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411:. The composition was taken to be a chart of the sky on 7 July 62 BCE. This may be an indication of when construction began on this monument. The eastern portion is well preserved, being composed of several layers of rock, and a path following the base of the mountain is evidence of a walled passageway linking the eastern and western terraces. Possible uses for this site are thought to have included religious ceremonies, owing to the astronomical and religious nature of the monument.
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at the site, which is 49 metres (161 ft) tall and 152 m (499 ft) in diameter. It is possible that the tumulus of loose rock was devised to protect a tomb from robbers, since any excavation would quickly fill in. The statues appear to have Greek-style faces, but
Persian clothing and
497:
dedicated her life to the site, starting campaigns in 1954. Subsequent excavations have failed to reveal the tomb of
Antiochus. This is nevertheless still believed to be the site of his burial. The statues, all of them "beheaded", have not been restored to their original condition.
352:
traditions in order to reinvigorate the religion of his ancestral dynasty. The statues were once seated, with names of each god inscribed on them. At some point the heads of the statues were removed from their bodies, and they are now scattered throughout the site.
685:
438:
The religious sanctuary established in Mount Nemrut was part of
Antiochus' political program to revive the Persian traditions of Commagene. In order to do so, he merged and adjusted the political and religious traditions of
1134:
The east and west terraces each contain colossal statues of
Antiochus and his syncretized Greco-Persian tutelary deities, dozens of relief stelae portraying the Persian, Macedonian, and Commagenian ancestors of
462:, and also claimed the royal legacy of Armenia. One of the essential parts of this identity was the then newly established Greco-Iranian pantheon, which was worshipped at specific sanctuaries in Commagene.
261:, notable for the summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb from the 1st century BC. It is one of the highest peaks in the east of the
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is a popular place for car and bus trips to the site, and one can also travel from there by helicopter. There are also overnight tours running out of
Malatya or Kahta.
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360:. The statues have not been restored to their original places. The site also preserves stone slabs with bas-relief figures that are thought to have formed a large
1864:
697:
2008:
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built on the mountain top a tomb-sanctuary flanked by huge statues 8–9-metre high (26–30 ft) of himself, two lions, two eagles, and various composite
2345:
1912:
1763:
1657:
1150:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The
Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
745:
637:
2355:
1965:
1826:
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921:; “Antiochus looked to contemporary Parthian and, especially, Armenian traditions, to design his pantheon and reinvigorate his ancestral religion.”
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Nemrud Dagi: The hierothesion of
Antiochus I of Commagene: Results of the American excavations directed by Theresa B. Goell
1975:
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Goell, Theresa (Oct 1957). "The
Excavation of the "Hierothesion" of Antiochus I of Commagene on Nemrud Dagh (1953-1956)".
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Engineering
Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 5: Urban Geology, Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation
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The pattern of damage to the heads (notably to noses) suggests that they were deliberately damaged as a result of
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Nemrud Dağı: Recent archaeological research and conservation activities in the tomb sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
1037:
Giorgio
Lollino; Andrea Manconi; Fausto Guzzetti; Martin Culshaw; Peter Bobrowsky; Fabio Luino, eds. (2014).
1859:
1808:
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994:"Antiochos's hierothesion at Nemrud Dag revisited: Adjusting the date in the light of astronomical evidence"
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1932:
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418:. Similar arrangements have been found at Arsameia on Nymphaios at the hierothesion of Antiochus' father,
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The western terrace contains a large slab with a lion, showing an arrangement of stars and the planets
986:
The authors chose that date in preference to 23 July 49 BCE preferred by other researchers;
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of its pantheon, and the lineage of its kings, which can be traced back through two sets of legends,
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Jews, Greeks, and Barbarians: Aspects of the hellenization of Judaism in the pre-Christian period
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West Terrace: head of Apollon and head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche). Scene in the sunset sun.
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514:. Tourists typically visit Nemrut during April through October. The nearby town of
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The same statues and ancestors found throughout the site can also be found on the
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1960:
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Head statue of I. Antiochos in snow at western terrace ruins of Nemrut mountain.
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257:: Όρος Νεμρούτ) is a 2,134-metre-high (7,001 ft) mountain in southeastern
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East terrace: Heads of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes and Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
91:
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assessing transport routes for the Ottomans. After her first visit in 1947,
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1066:(illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93.
