307:. Although five domains are usually used to classify negative symptoms, factor analysis of questionnaires yield two factors, with one including deficits in pleasure and motivation. People with schizophrenia retrospectively report experiencing fewer positive emotions than healthy individuals. However, "liking" or consummatory pleasure, is intact in people with schizophrenia, as they report experiencing the same degree of positive affect when presented with rewarding stimuli. Neuroimaging studies support this behavioral observation, as most studies report intact responses in the reward system (i.e. ventral striatum, VTA) to simple rewards. However, studies on monetary rewards sometimes report reduced responsiveness. More consistent reductions are observed with regard to emotional response during reward anticipation, which is reflected in a reduced responsiveness of both cortical and subcortical components of the reward system. Schizophrenia is associated with reduced positive prediction errors (a normal pattern of response to an unexpected reward), which a few studies have demonstrated to be correlated with negative symptoms. People with schizophrenia demonstrate impairment in reinforcement learnings tasks only when the task requires explicit learning, or is sufficiently complex. Implicit reinforcement learning, on the other hand, is relatively intact. These deficits may be related to dysfunction in the ACC, OFC and dlPFC leading to abnormal representation of reward and goals.
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has yet to be determined what the exact relationship between social anhedonia and social anxiety is, and if one potentiates the other. Individuals with social anhedonia may display increased stress reactivity, meaning that they feel more overwhelmed or helpless in response to a stressful event compared to control subjects who experience the same type of stressor. This dysfunctional stress reactivity may correlate with hedonic capacity, providing a potential explanation for the increased anxiety symptoms experienced in people with social anhedonia. In an attempt to separate out social anhedonia from social anxiety, the
Revised Social Anhedonia Scale didn't include items that potentially targeted social anxiety. However, more research must be conducted on the underlying mechanisms through which social anhedonia overlaps and interacts with social anxiety. The efforts of the "social processes"
252:. Neuroimaging studies in humans have reported that deficits in consummatory aspects of reward are associated with abnormalities in the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, while deficits in anticipatory aspects of reward are related to abnormalities in hippocampal, dorsal ACC and prefrontal regions. These abnormalities are generally consistent with animal models, except for inconsistent findings with regard to the OFC. This inconsistency may be related to the difficulty in imaging the OFC due to its anatomical location, or the small number of studies performed on anhedonia; a number of studies have reported reduced activity in the OFC in schizophrenia and major depression, as well as a direct relationship between reduced activity and anhedonia. Researchers theorize that anhedonia may result from the breakdown in the
209:
incentive salience) to engage with reward, as well as the positive emotions associated with anticipating a reward. "Liking", on the other hand, is associated with the pleasure derived from consuming a reward. The consciousness of reward-related processes has also been used to categorize reward in the context of anhedonia, as studies comparing implicit behavior versus explicit self-reports demonstrate a dissociation of the two. Learning has also been proposed as an independent facet of reward that may be impaired in conditions associated with anhedonia, but empirical evidence dissociating learning from either "liking" or "wanting" is lacking.
291:; therefore, individuals experiencing this symptom can be diagnosed with depression, even in the absence of low/depressed mood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes a "lack of interest or pleasure", but these can be difficult to discern given that people tend to become less interested in things which do not give them pleasure. The DSM criterion of weight loss is probably related, and many individuals with this symptom describe a lack of enjoyment of food. They can portray any of the non-psychotic symptoms and signs of depression.
691:. Social anhedonia is a dimension of both negative and positive schizotypy. It involves social and interpersonal deficits, but is also associated with cognitive slippage and disorganized speech, both of which fall into the category of positive schizotypy. Not all people with schizophrenia display social anhedonia and likewise, people who have social anhedonia may never be diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder if they do not have the positive and cognitive symptoms that are most frequently associated with most schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
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and social deficits seen in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. On average, males with schizophrenia are diagnosed at a younger age, have more severe symptoms, worse treatment prognosis, and a decrease in overall quality of life compared to females with the disorder. These results, coupled with the sex difference seen in social anhedonia, outline the necessity for research on genetic and hormonal characteristics that differ between males and females, and that may increase risk or resilience for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.
650:
social anhedonia. Blanchard, Horan, and Brown demonstrated that, although both the depression and the schizophrenia patient groups can look very similar in terms of social anhedonia cross-sectionally, over time as individuals with depression experience symptom remission, they show fewer signs of social anhedonia, while individuals with schizophrenia do not. Blanchard and colleagues (2011) found individuals with social anhedonia also had elevated rates of lifetime mood disorders including depression and
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Social support may also play a valuable role in the treatment of social anhedonia. Blanchard et al. found that a greater number of social supports, as well as a greater perceived social support network, were related to fewer schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and to better general functioning within the social anhedonia group. So far, no medicine has been developed to specifically target anhedonia.
