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John and
Frances French were the primary owners; between 1851 and 1900, the hotel and property were subject to a number of upgrades and related construction projects including a covered tramway to the summit of the mountain (first drawn by horse, then mechanized), a railroad from the base of the mountain to a steamboat dock on the Connecticut River, and the construction of a number of outbuildings and trails. With passenger steamship to the connecting summit railway established, the Mount Holyoke "Prospect House" became a popular tourist destination. Competing establishments were built on Mount Tom and
534:. Highland areas were also burned of timber when lowland fires, set to clear land for farms, raged out of control. However, by the early 20 century, after agricultural interests shifted west and charcoaling became unprofitable, rural New England became largely forested again. A 2004 ecological resource study conducted for the National Park Service suggests that the Metacomet Ridge may have remained more-or-less forested (cleared only intermittently) throughout New England's agricultural period, thereby allowing the area to retain its biologic diversity through the 20 century.
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the frosting (the sedimentary layer) removed in between. One of the best places to view this layer-cake structure in the
Holyoke Range is on Mount Norwottuck. The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves, a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate than the basalt layer above it.
381:, rises steeply between 300 feet (91 m) and 1,100 feet (335 m) above the Connecticut River Valley below; it has an east–west orientation and is roughly 9.5 miles (15.3 km) long by 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide at its widest point, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger. The high point of range is the summit of
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685 feet (209 m) and Little Tinker Hill at 545 feet (166 m) are located at the base of Mount
Hitchcock in Hadley; Mount Pollux at 331 feet (101 m) and Mount Castor at 308 feet (94 m) are between Mount Norwottuck and the center of Amherst. The Metacomet Ridge, of which the Holyoke Range is a part, continues west and south across the
514:. More settlers arrived after the war ended with the defeat of the Native Americans, and by the early 19 century, most of the region's current towns had been established, and most of the land had been cleared of trees to make room for farms. Farmers were particularly attracted to the rich soils of the region—one of the few places in New England where
880:
796:, as well as their surrounding towns and cities. While this southern part of the Massachusetts' Pioneer Valley is the second-largest metropolitan region in the state, areas of it are economically depressed with Holyoke's average 2017 annual household income ranked at $ 14,000. Meanwhile, the towns of
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for a "Connecticut River
National Recreation Area." Although the project was never realized, it has been followed through in spirit by a number of similar local and national conservation efforts, including an increased effort to acquire land on both ranges for state park expansion and the creation by
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Both names for the range are frequently cited by reputable published sources. For instance, both the
Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and the non-profit Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range use Mount Holyoke Range, while the other form, Holyoke Range, is used in several different
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crowds narrow ravines, blocking sunlight and creating damp, cooler growing conditions with associated cooler-climate plant species. Talus slopes are especially rich in nutrients and support a number of calcium-loving plants uncommon in
Massachusetts. Because the traprock ridges generate such varied
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wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today. One way to imagine this is to picture a layer cake tilted slightly up with some of
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In 1821, an 18-by-24-foot (5.5 by 7.3 m) guest cabin was built on Mount
Holyoke by a local committee—one of the first New England summit houses. The property changed hands several times between 1821 and 1851, when it was bought and rebuilt as a two-story, eight-room hotel. Local entrepreneurs
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between Bare and
Norwottuck has been removed by quarrying. A series of smaller, unnamed traprock hills continues from Long Mountain to the eastern end of the range. Another series of hills descends north from the range into the towns of Hadley and Amherst. Some of these have names: Tinker Hill at
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rock. Basalt is a dark-colored rock, but the iron within it weathers to a rusty brown when exposed to the air, lending the ledges a distinct reddish appearance. Basalt frequently breaks into octagonal and pentagonal columns, creating a unique "postpile" appearance. Huge slopes made of fractured
711:, crashed into the south flank of the range, killing all ten crewmen. A memorial plaque was placed onto the summit of Mount Holyoke to eulogize the disaster. The plaque is about 150 feet (46 m) east of the house, but the actual crash site is down the southern flanks in the woods.
