1482:
297:
472:
29:
215:
271:
38:
144:
349:. The steering laws to achieve motion camouflage have been analysed mathematically. The resulting paths turn out to be extremely efficient, often better than classical pursuit. Motion camouflage pursuit may therefore be adopted both by predators and missile engineers (as "parallel navigation", for an infinity-point algorithm) for its performance advantages.
32:
Principle of motion camouflage by mimicking the optic flow of the background. An attacker flies towards a target, choosing its path so that it remains on a line between target and a real point behind the attacker; this path differs from classical pursuit, and is often shorter (as illustrated here).
464:
distribution like foliage rustling in the wind. This behaviour may represent motion crypsis, preventing detection by predators, or motion masquerade, promoting misclassification (as something other than prey), or a combination of the two, and has accordingly also been described as a form of motion
238:
An attacker can mimic the background's optic flow by choosing its flight path so as to remain on the line between the target and either some real landmark point, or a point at infinite distance (giving different pursuit algorithms). It therefore does not move from the landmark point as seen by the
139:
patterns remain harder to identify than uncamouflaged objects, especially if other similar objects are nearby, even though they are detected, so motion does not completely 'break' camouflage. All the same, the conspicuousness of motion raises the question of whether and how motion itself could be
310:
follow an infinity-point path when hunting insects in the dark. This is not for camouflage but for the efficiency of the resulting path, so the strategy is generally called constant absolute target direction (CATD); it is equivalent to CBDR but allowing for the target to manoeuvre erratically.
281:
The strategy appears to work equally well in insects and in vertebrates. Simulations show that motion camouflage results in a more efficient pursuit path than classical pursuit (i.e. the motion camouflage path is shorter), whether the target flies in a straight line or chooses a chaotic path.
67:
of the background as seen by its target. This enables the attacker to approach the target while appearing to remain stationary from the target's perspective, unlike in classical pursuit (where the attacker moves straight towards the target at all times, and often appears to the target to move
243:
as it approaches. This is not the same as moving straight towards the target (classical pursuit): that results in visible sideways motion with a readily detectable difference in optic flow from the background. The strategy works whether the background is plain or textured.
68:
sideways). The attacker chooses its flight path so as to remain on the line between the target and some landmark point. The target therefore does not see the attacker move from the landmark point. The only visible evidence that the attacker is moving is its
293:(CBDR), equivalent to taking a fixed reference point at infinite distance, the two vessels are on a collision course, both travelling in straight lines. In a simulation, this is readily observed as the lines between the two remain parallel at all times.
109:. Since bats hunting at night cannot be using the strategy for camouflage, it has been named, describing its mechanism, as constant absolute target direction. This is an efficient homing strategy, and it has been suggested that
493:
179:
When movement is required, one strategy is to minimise the motion signal, for example by avoiding waving limbs about and by choosing patterns that do not cause flicker when seen by the prey from straight ahead.
1756:
499:
498:
496:
495:
452:. These animals resemble vegetation with their coloration, strikingly disruptive body outlines with leaflike appendages, and the ability to sway effectively like the plants that they mimic.
500:
282:
Further, where classical pursuit requires the attacker to fly faster than the target, the motion camouflaged attacker can sometimes capture the target despite flying more slowly than it.
230:
of the background, so that the attacker does not appear to move when seen by the target. This is the main focus of work on motion camouflage, and is often treated as synonymous with it.
300:
Insect-hunting bats and some missiles follow an infinity-point pursuit path keeping parallel to the target ("Parallel navigation"), for its efficiency rather than for camouflage.
1741:
255:. The male hoverfly appeared to be using the tracking technique to approach prospective mates. Motion camouflage has been observed in high-speed territorial battles between
471:
497:
188:
by choosing to form stripes at right angles to their front-back axis, minimising motion signals that would be given by occluding and displaying the pattern as they swim.
