued that the unequal amount of women and men in space might be an outcome of the
750:, one of the first group of female US astronauts, remembers questions by the press on how her children would handle her being a mother in space. Women are often expected to be the ones mainly responsible for child-rearing, which can impact their career.
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Only 12 human beings, all men, have walked on the Moon. In 2020, NASA's communication director reported that NASA planned to land astronauts on the Moon, including possibly a woman astronaut or astronauts, as part of the U.S.
1784:
Although not a NASA astronaut, Millie Hughes-Fulford of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs flew on the STS-40 Space Shuttle mission in June 1991 as the first female payload specialist from outside the space agency.
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However, due to the currently used risk models for endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer, women at NASA can currently only spend half as much time on missions as men, which limits their career options compared to men.
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suggests that an increase of women being involved in the space industry is important to achieve the SDGs and gender equality, since 90 percent of future jobs will probably require STEM related skills. The promotion of
1204:
To date no human children have been born in space; neither have children gone into space. Nevertheless, the idea of children in space is taken seriously enough that some have discussed how to raise children in space.
781:
showed that only 11 percent of the world's astronauts are women, 6.6 percent are spacewalkers and 20 percent are in the space workforce. In March 2023, the Director of Space Technology of the Australian Space Agency,
2324:
sub-orbital flight on 20 July 2021. In addition to being the only member of the Mercury 13 to ever fly in space, she also broke the record for oldest person in space at the age of 82, though her record was broken by
4340:
835:. On the 2023 International Women's Day, Mann stated that "inequality does stifle success" and that it is important to continue to break barriers and inspire and empower the youth to achieve their dreams.
289:
1848:, was admitted to the Russian cosmonaut corps in 2012. In 2019 Roscosmos announced changes to their space suits to accommodate women and announced in 2020 that Kikina was selected for a flight to the
769:
and the physical sciences until changes started happening in the end of the 1960s. Particularly in the period between 1972 and 1974 the focus on women became more prominent. In 1967, NASA changed its
1195:
mothers were either not producing enough milk or not feeding their offspring in space. However, a later study on pregnant rats showed that the animals successfully gave birth and lactated normally.
260:, lobbied for having women as cosmonauts, after being inspired in 1961 by repeated questions from the foreign press about women in space. Subsequently, Kamanin crucially gained space program leader
364:
to land a man on the Moon included only male astronauts. Neither the USSR nor US launched another woman into space until women were admitted to the astronaut and cosmonaut corps in the late 1970s.
241:". Wanting the chance to become astronauts the women took and passed the health screening tests as the men, supervised by Lovelace Clinic staff. This was funded privately (e.g. by aviation pioneer
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served as a payload specialist on the Galactic 05 / IIAS-01 research mission with Virgin Galactic, during which she operated three biomedical and thermodynamic fluids experiments in space.
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reported that short-duration missions (no longer than nine days) did not affect "the ability of astronauts to conceive and bear healthy children to term." In another experiment, the frog
1083:
average 0.4 mSv per day (150 mSv per year), although frequent crew rotations minimize risk to individuals. A trip to Mars with current technology might be related to measurements by the
2625:
743:
became the first female US astronaut to go into space in 1983, the press asked her questions about her reproductive organs and whether she would cry if things went wrong on the job.
4519:
Britton, Alan (November 4, 2010), "A school curriculum for the children of stace settlers", in Landfester, Ulrike; Remuss, Nina-Louisa; Schrogl, Kai-Uwe; Worms, Jean-Claude (eds.),
245:) and not by the government; the idea of female astronauts faced a great deal of resistance in the military command and NASA, leaving these women no chance of becoming astronauts.
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838:
In 1995, an academic journal stated that outer space occupations was regarded as a male dominated arena where the male body was the standard while the female body was seen as ‘
520:
of all people who have gone to space, still being less chosen and enabled. NASA only in 2013 enabled the first time an equal amount of women as part of an astronaut class, the
5781:
1214:
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Casper, M. J. and Moore, L. J. (1995) ‘Inscribing Bodies, Inscribing the Future: Gender, Sex and Reproduction in Outer Space’, Sociological Perspectives, 38 (2), pp. 316-318
925:(22 percent). Rebecca Spyke Keiser, who is a special assistant to the NASA administrator for innovation and public-private partnership, has stated that the lack of woman
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Female astronauts are subject to the same general physical effects of space travel as male astronauts. These include physiological changes due to weightlessness such as
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in space as of 2003, scientists have conducted experiments on non-human mammalian gestation. Space missions that have studied "reproducing and growing mammals" include
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pushed for a new cosmonaut program for women, with the USSR in July 1980 choosing a cosmonaut group which included nine women in addition to four men. The women were:
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poses for a picture before donning her space suit and extravehicular mobility unit in the airlock on board the April 25, 1990 Space Shuttle mission that deployed the
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By 1971 NASA had hired staff tasked to address issues of adhering to legal ramifications to include underrepresented people of society. In 1973 staff such as
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2017:
4176:"Table-4. Average dose (D) or dose-rate recorded by dosimetry badge and estimates of the effective doses, E received by crews in NASA programs through 2004"
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astronauts to fly in space, and there have been no pregnant women in space. However, various science experiments have dealt with some aspects of pregnancy.
273:
was extremely interested in the propaganda value of proving Soviet superiority over the US in women's equality. In February 1962 from over 400 applicants a
474:, Galina Amelkina, Yelena Dobrokvashina, Larisa Pozharskaya, Tamara Zakharova, Yekaterina Ivanova, Natalya Kuleshova, Irina Pronina, and Irina Latysheva.
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was the fourth overall, second woman who went privately funded and first self-funded to space. As well as the first privately funded woman to fly to the
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2013:
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of the "Mercury 13" became a consultant to NASA in 1961 and testified before Congress in July 1962 about the "Mercury 13"'s positive medical results and
2783:
2243:, a British-Soviet collaboration. She was the second person and first woman to be funded privately to go to space. Sherman was the first citizen of the
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her space flight, to the first person with a mother and father who had both traveled into space, their daughter Elena Andrianovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova.
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designs did not have women in mind, until October 2020 when the first toilet with better design for women (as well as men) was delivered to the ISS.
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2061:, who went to the Russian space station Mir in 1996. She flew again in 2001 as the first European woman to visit the International Space Station.
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Since women have been sent to space, the previously male focused clothing has been reconsidered addressing the issues and needs for clothing like
975:
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4022:"A Brief History Of Menstruating In Space: Before women started flying in space, NASA was a little worried they might die having their periods"
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The lack of knowledge about pregnancy and birth control in micro-gravity has been noted in regards to conducting long-term space missions.
431:
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reached space on a Soyuz flight, as the first actress, to shoot the first professional movie scenes in space as well as a space station.
100:
5079:[Mother-in-law of female astronaut Liu Yang: I hope daughter-in-law gives birth to a child as soon as possible]. News.ifeng.com
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spacecraft. To increase the odds of sending a Soviet woman into space first, the women cosmonauts began their training before the men.
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Kamanin diaries, full Russian edition: Каманин, Н.П., "Скрытый космос" ("Hidden Cosmos"), М, v.1 1995, v.2 1997, v.3 1999, v.4 2001
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The US has since the 1980s the largest group of women of all countries, more than all other that have ever gone to space combined.
395:
On January 16, 1978, NASA announced the selection of its eighth group of astronaut candidates, which included the first women, six
2162:, was married but had no children at the time of her flight in June 2012. Her second mission launched in June 2022 on Shenzou 14.
4392:
963:
4075:"Female astronauts: How performance products like space suits and bras are designed to pave the way for women's accomplishments"
1014:
could pose serious health risks or have a negative effect on performance, although it is now dealt with as a matter of routine.