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Researchers studying the neurobiology of social anhedonia posit that this trait may be linked to dysfunction of reward-related systems in the brain. This circuitry is critical for the sensation of pleasure, the computation of reward benefits and costs, determination of the effort required to obtain a
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In the general population, males score higher than females on measures of social anhedonia. This sex difference is stable throughout time (from adolescence into adulthood) and is also seen in people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. These results may reflect a more broad pattern of interpersonal
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Social anhedonia is observed in both depression and schizophrenia. However, social anhedonia is a state related to the depressive episode and the other is a trait related to the personality construct associated with schizophrenia. These individuals both tend to score highly on self-report measures of
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of psychotic disorders. First-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia show elevated levels of social anhedonia, higher baseline scores of social anhedonia are associated with later development of schizophrenia. These findings provide support for the conjecture that it represents a genetic
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as the reduced ability to experience pleasure, it has been used to refer to deficits in multiple facets of reward. Re-conceptualizations of anhedonia highlight the independence of "wanting" and "liking". "Wanting" is a component of anticipatory positive affect, mediating both the motivation (i.e.
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that is associated with an increase in characteristics of social anhedonia. They also identified a DISC1 allele associated with decreased characteristics of social anhedonia, that was found to be preferentially expressed in women. More research needs to be conducted, but social anhedonia may be an
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There is no validated treatment for social anhedonia. Future research should focus on genetic and environmental risk factors to home in on specific brain regions and neurotransmitters that may be implicated in social anhedonia's cause and could be targeted with medication or behavioral treatments.
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As mentioned above, social anxiety and social anhedonia differ in important ways. However, social anhedonia and social anxiety are also often comorbid. People with social anhedonia may display increased social anxiety and be at increased risk for social phobias and generalized anxiety disorder. It
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Additionally, elevated levels of social anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia have been linked to poorer social functioning. Socially anhedonic individuals perform worse on a number of neuropsychological tests than non-anhedonic participants, and show similar physiological abnormalities seen in
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While PTSD is associated with reduced motivation, part of the anticipatory "wanting", it is also associated with elevated sensation seeking, and no deficits in physiological arousal, or self reported pleasure to positive stimuli. PTSD is also associated with blunted affect, which may be due to the
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Social anhedonia may be a valid predictor of future schizophrenia-spectrum disorders; young adults with social anhedonia perform in a similar direction to schizophrenia patients in tests of cognition and social behavior, showing potential predictive validity. Social anhedonia usually manifests in
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function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure. While earlier definitions emphasized the inability to experience pleasure, anhedonia is currently used by researchers to refer to reduced motivation, reduced anticipatory pleasure (wanting), reduced consummatory pleasure
190:(DSM-5), anhedonia is a component of depressive disorders, substance-related disorders, psychotic disorders, and personality disorders, where it is defined by either a reduced ability to experience pleasure, or a diminished interest in engaging in previously pleasurable activities. While the
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adolescence, possibly because of a combination of the occurrence of critical neuronal development and synaptic pruning of brain regions important for social behavior and environmental changes, when adolescents are in the process of becoming individuals and gaining more independence.
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However, there are two components to the positive affect experienced in rewarding situations - anticipatory positive affect (APA) and cunsummatory positive affect (CPA)...Berridge and
Robinson describe these constructs as 'wanting' and 'liking',
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Social anhedonia is defined as a disinterest in social contact and a lack of pleasure in social situations, and is characterized by social withdrawal. This characteristic typically manifests as an indifference to other people. In contrast to
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Laurent A, Biloa-Tang M, Bougerol T, Duly D, Anchisi AM, Bosson JL, et al. (December 2000). "Executive/attentional performance and measures of schizotypy in patients with schizophrenia and in their nonpsychotic first-degree relatives".
614:. Loren and Jean Chapman further distinguished between two types of anhedonia: physical anhedonia, or a deficit in the ability to experience physical pleasure, and social, or a deficit in the ability to experience interpersonal pleasure.
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Umesh S, Nizamie SH, Goyal N, Tikka S, Bose S (June 2018). "Social anhedonia and gamma band abnormalities as a composite/multivariate endophenotype for schizophrenia: a dense array EEG study: Multivariate endophenotype: schizophrenia".
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Recent studies have found people who do not have any issue processing musical tones or beat, yet receive no pleasure from listening to music. Specific musical anhedonia is distinct from melophobia, the fear of music.
610:. In 1962, Meehl furthered Rado's theory through the introduction of the concept of schizotaxia, a genetically driven neural integrative defect thought to give rise to the personality type of
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590:, who characterized a patient with schizophrenia as indifferent to "those objects and pursuits which formerly proved sources of delight and instruction". The concept was formally coined by
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Studies in clinical populations, healthy populations, and animal models have implicated a number of neurobiological substrates in anhedonia. Regions implicated in anhedonia include the
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postulated that schizotypes, or individuals with the schizophrenic phenotype, have two key genetic deficits, one related to the ability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) and one related to
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Shankman S, Katz A, DeLizza A, Sarapas C, Gorka S, Campbell M (2014). "The
Different Facets of Anhedonia and Their Associations with Different Psychopathologies". In Ritsner M (ed.).
