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112:. As can be seen from the images, the bottom (motion compensated) difference between two frames contains significantly less detail than the prior images, and thus compresses much better than the rest. Thus the information that is required to encode compensated frame will be much smaller than with the difference frame. This also means that it is also possible to encode the information using difference image at a cost of less compression efficiency but by saving coding complexity without motion compensated coding; as a matter of fact that motion compensated coding (together with
429:(OBMC) is a good solution to these problems because it not only increases prediction accuracy but also avoids blocking artifacts. When using OBMC, blocks are typically twice as big in each dimension and overlap quadrant-wise with all 8 neighbouring blocks. Thus, each pixel belongs to 4 blocks. In such a scheme, there are 4 predictions for each pixel which are summed up to a weighted mean. For this purpose, blocks are associated with a window function that has the property that the sum of 4 overlapped windows is equal to 1 everywhere.
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394:(VBSMC) is the use of BMC with the ability for the encoder to dynamically select the size of the blocks. When coding video, the use of larger blocks can reduce the number of bits needed to represent the motion vectors, while the use of smaller blocks can result in a smaller amount of prediction residual information to encode. Other areas of work have examined the use of variable-shape feature metrics, beyond block boundaries, from which interframe vectors can be calculated. Older designs such as
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and
Jaswant R. Jain further developed motion-compensated DCT video compression, also called block motion compensation. This led to Chen developing a practical video compression algorithm, called motion-compensated DCT or adaptive scene coding, in 1981. Motion-compensated DCT later became the standard
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The main disadvantage of block motion compensation is that it introduces discontinuities at the block borders (blocking artifacts). These artifacts appear in the form of sharp horizontal and vertical edges which are easily spotted by the human eye and produce false edges and ringing effects (large
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Frames can also be predicted from future frames. The future frames then need to be encoded before the predicted frames and thus, the encoding order does not necessarily match the real frame order. Such frames are usually predicted from two directions, i.e. from the I- or P-frames that immediately
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Studies of methods for reducing the complexity of OBMC have shown that the contribution to the window function is smallest for the diagonally-adjacent block. Reducing the weight for this contribution to zero and increasing the other weights by an equal amount leads to a substantial reduction in
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files. Motion compensation describes a picture in terms of the transformation of a reference picture to the current picture. The reference picture may be previous in time or even from the future. When images can be accurately synthesized from previously transmitted/stored images, the compression
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In motion compensation, quarter or half samples are actually interpolated sub-samples caused by fractional motion vectors. Based on the vectors and full-samples, the sub-samples can be calculated by using bicubic or bilinear 2-D filtering. See subclause 8.4.2.2 "Fractional sample interpolation
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Further, the use of triangular tiles has also been proposed for motion compensation. Under this scheme, the frame is tiled with triangles, and the next frame is generated by performing an affine transformation on these triangles. Only the affine transformations are recorded/transmitted. This is
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To exploit the redundancy between neighboring block vectors, (e.g. for a single moving object covered by multiple blocks) it is common to encode only the difference between the current and previous motion vector in the bit-stream. The result of this differentiating process is mathematically
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MPEG-4 ASP supports global motion compensation with three reference points, although some implementations can only make use of one. A single reference point only allows for translational motion which for its relatively large performance cost provides little advantage over block based motion
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of a movie, the only difference between one frame and another is the result of either the camera moving or an object in the frame moving. In reference to a video file, this means much of the information that represents one frame will be the same as the information used in the next frame.
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coding in the spatial dimension. In 1975, John A. Roese and Guner S. Robinson extended Habibi's hybrid coding algorithm to the temporal dimension, using transform coding in the spatial dimension and predictive coding in the temporal dimension, developing
335:, used by H.264 and MPEG-4/ASP) is used. The computational expense of sub-pixel precision is much higher due to the extra processing required for interpolation and on the encoder side, a much greater number of potential source blocks to be evaluated.
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standard was developed in 1988 based on motion-compensated DCT compression, and it was the first practical video coding standard. Since then, motion-compensated DCT compression has been adopted by all the major video coding standards (including the
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lead to bleeding between adjacent pixels. If no higher internal resolution is used the delta images mostly fight against the image smearing out. The delta image can also be encoded as wavelets, so that the borders of the adaptive blocks match.