1907:
1338:
O'Dea, J. D. (1991). "Eine zusatzliche oder alternative
Funktion der 'kryptischen' Schaukelbewegung bei Gottesanbeterinnen und Stabschrecken (Mantodea, Phasmatodea)".
56:
which provides a degree of concealment for a moving object, given that motion makes objects easy to detect however well their coloration matches their background or
267:
were seen to choose their flight paths to appear stationary to their rivals in 6 of 15 encounters. They made use of both real-point and infinity-point strategies.
1766:
967:
1581:
1746:
1731:
1496:
83:. These animals complement their passive camouflage by swaying like plants in the wind or ocean currents, delaying their recognition by predators.
135:
readily detect small moving dark spots but ignore stationary ones. Therefore, motion signals can be used to defeat camouflage. Moving objects with
1782:
2315:
2165:
1974:
990:
658:
582:
1379:
2105:
1607:
494:
2171:
341:
guidance (PPNG) closely resembles the CATD strategy used by bats. The biologists Andrew
Anderson and Peter McOwan have suggested that
290:
2325:
1281:
345:
could exploit motion camouflage to reduce their chances of being detected. They tested their ideas on people playing a computerised
1429:
1656:
1178:
2320:
2177:
1643:
528:
1481:
2238:
2123:
63:
The principal form of motion camouflage, and the type generally meant by the term, involves an attacker's mimicking the
2183:
2117:
1962:
1950:
334:
of different pursuit strategies showed that these predatory birds used a motion camouflage path consistent with CATD.
222:
dragonfly mimics the optic flow of its background using real-point motion camouflage to enable it to approach rivals.
1692:
1461:
1396:
568:
122:
2046:
2040:
1617:
1456:
1004:
171:
stalk prey by moving very slowly and stealthily. This strategy effectively avoids the need to camouflage motion.
1632:
1372:
598:
Hall, Joanna R.; Cuthill, Innes C.; Baddeley, Roland; Shohet, Adam J.; Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E. (7 May 2013).
2022:
1932:
1575:
338:
2076:
1992:
1567:
1561:
1451:
1232:
342:
296:
110:
1140:
Justh, Eric W. (2010). Armstrong, Robert E.; Drapeau, Mark D.; Loeb, Cheryl A.; Valdes, James L. (eds.).
330:
mounted on their heads or backs to track their approaches to prey. Comparison of the observed paths with
2189:
2159:
2141:
1938:
1538:
1424:
136:
57:
676:"Cuttlefish responses to visual orientation of substrates, water flow and a model of motion camouflage"
409:
Move towards target keeping line to target parallel to line between pursuer's start and target at start
289:, it has long been known that if the bearing from the target to the pursuer remains constant, known as
2276:
1998:
1526:
1441:
1419:
1224:
819:
738:
1237:
1895:
1726:
1721:
1706:
1434:
1365:
482:
444:
304:
204:, though its effectiveness is disputed. This type of dazzle does not appear to be used by animals.
103:
90:
in 1995, motion camouflage by minimising optic flow has been demonstrated in another insect order,
675:
2282:
1986:
1851:
1792:
1687:
1531:
1287:
1250:
1214:
1151:
1062:
996:
845:
773:
754:
706:
260:
219:
196:
Disrupting the attacker's perception of the target's motion was one of the intended purposes of
214:
2010:
1926:
1736:
1602:
1414:
1277:
1141:
1122:
1054:
986:
948:
897:
837:
698:
654:
629:
578:
572:
197:
185:
128:
28:
648:
2082:
2016:
1612:
1521:
1471:
1318:
1242:
1112:
1104:
1044:
1034:
978:
938:
928:
887:
879:
827:
781:
746:
690:
619:
611:
436:
373:
323:
76:
2287:
1845:
1804:
1751:
1651:
1466:
1163:
1093:"Falcons pursue prey using visual motion cues: new perspectives from animal-borne cameras"
201:
37:
1307:"The swaying behavior of Extatosoma tiaratum : motion camouflage in a stick insect?"
1228:
823:
742:
729:
Srinivasan, M. V. & Davey, M. (1995). "Strategies for active camouflage of motion".
