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relationship with the military command in the area. In
January 1998, the Indonesian Forest Ministry granted permission for 11 km road to be built. In June 1998, the local office of the Forestry Service issued a decree stating that the Sapo Padang enclave was no longer legally a part of the national park, a controversial decision, which consequently led to further forest destruction during the road construction and invited newcomers to
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erosion of the waterways has forced the operators to remove excessive sediments from their turbines. This has led to frequent interruption of the power supply, higher operational costs, and damage to the blades of the turbines. One plant closed down due to lack of water supply. Most of these disturbances are considered abnormal and may, therefore, be attributed to deforestation.
981:, with education sometimes past the elementary school, but with training, they can serve the tourists well. All tourists should enter Tangkahan Visitor Center first, and choose the various packages, with up to 4 day and 3 night packages, the prices are fixed even for the porters. Trekking can be done by foot or using elephants.
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In accordance to the government's
Poverty Alleviation Program, the oil palm project proceeded with 42.5 km of clearance area, but the project caused major forest destruction in the park during its implementation. The local cooperation unit formed a partnership with PT Amal Tani, which has strong
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PT Amal Tani was owned by the immediate family of the commander of the
Indonesian army's territorial military command of the area, KODAM I Bukit Barisan. The principal function of the military partnership is to organize "administrative details" when obtaining permissions to build the roads and other
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Almost all remaining lowland forest area has been given out officially for oil palm plantations. Yield decline has been recorded, however, in several Leuser regencies. This decline can be ascribed mainly to a deterioration of nutrients in the soil, along with soil erosion, drought and floods, and an
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In Aceh, local farmers have reported an increasing frequency of drought and damaging floods due to degradation of the watercatchment area. In May 1998, over 5,000 hectares of intensive rice growing areas were taken out of active production. This was the result of the failure of 29 irrigation schemes
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Coastal fisheries and aquaculture in and around Leuser are very important. They provide a large portion of the animal protein in local peopleâs diets and generate ample foreign exchange. Their annual value currently exceeds US $ 171 million. If the Leuser
Ecosystem is degraded, the decline in fresh
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Gunung Leuser
National Park is 150 km long, over 100 km wide, and mostly mountainous. About 40% of the park, mainly in the north-west, is steep, and over 1,500 m in elevation. This region is billed as the largest wilderness area in Southeast Asia, and offers wonderful trekking. Around 12%
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Low-impact ecotourism can be one of the most important sustainable, nonconsumptive uses of Leuser, thereby giving local communities powerful incentives for conservation. Given the opportunities to view wildlife such as orangutans, some experts view ecotourism as a major potential source of revenue
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filed a legal suit to the Medan State Court, while a group of 61 lawyers brought a parallel case in the
National Administrative Court. In July 1999, the National Administrative Court rejected the case, while the local NGOs won with 30 million rupiahs damage, but the legal process continues with
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Several regencies, such as Aceh
Tenggara, have hydroelectric plants that use water from Leuser. The plants operated in Aceh Tenggara are designed as small-scale economic activities. It appears that the operational conditions for the hydroelectric plants have worsened in recent years. Increased
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due to a water shortage. Floods in
December 2000 cost the lives of at least 190 people and left 660,000 people homeless. This cost the Aceh province almost US $ 90 million in losses. Logging companies are reportedly slowly recognising their role in increased flooding.
614:. Groundwater reservoirs are rapidly being exhausted, and several rivers fall completely dry during part of the year. This has severe consequences for the local community. Both households and industries need to anticipate water shortages and higher costs for water.
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government proposed a road to connect an old enclave, known as Sapo Padang, inside the park. In pursuit of business opportunities, 34 families who had been living in the enclave formed a cooperative in March 1996 and subsequently submitted a proposal to develop an
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Flooding generally becomes more frequent and more destructive as a result of converting forests to other uses. Annual storm flows from a secondary forest are about threefold higher than from a similarly sized primary forest catchment area.
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Gunung Leuser
National Park is known to be an area of high biodiversity. There are an estimated 10,000 different plant species, almost 600 bird species, 200 mammal species and close to 100 species of amphibians and reptiles.
1069:"Despite being protected by federal law from any form of destructive encroachment, illegal logging is still rampant in the forest, with the foliage of the Leuser ecosystem disappearing at a rate of 21,000 hectares per year."