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part of the range in the late 1990s, several non-profit groups and local governments worked together to block construction and acquire the ridgeline for the
Skinner State Park. Non-profit conservation organizations invested in the protection of the Holyoke Range and its
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floodplain, clearing small sections of forest by burning to make room for their crops. They hunted and fished in the area, and made tools and arrowheads from the basalt rock of the
Metacomet Ridge. Tensions between the
565:. This philosophical, artistic, and environmental movement transformed many areas of the Metacomet Ridge (as well as other places in New England) from a commercial resource to a recreational and aesthetic resource.
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with a colorful history, coined the term "Scenographical Geology" in 1841 to describe the dramatic geologic landscape of the Holyoke Range. Hitchcock renamed several of the natural features of the range, including
616:). The summit house suffered from storm damage and lack of maintenance until the mid-1980s, when it was renovated as a museum through local volunteer efforts supported by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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The north side of the Holyoke Range drains into the Fort River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the south side drains into Bachelor Brook, then into the Connecticut River.
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from South Hadley to Amherst. Formerly, along the east edge of this highway ran the Holyoke-to-Amherst trolley tracks. The bed is still visible along most of its mountain route.
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can be grown with commercial success. Rugged highlands, such as the Holyoke Range and Mount Tom Range, although unsuitable for farming, were often harvested of timber to produce
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1943:
1051:. Other parcels are managed by non-profit organizations and town conservation commissions, or are private property. In 2000, the Holyoke Range was included in a study by the
598:
612:, who eventually donated the hotel and property to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a state park in 1939 on the condition that the park be named after him (now the
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attack. The three-story bunker features 3-foot-thick (0.9 m) walls, a 1.5-foot-thick (0.5 m) steel blast door, and is located 20 feet (6 m) underground.
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On that day, at the sound of ringing bells from Abbey Chapel on a random Autumn morning, all classes are cancelled and students hike to the summit of Mount Holyoke.
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and prehistoric dinosaurs would not be established by scientists until the latter half of the 20 century). A summit of the Holyoke Range is named after Hitchcock.
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553:(who, in 1836, famously painted the Connecticut River from sketches he made from the summit of Mount Holyoke), the work of landscape architects such as
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include the Kestrel Trust, The Valley Land Fund, the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club, and the Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range.
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750:. On March 30, 2009, as part of U.S. Public Law 111-11 (Section 5202), the range's Metacomet-Monadnock Trail section was incorporated in the new
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rock overhangs located many hundreds of feet beneath the summit of Mount Norwottuck, are believed to have been used as a bivouac by rebels during
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313:
1990 Belchertown 1:25000 scale topographic map, two longstanding popular retail hiking maps published by Newall Printing, the 1999 version of the
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destination, the range is known for its anomalous east–west orientation, high ledges and its scenic character. It is also notable for its unique
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507:, a conflict involving colonists and a confederacy of Native American tribes across southern New England under the leadership of the
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The Holyoke Range has been nicknamed the Tofu Curtain as a divider between Hampshire and Hampden Counties. The nickname refers to a
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1821:
927:, a dry-loving species, clings to the barren edges of cliffs. Backslope plant communities tend to be more similar to the adjacent
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tribe and colonial settlers, who began arriving in the region in the mid 17 century, reached a head in 1675 with the outbreak of
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Before 1821, very little history had been recorded about the Holyoke Range that distinguished it from the surrounding landscape.
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2005:
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ecosystems and rare plant communities, as well as significant historic sites, such as the Mount Holyoke Summit House and the
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2010:
1980:
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Ryan, Christopher J. "Holyoke Range State Park: Western Section." 4th ed. Map. Hamilton I. Newell Printing, Amherst 1994.
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1348:
Cronin, William. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. 2003, Hill and Wang, New York.
