112:
814:
825:
198:
191:
34:
873:
accompanied him; he returned in 130 AD to scale the mountain at night, no doubt, Lane Fox remarks, to witness the rising of the sun, visible for several minutes from the peak, while the land below lay still in darkness; it was said later that a thunderbolt at the peak struck the animal he was about
914:
The cult site is represented by a huge mound of ashes and debris, 180 feet (55 m) wide and 26 feet (7.9 m) deep, of which only the first 6 feet (1.8 m) have been excavated. Archaeologists only reached as far as the
1483:
1431:
111:
789:
culture into the ninth century and so when Greeks settled on the north side of Mount Hazzi they continued to call its main peak 'Mount Kasios'", Lane Fox points out, observing that it was the
810:
in the Sinai. Tiles from the Greco-Roman sanctuary at the site, stamped with the god's name, were reused in the
Christian monastery that came to occupy the eastern, landward slopes of Kazios.
328:. A mound of ash and debris remains; an archaeological investigation was broken off because of military restrictions imposed due to the mountain's border location.
1330:
785:
experienced some of their earliest on-site experience of northwest
Semitic cultures, from the early eighth century BCE onwards. "The Hittite name persisted in
847:
in locating his foundation, a
Seleuceia (one of many) on the coast. Coins struck there as late as the first century BCE still show the city's emblem, the
1548:
1508:
1448:
147:
1553:
190:
1543:
1011:
1528:
1299:
824:
813:
1538:
1470:
140:
1533:
908:
671:
321:
691:
473:), which was a name also used for it in early Akkadian texts. The Hurro-Hittite name gave rise to the mountain's
47:
51:
298:
72:
1015:
262:
1304:
639:
76:
68:
60:
1402:
863:
of Zeus Kasios, with its pointed roof on pillars, and a representation of its rounded sacred stone, or
935:
900:, equally a "gift of Kasios", recall a vow of one or both parents made to ensure fertile conception.
798:
714:
919:
strata before the site was closed, as it lies in a
Turkish military zone on its border with Syria.
875:
718:
572:) lies 30 kilometers (19 mi) to its south. Texts discovered there in the 1920s, including the
411:
325:
224:
916:
840:
1504:
1444:
1410:
1406:
1325:
829:
750:
683:
375:
359:
343:
339:
306:
1422:
1398:
1029:
532:
515:
279:
41:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1488:
1436:
951:
943:
890:
707:
660:
643:
546:
427:
274:
253:
1017:
Hellenosemitica: An Ethnic and
Cultural Study in West Semitic Impact on Mycenaean Greece
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1418:
1372:
1111:
1107:
836:
742:
728:
687:
509:
237:
1563:
1558:
1522:
1496:
1478:
1414:
1285:
959:
790:
766:
627:
474:
310:
302:
83:
911:
stood for forty years on a pillar near its northern flanks until his death in 592.
650:
635:
631:
583:
314:
1474:
1281:
1025:
848:
818:
807:
786:
619:
505:
501:
395:
87:
1249:
Lane Fox 2009:246; these cultural connections are the theme of Lane Fox's book.
1500:
1440:
1225:
1213:
1201:
573:
569:
492:
Zaphon, like Mizpah and Mizpeh, is derived from a noun meaning lookout point.