746:
Women with children have also been faced with questions about how they would compare to traditional expectations of motherhood.
4475:
1340:
1140:
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in 2002 that if the women did not behave in the same way as the guys, it would mean that they were not doing the job properly.
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and the other male cosmonauts. These plans were canceled in 1965, leaving the women with Soviet Air Force officer commissions.
274:
31:
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as a supporter, getting approval six months later for women cosmonauts. During a visit to the US in 1962 Kamanin got to know
3717:
Pesterfield, Chris (2016). "Cosmofeminism: Challenging Patriarchy in Outer Space". In Ormrod, James; Dickens, Peter (eds.).
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2000:
became the second Japanese woman to fly into space with her launch on April 5, 2010. Yamazaki entered space on the shuttle
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from Egypt was on the same flight, becoming the first Egyptian, first Arab woman, and first woman from Africa in space.
234:
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in November 2014. She returned to space in April 2021 on the SpaceX Crew-4 mission to the International Space Station.
984:
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4100:
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became 2021 the fourth Russian woman flying to space. Though she was not sent by the Russian state, since she flew as
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from May 27 to June 6, 1999. During the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the Shuttle to the
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became in 2007 the first woman to command the International Space Station, and in October 2009 NASA's first female
152:
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531:
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because "…creating a spacefaring civilization was one of the most important things we could do in our lifetime."
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1994:
in 1998. She is the first Japanese and Asian woman to fly in space, and the first Japanese citizen to fly twice.
1798:
1697:
holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020. During
1045:
616:), as the first woman being captain of a space station, greeting in a first of its kind encounter another woman (
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became the first woman cosmonaut for the Russian Federation in 1994, and the first woman to travel for both the
3945:
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had specifically invited women to join. They also extended the first invitation to people with disabilities (
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for astronauts traveling to the Moon and to any distant location beyond Earth orbit. Evidence indicates past
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than girls and there may be societal expectations that gender will influence what a person is good at. The
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NASA ignored gender issues at the beginning of the space era, and women were not normally allowed to enter
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5400:
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1934:
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NASA's first six women astronauts chosen in the 1970s: Seddon, Sullivan, Resnik, Ride, Fisher, and Lucid.
377:
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A number of other high-profile women have contributed to interest in space programs. In the early 2000s,
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became the first Russian woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station on September 26, 2014.
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which for a 180-day journey estimated an exposure approximately 300 mSv, which would be equivalent of 24
1044:
Both men and women are affected by radiation. Massive particles are a concern for astronauts outside the
95:
on June 16–19, 1963. Tereshkova was a textile-factory assembly worker, rather than a pilot like the male
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2098:) to apply for the group. Of the selected five career astronauts and one para-astronaut two are women:
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from cosmic sources. These high-energy charged nuclei are blocked by Earth's magnetic field but pose a
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2489:(unisex garment to help contain bodily emissions during spaceflight, specifically designed for women)
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woman citizen (dual citizenship with the US) to go to space. She flew to the station in 2006 on the
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3083:"Civil Rights Tour: Employment - Ruth Bates Harris, Whistle Blower for Equality - 1218 E Street NE"
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Of the nine women only Savitskaya got to fly to space. As a research cosmonaut she flew aboard the
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2746:"A Woman in Space: Two men of the 1950s showed that women have 'The Right Stuff' to be astronauts"
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Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity breaking Adventures
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Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures
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Of NASA's first women astronaut group all flew in space at least once, with mission specialist
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space station on that mission. Savitskaya became the first woman to fly in space twice, on the
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to the space station along with Ansari. Ansari performed several experiments on behalf of the
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subsequently formed a group of thirteen women US pilots, dubbed by the American press as the "
75:
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Ronca, April E. (July 15, 2003), "Mammalian Development in Space", in Cogoli, Augusto (ed.),
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in the US) in the late 1950s and early 1960s from the ranks of their military high-speed jet
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on January 28, 1986, less than two minutes after launch, along with all of their crewmates.
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became the first married astronauts and the first having a child after both being in space.
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A record four women simultaneously in space aboard the International Space Station in 2010 (
5302:"'Woohoo! We're not going to die!' Blue Origin space tourists celebrate successful mission"
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who went into space, making the United Kingdom the first of two countries (the other being
692:. Furthermore, the European Space Agency (ESA) has six astronauts, of whom one is a woman (
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2685:"Women in space: Roscosmos sets sights on creating female crew of cosmonauts, says source"
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was to include women and people of minorities. To assist finding candidates the milestone
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Huntoon, Carolyn. (2002) Interview with Rebecca Wright. 5 June, Barrington, Rhode Island.
901:. For example, boys are more often encouraged to have interests in STEM subjects such as
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3667:"Race, Gender, and Space Exploration: A Chapter in the Social History of the Space Age'"
3628:"Race, Gender, and Space Exploration: A Chapter in the Social History of the Space Age'"
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missions received on average 1.2 mSv/day and 1.4 mSv/day respectively. Exposures on the
937:
might also have contributed to the low amount of women in space-related work as well as
5717:
5481:
5454:
3946:"The Space Economy in Figures: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy | en | OECD"
3312:"Charting each generation of NASA astronauts reveals how the 'right stuff' has changed"
2577:
Duggirala S, Aboudja H, Batthula VJ, Howell M, Segall RS, Tsai P-H, Berleant D (2022).
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1997:
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recommends a limit of 1 mSv total for a pregnancy, and no more than 0.5 mSv per month.
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858:, which is beneficial in the space industry, while femininity is associated with being
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4717:"3 station fliers complete "once-in-a-lifetime ride" home after 204-day stay in orbit"
4495:"She was pregnant when NASA offered to send her to space. Anna Fisher didn't hesitate"
4358:
Davis, Jeffrey R.; Johnson, Robert; Stepanek, Jan; Fogarty, Jennifer A., eds. (2008).
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crew, the first since the Apollo program to go around the Moon. The crew will include
587:
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4694:"Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman"
4146:"Female Astronauts Face Discrimination from Space Radiation Concerns, Astronauts Say"
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Integrating Women Into the Astronaut Corps: Politics and Logistics at NASA, 1972-2004
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1910:, Payette served as a mission specialist. Her main responsibility was to operate the
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the second woman in space, first to conduct an EVA (1982) and return to space (1984).
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3829:"Australian astronaut Katherine Bennell-Pegg's message on international women's day"
3162:"The Space Review: Chief communicator: How Star Trek's Lieutenant Uhura helped NASA"
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4741:
3971:
Hyman, Vincent (February 19, 2015). "Why space exploration rarely includes women".
2392:
2341:
2333:
2240:
2210:
2084:
1971:
1960:
1706:
1336:
1285:
1033:
1011:
685:
677:
661:
629:
572:
560:
354:
300:
293:
185:
82:
5502:
2865:
2120:
5217:"At 90, William Shatner becomes the oldest person to reach 'the final frontier.'"
4627:
3980:
3047:
2784:"The First Group of Female Cosmonauts Were Trained to Conquer the Final Frontier"
2711:
2176:
orbiting space station with which it docked. In October 2021, Wang again flew on
862:
which is viewed as 'negative' in the context of outer space travel. The American
5712:
5685:
5602:
5554:
3421:
3161:
2838:
2431:
2359:
2321:
2266:
2248:
2192:
2177:
2169:
2165:
1978:
candidates for the First Material Processing Test (Spacelab-J) that flew aboard
1845:
1155:
1018:
922:
918:
855:
843:
824:
766:
669:
556:
552:
535:
317:, as parachuting was necessary for the Earth landing which was made outside the
314:
265:
246:
211:
201:
144:
71:
17:
5353:
5328:"Virgin Galactic astronaut Kellie Gerardi is ready for broader access to space"
4768:"Russia's only female cosmonaut expected to make spaceflight in autumn of 2022"
4654:"Reflections on the Loss of STS-107, the Space Shuttle Columbia: Ten Years Ago"
3846:
2557:"Almost 90% of astronauts have been men. But the future of space may be female"
1224:
1091:
or "15 times an annual radiation limit for a worker in a nuclear power plant".