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82:
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A thorough study of the Metacomet Ridge environment and its species can be found within a report commissioned by the
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terrain, they are the home of several plant and animal species that are state-listed or globally rare, such as the
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Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows, which eventually
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Obliteration of Round Mountain by quarrying. 1989 photo; significantly more rock has been removed since then.
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are visible beneath many of the ledges; they are particularly visible along the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail on
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Hotels, parks, and summer estates were built on the mountains from the mid-1880s to the early 20 century.
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sediments near the range had been produced by an ancient species of bird (the relationship between modern
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Increasing urbanization and industrialization in 19-century New England resulted in an opposing aesthetic
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car passes through The Notch in 1903, which was used as both a passenger and freight route for
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1627:"A Worker Cooperative That Proves Alternative Economic Systems Aren't Only For The Privileged"
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Library Depository is located on the north side of Bare Mountain in the Holyoke Range, within
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261:
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called the New England Trail. See also the original National Park Service proposal and study.
726:(SAC). The bunker was created to provide commanders of SAC at the Westover Air Force Base in
429:, 9 miles (14 km) away by a relatively low-lying area punctuated with occasional rises.
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463:, region. Folklore suggests that Holyoke named the mountain after himself. The City of
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Bedrock geology. Purple = basalt; surrounding brown & blue-grey = sedimentary rock
425:. The Metacomet Ridge is broken to the north; the Holyoke Range is separated from the
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1995:
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and many miles of trails criss-cross the range, including the 110-mile (180 km)
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Both the Holyoke Range and the Mount Tom Range were part of a 1966 proposal by the
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1386:"The new freight car of the Amherst & Sunderland Street Railway company...".
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inhabited the area around the Holyoke Range for at least 10,000 years; they grew
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The ridge of the Holyoke Range was formed 200 million years ago during the late
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to the north. The property passed hands again in the early 20 century, to chain
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Creative Economies in Post-Industrial Cities: Manufacturing a (Different) Scene
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and small businesses that often manufacture or sell natural products (such as
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outlook on Mount Holyoke. Hitchcock is also famous for suggesting that local
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1933:
1907:
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396:, a series of ridgeline knobs with a high point of 945 feet (288 m);
1245:. 9th edition. The Appalachian Mountain Club. Amherst, Massachusetts, 1999
963:
876:. These basalt floods of lava happened over a period of 20 million years.
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895:. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually
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Much of the Holyoke Range has been conserved as part of Massachusetts's
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Examples abound in local news sources and other publications. Compare:
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at 1,106 feet (337 m); Rattlesnake Knob at 787 feet (240 m);
333:
now uses "Mount Holyoke Range".) Both names as well as the abbreviated
277:
224:
1684:
Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States
1516:
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988:
873:
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at 920 feet (280 m); and Harris Hill at 550 feet (168 m).
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flows hundreds of feet deep that welled up in faults created by the
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View from ledges on Mount Holyoke. Connecticut River visible below.
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773:, cultural, and sometimes political divide between the wealthier
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471:, and the Holyoke Range were in turn named after the mountain.
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1471:
Monadnock, Metacomet, Mattabesett National Scenic Trail Study.
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1132:
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on the range has resulted in the loss of a prominent peak,
455:, at the western edge of the range, received its name from
1791:
Mountain biking map of the Holyoke Range - Updated in 2016
1598:"In Search of Puerto Rican Identity in Small-Town America"
1336:
Holyoke Centennial Committee, Holyoke, Massachusetts 1973.
1186:"Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment."
1445:
Massachusetts DCR "Connecticut River Greenway State Park"
1454:
1452:
1027:
on the tri-border of Granby, Amherst, and South Hadley.
856:. The basalt ridges are the product of several massive
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Every year in October since 1838, students from nearby
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2019:
1971:
1916:
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1546:"The latest 'worst of' list to involve Springfield"
836:periods and is composed of traprock, also known as
656:Edward Hitchcock, a former professor of geology at
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198:
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154:
146:
138:
133:
125:
120:
81:
71:
61:
56:
32:
1836:Natural resource assessment of the Metacomet Ridge
1818:New England National Scenic Trail Designation Act.
