788:
volcanics, the andesitic northern cone formed as the first of the three present-day cones. The southern cone developed in several different stages; a first stage generated lava flows emanating from the summit; dating of two such flows has produced ages of 34,000 ± 8,000 and 40,000 ± 3,000 years before present. More than 20 metres (66 ft) of block-and-ash flows was erupted onto the eastern and western flanks of Ampato, and these flows consist of one andesitic and one dacitic formation; both appear to relate to a
144:
137:
938:
829:
42:
511:
792:
forming stage of volcanic activity. These block-and-ash flows are themselves covered on both the eastern and the western flanks by more thick lava flows, which make up a 150–200 metres (490–660 ft) thick unit and again consist of one andesitic and one dacitic unit; both units appear to have been
836:
The central cone grew in the gap between the northern and southern edifice and consists of lava flows again of andesitic to dacitic composition. These flows are together maximally 400–600 metres (1,300–2,000 ft) thick and one flow has been dated to 17,000 ± 6,000 years before present. A dacitic
738:
material by developing magmas have been invoked to explain the formation of the magmas of both Ampato and
Sabancaya. Estimating the rate of magma production at Ampato is difficult owing to the uncertainties in determining the volume of the edifice and the duration of repose times between eruptions;
518:
The volcano Ampato consists of three individual steep-sided cones which rise from a gentle glacially eroded foot. These three cones are lined up in southwest-northeast direction and the highest one reaches an elevation of 6,280 metres (20,600 ft) or 6,288 metres (20,630 ft). Ampato is one
824:
on Ampato; it generated stratified 3–4-metre (9.8–13.1 ft) thick tephra deposits which contain pumice embedded within ash-rich layers, and it is probably also the source of the pumice flow deposits on the south-southwestern flank. These contain dacitic pumice fragments in a matrix rich in ash
787:
After a pause in volcanic activity and an intermediary stage ("Yanajaja stage"; one date obtained on this stage is 77,000 ± 4,000 years before present) that produced andesitic-dacitic lava flows which form a 200–300-metre (660–980 ft) thick unit on top of eroded remnants of the older Ampato
783:
yielding ages between 400,000 - 450,000 years before present. Above this formation, another pile of dacitic lava flows constructed the first Ampato edifice, which was about the same size as the present-day volcano. This pile ("Moldepampa stage") is about 200–300 metres (660–980 ft) thick in
925:
and the discoveries of their mummies on mountains in the Andes has gained them a lot of attention. The process served to tie the Inka empire more closely together, since children to be sacrificed were selected from the entire realm and the children adorned and their names remembered after the
876:
The
Peruvian geological service has published a hazard map that describes danger areas of both Ampato and Sabancaya. Hazards mapped include both the fall of ash and the formation of lahars which can advance to distances of 20 kilometres (12 mi) in the southerly valleys of Ampato.
907:
was offered for sacrifice on the mountain, along with two other girls and a boy. The sacrifice took place on a platform on the summit of the volcano and was presumably intended to calm the mountain spirits during an eruption of the neighbouring volcano
Sabancaya. The
519:
of the highest volcanoes in the
Central Volcanic Zone and the 35th highest summit in the Andes. The volume of the edifice is about 38–42 cubic kilometres (9.1–10.1 cu mi), it covers an area of about 90–100 square kilometres (35–39 sq mi).
848:
around the volcano may have originated either on Ampato or on
Sabancaya. Late Holocene tephra layers dated to 1,790 ± 110, 2,050 ± 70 and 4,500 ± 125 likewise may have been erupted from Ampato, but Sabancaya is a more likely source for these ash layers.
1720:
Samaniego, Pablo; Rivera, Marco; Mariño, Jersy; Guillou, Hervé; Liorzou, Céline; Zerathe, Swann; Delgado, Rosmery; Valderrama, Patricio; Scao, Vincent (September 2016). "The eruptive chronology of the Ampato–Sabancaya volcanic complex (Southern Peru)".
739:
on average it appears to be 0.08–0.09 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.019–0.022 cu mi/ka). This rate does not consider "spurt"-like behaviour; volcano growth in fits and spurts has been observed at many other
979:
Radio San
Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de PromociĂłn Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-AmazĂłnicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, TranscripciĂłn del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P.