1237:
1177:
162:
149:
939:
879:
851:, sometimes placed upon the cushion of a throne. In the winter of 114/15 CE
762:
674:, Mount Sapan was sometimes accounted as the home of all the gods, not only
623:
554:
553:. They also celebrated the mountain in its own right, naming it as a divine
535:
399:
287:
1260:
Archaeological
Investigations in the Region West of Antioch and the Orontes
17:
1122:
1120:
883:
699:
675:
611:
591:
542:
522:
545:
continued his worship, celebrating Teshub's victory over the sea in the
870:
856:
774:
550:
903:
Christian hermits were drawn to the mountain; Barlaam challenged its
1492:
1021:
955:
907:
by founding a monastery near the treeline on its eastern slopes, and
860:
852:
782:
778:
770:
695:
587:
565:
558:
538:
478:
295:
241:
130:
117:
405:
1337:, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, pp. 927–928
1308:
904:
865:
828:
The slopes of Jebel Aqra along the Syria-Turkey borderline on the
823:
812:
703:
615:
291:
232:
228:
64:
835:
When kings and emperors climbed Mount Kasios to sacrifice at its
1353:, Jerusalem: Hotsa'at Sefarim Be'er le-Heker ha-Mikra Veha-arets
844:
803:
679:
445:
The
Hurrians and the Hittites respectively called the mountain
1484:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
1432:
Reallexikon der
Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
694:. From its importance and its position at the northern end of
379:
732:
484:
431:
882:
of Zeus Kasios, according to his friend and correspondent
1307:
was exposed to a sea-monster further along the coast, at
1079:
1077:
1075:
1348:זה גבול הארץ; גבולותיה האמתיים של ארץ ישראל לאור המקורות
796:
The cult of the god of the mountain was transferred, by
415:
638:
called on him as a divine witness on a treaty with the
618:
and his variations understood as local cults. The form
769:). Even closer, the earliest Hellenic foothold in the
386:
363:
347:
460:
446:
437:
1258:
Lane Fox 2009:246, noting H. Seyrig in W. Djobadze,
874:
to sacrifice. In spring 363 the last pagan emperor,
267:
622:was worshipped widely: his temple at Ugarit held a
313:, Jebel Aqra is a mariners' landmark which gathers
219:
178:
139:
129:
124:
95:
682:. As Mount Zaphon, it appears in that role in the
954:, although this is more often taken to refer to
859:; commemorative coins were struck featuring the
421:
1385:Rutherford, Ian (2001), "The Song of the Sea",
1331:Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible,
1042:Steiner 2017 The Aramaic Text in Demotic Script
761:) and lay 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) north of
576:, showed its residents considered the peak of
369:
353:
855:was spared in a major earthquake that struck
626:relief dedicated to him by a royal scribe in
466:
452:
8:
1346:
342:name of the mountain, Ṣapōn, is recorded in
101:
1288:, who bears the name in its Romanized form.
773:lies at the beach on its northern flank at
595:
1377:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
1165:
1095:
92:
986:
806:, the "Zeus of Mount Kasios", similar to
1153:
1141:
1083:
1066:
979:
928:
878:, scaled the mountain, where he had an
52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
998:
839:, it was a notable cultural occasion.
1189:
702:and then the word for the direction "
614:. Baʿal is now often identified with
273:
7:
438:
422:
406:
82:For the other Mount Casius near the
1379:, New York: Knopf, pp. 243–258
1347:
1126:
1051:
947:
664:
514:Jebel Aqra has a long history as a
257:
116:Jebel Aqra overlooking the town of
102:
27:Mountain on the Syria–Turkey border
1387:Studien zu den Boghaz-Köy-Texten,
561:and observing rites in its honor.
197:
25:
1375:(2009), "A Travelling Mountain",
54: instead of cuneiform script.
320:The mountain was a cult site in
196:
189:
110:
32:
1549:International mountains of Asia
468:
454:
1362:Hertz, Joseph H., ed. (1988),
1297:Lane Fox 2009:248, notes also
531:and considered it the home of
1:
1364:The Pentateuch and Haftorahs
717:, worship continued through
479:
461:
447:
432:
416:
400:
380:
364:
348:
135:1,717 m (5,633 ft)
1554:Landforms of Hatay Province
938:claimed it as the northern
909:Simeon Stylites the Younger
843:sought there the advice of
275:[ˈd͡ʒæbælalˈʔaqraʕ]
268:
1580:
1343:Bar Daroma, Chaim (1958),
733:
672:ancient Canaanite religion
590:palace of their storm god
499:
485:
467:
453:
387:
370:
354:
322:ancient Canaanite religion
81:
58:
1469:; Morandi Bonacossi, D.;
754:
692:Mount of the Congregation
183:
109:
100:
869:. Trajan's adoptive son
817:Jebel Aqra as seen from
290:mountain located on the
59:Not to be confused with
549:found in their capital
324:and continuing through
309:. Rising from a narrow
1529:Hebrew Bible mountains
832:
821:
746:
301:near the mouth of the
283:
163:35.95250°N 35.969306°E
40:This article contains
1461:(2009). "Ṣapunu". In
827:
816:
721:, when it was called
210:Syrian-Turkish border
1465:; Frantz-Szabó, G.;
1443:. pp. 241–242.
1401:(1975). "Ḫazzi". In
799:interpretatio graeca
564:The ancient port of
1544:Syria–Turkey border
1539:Mountains of Turkey
1271:Lane Fox 2009:248f.
950:) mentioned in the
698:, it also became a
326:classical antiquity
225:Latakia Governorate
168:35.95250; 35.969306
159: /
1534:Mountains of Syria
1503:. pp. 29–31.