1796:Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club
1755:Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club
1390:. Greenfield, Mass. December 20, 1902. p. 12.
1831:NPS brochure for National Scenic Trail proposal.
1781:Massachusetts DCR Mount Holyoke Range State Park
951:The Holyoke Range is also an important seasonal
1059:which was designated on March 30, 2009, as the
923:and a variety of understory grasses and ferns.
541:movement characterized by the paintings of the
361:The Holyoke Range, located within the towns of
1841:Geology of the northern Metacomet Ridge region
1195:(2004). PDF file. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
1108:List of subranges of the Appalachian Mountains
572:borders its west end. Down its middle is cut
1867:
1323:. Mapping software. Delorme, Yarmouth, Maine.
971:A seasonal auto road climbs to the summit of
724:United States Air Force Strategic Air Command
8:
2423:Landforms of Hampshire County, Massachusetts
788:to the south, which comprises the cities of
1686:. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.
1260:Massachusetts and Rhode Island Trail Guide.
967:Two people enjoy the view from Mount Pollux
385:, 1,106 feet (337 m) above sea level.
51:View from Bare Mountain to Mount Norwottuck
1895:
1874:
1860:
1852:
1316:
1314:
1140:
388:Notable peaks include (from west to east)
323:Massachusetts and Rhode Island Trail Guide
29:
1344:
1342:
931:plateau containing species common to the
907:The Holyoke Range hosts a combination of
746:the Commonwealth of Massachusetts of the
703:, flying a night training mission out of
256:. It is a subrange of the narrow, linear
1596:Meraji, Shereen Marisol (1 March 2017).
1459:New England Trail, National Scenic Trail
1308:, a map publication of Hampshire College
1284:United States Board on Geographic Names.
1274:Appalachian Mountain Club. Boston. 2004.
1262:Appalachian Mountain Club. Boston, 1989.
1034:
557:, and the writings of philosophers like
129:9.5 mi (15.3 km) east-west
1701:New England National Scenic Trail Study
1162:
630:Amherst & Sunderland Street Railway
545:of American landscape painters such as
459:, a 17-century colonial settler of the
331:United States Board on Geographic Names
1220:
1218:
665:(originally called Hilliard Knob) and
1373:Mt. Holyoke Range Historical Timeline
1255:
1253:
1251:
1205:
1203:
1201:
748:Connecticut River Greenway State Park
597:across the Connecticut River, and on
304:Holyoke Range vs. Mount Holyoke Range
7:
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1360:
1358:
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1180:
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1168:
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526:industry prior to the extraction of
349:Topographic map of the Holyoke Range
321:, and the 1989 version of the AMC's
27:Mountain range in Massachusetts, USA
1490:Breitbart, Myrna Margulies (2016).
1243:The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide
1224:USGS map. Belchertown 1:25000 1990.
522:, a primary source of fuel for the
1811:Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range
1766:Friends of the Mount Holyoke Range
1652:"Five Things to Love About Hadley"
1426:Amherst College Library Chronology
1118:Robert Frost Trail (Massachusetts)
25:
1572:"A bus commuter hopes for change"
1061:New England National Scenic Trail
812:) to a more affluent population.
329:uses "Mt. Holyoke Range" and the
2428:Mountain ranges of Massachusetts
915:. Dry, hot upper ridges support
45:
1846:Guide to the Robert Frost Trail
1570:Nathan, Marty (25 March 2014).
1544:Peters, Bill (8 October 2009).
319:Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide
1625:Cassano, Jay (18 April 2014).
1515:Matthews, Luke (21 May 2013).