1702:
Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Nauret, François; Mariño, Jersy; Liorzou, Céline (November 2023). "Petrological and geochemical constraints on the magmatic evolution at the Ampato-Sabancaya compound volcano (Peru)".
674:
systems; one of these, the northeastward striking Sepina fault has been seismically active in the 20th and 21st centuries and seems to have controlled the development of the Ampato and
Sabancaya volcanoes.
1614:
Andrushko, Valerie A.; Buzon, Michele R.; Gibaja, Arminda M.; McEwan, Gordon F.; Simonetti, Antonio; Creaser, Robert A. (February 2011). "Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland".
820:
identified on the southwestern-southern flanks of Ampato correspond to this unit. The dacitic
Corinta deposits conversely were created during one large eruption which also left a
1665:
Juvigné, Etienne; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Loutsch, Isabelle; Lamadon, Sébastien; Frechen, Manfred; Fontugne, Michel; Rivera, Marco; Dávila, Jasmine; Mariño, Jersy (1 June 2008).
1262:
Bablon, Mathilde; Quidelleur, Xavier; Samaniego, Pablo; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Lahitte, Pierre; Liorzou, CĂ©line; Bustillos, Jorge
Eduardo; Hidalgo, Silvana (15 May 2018).
775:
Growth of Ampato and
Sabancaya commenced no earlier than 800,000 years ago. A 200–600-metre (660–1,970 ft) thick pile of andesitic lava flows with additional
816:
and scoria and individual layers form thick sequences at large distances from the volcano, but are heavily eroded and thus difficult to measure in extent.
1908:
779:
and which crops out on the southern, southeastern and southwestern side of the Ampato volcano is the oldest volcanic stage of this volcano, with
2597:
2577:
1843:
1821:
1802:
330:
Ampato consists of three volcanic cones, which lie on top of an older eroded volcanic edifice. They were formed sequentially by extrusion of
825:
and have thicknesses of more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the few outcrops; much of this unit was likely eroded away by glacial activity.
731:
1667:"Retombées volcaniques dans des tourbières et lacs autour du massif des Nevados Ampato et Sabancaya (Pérou méridional, Andes Centrales)"
881:
primarily threatens the vicinity of the volcano but large eruptions can result in fallout over large areas around the volcanic complex.
611:
Barroso group. The present-day volcanic arc is situated in the area of the Barroso group but has a narrower extent. The pre-volcanic
463:. The largest historical eruption of the Andes took place at Huaynaputina. Other volcanoes in the Peruvian Central Volcanic Zone are
93:
2572:
542:
between 25,000-17,000 years ago, the middle one between 4,400–4,650 metres (14,440–15,260 ft) to a late readvance at the
1901:
1264:"Eruptive chronology of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) revisited based on new K-Ar ages and geomorphological reconstructions"
2587:
2582:
1475:
569:
at a rate of 5–6 centimetres per year (2.0–2.4 in/year). This subduction process is responsible for volcanism of the
970:
Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu Qullaw. Qhichwa Simipi (monolingual Quechua and bilingual Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
752:
643:
86:
895:
A ceremonial platform was reported at elevations of 5,800–6,300 metres (19,000–20,700 ft). Ampato was the site of
607:
in the Jurassic, but later it migrated resulting in the emplacement of the Tacaza and Toquepala groups and finally the
346:
in the surrounding landscape. One young lava flow has been dated to 17,000 ± 6,000 years before present, but a summit
235:
1646:"Stratovolcanoes in the Western Cordillera – Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru 2003–2012 reconnaissance research"
2602:
2592:
2364:
1933:
136:
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1894:
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1783:
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211:
64:
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586:
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228:
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730:
melts, but undergo additional differentiation processes before reaching the surface. Processes such as
635:
Tiabaya unit; the former consists of marine sediments and the latter of volcanic sediments intruded by
538:, the lowermost one at 4,250–4,450 metres (13,940–14,600 ft) elevation has been attributed to the
1263:
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2439:
2409:
2369:
2306:
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2181:
2043:
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which today is preserved in two units, the Baylillas and the Corinta deposits. The first consists of
794:
574:
539:
362:
79:
1859:
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1998:
756:
683:
Ampato has erupted different volcanic rocks at different stages, with the earliest ones generating
604:
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429:
199:
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780:
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volcanoes. The rate is about one order of magnitude less than at neighbouring Sabancaya volcano.