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complexity without a large penalty in quality. In such a scheme, each pixel then belongs to 3 blocks rather than 4, and rather than using 8 neighboring blocks, only 4 are used for each block to be compensated. Such a scheme is found in the
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in computing is an algorithmic technique used to predict a frame in a video given the previous and/or future frames by accounting for motion of the camera and/or objects in the video. It is employed in the encoding of video data for
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Using motion compensation, a video stream will contain some full (reference) frames; then the only information stored for the frames in between would be the information needed to transform the previous frame into the next frame.
312:). Each block is predicted from a block of equal size in the reference frame. The blocks are not transformed in any way apart from being shifted to the position of the predicted block. This shift is represented by a
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A straight line (in the time direction) of pixels with equal spatial positions in the frame corresponds to a continuously moving point in the real scene. Other MC schemes introduce discontinuities in the time
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Visualization of MPEG block motion compensation. Blocks that moved from one frame to the next are shown as white arrows, making the motions of the different platforms and the character clearly visible.
369:). The source blocks typically overlap in the source frame. Some video compression algorithms assemble the current frame out of pieces of several different previously transmitted frames.
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Aizawa, Kiyoharu, and Thomas S. Huang. "Model-based image coding advanced video coding techniques for very low bit-rate applications." Proceedings of the IEEE 83.2 (1995): 259-271.
592:(FFT), developing inter-frame hybrid coders for both, and found that the DCT is the most efficient due to its reduced complexity, capable of compressing image data down to 0.25-
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Zeng, Kai, et al. "Characterizing perceptual artifacts in compressed video streams." IS&T/SPIE Electronic
Imaging. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.
627:(now ITU-T) in 1984. H.120 used motion-compensated DPCM coding, which was inefficient for video coding, and H.120 was thus impractical due to low performance. The
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308:(MC DCT), is the most widely used motion compensation technique. In BMC, the frames are partitioned in blocks of pixels (e.g. macro-blocks of 16Ă—16 pixels in
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A precursor to the concept of motion compensation dates back to 1929, when R.D. Kell in
Britain proposed the concept of transmitting only the portions of an
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Proceedings of the
International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006
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Roese, John A.; Robinson, Guner S. (30 October 1975). Tescher, Andrew G. (ed.). "Combined
Spatial And Temporal Coding Of Digital Image Sequences".
889:. Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 and ITU-T SG16 Q.6). July 2002. pp. 11, 24–9, 33, 40–1, 53–6
540:(MC DCT) coding, also called block motion compensation (BMC) or DCT motion compensation. This is a hybrid coding algorithm, which combines two key
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It models the dominant motion usually found in video sequences with just a few parameters. The share in bit-rate of these parameters is negligible.
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are more complex because the image sequence must be transmitted and stored out of order so that the future frame is available to generate the
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The following is a simplistic illustrated explanation of how motion compensation works. Two successive frames were captured from the movie
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formats, typically use motion-compensated DCT hybrid coding, known as block motion compensation (BMC) or motion-compensated DCT (MC DCT).
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will take advantage of the resulting statistical distribution of the motion vectors around the zero vector to reduce the output size.
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Chen, Wen-Hsiung; Smith, C. H.; Fralick, S. C. (September 1977). "A Fast
Computational Algorithm for the Discrete Cosine Transform".
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introduced hybrid coding, which combines predictive coding with transform coding. However, his algorithm was initially limited to
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uses wavelets, and these can also be used to encode motion without gaps between blocks in an adaptive way. Fractional pixel
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After predicting frames using motion compensation, the coder finds the residual, which is then compressed and transmitted.
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is often considered as the third dimension. Still, image coding techniques can be expanded to an extra dimension.
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motion-compensated hybrid coding. For the spatial transform coding, they experimented with the DCT and the
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Moving objects within a frame are not sufficiently represented by global motion compensation. Thus, local
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give the encoder the ability to dynamically choose what block size will be used to represent the motion.