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1169:
Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther; Hornblower, Simon, eds. (2014).
1128:
Goell, Theresa; Bachmann, H. G.; Sanders, Donald Hugo, eds. (1996).
1104:
1223:
1210:
Young, John H. (Jan 1964). "Commagenian tiaras: Royal and divine".
1064:
Volcanic Tourist Destinations; Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism
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The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and expansion
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344:. When constructing this pantheon, Antiochus drew heavily from
1445:
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561:, is evidence of the dual origin of this kingdom's culture.
992:
Belmonte, Juan Antonio; Gonzales-Garcia, A. César (2010).
942:
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rulers of Pontus, Antiochus stressed his descent from the
1291:
842:— 2005 documentary about the excavation of Mount Nemrut
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1297:
Commagene Nemrut Conservation and Development Program
1093:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
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The arrangement of such statues is known by the term
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545:, is one of the most ambitious constructions of the
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288:The mountain lies 40 km (25 mi) north of
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763:West terrace: Head of Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche)
1218:(1). Archaeological Institute of America: 29–34.
799:West terrace: Sandstone stele / stelae of Persian
727:West terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
703:East terrace: Head of Apollo-Mithra-Helios-Hermes
284:Some of the statues near the peak of Mount Nemrut
973:; van Hoessen, H.B. (1959). "Greek horoscopes".
523:
1251:. Boston, MA / Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyter.
1171:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization
1041:(illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 45.
2376:Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
2002:
1622:
1562:Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
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975:Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
787:West terrace: Sandstone eagle and lion bodies
8:
915:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCanepa2020 (
2009:
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1186:. Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 135–136.
36:
1099:. The University of Chicago Press: 4–22.
1022:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCanepa2020 (
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2351:Tourist attractions in Adıyaman Province
943:Spawforth, Eidinow & Hornblower 2014
898:
1173:. Oxford University Press. p. 542.
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1487:Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
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7:
1663:Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta
1062:Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, ed. (2014).
751:West terrace: Heracles-Artagnes-Ares
126:
833:List of colossal sculptures in situ
811:West terrace: Head of Persian Eagle
775:West terrace: Head of Persian eagle
242:
1247:Brijder, Herman A.G., ed. (2014).
931:Goell, Bachmann & Sanders 1996
478:The site was excavated in 1881 by
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1414:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital
506:In 1987, Mount Nemrut was made a
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1842:Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains
1292:International Nemrud Foundation
1212:American Journal of Archaeology
823:Cities of the ancient Near East
529:(69–34 B.C.), who reigned over
2371:Important Bird Areas of Turkey
2346:Landforms of Adıyaman Province
2321:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
1333:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
450:Following the practice of the
1:
1193:Hidden Treasures of Antiquity
643:East terrace: Throne platform
533:, a kingdom founded north of
2356:History of Adıyaman Province
1953:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1895:Mediterranean Region, Turkey
1132:. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns.
739:West terrace: Zeus-Oromasdes
64:2,134 m (7,001 ft)
27:Mountain in Adıyaman, Turkey
957:Armenia: A historical Atlas
2392:
1966:Hakkari Cilo-Sat Mountains
1865:İğneada Floodplain Forests
1191:Siliotti, Alberto (2006).
955:Hewsen, Robert H. (2001).
270:UNESCO World Heritage Site
158:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
1570:
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216:
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2361:Historic sites in Turkey
2336:National parks of Turkey
1180:"Antiochus of Commagene"
828:List of megalithic sites
521:The UNESCO entry states:
420:Mithridates I Callinicus
298:Antiochus I of Commagene
276:Location and description
1809:Eastern Anatolia Region
1751:Central Anatolia Region
1145:. Fortress. p. 73.
1141:Hengel, Martin (1980).
667:East terrace: Lion head
395:The Lion with the Stars
1913:Mount Güllük-Termessos
1764:Derebucak Çamlık Caves
1274:Jacobs, Bruno (2011).
1178:Widengren, G. (1986).
983:. Philadelphia: 14–16.