1064:(SPE) radiation levels that would have been lethal for unprotected astronauts.
5796:
5702:
4126:
3682:
3643:
2492:
2453:
2363:
2317:
2313:
2299:
2188:
2173:
2147:
2143:
1736:
954:
946:
938:
926:
902:
851:
740:
716:
504:
497:
238:
197:
189:
5228:
4897:
4222:
3563:"Astronaut Mom Karen Nyberg Prepares for Mission and Motherhood 255 Miles Up"
1379:
Men (blue) and women (red) in space by nationality (as of February 2024)
5707:
5660:
4548:
Space Oddities: Women and Outer Space in Popular Film and Culture, 1960-2000
3903:"International Women's Day: Female astronauts keep making strides off Earth"
3786:
https://www.oecd.org/innovation/the-space-economy-in-figures-c5996201-en.htm
2200:
2180:
where she became the first Chinese female astronaut to perform a spacewalk.
2154:
1811:, which had sent two, the very first women altogether from Russia to space.
1804:
1739:
became the first American women in space, when she flew in June 1983 on the
1133:
930:
874:
863:
786:, said that women are still in the minority in the space industry and that ‘
754:
732:
696:), training for Artemis. This group is later to be joined by members of the
478:
381:
193:
96:
5022:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. April 2010. Archived from
4965:
4962:"Naoko Yamazaki to become second Japanese female astronaut to fly to space"
1982:
in 1992. She also served as a back-up payload specialist for the Neurolab (
376:
criticized NASA's poor inclusion of women and minorities. Subsequently the
3782:
The Space Economy in Figures: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy.
2864:; the Russian text is available at line at a number of web sites, such as
2391:
Alongside astronauts, there have been many women who have been working in
1253:
1911:
1759:
1317:
1273:
881:
867:
493:
485:
333:
322:
303:
229:
of the Air Force Air Research and Development Command was not permitted,
89:
5250:"Inspiration4 Crew Launches First All-Civilian Orbital Mission to Space"
4364:(Fourth ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 221–230.
3586:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 146.
3485:"European Space Agency in bid to recruit female and disabled astronauts"
2837:
Kamanin's diaries: abridged concise English version available online at
2340:
became the first female commercial astronauts to go into orbit on board
1272:
died in the January 28, 1986 Challenger disaster, along with the entire
2213:
in May 2023 on the Axiom-2 mission to the International Space Station.
2005:
1926:
1907:
1902:, and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On
1520:
1289:
1151:
1088:
950:
934:
914:
906:
859:
854:' traits are looked down upon. For example, men are thought to be more
799:
in an inclusive manner is also an important step towards achieving the
621:
571:. On October 18, 2019, the first all female spacewalk was conducted by
48:
4183:
Space Radiation Organ Doses for Astronauts on Past and Future Missions
3259:
2809:
1288:
died in the February 1, 2003 Columbia disaster, along with the entire
966:
are also factors that play a role in boosting participation by women.
5532:
3744:"Giant Leaps and Forgotten Steps: NASA and the Performance of Gender"
2050:
1991:
1987:
1986:) mission. Mukai has logged over 566 hours in space. She flew aboard
1983:
1979:
1914:
robotic arm from the space station. Payette was sworn in as the 29th
1891:
1778:
1774:
1580:
1550:
1430:
1191:
1186:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1076:
770:
539:
325:
on June 16, 1963, completing a 70.8 hour flight making a total of 48
140:
128:
120:
99:
flying at the time, chosen for propaganda value, her devotion to the
1298:
Four women have died during two spaceflight missions 1986 and 2003.
4767:
2684:
1147:
pregnant woman, rendering the offspring infertile even when grown.
1007:, dangers due to vacuum and temperature, and psychological stress.
159:-US citizenship has participated as a tourist on a US spaceflight.
3512:"NASA, Canadian Space Agency to Assign Artemis II Moon Astronauts"
2731:
2320:, became the oldest woman in space when she flew on Blue Origin's
2283:
2119:
2078:
2009:
1955:
1920:
1744:
1610:
1490:
1460:
983:
898:
530:
508:
326:
288:
206:
148:
132:
124:
38:
5275:"SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission"
2273:
on September 18, 2006. Soyuz TMA-9 transported two-thirds of ISS
2172:
spaceship crew, which orbited the Earth in June 2013, and of the
1777:
and became the first female US mission commander in July 1999 on
4846:"Biography of Dr. Jennifer (Jenni) Anne MacKinnon Sidey-Gibbons"
3456:"Who wants to go to the moon? Europe names astronaut candidates"
3191:
3021:
Nikolaeva-Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna (2015). "Preface".
2527:"Four Women will Fly in Space for the First Time in the History"
2434:
initiated a project to increase the visibility and viability of
2262:
2054:
2025:
910:
820:
736:
156:
116:
5389:
5385:
5190:"Blue Origin launches Bezos on first crewed New Shepard flight"
4256:"Calculated Risks: How Radiation Rules Manned Mars Exploration"
3847:"Only around 1 in 5 space industry workers are women | UN News"
1705:'s 289 days from 2016-17. In third place is American astronaut
913:
found that the majority of women employed by NASA have studied
656:. Of the 18 candidates in the Artemis program, nine are women:
332:
Kamanin framed her as "Gagarin in a skirt". Tereshkova married
2232:
2168:
became the second Chinese female astronaut as a member of the
2046:
has sent two women to space, while it has sent many more men.
1688:
List of spaceflight records § Longest single flight by a woman
816:
790:
is for everyone’ whilst adding that inclusivity is important.
507:
becoming in 1983 the first US woman to fly in space, with the
4629:
Teacher in space: Christa McAuliffe and the Challenger legacy
4551:. The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 106.
2875:
2873:
2821:
2819:
524:, a short lived situation since the subsequently and current
5164:"ESA experiments with spaceflight participant Ansari to ISS"
4742:"First Russian woman in International Space Station mission"
3426:"One of these astronauts may be the first woman on the moon"
2529:. Russian Federal Space Agency. 3 April 2010. Archived from
488:
in August 1982 and became the first woman to walk in space (
2657:"At Nasa, women are still facing outdated workplace sexism"
2579:"Women in Space: From Historical Trend to Future Forecasts"
4794:"Dr. Roberta Lynn Bondar: Canada's First Female Astronaut"
4576:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 123.
4574:
A Journal for Christa: Christa McAuliffe, Teacher in Space
2808:
Weitekamp, Margaret A.; Garber, Steve (October 11, 2004).
2064:
Since then the only other woman sent by a European agency
1201:
was in 1984 the first biological mother going into space.
731:
Space programs allowed women generally only well into the
299:
was the first woman in space, launched in 1963 aboard the
5124:
My Dream of Stars: From Daughter of Iran to Space Pioneer
5100:"China launches space mission with first woman astronaut"
3719:
The Palgrave Handbook of Society, Culture and Outer Space
3368:"15 Years Ago: Two Women Commanders Shake Hands in Space"
3025:. Bethesda, MD: SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 4–7.
2626:"Here's why women may be the best suited for spaceflight"
2438:
with the "AstroMom" project. She aimed to fill an unused
392:
for the inclusion of women and minorities as astronauts.