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263:. Anhedonia can be characterised as "impaired ability to pursue, experience and/or learn about pleasure, which is often, but not always accessible to conscious awareness".
1452:
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Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia".
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Gooding DC, Tallent KA, Matts CW (February 2005). "Clinical status of at-risk individuals 5 years later: further validation of the psychometric high-risk strategy".
216:. In PTSD patients, scales measuring these symptoms correlate strongly with scales that measure more traditional aspects of anhedonia, supporting this association.
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Anhedonia has also been used to refer to "affective blunting", "restricted range of affect", "emotional numbing", and "flat affect", particularly in the context of
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Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Brown SA (August 2001). "Diagnostic differences in social anhedonia: a longitudinal study of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder".
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are closely related. In akinetic mutism, a stroke or other lesion to the anterior cingulate cortex causes reduction in movement (akinetic) and speech (mutism).
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Cohen AS, Leung WW, Saperstein AM, Blanchard JJ (July 2006). "Neuropsychological functioning and social anhedonia: results from a community high-risk study".
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Csoka AB, Csoka A, Bahrick A, Mehtonen OP (January 2008). "Persistent sexual dysfunction after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors".
805:, and OFC mediate the hedonic perception of rewards. Activity in the PFC and ventral striatum have been found to be decreased in anhedonic individuals with
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pleasant stimulus, deciding to obtain that stimulus, and increasing motivation to obtain the stimulus. In particular, the ventral striatum and areas of the
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Fonseca-Pedrero E, Lemos-Giráldez S, Muñiz J, García-Cueto E, Campillo-Alvarez A (February 2008). "Schizotypy in adolescence: the role of gender and age".
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Garfield JB, Lubman DI, Yücel M (January 2014). "Anhedonia in substance use disorders: a systematic review of its nature, course and clinical correlates".
196:(ICD-10) does not explicitly mention anhedonia, the depressive symptom analogous to anhedonia as described in the DSM-5 is a loss of interest or pleasure.
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American
Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association.
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Blanchard JJ, Gangestad SW, Brown SA, Horan WP (February 2000). "Hedonic capacity and schizotypy revisited: a taxometric analysis of social anhedonia".
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Blanchard JJ, Bellack AS, Mueser KT (November 1994). "Affective and social-behavioral correlates of physical and social anhedonia in schizophrenia".
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352:, with rates between 7%–45% being reported. Whether or not anhedonia is related to the high rates of depression in Parkinson's disease is unknown.
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755:) gene has been consistently associated with risk for, and cause of, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and other mental illnesses. More recently,
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in that social anhedonia is predominantly typified by diminished positive affect, while social anxiety is distinguished by both decreased
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It is very uncommon that a neurological examination and blood tests can determine the cause of a specific case of sexual anhedonia.
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Schweizer Archiv für
Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie = Archives Suisses de Neurologie, Neurochirurgie et de Psychiatrie
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L.J. and J.P. Chapman were the first to discuss the possibility that social anhedonia may stem from a genetic vulnerability. The
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683:, which is defined as a continuum of personality traits that can range from normal to disordered and contributes to risk for
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The condition is most frequently found in males, but females can experience lack of pleasure when the body goes through the
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Chapman LJ, Chapman JP, Kwapil TR, Eckblad M, Zinser MC (May 1994). "Putatively psychosis-prone subjects 10 years later".
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Collins LM, Blanchard JJ, Biondo KM (October 2005). "Behavioral signs of schizoidia and schizotypy in social anhedonics".
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813:. However, schizophrenia may be less associated with decreased hedonic capacity and more with deficient reward appraisal.
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will be crucial in differentiating between these components of social behavior that may underlie mental illnesses such as
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497:, a nonpathological dimension of human personality, social anhedonia represents a deficit in the ability to experience
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function in the brain of those with ADHD result in dysregulation of reward processing which can lead to anhedonia.
33:
582:, "pleasure". Interest in the nature of pleasure and its absence dates back to ancient Greek philosophers such as
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Rey G, Jouvent R, Dubal S (July 2009). "Schizotypy, depression, and anxiety in physical and social anhedonia".
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to aid in treatment, which has been shown to relieve sexual dysfunction even in patients without depression.