612:
468:
409:
335:
74:
624:
421:
405:
2517:
2474:
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1988:
1953:
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is not affected by glacial erosion and appears to be the youngest eruption product of Ampato.
413:
366:
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epoch boundary and the higher ones above 4,800 metres (15,700 ft) to Holocene advances.
425:
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1983:
1958:
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832:
Aerial view of Ampato (back) from the northeast, with the active volcano Sabancaya in front.
760:
727:
290:
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2008:
1948:
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zones. The vegetation that occurs at high altitudes is dominated by pioneer plants, with
1734:
1279:
404:, the last of which has been historically active. Clockwise from northeast the towns of
2241:
2166:
1587:
Alcalá-Reygosa, Jesús; Palacios, David; Zamorano Orozco, José Juan (16 February 2016).
1086:
1084:
1082:
913:
720:
615:
consists of 1.9-1.0 billion year old rocks of the "Arequipa Massif", which consists of
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377:
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ash layers in surrounding peat bogs may testify to the occurrence of recent eruptions.
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1968:
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573:(CVZ) in Peru, Bolivia and Chile. The CVZ is one of the four volcanic belts in the
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266:
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1712:
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2344:
2211:
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2196:
2136:
1943:
712:
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204:
1868:
La evolución volcánica, glaciar y periglaciar del complejo Ampato (sur de Perú)
1773:
642:
The basement beneath Ampato is formed by sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the
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2161:
2071:
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1993:
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17:
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1767:
The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes
1449:
1057:
1055:
784:
outcrops and was emplaced between 230,000 - 200,000 years before present.
2542:
2479:
2419:
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2121:
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2018:
2003:
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628:
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316:
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1978:
1973:
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age rises above this basement. The terrain is cut by several different
667:
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562:
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358:
339:
277:
41:
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2201:
2171:
2131:
2076:
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1829:(in Spanish; also includes volcanoes of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru)
1436:
1090:
1073:
866:
817:
813:
801:
776:
688:
636:
616:
527:
460:
343:
54:
1879:
La evolución de los glaciares en el complejo volcánico Ampato (Perú)
919:
Such sacrifices with children being the usual subjects are known as
1886:
844:
Early Holocene (11,000 - 8,000 years before present) ash layers in
2126:
2013:
1517:"Investigaciones arqueológicas de alta montaña en el sur del Perú"
909:
873:, considering the history of explosive eruptions at this volcano.
862:
827:
510:
509:
369:
308:
187:
1816:. Santiago, Chile: Instituto Geográfico Militar. p. 640 pp.
1644:
Gałaś, Andrzej; Panajew, Paweł; Cuber, Piotr (30 November 2015).
800:
Either during or before the last glacial maximum, Ampato erupted
303:, both meaning "frog") is a dormant 6,288-metre (20,630 ft)
659:
444:
312:
273:
255:
173:
1890:
639:. The Tacaza and Barroso groups are emplaced on the sediments.
319:
and is part of a north-south chain that includes the volcanoes
1589:"Geomorphology of the Ampato volcanic complex (Southern Peru)"
597:, which triggered the onset of subduction of the Nazca Plate.
451:
volcanoes, some of which erupted in historical time including
315:. It lies about 70–75 kilometres (43–47 mi) northwest of
1424:
1412:
1400:
1385:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1249:
1232:
1208:
1196:
1141:
1129:
1046:
1029:
1017:
998:
2554:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1792:
1320:
1220:
1177:
1153:
1117:
1061:
1569:
1557:
396:
and at the southern end of a chain of volcanoes formed by
1882:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
1871:(Thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
861:. Potential hazards from future eruptions at Ampato are
436:
lies 70–75 kilometres (43–47 mi) to the southeast.