1388:Greenfield Gazette And Courier
1305:, a local advocacy group; and
1049:Mount Holyoke Range State Park
899:and tilted upward. Subsequent
804:to the north are home to many
580:The Mount Holyoke Summit House
392:at 935 feet (285 m); the
1:
1063:, which includes most of the
1055:for the designation of a new
1023:is located in "The Notch" on
979:and the 47-mile (76 km)
824:Talus slopes on Bare Mountain
1286:Retrieved December 18, 2007.
730:, shelter in the event of a
404:at 1,014 feet (309 m);
400:at 1,002 feet (305 m);
1786:J.A. Skinner State Park Map
1723:Website cited Dec. 2, 2007.
1212:Retrieved December 10, 2007
325:). However, the AMC's 2004
309:map and guide sources (the
2444:
1883:Mountains of Massachusetts
1517:"Parting the Tofu Curtain"
762:
588:Mount Holyoke Summit House
461:Springfield, Massachusetts
77:1,106 ft (337 m)
1272:Massachusetts Trail Guide
1184:Farnsworth, Elizabeth J.
1123:Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
1067:in Massachusetts and the
1065:Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
977:Metacomet-Monadnock Trail
722:formerly occupied by the
677:tracks discovered in the
494:, and other crops in the
327:Massachusetts Trail Guide
315:Appalachian Mountain Club
44:
37:
1376:Cited November 20, 2007.
983:. The range is used for
270:Connecticut River Valley
250:Connecticut River Valley
1576:Daily Hampshire Gazette
1402:"Mount Holyoke College"
1075:trails in Connecticut.
1045:J.A. Skinner State Park
816:Geology and environment
779:Five College Consortium
728:Chicopee, Massachusetts
709:Chicopee, Massachusetts
705:Westover Army Air Field
634:interurban rail service
614:J.A. Skinner State Park
1461:Cited October 8, 2012.
1149:
1040:
968:
884:
825:
637:
589:
449:
358:
350:
266:New Haven, Connecticut
1697:National Park Service
1494:. London: Routledge.
1334:The Story of Holyoke.
1145:
1057:National Scenic Trail
1053:National Park Service
1038:
966:
919:, often dominated by
882:
823:
781:to the north and the
752:National Scenic Trail
743:National Park Service
720:a subterranean bunker
690:Mount Holyoke College
627:
620:Other historic events
587:
555:Frederick Law Olmsted
547:Frederic Edwin Church
469:Mount Holyoke College
443:
356:
348:
286:Appalachian Mountains
280:border. It is also a
248:range located in the
178:42.30417°N 72.53889°W
105:42.30556°N 72.51000°W
2293:Saddle Ball Mountain
2104:Pine Cobble Mountain
1806:The Valley Land Fund
1744:The Valley Land Fund
997:cross-country skiing
610:Joseph Allen Skinner
268:, north through the
2352:Little Tom Mountain
2099:Northfield Mountain
1939:Massaemett Mountain
1658:. 19 September 2016
1480:Cited Nov. 4, 2007.
1089:development on the
1021:interpretive center
806:worker cooperatives
699:On May 27, 1944, a
563:Ralph Waldo Emerson
559:Henry David Thoreau
543:Hudson River School
242:Mount Holyoke Range
183:42.30417; -72.53889
174: /
110:42.30556; -72.51000
101: /
18:Mount Holyoke Range
2165:Sugarloaf Mountain
2124:Sugarloaf Mountain
1954:Pocumtuck Mountain
1824:2016-07-04 at the
1706:2007-08-07 at the
1476:2007-10-08 at the
1431:2006-09-19 at the
1301:2009-04-05 at the
1191:2007-08-07 at the
1150:
1041:
993:backcountry skiing
981:Robert Frost Trail
969:
946:timber rattlesnake
885:
826:
638:
599:Sugarloaf Mountain
590:
450:
359:
351:
337:are used locally.
260:that extends from
57:Highest point
2405:
2404:
2175:Taconic Mountains
2084:Stratton Mountain
1967:
1966:
1944:Monument Mountain
1801:The Kestrel Trust
1720:Save the Mountain
1681:Raymo, Maureen E.