591:Mount Nemrut: Head of
563:
475:
435:
396:
296:. In 62 BC, King
285:
234:
1759:Anti-Taurus Mountains
1524:Southeastern Anatolia
1280:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1184:Encyclopaedia Iranica
839:Queen of the Mountain
679:East Terrace: Thrones
541:after the breakup of
473:
433:
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283:
92:37.98056°N 38.74083°E
30:For the volcano, see
1424:Göreme National Park
268:It was designated a
178:Cultural: i, iii, iv
2331:Mountains of Turkey
2018:Mountains of Turkey
1822:Battle of Manzikert
1731:Mount Kop Defensive
1701:Boğazköy-Alacahöyük
1532:Diyarbakır Fortress
1020:, pp. 202–203.
889:, pp. 135–136.
508:World Heritage Site
502:World Heritage Site
88: /
2125:Beşparmak (Latmus)
1658:Commander-in-Chief
1001:J. Hist. Astronomy
547:Hellenistic period
543:Alexander's empire
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364:. These slabs, or
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165:Official name
97:37.98056; 38.74083
54:Highest point
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1984:
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1976:Tek Tek Mountains
1943:Yumurtalık Lagoon
1918:Karatepe-Aslantaş
1827:Mount Kop Defense
1799:Yozgat Pine Grove
1779:Battle of Sakarya
1774:Independence Path
1604:
1603:
1583:Turkey portal
1258:978-1-61451-713-9
1195:. Vercelli: VMB.
525:The mausoleum of
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16:(Redirected from
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962:
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945:, p. 542.
935:
923:
903:
891:
887:Widengren 1986
879:
867:whc.unesco.org
850:
848:
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755:
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743:
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719:
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583:
581:
578:
571:
567:
564:
503:
500:
467:
466:Modern history
464:
427:
424:
388:hair-styling.
308:gods, such as
277:
274:
243:Çiyayê Nemrûdê
218:
217:
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2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Ağrı (Ararat)
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
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2090:
2086:
2080:
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2019:
2012:
2007:
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1998:
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1989:
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1833:
1832:Munzur Valley
1830:
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1825:
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1769:Lake Beyşehir
1767:
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1706:Hatila Valley
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1694:
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1679:
1678:Mount Sipylus
1676:
1674:
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1659:
1656:
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1650:Aegean Region
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1502:Mediterranean
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1438:East Anatolia
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1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
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1281:
1277:
1276:"NEMRUD DAĞI"
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1254:
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1237:
1233:
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1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:88-540-0497-9
1198:
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1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
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1161:9781785702082
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1088:
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1075:
1073:9783642161919
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1048:9783319090481
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
995:
989:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:. p. 42.
958:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
927:
924:
918:
913:, p. 203
912:
907:
904:
901:, p. 13.
900:
899:Shayegan 2016
895:
892:
888:
883:
880:
868:
864:
858:
856:
852:
846:
841:
840:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
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816:
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766:
759:
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747:
742:
735:
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723:
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544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
522:
519:
517:
513:
509:
501:
499:
496:
495:Theresa Goell
492:
486:
481:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
432:
425:
423:
421:
417:
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177:
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159:
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141:
121:
111:
106:
101:
73:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2229:
1971:Mount Nemrut
1970:
1961:Botan Valley
1817:Mount Ararat
1794:Sultan Reedy
1593:
1574:
1546:Mount Nemrut
1545:
1541:Göbekli Tepe
1279:
1248:
1215:
1211:
1192:
1183:
1170:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1063:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1013:
1004:
1000:
987:
974:
965:
956:
950:
938:
933:, p. 3.
926:
906:
894:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
863:"Nemrut Dağ"
837:
715:West terrace
655:East terrace
631:East terrace
579:Mount Nemrut
524:
520:
505:
477:
449:
437:
416:hierothesion
413:
398:
382:
355:
287:
267:
226:
223:Mount Nemrut
222:
221:
133:Mount Nemrut
40:Mount Nemrut
18:Mount Nemrud
2039:Anti-Taurus
1928:Lake Kovada
1716:Mount Ilgaz
1668:Mount Honaz
1473:Cumalıkızık
1349:Aphrodisias
1018:Canepa 2020
911:Canepa 2020
593:Antiochus I
527:Antiochus I
489:, a German
483: [
480:Karl Sester
456:Achaemenids
452:Mithridatic
380:ancestors.