1476:"Los Caminos Ceremoniales en los Apus del Tawantinsuyu"
1769:. 2005, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
603:-associated volcanism originally occurred within the
384:
more than six hundred years earlier on the mountain.
1794:
The Andes: A Guide for Climbers and Skiers (5th ed.)
534:
valleys. The volcano is surrounded by three sets of
2508:
2330:
2057:
1924:
1437:
Alcalá-Reygosa, Palacios & Zamorano Orozco 2016
1091:
Alcalá-Reygosa, Palacios & Zamorano Orozco 2016
1074:
Alcalá-Reygosa, Palacios & Zamorano Orozco 2016
265:
249:
244:
234:
222:
210:
198:
193:
179:
165:
124:
85:
73:
63:
53:
48:
34:
327:, the last of which has been historically active.
1308:
1165:
1102:
767:constituting additional centres of biodiversity.
984:1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
365:glaciers advanced to low altitudes. In 1995, an
1797:. Andes Publishing (Scotland). p. 184 pp.
1723:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1268:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
916:and colleagues on the summit of the mountain.
1902:
1834:De Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter (1991).
522:The summit of the volcano is covered with an
8:
755:features various climate zones, such as the
558:Off the western coast of South America, the
1909:
1895:
1887:
31:
1692:
1682:
1604:
1534:
1491:
593:period after the opening of the southern
357:The present-day volcano is covered by an
857:Presently, Ampato is considered to be a
1450:"Mapa de peligros del volcán Sabancaya"
963:
29:Dormant Stratovovlcano in Southern Peru
1515:Chávez, Chávez; Antonio, José (2001).
734:, magma mixing and the absorption of
7:
589:. The subduction started during the
1838:. Springer-Verlag. p. 216 pp.
1474:Vitry, Christian (September 2020).
447:manifests itself as several dozen
432:surround the volcano; the city of
25:
1617:Journal of Archaeological Science
1743:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.038
1288:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.05.007
936:
526:, and the edifice is incised by
142:
135:
40:
1812:González-Ferrán, Oscar (1995).
1536:10.4067/S0717-73562001000200014
1493:10.4067/S0717-73562020005001802
1309:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
1166:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
1103:Gałaś, Panajew & Cuber 2015
695:-rich suite. The rocks contain
1876:Reygosa, Jesús Alcalá (2007).
1865:Reygosa, Jesús Alcalá (2014).
1836:Volcanoes of the Central Andes
654:age. A high plateau formed by
646:of Peru, and the rocks are of
143:
1:
1606:10.1080/17445647.2016.1142479
59:6,288 m (20,630 ft)
2598:Six-thousanders of the Andes
2578:Mountains of Arequipa Region
1713:10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107364
376:was discovered on Ampato by
69:1,997 m (6,552 ft)
912:were discovered in 1995 by
388:Geography and geomorphology
380:; it had been offered as a
2619:
888:
865:induced by melting of the
732:fractional crystallization
623:. They are covered by the
338:which have deposited ash,
334:, but Ampato has also had
2551:
1629:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009
392:Ampato lies south of the
129:
39:
1779:Global Volcanism Program
1684:10.4000/quaternaire.3362
2573:Stratovolcanoes of Peru
1784:Smithsonian Institution
1650:Geotourism/Geoturystyka
903:times, around 1466 the
726:The magmas derive from
443:of the Andes, which in
2331:Southern Volcanic Zone
2117:Andagua volcanic field
1925:Northern Volcanic Zone
833:
605:Cordillera de la Costa
583:Southern Volcanic Zone
579:Northern Volcanic Zone
515:
477:Andagua volcanic field
439:Ampato is part of the
2509:Austral Volcanic Zone
2435:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
2107:Huambo volcanic field
2058:Central Volcanic Zone
1791:Biggar, John (2020).