1210:Massachusetts DCR
1154:
1153:
1069:Mattabesett Trail
1015:(in season), and
933:northern hardwood
925:Eastern red cedar
777:and its affluent
651:Shays's Rebellion
539:transcendentalist
505:King Philip's War
496:Connecticut River
419:Connecticut River
335:Mt. Holyoke Range
262:Long Island Sound
246:traprock mountain
234:
233:
156:Range coordinates
16:(Redirected from
2435:
2392:Waitt's Mountain
2183:Alander Mountain
2074:Mount Norwottuck
2001:Mount Norwottuck
1896:
1876:
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1404:. Archived from
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1133:
1005:horseback riding
955:migration path.
893:sedimentary rock
775:Hampshire County
759:The Tofu Curtain
663:Mount Norwottuck
532:mid-Appalachians
476:Native Americans
406:Mount Norwottuck
383:Mount Norwottuck
189:
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66:Mount Norwottuck
49:
30:
21:
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2433:
2432:
2408:
2407:
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2401:
2372:Peaked Mountain
2367:Mount Wachusett
2357:Mount Jefferson
2347:Great Blue Hill
2335:
2317:
2298:Shaker Mountain
2288:Rounds Mountain
2278:Potter Mountain
2223:Misery Mountain
2218:Honwee Mountain
2203:Brodie Mountain
2188:Berlin Mountain
2169:
2157:Pocumtuck Range
2151:
2134:Mount Tom Range
2128:
2109:Provin Mountain
2054:Mount Hitchcock
2021:Metacomet Ridge
2015:
1991:Mount Hitchcock
1963:
1949:Mount Institute
1929:Borden Mountain
1912:
1885:
1880:
1826:Wayback Machine
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1183:
1164:
1159:
1147:Mount Tom Range
1128:Nearby summits:
1113:Metacomet Ridge
1104:
1073:Metacomet Trail
1033:
1001:mountain biking
961:
941:Eastern hemlock
818:
767:
761:
692:participate in
671:columnar basalt
658:Amherst College
622:
582:
444:"The Oxbow" by
438:
427:Pocumtuck Ridge
423:Mount Tom Range
398:Mount Hitchcock
343:
306:
258:Metacomet Ridge
182:
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109:
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39:Metacomet Ridge
28:
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5:
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2308:Tower Mountain
2305:
2303:Smith Mountain
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:Round Mountain
2280:
2275:
2273:Poppy Mountain
2270:
2265:
2263:Mount Williams
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Mount Greylock
2245:
2243:Mount Frissell
2240:
2235:
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2205:
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2198:Berry Mountain
2195:
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2171:
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2142:Mount Nonotuck
2138:
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2116:
2114:Round Mountain
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
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2069:Mount Nonotuck
2066:
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2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
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2008:
2006:Round Mountain
2003:
1998:
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1983:
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1969:
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1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1959:Tekoa Mountain
1956:
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1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Bakke Mountain
1920:
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1911:
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1893:
1891:The Berkshires
1887:
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1816:U.S. Congress
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1775:External links
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1083:Round Mountain
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939:forest types.
817:
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786:Hampden County
763:Main article:
760:
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739:
712:
697:
686:
667:Titan's Piazza
654:
645:, a series of
621:
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595:Mount Nonotuck
581:
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457:Elizur Holyoke
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414:Round Mountain
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2059:Mount Holyoke
2057:
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2044:Farley Ledges
2042:
2040:
2039:East Mountain
2037:
2035:
2034:Crag Mountain
2032:
2030:
2029:Bare Mountain
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2011:Seven Sisters
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
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1996:Mount Holyoke
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Long Mountain
1984:
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1981:Bare Mountain
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1973:Holyoke Range
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1408:on 2006-03-04
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1009:bird watching
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973:Mount Holyoke
965:
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867:
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863:
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854:Bare Mountain
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771:socioeconomic
766:
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737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Five Colleges
713:
710:
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694:Mountain Day.