456:
actively sways back and forth or side to side when disturbed or when there is a gust of
33:
The attacker looms larger as it closes on target, but does not otherwise appear to move.
2153:
2064:
1798:
1627:
1622:
1506:
1409:
1117:
1092:
943:
916:
892:
867:
624:
599:
270:
251:
in 1995 by M. V. Srinivasan and M. Davey while they were studying mating behaviour in
2309:
2244:
1968:
1863:
1857:
1682:
1511:
1183:
758:
45:
are very good at detecting motion, making motion camouflage a priority for predators.
1291:
1269:
849:
393:
Move towards target keeping between it and a point near pursuer's start at all times
2292:
2052:
1944:
1875:
1828:
1822:
1810:
1637:
1254:
1066:
1000:
710:
478:
440:
327:
319:
143:
80:
1205:
Justh, E. W.; Krishnaprasad, P. S. (2006). "Steering laws for motion camouflage".
1021:
Gonzalez-Bellido, Paloma T.; Fabian, Samuel T.; Nordström, Karin (December 2016).
933:
379:
Move straight towards current position of target at all times (simplest strategy)
2004:
1956:
1816:
1672:
1594:
256:
95:
91:
1039:
1022:
674:
Shohet, A.J.; Baddeley, R.J.; Anderson, J.C.; Kelman, E.J.; Osorio, D. (2006).
2217:
2034:
1901:
1404:
1388:
331:
252:
227:
181:
87:
64:
53:
17:
982:
2028:
1869:
1323:
1306:
461:
346:
315:
248:
1246:
1126:
1058:
1023:"Target detection in insects: optical, neural and behavioral optimizations"
952:
901:
883:
841:
750:
702:
633:
615:
785:
2111:
1677:
1146:. National Defense University Press. pp. 157–168. GGKEY:YX732WBJBQN.
164:
147:
917:"Echolocating bats use a nearly time-optimal strategy to intercept prey"
2250:
2222:
2147:
1516:
1501:
1108:
416:
286:
240:
69:
25:
Camouflage by choosing path to avoid seeming to move against background
694:
2129:
2101:
2070:
2058:
1980:
1219:
1049:
449:
435:
Swaying behaviour is practised by highly cryptic animals such as the
274:
99:
832:
807:
295:
269:
213:
168:
151:
142:
36:
27:
806:
Mizutani, A. K.; Chahl, J. S.; Srinivasan, M. V. (June 5, 2003).
915:
Ghose, K'; Horiuchi, T.; Krishnaprasad, P. S.; Moss, C. (2006).
457:
396:
Pursuer remains stationary against background (but looms larger)
132:
42:
1361:
567:
Troscianko, Tom (2011). "Camouflage and Visual
Perception". In
247:
This motion camouflage strategy was discovered and modelled as
2135:
307:
106:
1357:
600:"Camouflage, detection and identification of moving targets"
277:
use infinite-point motion camouflage to close on their prey.
966:
Reddy, P. V.; Justh, E. W.; Krishnaprasad, P. S. (2007).
75:
Camouflage is sometimes facilitated by motion, as in the
1143:
Learning
Unmanned Vehicle Control from Echolocating Bats
1305:
Bian, Xue; Elgar, Mark A.; Peters, Richard A. (2016).
1270:"Biologically inspired guidance for motion camouflage"
724:
722:
720:
808:"Insect behaviour: Motion camouflage in dragonflies"
2268:
2231:
2210:
2203:
2092:
1917:
1888:
1838:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1742:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
1714:
1705:
1665:
1593:
1554:
1547:
1489:
1395:
382:
None, target sees pursuer moving against background
163:One strategy is to minimise actual motion, as when
412:Pursuer remains at a constant direction in the sky
72:, the change in size as the attacker approaches.
16:For dazzle induced by rapidly-moving stripes, see
975:2007 46th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
1268:Carey, N. E.; Ford, J. J.; Chahl, J. S. (2004).