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has been associated with social anhedonia within the general population. Tomppo identified a specific DISC1
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Anhedonia is common in people who are dependent upon any one or more of a wide variety of drugs, including
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Anhedonia occurs in roughly 70% of people with a major depressive disorder. Anhedonia is a core symptom of
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Verbal and
Nonverbal Expressions as Indicators of Social and Emotional Functioning among Social Anhedonics
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Sexual anhedonia in males is also known as 'ejaculatory anhedonia'. This condition means that a male will
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249:
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3252:"Sex differences in epigenetic mechanisms may underlie risk and resilience for mental health disorders"
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2515:
1073:"Reconceptualizing anhedonia: novel perspectives on balancing the pleasure networks in the human brain"
2614:"Social anhedonia and schizotypy in a community sample: the Maryland longitudinal study of schizotypy"
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International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision
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785:(OFC) and dorsolateral (dl) PFC, are critically involved in the experience of pleasure and the
331:. Although anhedonia becomes less severe over time, it is a significant predictor of relapse.
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Lack of close friends and intimate relationships, and decreased quality of those relationships
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3301:"The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria"
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586:. The symptoms of anhedonia were introduced to the realm of psychopathology in 1809 by
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768:) between genes associated with risk for schizophrenia and phenotype of the disorder.
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1283:"Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward"
1158:"Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward"
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This trait is currently seen as a central characteristic, as well as a predictor, of
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Sternat T, Fotinos K, Fine A, Epstein I, Katzman MA (17 September 2018).
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163:
2796:
Eckblad, M.L., Chapman, L.J., Chapman, J.P., & Mishlove, M. (1982).
2302:
Master's Thesis. University of Maryland, College Park. College Park, MD.
1834:
1667:
3882:
3637:
3552:
Gold JM, Waltz JA, Prentice KJ, Morris SE, Heerey EA (September 2008).
2677:
786:
675:
Primary relevance in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
320:
3683:
3479:
2840:
2312:
Cohen AS, Emmerson LC, Mann MC, Forbes CB, Blanchard JJ (June 2010).
2297:
760:
406:
191:
3384:
2612:
Blanchard JJ, Collins LM, Aghevli M, Leung WW, Cohen AS (May 2011).
187:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
729:
Revised Social Anhedonia Scale – Chapman Psychosis Proneness Scales
3794:
1125:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
756:
186:
3160:"Sex differences in Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales--a meta-analysis"
972:"The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits"
789:
perception of rewards. With regards to neurotransmitter systems,
732:
No Close Friends Subscale – Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire
3708:
1620:"Efficacy of Ketamine in bipolar depression: focus on anhedonia"
794:
445:
antidepressants or having used SSRI antidepressants in the past.
442:
373:
3712:
2704:"Anhedonia in schizophrenia: a review of assessment strategies"
2189:
The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
617:
Recent research suggests that social anhedonia may represent a
870:
Rizvi SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Sproule BA, Kennedy SH (June 2016).
872:"Assessing anhedonia in depression: Potentials and pitfalls"
602:
to describe a core symptom of schizophrenia. In particular,
2817:
Meehl PE (1962). "Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia".
113:
110:
104:
95:
1130:
126, 202, 259, 350, 569, 582, 598, 603, 793, 800, 806, 842
725:
which each contain subscales related to social anhedonia:
1700:
Gray M, Zillioux J, Khourdaji I, Smith RP (August 2018).
1585:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
86:
2239:"Physical anhedonia in the acute phase of schizophrenia"
448:
Use (or previous use) of antidopaminergic neuroleptics (
1881:
1879:
721:
There are several self-report psychometric measures of
3075:
3073:
737:
Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences
533:
Decreased ability to experience interpersonal pleasure
421:
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), also called
3509:
Wolf DH (August 2006). "Anhedonia in schizophrenia".
539:
Decreased capacity for social contact and interaction
122:
107:
89:
83:
3673:
2901:
2899:
2854:
Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N, Silvia PJ (May 2008).
1702:"Contemporary management of ejaculatory dysfunction"
1499:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1071:
Rømer Thomsen K, Whybrow PC, Kringelbach ML (2015).
360:
Anhedonia is also reported to appear in people with
101:
4232:
4177:
4126:
4077:
4032:
4023:
3975:
3881:
3861:
3813:
3755:
3746:
3677:
2060:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
1964:
1962:
166:, particularly from previously enjoyable activities
152:
140:
98:
92:
71:
46:
2202:Meehl PE (October 1989). "Schizotaxia revisited".
622:risk marker for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
204:While anhedonia was originally defined in 1896 by
1382:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 44.
1151:
1149:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
2702:Horan WP, Kring AM, Blanchard JJ (April 2006).
3037:
3035:
3033:
2792:
2790:
2359:
2357:
1066:
1064:
934:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 3.
501:. Additionally, social anhedonia differs from
3724:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1919:
1917:
679:Social anhedonia is a core characteristic of
465:Patients may be prescribed sustained-release
8:
3209:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum
2697:
2695:
2399:Blanchard JJ, Mueser KT, Bellack AS (1998).
865:
863:
4029:
3752:
3731:
3717:
3709:
3674:
3158:Miettunen J, Jääskeläinen E (March 2010).