1463:Streck, Michael P.
1411:Edzard, Dietz-Otto
1407:von Soden, Wolfram
1392:, pp. 598–609
1168:, p. 180–199.
1012:Astour, Michael C.
841:Seleucus I Nicator
833:
822:
793:of the Near East.
649:It appears in the
125:Highest point
1510:978-3-110-20384-4
1501:Walter de Gruyter
1450:978-3-110-06772-9
1441:Walter de Gruyter
1303:, whose daughter
1166:Bar Daroma (1958)
1096:Rutherford (2001)
830:Mediterranean Sea
690:, along with the
684:Hebrew Scriptures
651:Hebrew Scriptures
646:in 677 BCE.
610:) and his sister
307:Mediterranean Sea
266:
247:
246:
48:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
1571:
1514:
1487:. Vol. 12.
1459:van Soldt, W. H.
1454:
1425:; v. Soden, W.;
1423:Röllig, Wolfgang
1399:Röllig, Wolfgang
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1049:
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1034:
1033:
1030:Brill Publishers
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
963:
949:
933:
891:theophoric names
880:epiphanic vision
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425:
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419:
409:
408:
403:
392:
391:
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389:𓍑𓄿𓊪𓏲𓈖𓄿𓌙𓈉
383:
373:
372:
367:
357:
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351:
277:
271:
261:
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235:
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193:
174:
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114:
105:
104:
93:
42:cuneiform script
36:
35:
21:
1579:
1578:
1574:
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1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1489:Berlin, Germany
1471:Postgate, J. N.
1457:
1451:
1437:Berlin, Germany
1435:. Vol. 4.
1397:
1384:
1373:Lane Fox, Robin
1371:
1366:, Soncino Press
1361:
1356:
1342:
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1200:
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1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1154:Lane Fox (2009)
1152:
1148:
1142:Lane Fox (2009)
1140:
1136:
1125:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1084:Lane Fox (2009)
1082:
1073:
1067:Lane Fox (2009)
1065:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1010:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
977:
972:
967:
966:
952:Book of Numbers
934:
930:
925:
722:
708:Hebrew language
654:
607:
604:
601:
598:
577:
547:Song of Kumarbi
526:
516:sacred mountain
512:
498:
388:
336:
269:Jabal al-ʾAqraʿ
236:
223:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
201:
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
120:
91:
80:
57:
56:
55:
46:Without proper
37:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1455:
1449:
1403:Weidner, Ernst
1395:
1382:
1369:
1359:
1340:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1290:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1156:, p. 252.
1146:
1144:, p. 244.
1134:
1132:, p. 927.
1116:
1100:
1088:
1086:, p. 245.
1071:
1059:
1044:
1035:
1032:. p. 136.
1003:
991:
987:van Soldt 2009
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
965:
964:
927:
926:
924:
921:
837:peak sanctuary
688:Book of Isaiah
510:Jupiter Casius
497:
494:
335:
332:
245:
244:
238:Hatay Province
221:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
143:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
115:
107:
106:
98:
97:
86:in Egypt, see
50:, you may see
38:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1576:
1565:
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1555:
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1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:United States
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Krebernik, M.
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:Wiseman, D.J.
1424:
1421:; Otten, G.;
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:Magna Graecia
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
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1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
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1080:
1078:
1076:
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1060:
1056:
1054:
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1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
974:
969:
961:
960:Nur Mountains
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
922:
920:
918:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
826:
820:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:
794:
792:
791:Mount Olympus
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Ras al-Bassit
764:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
730:
725:
720:
716:
715:various forms
711:
709:
705:
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697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
657:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
593:
589:
585:
582:to house the
580:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
490:
481:
476:
475:Ancient Greek
463:
449:
443:
434:
429:
418:
413:
402:
397:
393:
382:
377:
366:
361:
350:
345:
341:
333:
331:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:thunderstorms
312:
311:coastal plain
308:
304:
303:Orontes River
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
270:
264:
255:
251:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
192:
182:
177:
172:
144:
142:
138:
134:
132:
128:
123:
119:
113:
108:
99:
94:
89:
85:
84:Serbonian Bog
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
53:
49:
45:
43:
19:
1482:
1477:; Stol, M.;
1430:
1419:Moortgat, A.
1415:Calmeyer, P.