1179:"Dragonfly trick makes missiles harder to dodge"
577:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–130.
154:stalk prey very slowly, to minimise motion cues.
314:A 2014 study of falcons of different species (
140:camouflaged. Several mechanisms are possible.
1373:
1091:Amador Kane, Suzanne; Zamani, Marjon (2014).
861:
859:
506:Preying mantises exhibiting motion camouflage
8:
647:Macdonald, David; Loveridge, Andrew (2010).
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
1582:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
968:"Motion camouflage with sensorimotor delay"
650:The Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids
2207:
1778:
1771:
1747:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
1732:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
1711:
1551:
1380:
1366:
1358:
574:Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function
1963:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
1322:
1236:
1218:
1116:
1048:
1038:
942:
932:
891:
831:
653:. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–.
623:
522:
520:
351:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
516:
467:
113:could benefit from similar techniques.
1159:
1149:
337:The missile guidance strategy of pure
866:Glendinning, Paul (27 January 2004).
431:Swaying: motion crypsis or masquerade
7:
1177:Graham-Rowe, Duncan (28 June 2003).
872:The Mathematics of Motion Camouflage
2106:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
1207:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
604:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
291:constant bearing, decreasing range
210:Mimicking optic flow of background
14:
1497:As evidence for natural selection
1274:5th Asian IEEE Control Conference
385:Honey bees, flies, tiger beetles
1608:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
1480:
1430:Coincident disruptive coloration
772:Hopkin, Michael (June 5, 2003).
491:
470:
404:Infinity-point motion camouflage
1097:Journal of Experimental Biology
1027:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
778:Dragonfly Flight Tricks the Eye
683:Journal of Experimental Biology
486:sways in the wind like foliage.
192:Disrupting perception of motion
18:Camouflage § Motion dazzle
2178:Operational Camouflage Pattern
1644:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
527:Anstis, Stuart (1 June 2015).
94:, as well as in two groups of
1:
2316:Biological defense mechanisms
1975:Australian Disruptive Pattern
406:(CATD, "Parallel navigation")
239:target, though it inevitably
184:may be doing this with their
117:Camouflage of approach motion
2239:Diffused lighting camouflage
2124:Universal Camouflage Pattern
1757:USN WWII camouflage measures
934:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040108
390:Real-point motion camouflage
2184:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
2118:Tactical Assault Camouflage
1951:Disruptive Pattern Material
2342:
1340:Entomologische Zeitschrift
1040:10.1016/j.conb.2016.09.001
571:; Merilaita, Sami (eds.).
415:Dogs, humans, hoverflies,
123:List of camouflage methods
120:
15:
2047:Camouflage Central-Europe
2041:Desert Camouflage Pattern
1478:
1457:Multi-spectral camouflage
2326:Antipredator adaptations
1633:Johann Georg Otto Schick
983:10.1109/CDC.2007.4434522
529:"Seeing Isn't Believing"
399:Dragonflies, hoverflies
200:as used on ships in the
175:Minimising motion signal
127:Many animals are highly
58:breaks up their outlines
2023:Desert Night Camouflage
1576:Abbott Handerson Thayer
339:proportional navigation
226:Some animals mimic the
1568:The Colours of Animals
1562:Edward Bagnall Poulton
1452:Multi-scale camouflage
1247:10.1098/rspa.2006.1742
977:. pp. 1660–1665.