1570:Andrushko et al. 2011
1558:Andrushko et al. 2011
1413:Samaniego et al. 2016
1401:Samaniego et al. 2016
1386:Samaniego et al. 2016
1369:Samaniego et al. 2016
1357:Samaniego et al. 2016
1345:Samaniego et al. 2016
1333:Samaniego et al. 2016
1250:Samaniego et al. 2016
1233:Samaniego et al. 2016
1209:Samaniego et al. 2016
1197:Samaniego et al. 2016
1142:Samaniego et al. 2016
1047:Samaniego et al. 2016
1030:Samaniego et al. 2016
1018:Samaniego et al. 2016
999:Samaniego et al. 2016
889:Further information:
831:
587:Austral Volcanic Zone
577:; the others are the
571:Central Volcanic Zone
514:Ampato seen from west
513:
481:Huambo volcanic field
441:Central Volcanic Zone
350:is even younger, and
229:Central Volcanic Zone
2588:Subduction volcanoes
2583:Andean Volcanic Belt
2044:Licto volcanic field
1860:Ampato on Summitpost
795:last glacial maximum
575:Andean Volcanic Belt
540:last glacial maximum
363:last glacial maximum
1735:2016JVGR..323..110S
1707:. 458–459: 107364.
1425:Juvigné et al. 2008
1280:2018JVGR..357..378B
1130:Juvigné et al. 2008
879:Pyroclastic fallout
806:explosive eruptions
793:erupted during the
691:and which define a
567:South America Plate
336:explosive eruptions
105: /
2430:Carrán-Los Venados
2375:Nevados de Chillán
2360:Descabezado Grande
1415:, p. 117,118.
1335:, p. 113,114.
1321:Rivera et al. 2023
1221:Rivera et al. 2023
1178:Rivera et al. 2023
1154:Rivera et al. 2023
1118:Rivera et al. 2023
1062:Rivera et al. 2023
1032:, p. 110,112.
834:
781:argon-argon dating
753:Western Cordillera
644:Western Cordillera
516:
49:Highest point
2603:Dormant volcanoes
2593:Mountains of Peru
2560:
2559:
2370:Nevado de LongavĂ
2312:Cueros de Purulla
2292:CordĂłn del Azufre
1954:Nevado del Tolima
1845:978-3-540-53706-9
1830:
1823:978-956-202-054-1
1814:Volcanes de Chile
1804:978-0-9536087-6-8
982:Ludovico Bertonio
871:Plinian eruptions
631:and the Mesozoic-
361:, and during the
284:
283:
109:15.817°S 71.883°W
16:(Redirected from
2610:
2555:
2425:Mocho-Choshuenco
1959:Nevado del Huila
1918:Andean volcanoes
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1849:
1828:
1827:
1808:
1787:
1765:Reinhard, Johan
1754:
1716:
1698:
1696:
1694:20.500.12544/669
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1640:
1610:
1608:
1599:(5): 1160–1169.
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1555:
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1522:Chungará (Arica)
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1480:Chungará (Arica)
1471:
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1002:
996:
985:
977:
971:
968:
946:
941:
940:
804:during multiple
771:Eruptive history
459:, Sabancaya and
269:
183:
146:
145:
139:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:-15.817; -71.883
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
44:
32:
21:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2510:
2504:
2332:
2326:
2322:Ojos del Salado
2252:Aguas Calientes
2059:
2053:
1949:Nevado del Ruiz
1926:
1920:
1915:
1875:
1864:
1856:
1846:
1833:
1824:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1772:
1762:
1760:Further reading
1757:
1719:
1701:
1664:
1643:
1613:
1593:Journal of Maps
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1439:, p. 1162.
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1093:, p. 1160.
1089:
1080:
1076:, p. 1161.
1072:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1005:
997:
988:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
942:
935:
932:
897:human sacrifice
893:
887:
859:dormant volcano
855:
773:
749:
681:
556:
390:
382:human sacrifice
289:(possibly from
267:
181:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
147:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2242:Purico complex
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1855:
1854:External links
1852:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1788:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1717:
1699:
1677:(2): 157–173.
1662:
1641:
1623:(2): 323–333.
1611:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:, p. 323.
1562:
1560:, p. 324.
1550:
1529:(2): 283–288.
1525:(in Spanish).
1507:
1486:(3): 509–521.
1466:
1452:(in Spanish).
1441:
1429:
1427:, p. 171.