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Differences between the original frame and the next frame, shifted right by 2 pixels. Shifting the frame
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equivalent to a global motion compensation capable of panning. Further down the encoding pipeline, an
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frame into non-overlapping blocks, and the motion compensation vector tells where those blocks come
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In 1977, Wen-Hsiung Chen developed a fast DCT algorithm with C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick. In 1979,
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High
Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology
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compatible coding and can use motion compensation to compress between stereoscopic images.
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A New FFT Architecture and Chip Design for Motion
Compensation based on Phase Correlation
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precede or follow the predicted frame. These bidirectionally predicted frames are called
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scene with image quality comparable to an intra-frame coder requiring 2-bit per pixel.
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coefficients in high frequency sub-bands) due to quantization of coefficients of the
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It is possible to shift a block by a non-integer number of pixels, which is called
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researchers Y. Taki, M. Hatori and S. Tanaka, who proposed predictive inter-frame
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Video compression technique, used to efficiently predict and generate video frames
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Design of
Digital Video Coding Systems: A Complete Compressed Domain Approach
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It does not partition the frames. This avoids artifacts at partition borders.
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Chen, Z.; He, T.; Jin, X.; Wu, F. (2020). "Learning for Video
Compression".
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Pan — rotating the camera around its Y axis, moving the view left or right
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Tilt — rotating the camera around its X axis, moving the view up or down
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of the camera, thus there is greater overlap between the two frames.
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coding technique for video compression from the late 1980s onwards.
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video typically use a fixed block size, while newer ones such as
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Compatibility between DCT, motion compensation and other methods
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scene that changed from frame-to-frame. In 1959, the concept of
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1359:- article giving an overview of motion compensation techniques.
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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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233:, the motion model basically reflects camera motions such as:
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capable of dealing with zooming, rotation, translation etc.
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There are several advantages of global motion compensation:
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Motion compensation exploits the fact that, often, for many
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Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding
1098:. International Society for Optics and Photonics: 172–181.
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Differences between the original frame and the next frame.
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for playback of 24 frames per second movies on 60 Hz
379:. A coding scheme could, for instance, be IBBPBBPBBPBB.
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Habibi, Ali (1974). "Hybrid Coding of Pictorial Data".
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Quarter Pixel (QPel) and Half Pixel motion compensation
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It works best for still scenes without moving objects.
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DCT and DFT coefficients are related by simple factors
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536:emerged with the development of motion-compensated
204:or bidirectionally from previous and future frames
949:"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform"
73:(DCT). Most video coding standards, such as the
1264:"The History of Video File Formats Infographic"
1092:Efficient Transmission of Pictorial Information
252:Roll — rotating the camera around the view axis
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237:Dolly — moving the camera forward or backward
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838:Motion Compensated Video Coding - PhD Thesis
552:, and predictive motion compensation in the
196:, images are predicted from previous frames
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728:Chen, Jie; Koc, Ut-Va; Liu, KJ Ray (2001).
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61:Motion compensation is one of the two key
1379:An Introduction to MPEG Video Compression
1343:Learn how and when to remove this message
1235:Institution of Engineering and Technology
1063:Multimedia Signal Coding and Transmission
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353:Block motion compensation divides up the
143:Full original frame, as shown on screen.
1306:This article includes a list of general
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304:(BMC), also known as motion-compensated
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392:Variable block-size motion compensation
387:Variable block-size motion compensation
240:Track — moving the camera left or right
1141:Springer Science & Business Media
914:Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68
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564:technique that was first proposed by
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512:motion compensation was proposed by
427:Overlapped block motion compensation
422:Overlapped block motion compensation
361:(a common misconception is that the
1167:IEEE Transactions on Communications
990:IEEE Transactions on Communications
802:. February 20, 2009. Archived from
454:Motion compensation is utilized in
243:Boom — moving the camera up or down
53:, for example in the generation of
1373:DCT better than DFT also for video
1312:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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577:University of Southern California
437:Annex F Advanced Prediction mode
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568:, who initially intended it for
446:process" of the H.264 standard.
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670:Television standards conversion
881:"History of Video Compression"
163:Motion compensated difference
1:
532:Practical motion-compensated
975:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z
844:. University of Nottingham.
482:Encoding techniques utilize
58:efficiency can be improved.
1384:DCT and motion compensation
1227:Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003).