4920:, New York City, April 5, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-04-05.
4292:"China: Female Astronauts Must Be Married with Children"
3397:"NASA plans to land the first woman on the moon by 2024"
3345:. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press Incorporated.
2940:
Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties
192:, both nations chose their first space pilots (known as
4800:. Sault Ste. Marie Public Library. 2008. Archived from
4049:"Women Astronauts: To Menstruate or Not to Menstruate"
3224:"Q & A: Nichelle Nichols, AKA Lt. Uhura, and NASA"
277:
were chosen to be trained for a solo spaceflight in a
256:
Meanwhile, the USSR's director of cosmonaut training,
164:
physical and psychological difficulties of spaceflight
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4522:
Humans in Outer Space: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
4394:
Radiology Clinician Fact Sheet: Radiation Information
4169:
4167:
1876:
was the first Canadian woman to fly in space, on the
640:
in 2019, before making the first all-woman spacewalk.
5380:
50 years of humans in space: European Women in Space
4964:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from
4931:"Astronaut set to become Japan's first mum in space"
4598:"The Crew of the Challenger Shuttle Mission in 1986"
4400:, NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, September 2012
3287:"With Every First in Space, New Dreams Are Launched"
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
1814:
Originally chosen as cosmonaut during Soviet times,
608:
America sending frequently women into space allowed
559:
became the first woman on an ISS expedition crew on
5822:
5772:
5763:
5628:
5578:
5490:
5430:
5423:
5046:"Exclusive interview: Astronauts selection process"
4476:"Nasa To Probe The Deaths Of 51 Baby Rats In Space"
4446:, vol. 9, Elsevier Science B.V., p. 219,
4423:"Why infertility will stop humans colonising space"
2992:"50yrs ago, Tereshkova became first woman in space"
1925:
Canadian astronaut Julie Payette in space in 2009 (
1364:
List of space travelers by nationality § Statistics
1215:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
945:project includes women from different backgrounds,
313:, a textile factory worker who was an avid amateur
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2294:Service Module of the International Space Station.
1841:, shooting scenes for a Russian movie at the ISS.
5121:Ansari, Anousheh; Hickam, Homer (March 2, 2010).
3395:Jackson, Amanda; Boyette, Chris (June 17, 2019).
921:(25 percent), physical sciences (25 percent) and
917:(48 percent), while they are underrepresented in
850:and dominance in outer space occupations, since '
3873:"First Native American woman to travel to space"
2251:) to have a woman as its first person in space.
466:Similarly, in 1978 Tereshkova and her colleague
4937:. Reuters UK. November 11, 2008. Archived from
4262:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
4127:"Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts"
3266:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2866:http://militera.lib.ru/db/kamanin_np/index.html
2083:Cristoforetti in the ISS Cupola with a view of
1890:from Montreal. Payette was part of the crew of
941:about women only being good at certain things.
5158:
5156:
2583:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
624:) being captain of another spacecraft in 2007.
511:, and third woman altogether to fly in space.
5401:
4632:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
4316:
4314:
4007:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
2972:Eidelman, Tamara (2013). "A Cosmic Wedding".
563:, lasting from March 2001 until August 2001.
8:
4824:"Inventive Women Biographies: Julie Payette"
3896:
3894:
2018:Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
958:of empowering women in space industry jobs.
538:, the first woman of color in space, aboard
349:Kamanin hoped to fly two other women on the
5170:. European Space Agency. September 12, 2006
4830:. Inventive Women Inc. 2006. Archived from
4239:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4205:The cosmic compendium : space medicine
3023:The 'First Lady of Space': In Her Own Words
2879:
2825:
2679:
2677:
2550:
2548:
2310:also flew on Virgin Galactic in July 2021.
1686:The following paragraph is an excerpt from
1339:were among those killed on re-entry in the
1107:International Journal of Impotence Research
353:3 and 4 flights, despite the opposition of
5769:
5427:
5408:
5394:
5386:
4235:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3160:SwansonMonday, Glen E. (August 15, 2022).
2344:. Shortly after, in October 2021, Russian
2269:spacecraft. Her mission launched from the
2092:2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group
1967:Japan's JAXA has sent two women to space.
698:2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group
555:became the first woman of color in space.
188:(USSR) and the United States known as the
2943:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2655:Davenport, Christian (December 8, 2019).
2024:). The new organization was called JAXA (
4871:Agency, Canadian Space (April 3, 2023).
4610:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4254:Gifford, Sheyna E. (February 18, 2014).
3416:
3414:
3210:(the second African-American astronaut).
2049:The first woman sent by ESA, as well as
1807:state corporation inherited in 1991 the
739:opening its space program in 1976. When
151:) have flown one, two or three women in
5215:Slotnik, Daniel E. (October 13, 2021).
4668:"Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics - More"
3693:– via Cambridge University Press.
3654:– via Cambridge University Press.
3479:
3477:
2894:"The Soviet Space Program Was Not Woke"
2518:
2209:became the first female astronaut from
1886:The second Canadian woman astronaut is
1844:Russia's only current woman cosmonaut,
1666:
1644:
1622:
1592:
1562:
1532:
1502:
1472:
1442:
1412:
1362:The following chart is an excerpt from
1040:Radiation and uterine and breast cancer
976:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
5470:Psychological and sociological effects
4443:Advances in Space Biology and Medicine
4416:
4414:
4228:
4203:W., Anderson, Rupert (June 12, 2015).
4101:"NASA Finally Made a Toilet for Women"
4073:Sokolowski, Susan L. (April 5, 2019).
3390:
3388:
2498:List of female explorers and travelers
2482:List of space travelers by nationality
2022:National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan
1974:was selected as one of three Japanese
1803:Russia has sent three women since its
1762:, which launched on October 11, 1984.
1331:In February 2003, mission specialists
765:or undergraduate/graduate training in
711:In April 2023 NASA, together with the
708:), plus history's first parastronaut.
225:In 1959, after their research project
5354:"AstroMom and Basstronaut, revisited"
5052:. CNTV. June 16, 2012. Archived from
4912:"Shuttle Lifts Off for Space Station"
4290:Brenhouse, Hillary (March 25, 2010).
4125:Battersby, Stephen (March 21, 2005).
3994:
3992:
3990:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
2913:"First woman in space: Sofia Sarabia"
2782:Malashenko, Uliana (April 12, 2019).
2716:. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing.
2329:, age 90, in October that same year.
2239:. Her flight was privately funded by
1773:, who first flew in February 1995 on
1025:(EVA) and bras, e.g. for exercise in
7:
4421:Taylor, Jerome (February 14, 2011).
3538:"A Ride in Space – NASA, Sally Ride"
3222:Arcynta Ali Childs (June 11, 2011).
3052:. Chicago Review Press. p. 55.
2306:woman to go to space (sub-orbital).
2302:of Virgin Galactic became the first
2203:, alongside two Russian cosmonauts.
1870:Canada has sent two women to space.
792:The UN Sustainable Development Goals
309:The first woman to fly in space was
81:The first woman to fly in space was
4020:Teitel, Amy Shira (June 10, 2016).
3510:Donaldson, Abbey (March 10, 2023).
3135:"TOP BLACK WOMAN IS OUSTED BY NASA"
2810:"Lovelace's Woman in Space Program"
2354:carried the UN Women's flag on her
2231:went into space on a flight to the
2131:China has sent two women to space.
1139:For air travel, the United States'
1010:NASA reports initially argued that
831:woman in space and she went on the
715:, announced their selection of the
4715:Harwood, William (June 25, 2019).
4493:Contrera, Jessica (May 11, 2019).
4361:Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine
4341:"Can a human give birth in space?"
4144:Kramer, Miriam (August 27, 2013).