2659:
2657:
1454:Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
52:
43:
3636:
3626:
3577:
3441:
3392:
3316:
3275:
3183:
3117:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2962:
2908:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
2879:
2830:
2727:
2637:
2416:
2337:
2264:
2254:
1971:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
1727:
1717:
1676:
1666:
1428:
1308:
1298:
1232:
1183:
1173:
1122:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1098:
1088:
1044:
995:
932:Anhedonia : a comprehensive handbook
895:
634:Anhedonia is present in several forms of
566:Background and early clinical observation
970:Der-Avakian A, Markou A (January 2012).
402:with no accompanying sense of pleasure.
368:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3853:Depression in childhood and adolescence
859:
4303:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
3342:Personality and Individual Differences
1924:Silvia PJ, Kwapil TR (December 2011).
1655:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1542:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1025:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
876:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
3664:Anhedonia – Bipolar Disorder Symptoms
2418:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336
2049:
2047:
1019:Treadway MT, Zald DH (January 2011).
7:
3367:Brandon NJ, Sawa A (November 2011).
2216:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810100077015
1850:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
1077:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
3896:Depression (differential diagnoses)
1706:Translational Andrology and Urology
797:and endocannabinoid systems in the
412:Sexual anhedonia may be caused by:
4308:Disorders of diminished motivation
3434:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.524
2798:The Revised Social Anhedonia Scale
1800:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1999.tb01497.x
843:Disorders of diminished motivation
764:important intermediate phenotype (
340:high comorbidity with depression.
175:is a diverse array of deficits in
25:
4220:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
3985:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
3250:Jessen HM, Auger AP (July 2011).
1334:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
735:Introverted Anhedonia Subscale –
372:Anhedonia may be associated with
3468:Early Intervention in Psychiatry
3221:10.1111/j.0065-1591.2000.0ap25.x
2920:10.1097/00005053-200111000-00004
2146:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1945:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00702.x
1765:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x
1597:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11110332
1409:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1281:Thomsen KR (17 September 2015).
594:and later used by psychiatrists
518:schizophrenia spectrum disorders
79:
2158:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.004
1554:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.019
1421:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.007
1403:Kring AM, Barch DM (May 2014).
1037:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006
888:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004
348:Anhedonia occurs frequently in
242:anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
214:post-traumatic stress disorders
3422:Archives of General Psychiatry
3082:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
3044:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2951:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2765:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.002
2666:Journal of Clinical Psychology
2576:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2442:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2366:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2330:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.018
2204:Archives of General Psychiatry
2111:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2018:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1888:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1753:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
520:. It is also widely linked to
335:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2490:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00232-7
2072:10.1080/15374416.2018.1514611
1788:Pharmacology & Toxicology
1346:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00428-2
626:patients with schizophrenia.
228:as a whole, particularly the
4195:Dialectical behavior therapy
4190:Cognitive behavioral therapy
4010:Rating scales for depression
3373:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3354:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00132-c
3129:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318162aa79
3008:10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.021
2536:10.1016/j.schres.2006.03.044
2243:Annals of General Psychiatry
2054:Gadow KD, Garman HD (2020).
1821:Martin-Du Pan R (1978). "".
749:disrupted in schizophrenia 1
250:ventral tegmental area (VTA)
4005:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
3833:Seasonal affective disorder
3094:10.1037/0021-843x.103.2.171
2973:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.418
2588:10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.363
2454:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.719
2378:10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.170
2030:10.1037/0021-843x.107.4.558
2009:Kwapil TR (November 1998).
536:Social withdrawal/isolation
311:Substance-related disorders
4324:
3995:General Behavior Inventory
3511:Current Psychiatry Reports
3056:10.1037/0021-843x.85.4.374
2191:. New York: Facts on File.
2123:10.1037/0021-843x.94.3.384
1983:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.2.127
1900:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.87
1213:Brain Imaging and Behavior
988:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005
820:
817:Specific musical anhedonia
772:Neurobiological correlates
717:Assessing social anhedonia
574:is derived from the Greek
476:
427:Low levels of the hormone
391:
230:orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
180:(liking), and deficits in
162:and ability to experience
34:Anhedonia (disambiguation)
31:
27:Inability to feel pleasure
4288:Major depressive disorder
4200:Electroconvulsive therapy
3823:Major depressive disorder
3628:10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.068
3523:10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0
2819:The American Psychologist
1862:10.1080/00926238708403896
1225:10.1007/s11682-015-9457-6
807:major depressive disorder
640:autism spectrum disorder.