680:X-Video Motion Compensation
575:In 1974, Ali Habibi at the
2657:
2471:Compressed data structures
1793:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
1461:Asymmetric numeral systems
1193:Cianci, Philip J. (2014).
1039:10.1109/TCSVT.2019.2892608
835:Garnham, Nigel W. (1995).
497:
450:3D image coding techniques
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231:global motion compensation
225:Global motion compensation
29:
2641:Motion in computer vision
2626:Film and video technology
2575:
1830:Discrete cosine transform
1760:LZ77 + Huffman + context
1199:. McFarland. p. 63.
1180:10.1109/TCOM.1977.1093941
1066:. Springer. p. 364.
1060:Ohm, Jens-Rainer (2015).
1002:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092258
954:Digital Signal Processing
546:discrete cosine transform
456:stereoscopic video coding
341:Fourier-related transform
306:discrete cosine transform
302:Block motion compensation
291:Block motion compensation
71:discrete cosine transform
2535:Smallest grammar problem
1357:Temporal Rate Conversion
919:House of Commons Library
640:formats) that followed.
297:Block-matching algorithm
30:Not to be confused with
2476:Compressed suffix array
2025:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
1327:more precise citations.
1136:Image Sequence Analysis
768:Li, Jian Ping (2006).
590:fast Fourier transform
528:Motion-compensated DCT
473:affine transformations
286:Motion-compensated DCT
67:video coding standards
42:
2505:Kolmogorov complexity
2373:Video characteristics
1750:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
1133:Huang, T. S. (1981).
911:Lea, William (1994).
617:video coding standard
40:
2595:Compression software
2189:Compression artifact
2145:Psychoacoustic model
925:on 20 September 2019
548:(DCT) coding in the
2585:Compression formats
2224:Texture compression
2219:Standard test image
2035:Silence compression
1104:1975SPIE...66..172R
967:1991DSP.....1....4A
655:Image stabilization
623:, developed by the
500:Video coding format
329:sub-pixel precision
102:Illustrated example
65:techniques used in
46:Motion compensation
18:Motion Compensation
2493:Information theory
2348:Display resolution
2174:Chroma subsampling
1563:Byte pair encoding
1508:Shannon–Fano–Elias
615:The first digital
560:block compression
556:. DCT coding is a
554:temporal dimension
522:temporal dimension
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32:motion compensator
2636:Video compression
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709:cathode ray tubes
692:video compression
650:Motion estimation
570:image compression
550:spatial dimension
534:video compression
280:motion estimation
185:
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114:motion estimation
69:, along with the
63:video compression
51:video compression
16:(Redirected from
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2621:Data compression
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2194:Image resolution
2179:Coding tree unit
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1237:. pp. 1–2.
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1174:(9): 1004–1009.
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947:(January 1991).
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562:transform coding
542:data compression
412:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
345:transform coding
282:is also needed.
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1883:Predictive type
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1770:LZSS + Huffman
1720:LZ77 + Huffman
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1555:Dictionary type
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1451:Adaptive coding
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1319:Please help to
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1272:. 22 April 2012
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408:MPEG-4 Part 2
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322:entropy coder
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314:motion vector
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85:Functionality
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2551:Hutter Prize
2515:Quantization
2420:Compensation
2419:
2214:Quantization
1937:Compensation
1936:
1503:Shannon–Fano
1443:Entropy type
1339:
1333:October 2013
1330:
1311:
1274:. Retrieved
1269:RealNetworks
1267:
1229:
1195:
1188:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1135:
1128:
1095:
1091:
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1016:
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989:
983:
958:
952:
945:Ahmed, Nasir
939:
929:20 September
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
913:
891:. Retrieved
884:
837:
830:
821:
812:
804:the original
800:"MPEG-2 FAQ"
794:
770:
730:
723:
686:Applications
614:
609:Anil K. Jain
606:
574:
544:techniques:
531:
518:video coding
506:analog video
503:
478:
467:
462:
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174:
128:Description
107:
105:
96:
88:
60:
45:
44:
2510:Prefix code
2363:Frame types
2184:Color space
2010:Convolution
1740:LZ77 + ANS
1651:Incremental
1624:Other types
1543:Levenshtein
1325:introducing
660:Inter frame
586:inter-frame
581:intra-frame
572:, in 1972.