1417:
1405:
1403:, p. 118.
1390:
1388:, p. 117.
1373:
1371:, p. 116.
1361:
1359:, p. 115.
1349:
1347:, p. 127.
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1254:
1252:, p. 126.
1237:
1235:, p. 121.
1225:
1213:
1211:, p. 120.
1201:
1199:, p. 114.
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1144:, p. 113.
1134:
1132:, p. 160.
1122:
1107:
1095:
1078:
1066:
1051:
1049:, p. 110.
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 112.
1003:
1001:, p. 111.
986:
972:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
948:
947:
931:
928:
914:Johan Reinhard
886:
883:
854:
851:
772:
769:
748:
745:
721:titanium oxide
680:
677:
595:Atlantic Ocean
555:
552:
389:
386:
378:Johan Reinhard
282:
281:
271:
263:
262:
253:
247:
246:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
202:
196:
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191:
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185:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
155:
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134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
127:
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121:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
67:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Michinmahuida
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
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2406:
2403:
2401:
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2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:San Francisco
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Aucanquilcha‎
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Hualca Hualca
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:(6° N – 3° S)
1923:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:(37): 61–68.
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:, p. 66.
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:, p. 14.
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:, p. 63.
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:, p. 64.
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
967:
964:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
939:
934:
929:
927:
924:
923:
917:
915:
911:
906:
905:Mummy Juanita
902:
898:
892:
891:Mummy Juanita
885:Human history
884:
882:
880:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
850:
847:
842:
840:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
791:
785:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Hualca Hualca
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:Mummy Juanita
371:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:Hualca Hualca
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:stratovolcano
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
279:
275:
272:
270:
268:Easiest route
264:
261:
260:pre-Columbian
257:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
237:
236:Last eruption
233:
230:
227:
225:
224:Volcanic belt
221:
218:
217:Stratovolcano
215:
213:
212:Mountain type
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
192:
189:
186:
184:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
138:
128:
123:
118:
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2415:Quetrupillán
2277:Llullaillaco
2142:Huaynaputina
2111:
1878:
1867:
1835:
1813:
1793:
1777:
1766:
1726:
1722:
1704:
1674:
1670:
1649:
1620:
1616:
1596:
1592:
1565:
1553:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1323:, p. 4.
1316:
1304:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1180:, p. 3.
1173:
1161:
1156:, p. 1.
1149:
1137:
1125:
1120:, p. 5.
1098:
1069:
1064:, p. 2.
1025:
975:
966:
944:Andes portal
920:
918:
894:
875:
856:
843:
835:
818:Scoria flows
799:
786:
774:
750:
741:volcanic arc
725:
682:
641:
601:Volcanic arc
599:
565:beneath the
557:
521:
517:
457:Huaynaputina
438:
394:Colca Canyon
391:
356:
329:
311:of southern
300:
293:
286:
285:
251:First ascent
182:Parent range
26:
18:Mount Ampato
2511:(49°–55° S)
2495:Mate Grande
2345:Tupungatito
2333:(33°–46° S)
2212:Olca-Paruma
2207:Irruputuncu
2197:Tata Sabaya
2137:Pichu Pichu
2067:Quimsachata
2060:(14°–27° S)
1944:Cerro Bravo
1774:"Sabancaya"
1729:: 110–128.
1671:Quaternaire
926:sacrifice.