4099:Koren, Marina (October 12, 2020).
3901:Elizabeth Howell (March 8, 2023).
3827:Livingstone, Tom (March 8, 2023).
3285:Dunbar, Brian (January 12, 2018).
3187:"Nichelle Nichols, NASA Recruiter"
2710:Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009).
2395:and related fields. To name some:
2288:Ansari holds a plant grown in the
2127:, the first Chinese woman in space
2026:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
1158:and 1154, as the Shuttle missions
970:Physical effects of space on women
803:. In 2022, the American astronaut
388:was hired, after she spoke at the
25:
5352:Foust, Jeff (November 19, 2007).
5300:Tingley, Brett (August 4, 2022).
4626:; Corrigan, Grace George (2000).
3109:"Harriet G. Jenkins Oral History"
2014:National Space Development Agency
1105:A study published in 2005 in the
1048:who receive solar particles from
345:Further female missions cancelled
155:. Additionally one woman of dual
5901:
5569:
5326:Josh Dinner (November 1, 2023).
5098:Amos, Jonathan (June 16, 2012).
5020:"Naoko Yamazaki, JAXA Astronaut"
4133:. Reed Business Information Ltd.
3760:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2009.01822.x
3580:Foster, Amy E. (December 2011).
3366:Mars, Kelli (October 24, 2022).
2456:
1603:
1573:
1543:
1513:
1483:
1453:
1423:
1393:
1312:, along with mission specialist
1252:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1113:successfully ovulated in space.
595:
586:
439:
430:
5077:"女航天员刘洋婆婆:希望媳妇能尽快生个孩子_资讯频道_凤凰网"
4572:Corrigan, Grace George (2000).
4339:Stierwalt, Sabrina (May 2006).
3072:Kamanin diaries, April 16, 1965
2892:Marina, Coren (July 26, 2019).
2713:The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team
2632:. June 13, 2019. Archived from
1701:, she surpassed NASA astronaut
1141:Federal Aviation Administration
1120:(the first woman in space) and
1005:health threats from cosmic rays
275:group of five female cosmonauts
184:In the competition between the
107:citizens, with missions on the
70:Women have flown and worked in
32:Women in space (disambiguation)
4989:"Consolidated Launch Manifest"
4047:Beck, Julie (April 21, 2016).
3721:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
3609:"Parenting From Earth's Orbit"
3318:. June 2, 2021. Archived from
3258:Garber, Stephen (July 2017) .
2555:Alice Gorman (June 16, 2020).
1765:NASA's first female pilot was
1750:The first US woman to perform
528:has yet again a lower number.
74:since almost the beginning of
51:). Clockwise from lower left:
1:
4898:"Astronaut Bio: Chiaki Mukai"
4696:. CBS News. December 27, 2019
2195:was launched into space as a
897:process, starting already in
777:In 2023, numbers released by
700:, which includes two women, (
569:Chief of the Astronaut Office
509:seventh Space Shuttle mission
215:
2937:Evans, Ben (April 2, 2010).
1001:loss of bone and muscle mass
888:, has stated that legal and
873:, has previously said in an
235:William Randolph Lovelace II
204:, who were exclusively men.
162:Women face many of the same
57:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
3671:Journal of American Studies
3632:Journal of American Studies
3607:Kramer, A. (July 2, 2013).
3567:International Space Station
3264:NASA History Program Office
2477:List of spaceflight records
2444:International Space Station
2259:International Space Station
2053:and its state space agency
2032:European Space Agency (ESA)
1900:International Space Station
1850:International Space Station
1357:List of spaceflight records
833:International Space Station
329:before returning to Earth.
113:International Space Station
5949:
5168:International Space Center
4960:JAXA (November 11, 2008).
3770:– via SAGE Journals.
2487:Maximum Absorbency Garment
2380:
2220:
2113:
2035:
1949:
1916:Governor-General of Canada
1863:
1792:
1722:
1685:
1361:
1354:
1212:
1187:1998 Space Shuttle mission
1098:
973:
500:mission on July 25, 1984.
321:. Tereshkova flew aboard
153:human spaceflight programs
29:
5897:
5567:
4600:. NASA. October 22, 2004.
3683:10.1017/S0021875807003532
3644:10.1017/S0021875807003532
2472:List of female astronauts
2383:List of women astronomers
2068:and ESA has been Italian
1799:Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps
1653:
1631:
1601:
1571:
1541:
1511:
1481:
1451:
1421:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
757:Kim McQuaid the American
368:Later Space Race advances
180:Early Space Race struggle
27:Women who travel to space
5075:孙兰兰 贾磊 (June 13, 2012).
4873:"The Artemis II mission"
4525:, Springer, p. 65,
2197:space flight participant
2038:European Astronaut Corps
1866:Canadian Astronaut Corps
1303:Teacher in Space Project
390:National Space Institute
214:with a Mercury capsule (
4545:Lathers, Marie (2010).
4174:Cucinotta, Francis A.,
3748:The Sociological Review
2880:Burgess & Hall 2009
2826:Burgess & Hall 2009
2605:starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov
2503:Human presence in space
2377:Non-astronaut personnel
2356:sub-orbital spaceflight
2261:she was also the first
2237:spaceflight participant
2138:sent their first woman
1894:, on the Space Shuttle
1839:Spaceflight participant
1752:Extravehicular activity
1714:By public space program
1132:NASA has not permitted
1085:Mars Science Laboratory
1023:extravehicular activity
522:NASA Astronaut Group 21
490:extravehicular activity
227:Woman in Space Earliest
5908:Outer space portal
5127:. St. Martin's Press.
3341:Gibson, Karen (2014).
3046:Gibson, Karen (2014).
2601:"Valentina Tereshkova"
2436:commercial spaceflight
2362:NS-22 in August 2022.
2332:On 16 September 2021,
2295:
2128:
2116:Chinese women in space
2087:
2070:Samantha Cristoforetti
1964:
1935:Jennifer Sidey-Gibbons
1930:
1826:. Twenty years later,
1305:(TISP) participant as
1046:Earth's magnetic field
996:
993:Hubble Space Telescope
960:Commercial spaceflight
809:mechanical engineering
784:Katherine Bennell-Pegg
694:Samantha Cristoforetti
543:
378:NASA Astronaut Group 8
306:
222:
67:
5540:Extraterrestrial life
4900:. NASA. October 2003.
4877:Canadian Space Agency
4850:Canadian Space Agency
4834:on February 17, 2009.
4804:on September 28, 2011
4347:. Cornell University.
4260:Astrobiology Magazine
4028:. Bonnier Corporation
3742:Sage, Daniel (2009).
3665:McQuaid, Kim (2007).
3626:McQuaid, Kim (2007).
2917:European Space Agency
2287:
2279:European Space Agency
2221:Further information:
2153:China's first female
2136:Chinese space program
2123:
2082:
2044:European Space Agency
2036:Further information:
1959:
1950:Further information:
1924:
1864:Further information:
1793:Further information:
1723:Further information:
1213:Further information:
987:
886:University of Bristol
880:Chris Pesterfield, a
713:Canadian Space Agency
534:
292:
251:gender discrimination
210:
169:gender discrimination
42:
5281:. September 15, 2021
5056:on December 13, 2014
4968:on December 13, 2009
4798:Sault History Online
4748:. September 26, 2014
4000:"Annual Report 2021"
3569:. NASA. May 9, 2013.
3462:. September 21, 2022
3436:on February 19, 2021
3424:(December 9, 2020).
3322:on February 19, 2021
3199:on December 22, 2009
3000:Agence France-Presse
2788:Smithsonian Magazine
2304:commercial astronaut
2016:) merged with ISAS (
1952:JAXA Astronaut Corps
1918:on October 2, 2017.