1390:
1386:
1376:
1363:
1351:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1318:Bibliography
1298:
1293:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1190:Hertz (1988)
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1127:
1103:
1091:
1062:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1016:
1006:
994:
982:
931:
913:
902:
897:
893:
888:
864:
834:
797:
795:
758:
738:
724:Mount Casius
723:
712:
667:
656:Mount Zaphon
655:
648:
620:Baʿal Zephon
578:
563:
527:
520:
513:
491:
444:
385:
338:The ancient
337:
330:
319:
249:
248:
39:
1479:Wilhelm, G.
1389:No. 45
1357:(in Hebrew)
1300:Kassi-opeia
1282:Cassiodorus
1178:Num. 34:7–8
1026:Netherlands
999:Röllig 1975
917:Hellenistic
898:Kassiodorus
849:thunderbolt
808:Ras Kouroun
804:Zeus Kasios
787:neo-Hittite
759:Gassios Ler
747:Casius Mons
579:Mount Sapan
528:Mount Hazzi
506:Zeus Kasios
502:Baal Zephon
166: /
154:35°58′9.5″E
141:Coordinates
88:Ras Kouroun
77:other Aqras
1523:Categories
1284:, born in
1226:Deut. 3:27
1214:Gen. 13:14
1202:Isa. 14:13
1112:Rutherford
1110:, quoting
970:References
936:Bar Daroma
894:Kassiodora
755:Կասիոս Լեռ
680:his sister
574:Baal Cycle
570:Ras Shamra
525:called it
500:See also:
412:Phoenician
258:جبل الأقرع
250:Jebel Aqra
204:Jebel Aqra
103:جبل الأقرع
96:Jebel Aqra
18:Mount Aqra
1475:Seidl, U.
1305:Andromeda
975:Citations
940:Mount Hor
783:Cypriotes
763:Posideium
719:antiquity
706:" in the
624:sandstone
557:on their
555:guarantor
536:storm god
288:limestone
263:romanized
179:Geography
151:35°57′9″N
131:Elevation
1481:(eds.).
1429:(eds.).
1326:"Zaphon"
1108:Lane Fox
1014:(1965).
884:Libanius
819:Samandağ
779:Euboeans
765:(modern
751:Armenian
630:and the
605:The Lord
568:(modern
559:treaties
543:Hittites
523:Hurrians
477:name of
407:𐡑𐡐𐡅𐡍
376:Egyptian
360:Ugaritic
344:Akkadian
284:Kel Dağı
220:Location
1333:2nd ed.
1262:, 1986.
871:Hadrian
857:Antioch
777:. Here
775:Al Mina
700:metonym
644:Assyria
640:emperor
599:
551:Hattusa
496:History
439:צָפוֹן
426:), and
396:Aramaic
340:Semitic
305:on the
296:Turkish
286:) is a
280:Turkish
265::
1507:
1493:Boston
1447:
1238:Ps. 48
1130:(1999)
1055:(1999)
1022:Leiden
956:Turkey
948:הר ההר
944:Hebrew
905:demons
889:Greek
876:Julian
861:shrine
853:Trajan
771:Levant
739:Kasios
734:Κασιος
713:Under
696:Canaan
670:). In
668:Tsāfōn
661:Hebrew
588:silver
566:Ugarit
541:. The
539:Teshub
508:, and
486:Κάσιον
480:Kásion
469:𒄩𒊍𒍣
459:) and
433:Ṣāp̄ōn
428:Hebrew
423:𐤑𐤐𐤍
381:ḏꜣpwnꜣ
371:𐎕𐎔𐎐
365:Ṣapānu
355:𒍝𒁍𒈾
349:Ṣapūna
299:border
292:Syrian
254:Arabic
242:Turkey
118:Kessab
1309:Joppa
923:Notes
866:betyl
802:, to
743:Latin
729:Greek
704:north
676:Baʿal
628:Egypt
616:Hadad
612:ʿAnat
592:Baʿal
584:lapis
533:their
462:Ḫazzi
417:Ṣapōn
401:Ṣapōn
334:Names
233:Syria
229:Kesab
75:, or
65:Accra
1564:Anat
1559:Baal
1505:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1280:See
896:and
845:Zeus
781:and
678:and
665:צפון
636:Tyre
632:king
596:lit.
586:and
521:The
455:𒄩𒍣
448:Ḫazi
394:),
73:Åkra
69:Akra
61:Acra
1128:DDD
1053:DDD
958:'s
653:as
642:of
634:of
489:).
442:).
430:as
414:as
410:),
398:as
378:as
374:),
362:as
358:),
346:as
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1473:;
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1328:,
1119:^
1074:^
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1024:,
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757:,
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737:,
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