548:Decreased positive affect
289:major depressive disorder
283:Major depressive disorder
60:
51:
4015:Young Mania Rating Scale
3990:Child Mania Rating Scale
3869:Schizoaffective disorder
3848:Major depressive episode
1511:10.1177/0004867413508455
1300:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01409
1175:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01409
1090:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00049
299:Anhedonia is one of the
4142:Atypical antipsychotics
3901:Emotional dysregulation
3318:10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
1719:10.21037/tau.2018.06.20
1287:Frontiers in Psychology
1162:Frontiers in Psychology
976:Trends in Neurosciences
795:gamma-Aminobutyric acid
423:inhibited sexual desire
343:
4205:Involuntary commitment
3967:Reduced affect display
3843:Melancholic depression
3669:No Pleasure, No Reward
3558:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3305:Schizophrenia Bulletin
3164:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2996:Schizophrenia Research
2860:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2708:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2618:Schizophrenia Bulletin
2524:Schizophrenia Research
2478:Schizophrenia Research
2405:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1933:Journal of Personality
654:compared to controls.
545:Poor social adjustment
182:reinforcement learning
18:Motivational anhedonia
3800:Mixed affective state
3570:10.1093/schbul/sbn068
3268:10.4161/epi.6.7.16517
3176:10.1093/schbul/sbn075
2872:10.1093/schbul/sbm098
2720:10.1093/schbul/sbj009
2630:10.1093/schbul/sbp107
2256:10.1186/1744-859X-5-1
1466:10.1007/7854_2015_376
781:(PFC), including the
592:Théodule-Armand Ribot
561:State-related anxiety
254:brain's reward system
206:Théodule-Armand Ribot
4262:Kay Redfield Jamison
4247:Frederick K. Goodwin
4067:Valproate semisodium
3957:Psychotic depression
2803:10 June 2016 at the
2152:(Suppl 3): S505–10.
1630:(Suppl 3): 554–560.
1624:Psychiatria Danubina
783:orbitofrontal cortex
483:Emotional detachment
32:For other uses, see
4185:Clinical psychology
4000:Hypomania Checklist
3838:Atypical depression
3619:2014CBio...24..699M
2753:Psychiatry Research
2318:Psychiatry Research
1668:10.2147/NDT.S170645
1156:Thomsen KR (2015).
417:Hyperprolactinaemia
350:Parkinson's disease
344:Parkinson's disease
66:Tadeusz Pruszkowski
4178:Non-pharmaceutical
2807:. Unpublished test
2678:10.1002/jclp.20577
743:Genetic components
596:Paul Eugen Bleuler
528:Signs and symptoms
437:Multiple sclerosis
433:Spinal cord injury
362:bipolar depression
356:Bipolar depression
266:The conditions of
4275:
4274:
4228:
4227:
4152:Lithium carbonate
4098:Dextroamphetamine
3916:Suicidal ideation
3877:
3876:
3706:
3705:
3480:10.1111/eip.12327
1475:978-3-319-26933-7
1389:978-0-7817-7452-9
1267:978-94-017-8590-7
1139:978-0-89042-554-1
941:978-94-017-8590-7
823:Musical anhedonia
799:nucleus accumbens
779:prefrontal cortex
409:process as well.
376:. Impairments of
301:negative symptoms
272:negative symptoms
226:prefrontal cortex
170:
169:
41:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4315:
4167:Lithium toxicity
4129:mood stabilizers
4079:Sympathomimetics
4062:Sodium valproate
4030:
3757:Bipolar disorder
3753:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3675:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3598:
3592:
3591:
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3549:
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3445:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3299:Raine A (1991).
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3247:
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3240:
3204:
3198:
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3155:
3149:
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3112:
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2991:
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2984:
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2946:
2940:
2939:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2841:10.1037/h0041029
2834:
2814:
2808:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2748:
2742:
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2731:
2699:
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2420:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2288:Mann MC (2006).
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2178:
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2135:
2134:
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2100:
2099:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2015:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1966:
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1956:
1930:
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1911:
1883:
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1783:
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1640:
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1580:
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1537:
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1530:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1376:Tomb DA (2007).
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
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950:
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910:
909:
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867:
803:ventral pallidum
578:, "without" and
509:and exaggerated
473:Social anhedonia
458:Physical illness
394:Sexual anhedonia
388:Sexual anhedonia
258:neurotransmitter
256:, involving the
129:
125:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
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103:
100:
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4312:
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4277:
4276:
4271:
4224:
4173:
4162:Lithium sulfate
4157:Lithium citrate
4122:
4113:Methylphenidate
4082:
4073:
4034:Anticonvulsants
4019:
3971:
3962:Racing thoughts
3873:
3857:
3809:
3742:
3737:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3686:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3607:Current Biology
3600:
3599:
3595:
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3550:
3546:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3415:
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3410:
3385:10.1038/nrn3120
3366:
3365:
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3339:
3338:
3334:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3249:
3248:
3244:
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3201:
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3156:
3152:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3002:(2–3): 309–22.