251:Նեմրութ լեռ
235:Nemrut Dağı
196:1987 (11th
193:Inscription
95: /
70:Coordinates
2315:Categories
2285:Topçambaba
2245:Palandöken
2210:Küçük Ağrı
2140:Demirkazık
1875:Kuşcenneti
1837:Nene Hatun
1741:Yedigöller
1711:Lake Abant
1428:Cappadocia
1409:Çatalhöyük
1391:Safranbolu
1359:Hierapolis
1287:Mt. Nemrut
872:30 October
847:References
551:syncretism
441:Cappadocia
358:iconoclasm
168:Nemrut Dağ
83:38°44′27″E
80:37°58′50″N
2326:Commagene
2200:Kaz (Ida)
2185:Karacadağ
2088:Mountains
1938:Saklıkent
1860:Lake Gala
1378:Black Sea
1363:Pamukkale
1240:193017631
1135:Antiochus
1121:163611794
539:Euphrates
531:Commagene
460:Seleucids
370:Antiochus
368:, depict
326:Oromasdes
272:in 1987.
183:Reference
108:Geography
60:Elevation
2300:Zurbahan
2295:Yamanlar
2280:Tendürek
2250:Sarıçalı
2225:Medetsiz
1923:Kızıldağ
1673:Marmaris
1595:Category
1482:Istanbul
1368:Pergamon
817:See also
537:and the
516:Adıyaman
491:engineer
350:Armenian
346:Parthian
314:Artagnes
310:Heracles
294:Adıyaman
247:Armenian
174:Criteria
142:, Turkey
2275:Tahtalı
2270:Şaphane
2195:Karagöl
2190:Karadağ
2150:Erciyes
2120:Babadağ
2044:Binboğa
1870:Kazdağı
1789:Soğuksu
1510:Xanthos
1461:Marmara
1419:Gordion
1386:Hattusa
1354:Ephesus
1113:1356011
1084:Sources
566:Gallery
559:Persian
405:Mercury
401:Jupiter
385:tumulus
378:Persian
334:Mithras
306:Iranian
292:, near
239:Kurdish
231:Turkish
198:Session
2366:Nimrod
2290:Uludağ
2265:Süphan
2260:Sultan
2230:Nemrut
2180:Kaçkar
2135:Davraz
2095:Acıgöl
2074:Tmolus
2069:Taurus
2064:Pontic
1885:Uludağ
1642:Turkey
1514:Letoon
1341:Aegean
1255:
1238:
1232:501522
1230:
1199:
1158:
1119:
1111:
1070:
1045:
980:XLVIII
549:. The
512:UNESCO
445:Pontus
407:, and
366:stelae
362:frieze
342:Hermes
338:Helios
330:Apollo
328:, and
259:Turkey
227:Nemrud
2341:62 BC
2220:Mahya
2215:Madur
2170:Honaz
2165:Hasan
2160:Göllü
2110:Aktaş
2105:Akdağ
2054:Ilgaz
2049:Canik
1469:Bursa
1236:S2CID
1228:JSTOR
1117:S2CID
1109:JSTOR
997:(PDF)
555:Greek
535:Syria
487:]
374:Greek
302:Greek
290:Kahta
255:Greek
208:11 ha
2255:Spil
2205:Kula
2175:Judi
2155:Erek
2130:Cilo
2100:Ahır
2079:Yunt
2059:Küre
1880:Troy
1534:and
1492:Troy
1471:and
1426:and
1253:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1024:help
917:help
874:2021
557:and
458:and
409:Mars
376:and
348:and
322:Zeus
318:Ares
304:and
205:Area
2240:Nif
1640:of
1480:of
1446:Ani
1220:doi
1101:doi
1097:147
988:see
595:(?)
510:by
225:or
187:448
2317::
1512:/
1361:/
1278:.
1234:.
1226:.
1216:68
1214:.
1182:.
1115:.
1107:.
1095:.
1005:41
1003:.
999:.
977:.
865:.
854:^
485:de
447:.
443:,
422:.
403:,
372:'
320:,
265:.
253:;
249::
245:;
241::
237:;
233::
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1630:e
1623:t
1616:v
1325:e
1318:t
1311:v
1282:.
1261:.
1242:.
1222::
1205:.
1164:.
1123:.
1103::
1076:.
1051:.
1026:)
1007:.
919:)
876:.
340:-
336:-
332:-
324:-
316:-
312:-
229:(
200:)
34:.
20:)
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