1809:Soviet space program
1795:Soviet space program
1729:NASA Astronaut Corps
1118:Valentina Tereshkova
1062:solar particle event
1058:major health concern
1054:galactic cosmic rays
1027:micro-g environments
515:After the Space Race
417:Margaret Rhea Seddon
311:Valentina Tereshkova
297:Valentina Tereshkova
285:First Woman in Space
86:Valentina Tereshkova
53:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
30:For other uses, see
5356:. The Space Review.
5279:nasaspaceflight.com
4674:. February 19, 2024
3491:. February 16, 2021
3430:National Geographic
3316:National Geographic
2949:2009ebe..book.....E
2839:www.astronautix.com
2630:National Geographic
2508:Women in Antarctica
2442:seat bound for the
2271:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2235:space station as a
2004:as part of mission
1816:Yelena V. Kondakova
1756:Kathryn D. Sullivan
1189:showed that rodent
1150:While no human had
1050:solar proton events
989:Kathryn D. Sullivan
915:biological sciences
868:government official
827:, became the first
813:Stanford University
492:, EVA) outside the
472:Svetlana Savitskaya
458:Svetlana Savitskaya
421:Kathryn D. Sullivan
397:Mission specialists
115:. Other countries (
5823:Other technologies
5221:The New York Times
4941:on January 4, 2013
4917:The New York Times
4910:Harwood, William.
4852:. January 10, 2020
4672:World Space Flight
3613:The New York Times
3141:. October 28, 1973
3139:The New York Times
3089:. December 9, 1973
2844:2011-05-14 at the
2691:. January 21, 2019
2464:Spaceflight portal
2405:Laurel van der Wal
2296:
2129:
2088:
1976:Payload Specialist
1965:
1933:In July 2017, Dr.
1931:
1307:payload specialist
1122:Andriyan Nikolayev
997:
962:and more focus on
805:Nicole Aunapu Mann
658:Nicole Aunapu Mann
544:
468:Tatyana Kuznetsova
338:Andriyan Nikolayev
307:
243:Jacqueline Cochran
223:
219: early 1960s
68:
5915:
5914:
5893:
5892:
5802:Carbonated drinks
5774:Human spaceflight
5654:of items in space
5565:
5564:
4639:978-0-8032-6182-2
4558:978-1-4411-9049-9
4482:. April 29, 1998.
4453:978-0-444-51353-3
4345:Ask an Astronomer
3879:. August 18, 2022
3853:. October 4, 2021
3803:"Space for Women"
3593:978-1-4214-0195-9
3352:978-1-61374-844-2
3226:. Smithsonian.com
3087:DC Historic Sites
3059:978-1-61374-847-3
3032:978-1-887022-99-6
2958:978-0-387-79094-7
2752:. October 6, 2009
2723:978-0-387-84824-2
2410:Katherine Johnson
2298:In February 2019
1883:in January 1992.
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1633:- Other countries
1310:Christa McAuliffe
1266:Christa McAuliffe
890:political changes
763:technical schools
753:According to the
374:Ruth Bates Harris
271:Nikita Khrushchev
76:human spaceflight
16:(Redirected from
5940:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5770:
5573:
5428:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5254:inspiration4.com
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5141:on March 9, 2014
5137:. Archived from
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5026:on July 26, 2015
5016:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4927:
4921:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4656:. February 2013.
4650:
4644:
4643:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4321:
4318:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4226:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4079:The Conversation
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3985:
3984:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3799:
3788:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3714:
3695:
3694:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. Archived from
3418:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3260:"Women in Space"
3255:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3195:. Archived from
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3166:The Space Review
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3115:. August 5, 2011
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2636:on March 1, 2021
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2425:Nichelle Nichols
2387:Women in science
2338:Hayley Arceneaux
2316:, member of the
2217:Privately funded
2207:Rayyanah Barnawi
2142:to space aboard
2059:Claudie Haigneré
1963:at her training.
1942:for Artemis II.
1609:
1607:
1606:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1320:died when their
1270:Judith A. Resnik
1256:
1247:
1236:
1227:
797:space technology
674:Stephanie Wilson
599:
590:
443:
434:
409:Judith A. Resnik
386:Nichelle Nichols
220:
217:
196:in the USSR and
65:Stephanie Wilson
21:
18:Mothers in space
5948:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5902:
5900:
5889:
5818:
5759:
5624:
5574:
5561:
5486:
5419:
5414:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5196:. July 20, 2021
5188:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5135:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5004:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4942:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4828:Inventive Women
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4774:. June 27, 2020
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4499:Washington Post
4492:
4491:
4487:
4480:Chicago Tribune
4474:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4427:The Independent
4420:
4419:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4338:
4337:
4324:
4320:Foster, p. 139.
4319:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4289:
4288:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4227:
4215:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4026:Popular Science
4019:
4018:
4014:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3988:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3779:
3775:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3698:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3536:Ryan, Michael.
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
3002:. June 16, 2013
2990:
2989:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2846:Wayback Machine
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2661:The Independent
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2533:on 8 April 2010
2525:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2420:Dorothy Vaughan
2400:Eilene Galloway
2389:
2379:
2352:Vanessa O'Brien
2327:William Shatner
2255:Anousheh Ansari
2225:
2219:
2186:
2184:Other countries
2118:
2112:
2104:Rosemary Coogan
2040:
2034:
1954:
1948:
1868:
1862:
1801:
1791:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1693:NASA astronaut
1691:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1392:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1199:Anna Lee Fisher
1183:
1130:
1103:
1097:
1042:
982:
974:Main articles:
972:
871:Carloyn Huntoon
829:Native American
817:military combat
729:
706:Rosemary Coogan
690:Jessica Watkins
682:Jasmin Moghbeli
654:Artemis program
649:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:(right) of ISS
625:
602:
601:
600:
592:
591:
549:
517:
464:
463:
462:
461:
453:
446:
445:
444:
436:
435:
370:
347:
319:reentry capsule
287:
258:Nikolai Kamanin
218:
182:
177:
101:Communist Party
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5946:
5944:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5928:Women in space
5920:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5866:for spacecraft
5863:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5547:
5545:Microorganisms
5542:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5440:The human body
5436:
5434:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5377:
5370:Women in Space
5365:
5364:External links
5362:
5360:
5359:
5344:
5318:
5292:
5266:
5241:
5207:
5181:
5152:
5133:
5113:
5090:
5067:
5037:
5002:
4979:
4952:
4922:
4903:
4889:
4863:
4837:
4815:
4785:
4759:
4733:
4707:
4685:
4659:
4645:
4638:
4624:Burgess, Colin
4615:
4603:
4589:
4582:
4564:
4557:
4537:
4531:
4511:
4485:
4467:
4465:Ronca, p. 222.
4458:
4452:
4432:
4410:
4384:
4370:
4350:
4322:
4310:
4308:Ronca, p. 218.
4301:
4273:
4246:
4213:
4195:
4163:
4136:
4117:
4091:
4065:
4039:
4012:
3986:
3963:
3952:. July 4, 2019
3937:
3928:
3919:
3890:
3864:
3838:
3819:
3807:www.unoosa.org
3789:
3773:
3754:(1): 153–154.
3734:
3727:
3696:
3677:(2): 405–434.
3657:
3638:(2): 409–410.
3618:
3599:
3592:
3572:
3554:
3528:
3502:
3473:
3447:
3410:
3384:
3358:
3351:
3333:
3303:
3277:
3241:
3214:
3178:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3074:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3031:
3013:
2983:
2964:
2957:
2929:
2903:
2884:
2882:, p. 236.