2993:
2992:
2988:
2964:10.1.1.334.7113
2948:
2947:
2943:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2832:10.1.1.462.2509
2816:
2815:
2811:
2805:Wayback Machine
2795:
2788:
2759:(1–3): 147–56.
2750:
2749:
2745:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2530:(1–3): 132–41.
2521:
2520:
2513:
2484:(2–3): 269–83.
2474:
2473:
2469:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2311:
2310:
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2287:
2286:
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2236:
2235:
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2201:
2200:
2196:
2187:Noll R (1959).
2186:
2185:
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2103:
2053:
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2013:
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1968:
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825:
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710:
708:Sex differences
701:
677:
665:RDoC initiative
660:
647:
636:psychopathology
632:
568:
530:
522:autism spectrum
511:negative affect
507:positive affect
490:
485:
475:
450:anti-psychotics
396:
390:
370:
358:
346:
337:
313:
297:
285:
280:
268:akinetic mutism
222:
202:
136:
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22:
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4293:Mood disorders
4290:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Emil Kraepelin
4238:
4236:
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4159:
4154:
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4139:
4137:Antipsychotics
4133:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3934:Sleep disorder
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:Classification
3672:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3658:External links
3656:
3653:
3652:
3613:(6): 699–704.
3593:
3544:
3501:
3457:
3408:
3379:(12): 707–22.
3359:
3332:
3291:
3242:
3199:
3150:
3107:
3069:
3029:
2986:
2941:
2914:(11): 750–56.
2895:
2846:
2825:(12): 827–38.
2809:
2786:
2743:
2691:
2672:(7): 695–708.
2653:
2624:(3): 587–602.
2601:
2566:
2557:
2511:
2467:
2432:
2391:
2353:
2304:
2280:
2229:
2210:(10): 935–44.
2194:
2179:
2136:
2101:
2066:(2): 239–250.
2043:
1996:
1958:
1939:(6): 1315–32.
1913:
1875:
1840:
1829:(2): 285–313.
1813:
1778:
1743:
1712:(4): 686–702.
1692:
1641:
1610:
1575:
1532:
1489:
1474:
1444:
1395:
1388:
1368:
1359:
1324:
1273:
1266:
1248:
1199:
1145:
1138:
1114:
1060:
1011:
951:
940:
911:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
833:
830:
821:Main article:
818:
815:
773:
770:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
730:
718:
715:
709:
706:
700:
697:
676:
673:
659:
658:Social anxiety
656:
646:
643:
631:
628:
608:proprioception
600:Emil Kraepelin
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:
557:Depressed mood
554:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
529:
526:
503:social anxiety
489:
486:
474:
471:
460:
459:
456:
453:
446:
439:
434:
431:
425:
419:
392:Main article:
389:
386:
369:
366:
357:
354:
345:
342:
336:
333:
312:
309:
296:
293:
284:
281:
279:
276:
221:
218:
201:
198:
168:
167:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
135:
134:
75:
73:
69:
68:
58:
57:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4320:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Karl Leonhard
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Psychotherapy
4213:
4211:
4210:Light therapy
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Oxcarbazepine
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Carbamazepine
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Hallucination
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:Comorbidities
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:Rapid cycling
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:Mood disorder
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:(5): 835–47.
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:(4): 322–28.
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:(3): 362–71.
3473:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:(2): 134–41.
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3311:(4): 555–64.
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:(7): 857–61.
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:(401): 3–38.
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:(2): 347–58.
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:(2): 161–65.
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:(2): 171–83.
3087:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:(4): 374–82.
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2957:(3): 418–27.
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:(3): 444–57.
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:(2): 259–73.
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:(3): 363–71.
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:(4): 719–28.
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2411:(3): 413–24.
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:(1): 170–75.
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:(3): 384–96.
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:(4): 558–65.
2023:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:(2): 127–49.
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:(4): 239–52.
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(1): 227–33.
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:: 2379–2387.
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(4): 444–51.
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:(5): 725–36.
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:(2): 647–54.
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:(3): 920–39.
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:(3): 537–55.
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
947:respectively.
943:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
864:
860:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
831:
829:
824:
816:
814:
812:
811:schizophrenia
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
771:
769:
767:
766:endophenotype
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
716:
714:
707:
705:
698:
696:
692:
690:
689:schizophrenia
686:
682:
674:
672:
670:
669:schizophrenia
666:
657:
655:
653:
644:
642:
641:
637:
629:
627:
623:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
487:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
463:
457:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
403:
401:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
355:
353:
351:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
306:
305:schizophrenia
302:
295:Schizophrenia
294:
292:
290:
282:
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
215:
210:
207:
199:
197:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
178:
174:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
132:
131:
118:
77:
76:
74:
72:Pronunciation
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4267:Mogens Schou
4103:Escitalopram
3932:
3905:
3690:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3085:
3081:
3047:
3043:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2911:
2907:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2711:
2707:
2669:
2665:
2621:
2617:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2527:
2523:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2369:
2365:
2324:(1): 79–83.