713:plagioclase
679:Composition
656:ignimbrites
560:Nazca Plate
544:Pleistocene
449:Pleistocene
410:Cajamarcana
205:Pleistocene
200:Age of rock
112: /
87:Coordinates
2567:Categories
2455:Hornopirén
2440:Casablanca
2410:Villarrica
2405:Sollipulli
2365:Cerro Azul
2237:Licancabur
2232:Sairecabur
2192:Guallatiri
2182:Parinacota
2162:Purupuruni
2072:Auquihuato
2039:Tungurahua
2034:Chimborazo
1994:Reventador
1969:Doña Juana
1459:26 January
958:References
747:Vegetation
705:iron oxide
625:Yura Group
501:Purupuruni
332:lava flows
65:Prominence
2475:Corcovado
2395:Lonquimay
2355:Calabozos
2340:Tupungato
2317:Incahuasi
2282:Lastarria
2262:Chiliques
2102:Sabancaya
2082:Sara Sara
1999:Pichincha
1934:Paipa-Iza
1751:0377-0273
1658:2353-3641
1637:0305-4403
1545:0717-7356
1502:0717-7356
1296:0377-0273
922:capacocha
846:peat bogs
839:lava dome
790:lava dome
697:amphibole
693:potassium
633:Paleogene
621:granulite
465:Sara Sara
422:Baylillas
406:Colihuiri
402:Sabancaya
372:known as
348:lava dome
325:Sabancaya
125:Geography
55:Elevation
2543:Fueguino
2528:Aguilera
2480:Mentolat
2390:Callaqui
2227:Zapaleri
2157:Yucamane
2152:Tutupaca
2122:Chachani
2092:Coropuna
2087:Solimana
2029:Quilotoa
2024:Cotopaxi
2019:Illiniza
2004:Antisana
1454:INGEMMET
930:See also
869:and sub-
765:wetlands
717:pyroxene
685:andesite
664:Pliocene
652:Cenozoic
648:Mesozoic
629:Mesozoic
613:basement
591:Jurassic
585:and the
563:subducts
548:Holocene
536:moraines
497:Yucamane
493:Tutupaca
485:Chachani
473:Coropuna
469:Solimana
453:El Misti
434:Arequipa
414:Sallalli
352:Holocene
317:Arequipa
301:jamp'atu
296:or from
294:hamp'atu
245:Climbing
170:Arequipa
166:Location
2518:Lautaro
2470:Chaitén
2450:Calbuco
2385:Copahue
2302:Peinado
2287:Lazufre
2272:Socompa
2177:Taapaca
2147:Ticsani
1989:Cayambe
1979:Azufral
1974:Galeras
1939:Romeral
1731:Bibcode
1580:Sources
1276:Bibcode
1274:: 396.
910:mummies
899:during
853:Hazards
837:summit
810:lapilli
757:quechua
736:crustal
709:olivine
701:biotite
668:Miocene
637:plutons
627:of the
609:Neogene
554:Geology
532:glacial
528:cirques
524:ice cap
489:Ticsani
426:Corinta
359:ice cap
340:lapilli
307:in the
291:Quechua
278:glacier
240:Unknown
194:Geology
100:71°53′W
97:15°49′S
75:Listing
2538:Burney
2533:Reclus
2523:Viedma
2500:Hudson
2460:Huequi
2445:Osorno
2400:Llaima
2380:Antuco
2267:Aracar
2257:Lascar
2247:Pacana
2222:Azufre
2202:Isluga
2172:Tacora
2167:Casiri
2132:Ubinas
2112:Ampato
2077:Firura
2049:Sangay
1984:Chiles
1964:Puracé
1842:
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1705:Lithos
1656:
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1294:
952:Ananta
867:icecap
863:lahars
822:crater
814:pumice
802:tephra
777:scoria
728:mantle
689:dacite
617:gneiss
581:, the
505:Casiri
461:Ubinas
430:Collpa
344:pumice
298:Aymara
287:Ampato
150:Ampato
35:Ampato
2420:LanĂn
2350:Maipo
2297:Galán
2187:Lauca
2127:Misti
2014:Soche
2009:Aliso
672:fault
660:lavas
370:mummy
309:Andes
280:climb
188:Andes
80:Ultra
2490:Macá
1840:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1747:ISSN
1654:ISSN
1633:ISSN
1541:ISSN
1498:ISSN
1461:2018
1292:ISSN
901:Inca
761:suni
759:and
751:The
719:and
687:and
658:and
619:and
530:and
503:and
445:Peru
428:and
418:Japo
400:and
367:Inca
342:and
323:and
313:Peru
274:snow
256:Inca
174:Peru
156:Peru
2485:Cay
1739:doi
1727:323
1709:doi
1689:hdl
1679:doi
1625:doi
1601:doi
1531:doi
1488:doi
1284:doi
1272:357
666:to
662:of
650:to
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