566:Nasir Ahmed
510:inter-frame
175:compensates
148:Difference
2615:Categories
2567:Mark Adler
2525:Redundancy
2442:Daubechies
2425:Estimation
2358:Frame rate
2280:Daubechies
2240:Chain code
2199:Macroblock
2005:Companding
1942:Estimation
1862:Daubechies
1568:Lempel–Ziv
1528:Exp-Golomb
1456:Arithmetic
1308:references
1030:1804.09869
961:(1): 4–5.
893:3 November
715:References
706:interlaced
696:change of
461:In video,
295:See also:
270:direction.
2544:Community
2368:Interlace
1754:Zstandard
1533:Fibonacci
1523:Universal
1481:Canonical
736:CRC Press
698:framerate
665:HDTV blur
469:JPEG 2000
343:used for
217:B frames.
133:Original
2530:Symmetry
2498:Timeline
2481:FM-index
2326:Bit rate
2319:Concepts
2167:Concepts
2030:Sampling
1983:Bit rate
1976:Concepts
1678:Sequitur
1513:Tunstall
1486:Modified
1476:Adaptive
1434:Lossless
1276:5 August
1120:62725808
1047:13743007
850:59633188
644:See also
480:2D+Delta
376:B-frames
213:B frames
208:B frames
200:P frames
177:for the
2488:Entropy
2437:Wavelet
2416:Motion
2275:Wavelet
2255:Fractal
2250:Deflate
2233:Methods
2020:Latency
1933:Motion
1857:Wavelet
1774:LHA/LZH
1724:Deflate
1673:Re-Pair
1668:Grammar
1498:Shannon
1471:Huffman
1427:methods
1321:improve
1100:Bibcode
963:Bibcode
675:VidFIRE
520:in the
494:History
355:current
347:of the
179:panning
2599:codecs
2560:People
2463:Theory
2430:Vector
1947:Vector
1764:Brotli
1714:Hybrid
1613:Snappy
1466:Golomb
1310:, but
1241:
1203:
1147:
1118:
1070:
1045:
848:
782:
742:
600:for a
488:MPEG-2
414:, and
400:MPEG-1
91:frames
55:MPEG-2
2631:H.26x
2390:parts
2388:Codec
2353:Frame
2311:Video
2295:SPIHT
2204:Pixel
2159:Image
2113:ACELP
2084:ADPCM
2074:ÎĽ-law
2069:A-law
2062:parts
2060:Codec
1968:Audio
1907:ACELP
1895:ADPCM
1872:SPIHT
1813:Lossy
1797:bzip2
1788:LZHAM
1744:LZFSE
1646:Delta
1538:Gamma
1518:Unary
1493:Range
1116:S2CID
1043:S2CID
1025:arXiv
886:ITU-T
842:(PDF)
634:H.26x
629:H.261
625:CCITT
621:H.120
598:pixel
558:lossy
484:H.264
435:H.263
404:H.263
396:H.261
122:Type
75:H.26x
2402:DPCM
2209:PSNR
2140:MDCT
2133:WLPC
2118:CELP
2079:DPCM
1927:WLPC
1912:CELP
1890:DPCM
1840:MDCT
1784:LZMA
1685:LDCT
1663:DPCM
1608:LZWL
1598:LZSS
1593:LZRW
1583:LZJB
1278:2019
1239:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1096:0066
1068:ISBN
931:2019
895:2019
846:OCLC
780:ISBN
740:ISBN
702:LCDs
638:MPEG
636:and
619:was
596:per
486:and
463:time
416:VC-1
398:and
359:from
333:Qpel
310:MPEG
194:MPEG
188:MPEG
79:MPEG
77:and
2447:DWT
2397:DCT
2341:VBR
2336:CBR
2331:ABR
2290:EZW
2285:DWT
2270:RLE
2260:KLT
2245:DCT
2128:LSP
2123:LAR
2108:LPC
2101:FFT
1998:VBR
1993:CBR
1988:ABR
1922:LSP
1917:LAR
1902:LPC
1867:DWT
1852:FFT
1847:DST
1835:DCT
1734:LZS
1729:LZX
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