2321:
2317:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2063:
2059:
2021:
2017:
1974:
1970:
1936:
1932:
1894:(1): 87–95.
1891:
1887:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1794:(6): 292–5.
1791:
1787:
1781:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1505:(1): 36–51.
1502:
1498:
1492:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1260:. Springer.
1257:
1251:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1165:
1161:
1124:
1117:
1080:
1076:
1028:
1024:
1014:
982:(1): 68–77.
979:
975:
945:
931:
879:
875:
826:
775:
752:
748:
746:
720:
711:
702:
693:
678:
661:
648:
633:
624:
616:
579:
575:
571:
569:
515:
495:introversion
491:
464:
461:
429:testosterone
411:
404:
397:
382:serotonergic
378:dopaminergic
371:
359:
347:
338:
325:cannabinoids
314:
298:
286:
265:
246:hypothalamus
223:
211:
203:
192:
185:
172:
171:
61:
38:
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4086:and similar
4047:Lamotrigine
3940:Hypersomnia
3780:Bipolar NOS
3775:Cyclothymia
3638:2445/181297
3256:Epigenetics
1548:: 189–204.
638:as well as
630:Comorbidity
604:Sandor Rado
588:John Haslam
552:Flat affect
62:Melancholia
4282:Categories
4118:Sertraline
4108:Fluoxetine
3928:Mood swing
3815:Depression
3770:Bipolar II
2292:(Thesis).
1460:: 411–49.
1379:Psychiatry
854:References
809:(MDD) and
723:schizotypy
681:schizotypy
645:Depression
612:schizotypy
524:disorder.
488:Definition
479:Asociality
477:See also:
278:Occurrence
200:Definition
160:motivation
147:Psychiatry
4252:John Cade
4093:Bupropion
4057:Valproate
4025:Treatment
3977:Diagnosis
3952:Psychosis
3911:Dysphoria
3906:Anhedonia
3828:Dysthymia
3790:Hypomania
3785:Childhood
3765:Bipolar I
3237:221392122
2959:CiteSeerX
2827:CiteSeerX
2298:1903/3594
2080:1537-4424
882:: 21–35.
848:Dysthymia
838:Avolition
699:Treatment
685:psychosis
652:dysthymia
572:anhedonia
570:The term
467:bupropion
400:ejaculate
184:. In the
173:Anhedonia
142:Specialty
47:Anhedonia
4298:Pleasure
3945:Insomnia
3891:Delusion
3883:Symptoms
3748:Spectrum
3647:24613311
3588:18591195
3539:33957605
3531:16879797
3496:46562313
3488:27001559
3452:19188535
3403:22095064
3348:: 7–13.
3286:21617370
3229:10887978
3194:18644855
3145:35632524
3137:18277226
3024:36987880
3016:15950438
2981:16866583
2936:41424766
2928:11758658
2890:17768308
2801:Archived
2781:19360803
2773:17109970
2738:16221997
2686:19388058
2648:19850669
2596:11502079
2544:16730428
2506:30892673
2498:11120438
2386:15709824
2348:20452676
2275:16417645
2174:31970160
2166:22959116
2096:53248671
2088:30412420
1953:21480908
1908:10740939
1808:10401732
1773:18173768
1738:30211060
1687:30271154
1636:31488790
1605:23224450
1570:24604303
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1519:24270310
1484:26026289
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1354:12169339
1319:26441781
1293:: 1409.
1243:26487590
1194:26441781
1168:: 1409.
1109:25814941
1055:20603146
1006:22177980
906:26959336
832:See also
619:prodrome
584:Epicurus
499:pleasure
329:nicotine
261:dopamine
238:amygdala
234:striatum
164:pleasure
158:Reduced
154:Symptoms
4234:History
4147:Lithium
3697:D059445
3615:Bibcode
3579:2518641
3443:2704396
3394:3954824
3327:1805349
3277:3154426
3185:2833110
3102:8040487
2881:2632435
2729:2632206
2639:3080671
2552:1217377
2462:7822573
2427:9718633
2339:2914210
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2224:2552952
2131:4031235
2038:9830243
1991:4638662
1870:3121861
1729:6127532
1678:6149933
1527:5509985
1430:4020953
1310:4585007
1234:4838562
1185:4585007
1100:4356228
1046:3005986
997:3253139
897:4856554
787:hedonic
455:Fatigue
441:Use of
321:opioids
317:alcohol
177:hedonic
4127:Other
3645:
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327:, and
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220:Causes
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130:-nee-ə
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3492:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3141:S2CID
3020:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2777:S2CID
2548:S2CID
2502:S2CID
2249:: 1.
2170:S2CID
2092:S2CID
2014:(PDF)
1987:S2CID
1929:(PDF)
1835:29337
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757:DISC1
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