884:10.1098/rspb.2003.2622
751:10.1098/rspb.1995.0004
616:10.1098/rspb.2013.0064
343:anti-aircraft missiles
301:
278:
223:
155:
111:anti-aircraft missiles
46:
34:
2321:Camouflage mechanisms
2160:Multi-Terrain Pattern
2142:Airman Battle Uniform
1939:Rhodesian Brushstroke
1539:Underwater camouflage
1425:Disruptive coloration
1324:10.1093/beheco/arv125
786:10.1038/news030602-10
731:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
299:
273:
259:, where males of the
217:
146:
137:disruptive camouflage
121:Further information:
40:
31:
2277:Dazzled and Deceived
1442:Distractive markings
1420:Counter-illumination
426:Camouflage by motion
419:fish, bats, falcons
86:First discovered in
2166:Australian Multicam
1969:U.S. "M81" Woodland
1727:Aircraft camouflage
1722:Military camouflage
1435:Disruptive eye mask
1229:2006RSPSA.462.3629J
868:"Motion Camouflage"
824:2003Natur.423..604M
743:1995RSPSB.259...19S
483:Extatosoma tiaratum
445:Extatosoma tiaratum
372:Classical pursuit (
354:
129:sensitive to motion
2283:Stealth technology
1793:Splittertarnmuster
1688:Thomas N. Sherratt
1311:Behavioral Ecology
1109:10.1242/jeb.092403
610:(1578): 20130064.
353:Attack strategies
352:
302:
279:
265:Hemianax papuensis
261:Australian emperor
234:Pursuit strategies
224:
220:Australian emperor
159:Stealthy movements
156:
47:
35:
2303:
2302:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2199:
2198:
2011:Camouflage Daguet
1884:
1883:
1737:Dazzle camouflage
1701:
1700:
1603:Mary Taylor Brush
1447:Motion camouflage
1415:Active camouflage
992:978-1-4244-1497-0
695:10.1242/jeb.02580
689:(23): 4717–4723.
660:978-0-19-923444-8
584:978-1-139-49623-0
501:
423:
422:
364:Camouflage effect
198:dazzle camouflage
186:active camouflage
50:Motion camouflage
2333:
2208:
1779:
1772:
1712:
1618:Norman Wilkinson
1613:John Graham Kerr
1552:
1484:
1472:Urban camouflage
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1222:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1088:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1042:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1003:. Archived from
972:
963:
957:
956:
946:
936:
912:
906:
905:
895:
878:(1538): 477–81.
863:
854:
853:
835:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
769:
763:
762:
726:
715:
714:
680:
671:
665:
664:
644:
638:
637:
627:
595:
589:
588:
564:
541:
540:
538:
536:
524:
503:
502:
474:
437:leafy sea dragon
374:pursuit guidance
367:Used by species
355:
324:peregrine falcon
77:leafy sea dragon
41:Animals such as
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2288:Cloaking device
2256:
2227:
2195:
2094:
2088:
1999:Type 87 (China)
1919:
1913:
1880:
1854:(1917 aircraft)
1846:Camouflage tree
1834:
1805:Rauchtarnmuster
1784:
1761:
1752:Ship camouflage
1697:
1661:
1657:Timothy O'Neill
1652:Geoffrey Barkas
1589:
1543:
1485:
1476:
1467:Snow camouflage
1462:Self-decoration
1391:
1386:
1356:
1351:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1284:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1238:10.1.1.236.1470
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1090:
1089:
1074:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1007:
993:
970:
965:
964:
960:
914:
913:
909:
865:
864:
857:
833:10.1038/423604a
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
771:
770:
766:
737:(1354): 19–25.
728:
727:
718:
678:
673:
672:
668:
661:
646:
645:
641:
597:
596:
592:
585:
569:Stevens, Martin
566:
565:
544:
534:
532:
531:. The Scientist
526:
525:
518:
514:
507:
504:
492:
487:
475:
433:
428:
405:
236:
212:
202:First World War
194:
177:
161:
131:; for example,
125:
119:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2065:wz. 93 Pantera
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1799:Platanenmuster
1796:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1693:Martin Stevens
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1630:
1628:Leon Underwood
1625:
1623:Everett Warner
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1507:Decorator crab
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:Countershading
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1354:External links
1352:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1297:
1282:
1260:
1213:(2076): 3629.
1197:
1169:
1132:
1103:(2): 225–234.
1072:
1013:
1010:on 2018-01-14.
991:
958:
927:(5): 865–873.
907:
855:
798:
780:. Nature.com.