691:
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415:
411:
410:Long Mountain
407:
403:
402:Bare Mountain
399:
395:
394:Seven Sisters
391:
390:Mount Holyoke
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274:Massachusetts
271:
267:
263:
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254:Massachusetts
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Holyoke Range
230:
226:
222:
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201:
197:
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159:
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150:Massachusetts
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142:United States
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84:
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60:
55:
48:
43:
40:
36:
33:Holyoke Range
31:
19:
2382:Scorton Hill
2362:Mount Pisgah
2323:Wapack Range
2258:Mount Raimer
2079:Mount Orient
1972:
1900:Hoosac Range
1817:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1728:
1718:
1714:
1691:
1683:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1655:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1550:masslive.com
1549:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1510:
1491:
1485:
1466:
1440:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1396:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1291:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1127:
1077:
1042:
1031:Conservation
970:
950:
921:chestnut oak
917:oak savannas
906:
886:
827:
768:
765:Tofu Curtain
693:
666:
591:
567:
536:
473:
451:
431:
387:
363:South Hadley
360:
334:
326:
322:
318:
307:
294:microclimate
288:. A popular
241:
237:
235:
216:Type of rock
2233:Mount Fitch
2049:Mount Grace
1677:Raymo, Chet
1017:snowshoeing
937:oak-hickory
913:New England
911:unusual in
798:Northampton
794:Springfield
647:sedimentary
643:Horse Caves
636:until 1932.
551:Thomas Cole
446:Thomas Cole
379:Belchertown
298:Horse Caves
229:sedimentary
221:fault-block
200:Age of rock
181: /
108: /
83:Coordinates
2412:Categories
2397:White Hill
2313:White Rock
2253:Mount Race
2238:Mount Fray
2213:Holy Mount
2193:Berry Hill
2089:Mount Toby
1412:2007-12-28
1157:References
1136:< West
985:picnicking
959:Recreation
832:and early
603:Mount Toby
169:72°32′20″W
166:42°18′15″N
121:Dimensions
96:72°30′36″W
93:42°18′20″N
2377:Pine Hill
2147:Mount Tom
2094:Mount Tom
1934:Crum Hill
1908:Crum Hill
1079:Quarrying
1025:Route 116
929:Berkshire
889:lithified
864:apart of
842:extrusive
574:Route 116
512:Metacomet
341:Geography
134:Geography
73:Elevation
1822:Archived
1704:Archived
1631:Co.Exist
1474:Archived
1429:Archived
1299:Archived
1189:Archived
1102:See also
1096:viewshed
1087:suburban
845:volcanic
834:Jurassic
830:Triassic
732:Cold-War
679:Triassic
675:dinosaur
653:of 1786.
607:hotelier
570:Route 47
520:charcoal
501:Pocumtuc
317:(AMC)'s
282:subrange
209:Jurassic
205:Triassic
1662:2 March
1636:1 March
1610:1 March
1601:(Radio)
1581:1 March
1555:1 March
1529:1 March
1520:(Radio)
1013:hunting
901:erosion
897:faulted
870:Eurasia
862:rifting
848:basalt
802:Amherst
790:Holyoke
736:nuclear
530:in the
516:tobacco
484:tobacco
465:Holyoke
436:History
421:as the
375:Amherst
284:of the
278:Vermont
276:to the
225:igneous
194:Geology
139:Country
2340:Others
1917:Others
1498:
989:hiking
953:raptor
874:Africa
838:basalt
509:sachem
492:squash
448:, 1836
377:, and
371:Granby
367:Hadley
290:hiking
126:Length
1848:(PDF)
1019:. An
891:into
868:from
850:talus
840:, an
734:-era
683:birds
524:steel
488:beans
480:maize
264:near
244:is a
147:State
1679:and
1664:2017
1638:2017
1612:2017
1583:2017
1557:2017
1531:2017
1524:WHMP
1496:ISBN
1071:and
1047:and
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