2869:
2849:
2830:
2828:, p. 229.
2815:
2800:
2763:
2737:
2722:
2702:
2673:
2647:
2617:
2592:
2569:
2544:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2448:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2378:
2375:
2371:Kellie Gerardi
2346:Yulia Peresild
2308:Sirisha Bandla
2245:United Kingdom
2218:
2215:
2185:
2182:
2114:Main article:
2111:
2108:
2033:
2030:
1998:Naoko Yamazaki
1947:
1944:
1878:Space Shuttle
1874:Roberta Bondar
1861:
1858:
1852:in 2022, with
1835:Yulia Peresild
1790:
1787:
1767:Eileen Collins
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:with 204 days.
1695:Christina Koch
1692:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1341:Space Shuttle
1333:Kalpana Chawla
1322:Space Shuttle
1282:Kalpana Chawla
1261:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1182:
1179:
1129:
1126:
1111:Xenopus laevis
1101:Space sexology
1096:
1093:
1071:Astronauts on
1041:
1038:
980:Space medicine
971:
968:
819:background in
807:, who studied
728:
727:Discrimination
725:
721:Christina Koch
666:Christina Koch
648:
645:
634:Christina Koch
604:
603:
594:
593:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:Christina Koch
548:
545:
516:
513:
448:
447:
438:
437:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
401:Anna L. Fisher
399:(not pilots):
369:
366:
362:Apollo program
346:
343:
286:
283:
262:Sergey Korolev
231:Don Flickinger
181:
178:
176:
173:
137:United Kingdom
61:Naoko Yamazaki
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5945:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5910:
5909:
5896:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Manufacturing
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5608:Magnetosphere
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5348:
5345:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5307:
5303:
5296:
5293:
5285:September 20,
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5259:September 20,
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5208:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5174:September 22,
5169:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5140:
5136:
5134:9780230105799
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5114:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4990:
4987:NASA (2008).
4983:
4980:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4953:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4864:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:Corrigan 2000
4607:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4583:9780803264113
4579:
4575:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4532:9783709102800
4528:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4373:
4371:9780781774666
4367:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4214:9781329052000
4210:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4131:New Scientist
4128:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3784:Available at
3783:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3728:9781137363527
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3334:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2862:5-93345-002-2
2859:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:Expedition 14
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:Helen Sharman
2224:
2223:Space tourism
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:to dock with
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:In 2012, the
2132:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:Sophie Adenot
2097:
2096:parastronauts
2093:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2074:Soyuz TMA-15M
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1940:Jeremy Hansen
1936:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:Julie Payette
1884:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1854:SpaceX Crew-5
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1828:Yelena Serova
1825:
1824:Space Shuttle
1821:
1820:Soyuz program
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:Space Shuttle
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:Women in NASA
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:Peggy Whitson
1700:
1699:Expedition 61
1696:
1689:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1655:All countries
1652:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1570:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:United States
1390:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1314:Judith Resnik
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1032:Furthermore,
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
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953:. One of the
952:
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908:
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896:
895:socialisation
891:
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883:
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865:
861:
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849:
848:assertiveness
845:
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840:contamination
836:
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818:
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814:
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751:
749:
748:Shannon Lucid
744:
742:
738:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
702:Sophie Adenot
699:
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655:
646:
639:
638:Expedition 61
635:
631:
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623:
619:
618:Pamela Melroy
615:
614:Expedition 16
611:
610:Peggy Whitson
607:
598:
589:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Peggy Whitson
562:
558:
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514:
512:
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501:
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483:space station
480:
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473:
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459:
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424:
422:
418:
414:
413:Sally K. Ride
410:
406:
405:Shannon Lucid
402:
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391:
387:
383:
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375:
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363:
360:The American
358:
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110:
109:Space Shuttle
106:
105:United States
102:
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93:space capsule
91:
88:, aboard the
87:
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41:
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5787:Architecture
5754:
5671:Colonization
5645:Archaeology
5460:Neuroscience
5417:... in space
5373:
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4105:The Atlantic
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4053:The Atlantic
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3950:www.oecd.org
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3806:
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3780:OECD (2019)
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3488:
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3438:. Retrieved
3434:the original
3429:
3422:Drake, Nadia
3403:February 19,
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3375:. Retrieved
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3320:the original
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3263:
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3197:the original
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3112:
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3091:. Retrieved
3086:
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3048:
3041:
3022:
3016:
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2996:Bangkok Post
2995:
2986:
2977:
2974:Russian Life
2973:
2967:
2939:
2932:
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2916:
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2898:The Atlantic
2897:
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2803:
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2787:
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2749:
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2660:
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2634:the original
2629:
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2608:. Retrieved
2604:
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2586:
2582:
2572:
2562:December 18,
2560:. Retrieved
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2521:
2429:
2415:Mary Jackson
2393:astronautics
2390:
2368:
2350:
2342:Inspiration4
2334:Sian Proctor
2331:
2322:New Shephard
2312:
2297:
2289:
2253:
2241:Project Juno
2227:In May 1991
2226:
2211:Saudi Arabia
2205:
2187:
2164:
2152:
2133:
2130:
2095:
2089:
2085:SpaceX CRS-6
2072:launched on
2063:
2048:
2041:
2001:
1996:
1990:in 1994 and
1972:Chiaki Mukai
1969:
1966:
1961:Chiaki Mukai
1932:
1906:in 2009 for
1903:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1843:
1832:
1813:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1707:Anne McClain
1654:
1632:
1342:
1337:Laurel Clark
1330:
1323:
1300:
1297:
1286:Laurel Clark
1278:
1262:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1070:
1066:
1043:
1034:space toilet
1031:
1016:
1012:menstruation
1009:
998:
943:
879:
846:traits like
837:
776:
759:space agency
752:
745:
730:
710:
686:Anne McClain
678:Jessica Meir
662:Kayla Barron
650:
630:Jessica Meir
626:
605:
573:Jessica Meir
561:Expedition 2
550:
547:Advancements
518:
502:
476:
465:
454:
449:
394:
371:
359:
355:Yuri Gagarin
348:
331:
308:
255:
226:
224:
186:Soviet Union
183:
161:
80:
69:
36:
5698:Exploration
5636:Advertising
5580:Environment
5555:Astrobotany
5518:Fruit flies
4995:October 25,
4856:November 9,
4721:cbsnews.com
4189:February 1,
3851:news.un.org
3547:December 5,
3006:October 12,
2980:(6): 22–25.
2610:November 9,
2432:Lori Garver
2360:Blue Origin
2267:Soyuz TMA-9
2249:South Korea
2193:South Korea
2178:Shenzhou 13
2170:Shenzhou 10
2166:Wang Yaping
2020:) and NAL (
1846:Anna Kikina
1822:and on the
1156:Kosmos 1129
1116:Astronauts
1019:space suits
947:professions
939:perceptions
927:role models
923:engineering
919:mathematics
899:child years
866:and former
825:Afghanistan
767:engineering
670:Kate Rubins
557:Susan Helms
553:Mae Jemison
536:Mae Jemison
315:parachutist
266:Jerrie Cobb
247:Jerrie Cobb
212:Jerrie Cobb
202:test pilots
145:South Korea
111:and on the
72:outer space
5933:Astronauts
5922:Categories
5880:Telescopes
5765:Technology
5618:Weathering
5465:Psychology
5450:Locomotion
5030:January 7,
4752:October 6,
4404:January 7,
4377:January 7,
4266:January 7,
4156:January 7,
4110:August 31,
4058:January 7,
4032:January 7,
3981:1659780800
3230:January 9,
3203:January 9,
2922:August 31,
2732:2008935694
2589:: 124–131.