764:
716:
666:
659:
639:
590:
583:
542:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
490:
488:
476:
469:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:
413:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
377:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
235:
232:
211:
208:
193:
190:
176:
173:
160:
157:
118:
115:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Yehudi lights
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:Denison smock
1862:
1859:
1858:Telo mimetico
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Innes Cuthill
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Flower mantis
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1346:(1–2): 25–27.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:0-7803-8873-9
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1184:New Scientist
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
799:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:"Nature News"
768:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
670:
667:
662:
656:
652:
651:
643:
640:
635:
631:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
591:
586:
580:
576:
575:
570:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
543:
530:
523:
521:
517:
511:
489:
485:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
442:
438:
430:
425:
418:
414:
411:
408:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
328:video cameras
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
306:
298:
294:
292:
288:
283:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
233:
231:
229:
221:
216:
209:
207:
205:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
174:
172:
170:
166:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
124:
116:
114:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
81:stick insects
78:
73:
71:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
44:
39:
30:
23:
19:
2293:Invisibility
2275:
2053:Soldier 2000
1933:Tiger stripe
1876:Ghillie suit
1829:Leibermuster
1823:Erbsenmuster
1811:Palmenmuster
1642:
1580:
1566:
1446:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1317:(1): 83–92.
1314:
1310:
1300:
1273:
1263:
1220:math/0508023
1210:
1206:
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1182:
1172:
1142:
1135:
1100:
1096:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1005:the original
974:
961:
924:
921:PLOS Biology
920:
910:
875:
871:
818:(423): 604.
815:
811:
801:
789:. Retrieved
777:
767:
734:
730:
686:
682:
669:
649:
642:
607:
603:
593:
573:
533:. Retrieved
481:
479:stick insect
465:camouflage.
453:
443:
441:stick insect
434:
336:
320:saker falcon
313:
305:Echolocating
303:
284:
280:
264:
246:
241:looms larger
237:
225:
206:
195:
178:
162:
126:
104:echolocating
85:
74:
62:
49:
48:
22:
2005:wz. 89 Puma
1957:wz. 68 Moro
1860:(1929 tent)
1817:Sumpfmuster
1673:Roy Behrens
1666:Researchers
1595:Camoufleurs
1160:|work=
1033:: 122–128.
791:January 16,
454:E. tiaratum
361:Description
332:simulations
263:dragonfly,
257:dragonflies
96:vertebrates
92:dragonflies
2310:Categories
2232:Prototypes
2218:Berberys-R
2204:Technology
2035:Tropentarn
1902:Strichtarn
1775:Up to WWII
1532:Aggressive
1405:Camouflage
1389:Camouflage
512:References
253:hoverflies
249:algorithms
228:optic flow
182:Cuttlefish
88:hoverflies
65:optic flow
54:camouflage
2029:Flecktarn
1918:Late 20th