2514:References
2493:Mercury 13
2381:See also:
2364:Sara Sabry
2318:Mercury 13
2314:Wally Funk
2300:Beth Moses
2189:Yi So-yeon
2174:Tiangong-1
2148:Tiangong-1
2144:Shenzhou 9
1754:(EVA) was
1747:to space.
1737:Sally Ride
1351:Statistics
1324:Challenger
1301:The first
1209:Fatalities
1181:Post-natal
1099:See also:
1052:(SPE) and
903:technology
741:Sally Ride
717:Artemis II
505:Sally Ride
498:Soyuz T-12
336:cosmonaut
239:Mercury 13
198:astronauts
194:cosmonauts
190:Space Race
97:cosmonauts
5861:for Earth
5848:Batteries
5830:Logistics
5782:Accidents
5728:Christmas
5593:Corrosion
5533:Tortoises
5491:Non-human
5374:Telegraph
5332:Space.com
5311:August 4,
5306:Space.com
5234:March 21,
5229:0362-4331
5200:March 21,
5194:SpaceNews
5050:CCTV News
4808:April 17,
4504:April 13,
4231:cite book
4223:935213314
4150:Space.com
3956:March 15,
3912:March 15,
3907:Space.com
3883:March 15,
3857:March 15,
3812:March 15,
3768:142767254
3691:146277837
3652:146277837
3521:March 28,
3466:March 28,
3377:March 29,
3171:March 30,
3145:March 28,
3119:March 28,
3093:March 28,
2756:March 28,
2369:In 2023,
2201:Roscosmos
2155:astronaut
2002:Discovery
1970:In 1985,
1904:Endeavour
1896:Discovery
1880:Discovery
1805:Roscosmos
1128:Pregnancy
1095:Fertility
1089:CAT scans
964:diversity
951:countries
931:aerospace
875:interview
864:scientist
860:emotional
844:masculine
755:historian
733:space age
479:Soyuz T-7
382:Star Trek
5723:Religion
5713:Military
5649:of Earth
5528:Primates
5455:Medicine
5337:July 10,
5106:June 16,
5083:June 18,
5060:June 17,
4778:June 27,
4746:BBC News
3977:ProQuest
3877:BBC News
3489:euronews
3460:Phys.org
3270:March 5,
2842:Archived
2750:SpaceRef
2695:June 10,
2666:June 10,
2450:See also
2160:Liu Yang
2140:Liu Yang
2125:Liu Yang
1912:Canadarm
1833:Actress
1771:group 13
1760:STS-41-G
1743:mission
1345:disaster
1343:Columbia
1326:exploded
1318:STS-51-L
1274:STS-51-L
1152:gestated
1134:pregnant
882:lecturer
856:rational
852:feminine
551:In 1992
526:Group 22
494:Salyut 7
486:Salyut 7
334:Vostok 3
323:Vostok 6
304:Vostok 6
269:Premier
90:Vostok 6
5885:Weapons
5853:Nuclear
5814:Writing
5809:Toilets
5792:Farming
5740:Tourism
5735:Selfies
5676:Economy
5641:Alcohol
5629:Society
5613:Weather
5588:Climate
5498:Animals
5445:Hygiene
5424:Biology
4935:Reuters
4152:. Purch
4084:May 10,
4009:. 2022.
3326:June 2,
3296:June 2,
3113:History
2945:Bibcode
2812:. NASA.
2793:May 26,
2640:May 26,
2537:3 April
2263:Iranian
2006:STS-131
1927:STS-127
1908:STS-127
1758:on the
1521:Germany
1290:STS-107
1279:Bottom:
955:mentees
935:physics
907:science
884:at the
735:, with
622:STS-120
542:in 1992
481:to the
351:Voskhod
175:History
157:Iranian
49:STS-131
5857:Solar
5844:Power
5840:Mining
5745:Voting
5693:Ethics
5681:Mining
5666:Burial
5598:Debris
5550:Plants
5227:
5131:
4991:. NASA
4636:
4580:
4555:
4529:
4450:
4368:
4221:
4211:
4207:. . .
3979:
3766:
3725:
3689:
3650:
3590:
3542:People
3349:
3056:
3029:
2955:
2860:
2730:
2720:
2291:Zvezda
2057:, was
2051:France
1992:STS-95
1988:STS-65
1984:STS-90
1980:STS-47
1892:STS-96
1860:Canada
1789:Russia
1779:STS-93
1775:STS-63
1608:
1581:Canada
1578:
1551:France
1548:
1518:
1488:
1458:
1431:Russia
1428:
1398:
1276:crew.
1192:Rattus
1170:, and
1160:STS-66
1077:Skylab
1073:Apollo
801:SDG 5B
779:UNOOSA
771:policy
647:Future
627:Right:
540:STS-47
455:Right:
419:, and
327:orbits
301:Soviet
294:Soviet
279:Vostok
141:France
129:Russia
121:Canada
83:Soviet
63:, and
5875:Radar
5755:Women
5718:Music
5686:Trade
5513:Frogs
5482:Sleep
5432:Human
5382:(ESA)
5372:from
5102:. BBC
4398:(PDF)
4179:(PDF)
4003:(PDF)
3764:S2CID
3687:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3399:. CNN
2911:esa.
2440:Soyuz
2199:with
2191:from
2110:China
2010:NASDA
1946:Japan
1769:from
1745:STS-7
1611:Italy
1491:Japan
1461:China
1292:crew.
632:with
606:Left:
450:Left:
384:star
149:Italy
133:China
125:Japan
5797:Food
5703:Food
5603:Dust
5523:Mice
5508:Dogs
5503:Cats
5376:Jobs
5339:2024
5313:2022
5287:2021
5261:2021
5236:2022
5225:ISSN
5202:2022
5176:2006
5147:2016
5129:ISBN
5108:2012
5085:2012
5062:2012
5032:2017
4997:2008
4974:2008
4947:2008
4884:2024
4858:2022
4810:2011
4780:2020
4772:TASS
4754:2014
4728:2020
4702:2019
4680:2024
4634:ISBN
4578:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4527:ISBN
4506:2024
4448:ISBN
4406:2017
4379:2017
4366:ISBN
4296:TIME
4268:2017
4241:link
4237:link
4219:OCLC
4209:ISBN
4191:2014
4158:2017
4112:2022
4086:2020
4060:2016
4034:2017
3958:2023
3914:2023
3885:2023
3859:2023
3833:9Now
3814:2023
3723:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3549:2013
3523:2023
3516:NASA
3497:2021
3468:2023
3442:2021
3405:2021
3379:2023
3372:NASA
3347:ISBN
3328:2021
3298:2021
3291:NASA
3272:2018
3232:2019
3205:2019
3192:NASA
3173:2023
3147:2023
3121:2023
3095:2023
3054:ISBN
3027:ISBN
3008:2019
2953:ISBN
2924:2018
2858:ISBN
2795:2021
2758:2023
2728:LCCN
2718:ISBN
2697:2021
2689:TASS
2668:2021
2642:2021
2612:2021
2564:2020
2539:2010
2385:and
2336:and
2102:and
2090:The
2055:CNES
2042:The
1797:and
1727:and
1669:77♀️
1667:547♂
1443:122♂
1415:60♀️
1413:319♂
1335:and
1284:and
1268:and
1263:Top:
1075:and
1021:for
978:and
949:and
933:and
911:OECD
905:and
823:and
821:Iraq
788:STEM
737:NASA
704:and
688:and
575:and
233:and
117:USSR
47:and
5750:War
5708:Law
5661:Art
5477:Sex
3973:ECN
3756:doi
3679:doi
3640:doi
2587:102
2233:Mir
2066:ASI
2028:).
1719:USA
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