1870:Frog Skin
1638:Hugh Cott
1527:Müllerian
1490:In nature
1233:CiteSeerX
1162:ignored (
1152:cite book
1050:1912/8647
759:131341953
462:frequency
460:, with a
316:gyrfalcon
165:predators
148:Predators
79:and some
2211:Deployed
2190:Xingkong
2112:MultiCam
2104:(2001) (
1889:Post-war
1813:(c 1941)
1767:Patterns
1707:Military
1678:Tim Caro
1522:Batesian
1292:34907101
1190:27 April
1127:24431144
1059:27662056
953:16605303
902:15129957
850:52871328
842:12789327
703:17114404
634:23486439
535:28 April
477:Cryptic
450:mantises
358:Strategy
347:war game
167:such as
150:such as
2269:Related
2251:Adaptiv
2223:Nakidka
2148:Type 07
2108:(2002))
2095:century
1920:century
1852:Lozenge
1517:Mimicry
1502:Crypsis
1397:Methods
1255:7992554
1225:Bibcode
1118:3898623
1067:3524650
1001:1114039
944:1436025
893:1691618
820:Bibcode
739:Bibcode
711:2485460
625:3619462
417:teleost
326:) used
287:sailing
275:Falcons
100:falcons
70:looming
2253:(2011)
2247:(1943)
2241:(1941)
2192:(2019)
2186:(2019)
2180:(2015)
2174:(2015)
2172:HunCam
2168:(2014)
2162:(2010)
2156:(2008)
2150:(2007)
2144:(2007)
2138:(2007)
2132:(2006)
2130:ESTDCU
2126:(2004)
2120:(2004)
2114:(2002)
2102:MARPAT
2085:(1998)
2079:(1998)
2073:(1997)
2071:CADPAT
2067:(1993)
2061:(1993)
2059:TAZ 90
2055:(1993)
2049:(1991)
2043:(1990)
2037:(1990)
2031:(1990)
2025:(1990)
2019:(1990)
2013:(1989)
2007:(1989)
2001:(1987)
1995:(1984)
1989:(1984)
1983:(1983)
1981:TAZ 83
1977:(1982)
1971:(1981)
1965:(1981)
1959:(1969)
1953:(1969)
1947:(1967)
1941:(1965)
1935:(1962)
1929:(1958)
1927:Jigsaw
1910:(1968)
1904:(1960)
1898:(1947)
1896:Lizard
1872:(1942)
1866:(1941)
1848:(1915)
1831:(1945)
1825:(1944)
1819:(1943)
1807:(1939)
1801:(1937)
1795:(1931)
1783:German
1715:Topics
1548:People
1290:
1280:
1253:
1235:
1125:
1115:
1065:
1057:
999:
989:
951:
941:
900:
890:
848:
840:
812:Nature
757:
709:
701:
657:
632:
622:
581:
448:, and
439:, the
322:, and
169:tigers
152:tigers
2083:Flora
1987:Dubok
1839:Other
1555:Early
1288:S2CID
1251:S2CID
1215:arXiv
1063:S2CID
1008:(PDF)
997:S2CID
971:(PDF)
846:S2CID
755:S2CID
707:S2CID
679:(PDF)
133:frogs
43:frogs
2093:21st
1945:ERDL
1908:KLMK
1785:WWII
1278:ISBN
1192:2017
1164:help
1123:PMID
1055:PMID
987:ISBN
949:PMID
898:PMID
838:PMID
793:2012
699:PMID
655:ISBN
630:PMID
579:ISBN
537:2017
458:wind
308:bats
218:The
107:bats
102:and
2154:EMR
2136:M05
2077:M98
2017:M90
1993:M84
1344:101
1319:doi
1243:doi
1211:462
1113:PMC
1105:doi
1101:217
1045:hdl
1035:doi
979:doi
939:PMC
929:doi
888:PMC
880:doi
876:271
828:doi
782:doi
747:doi
735:259
691:doi
687:209
620:PMC
612:doi
608:280
285:In
60:.
52:is
2312::
1342:.
1315:27
1313:.
1309:.
1286:.
1276:.
1272:.
1249:.
1241:.
1231:.
1223:.
1209:.
1181:.
1156::
1154:}}
1150:{{
1121:.
1111:.
1099:.
1095:.
1075:^
1061:.
1053:.
1043:.
1031:41
1029:.
1025:.
995:.
985:.
973:.
947:.
937:.
923:.
919:.
896:.
886:.
874:.
870:.
858:^
844:.
836:.
826:.
816:65
814:.
810:.
776:.
753:.
745:.
733:.
719:^
705:.
697:.
685:.
681:.
628:.
618:.
606:.
602:.
545:^
519:^
318:,
98:,
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1327:.
1321::
1294:.
1257:.
1245::
1227::
1217::
1194:.
1166:)
1129:.
1107::
1069:.
1047::
1037::
981::
955:.
931::
925:4
904:.
882::
852:.
830::
822::
795:.
784::
761:.
749::
741::
713:.
693::
663:.
636:.
614::
587:.
539:.
376:)
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