977:, Tangkahan is visited by 4,000 foreign tourists and 40,000 domestic/local tourists a year. Modest inns are available, but generation set electricity is limited. Many Tangkahan people nowadays work for tourism and avoid
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related projects. The director of PT Amal Tani became the executive of the local cooperation unit. The military's unit charitable foundation, Yayasan Kodam I Bukit
Barisan, also is involved in the project.
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Agriculture is a major source of income for the local communities around Leuser. Large rubber and oil palm plantations in northern Sumatra play a major role in the national economy.
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1086:. Thousands of people inhabit the park illegally, and the Indonesian government plans to move them. Many of the inhabitants are refugees from the violence and disasters in
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535:(3,119 m) is the third-highest peak on the Leuser Range. The highest peak is Mount Tanpa Nama (3,466 m), the second-highest peak in Sumatra after Mount Kerinci (3,805 m).
215:
1062:. The legal process did not stop the project that extensive logging and clearing, road-building, and oil palm plantation continue operating inside the national park.
563:). In 1971, Herman Rijksen established the Ketambe Research Station, a specially designated research area for the orangutan. Other mammals found in the park are the
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S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. SchĂŒrmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff; C. P. van Schaik (2004). "Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (
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After researchers put 28 camera traps in July 2011, 6 months later the researchers found one male and six females, and predicted the population is not more than 27
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by rainforest ecosystems, therefore, has an economic value, since the carbon fixed in the ecosystem reduces or slows increases in atmospheric concentrations.
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S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; C. P. van Schaik (2003). "The status of the Sumatran orang-utan
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plantation in August 1997. The oil palm proposal was accepted by the regency and the head of the park agreed to the road construction.
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Pressures on locals, in a 2011 report, from palm oil profits has led to illegal slashing and burning of 21,000 hectares per year.
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Gunung Leuser Ecosystem -bigger than the NP, located in 2 provinces, Aceh (represented here) and North Sumatra (not represented).
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Nontimber forest products can provide local communities with cash as long as exploitation does not surpass a threshold level.
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McCarthy, J. F. (2006). The Fourth Circle. A Political Ecology of Sumatra's Rainforest Frontier, Stanford University Press.
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forest area to create local plantations a way deeper to the park. The park during this time was subject to illegal logging.
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1442:. Box 2.3. Oil Palm Development in Gunung Leuser National Park, p. 21. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.
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of the park, in the lower southern half, is below 600 m above sea level. Eleven peaks are over 2,700 m.
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In December 2010, 26 families comprising 84 people were moved from Gunung Leuser National Park area to
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provinces, a fourth portion and three-fourths portion, respectively. The national park, settled in the
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Emily Matthews, Global Forest Watch (Organization) and Forest Watch Indonesia (Organization) (2002).
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Mr Jally. Well-known tour guide and nature conservationist. Have lived in the woods since 1980
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The first signs of reduced water replenishment have already been seen in and around the
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1360:(2003). "Economic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia".
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water may have a detrimental impact on the functioning of the fishery sector.
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Anthropogenic increases in the concentrations of greenhouse gases (such as CO
598:, of which the total population is predicted to be around 200 in Sumatra and
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1991:
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690: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Gunung Leuser National Park is one of the two remaining habitats for
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations Centre for Biodiversity
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Ulara Nakagawa; Inside Indonesiaâs âBurning Forestsâ (2011).
372:(3,119 m), and protects a wide range of ecosystems. An
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Multiple macaques and an Asian water monitor in the park
1413:"Gunung Leuser National Park - Endangered Ecosystems"
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1296:Ministry of Forestry: Gunung Leuser National Park
1242:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2400:
1949:
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1356:Pieter J.H. van Beukering; Herman S.J Cesar;
8:
1509:"Mt. Leuser National Park evictions on hold"
1010:) in the atmosphere lead to climate change.
809:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
438:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1956:
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1488:"The State of Gunung Leuser National Park"
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1426:
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380:is located within the park. Together with
29:
2206:Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok Natural Monument
2181:Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
1227:
1181:"Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra"
873:Learn how and when to remove this message
750:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:Learn how and when to remove this message
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
542:
114:
79:
3020:Bantimurung â Bulusaraung National Park
2596:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
2055:Bantimurung â Bulusaraung National Park
1557:Ministry of Forestry: Brief description
1316:"Tujuh Badak Sumatra Tertangkap Kamera"
1153:
1126:List of Biosphere Reserves in Indonesia
917:
915:for communities living around Leuser.
616:
602:, half the population of 15 years ago.
394:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
288:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
1542:Gunung Leuser National Park - Facebook
1399:"Mencecap Keindahan Alam di Tangkahan"
1235:
910:Elephant jungle patrol near Tangkahan
312:
302:
292:
282:
267:
259:
251:
242:
7:
3396:Tourist attractions in North Sumatra
1162:Entry of Gunung Leuser National Park
1121:List of World Heritage Sites in Asia
807:adding citations to reliable sources
688:adding citations to reliable sources
436:adding citations to reliable sources
216:Ministry of Environment and Forestry
143:
3381:Protected areas established in 1980
3025:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
2957:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
2704:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
2476:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
1160:World Database on Protected Areas:
1138:
1116:List of national parks of Indonesia
348:covering 7,927 km in northern
27:National park in Sumatra, Indonesia
2365:Ngá»c Linh (Kon Tum) Nature Reserve
2201:Mount Malindang Range Natural Park
2191:Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park
927:Path to the summit of Mount Kemiri
25:
3366:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
3055:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park
2789:Mount Halimun Salak National Park
2769:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
2152:Meinmahla Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary
2147:Lampi Island Marine National Park
1318:. August 10, 2012. Archived from
3401:1980 establishments in Indonesia
3330:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park
2132:Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary
1561:
1436:The State of Forest in Indonesia
1100:
956:
944:
932:
920:
779:
664:
637:
628:
619:
408:
113:
106:
78:
71:
57:
3371:Biosphere reserves of Indonesia
2216:Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
2186:Mounts IglitâBaco National Park
2122:Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park
1552:Leuser International Foundation
1216:Flora & Fauna International
675:needs additional citations for
202:
3258:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre
3040:Kepulauan Togean National Park
2074:Nam Ha National Protected Area
2045:Kepulauan Seribu National Park
1053:In 1999, two university-based
1:
2674:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark
2301:Mu Ko Ang Thong National Park
2196:Mount Makiling Nature Reserve
1490:. Washington DC: The Diplomat
1374:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00224-0
822:"Gunung Leuser National Park"
699:"Gunung Leuser National Park"
451:"Gunung Leuser National Park"
386:Kerinci Seblat National Parks
199:792,700 acres (3,208 km)
3153:Gunung Rinjani National Park
3060:Taka Bone Rate National Park
3035:Gandang Dewata National Park
2967:Danau Sentarum National Park
2952:Betung Kerihun National Park
2501:Kerinci Seblat National Park
2240:Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
2211:Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
2137:Inlay Lake Wetland Sanctuary
2127:Htamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary
2030:Kerinci Seblat National Park
2001:Preah Monivong National Park
1982:Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park
1569:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1387:Natural Tourism of Indonesia
1275:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006
1186:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
656:Flood and drought prevention
38:Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser
3361:National parks of Indonesia
3108:Bali Safari and Marine Park
2729:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument
2350:Bidoup NĂși BĂ National Park
2345:U Minh ThÆ°á»Łng National Park
2272:Kaeng Krachan National Park
2025:Gunung Leuser National Park
1604:National parks of Indonesia
1567:Gunung Leuser National Park
1534:Gunung Leuser National Park
771:Agriculture and plantations
356:, straddling the border of
342:Gunung Leuser National Park
33:Gunung Leuser National Park
3417:
3391:Geography of North Sumatra
2962:Baning Nature Tourist Park
2894:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
2879:Sukorambi Botanical Garden
2360:LĂČ GĂČ-Xa MĂĄt National Park
2292:Hat Chao Mai National Park
2259:Ao Phang Nga National Park
2235:Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
2103:Taman Negara National Park
1263:Journal of Human Evolution
973:A 7- to 8-hour drive from
246:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:Mount Leuser National Park
2929:Ujung Kulon National Park
2779:Meru Betiri National Park
2739:Karimunjawa National Park
2446:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
2373:
2340:Kon Ka Kinh National Park
2330:ChÆ° Mom Ray National Park
2325:BĂĄi Tá» Long National Park
2142:Khakaborazi National Park
2093:Gunung Mulu National Park
1229:10.1017/S0030605303000115
1021:Nontimber forest products
335:
331:
65:
56:
42:
37:
3050:Lore Lindu National Park
2619:Alas Purwo National Park
2601:Way Kambas National Park
2546:Mentawai Islands Regency
2491:Gunongan Historical Park
2335:HoĂ ng LiĂȘn National Park
2157:Natmataung National Park
2040:Way Kambas National Park
222:World Heritage site
1817:Bantimurung-Bulusaraung
3386:Orangutan conservation
3075:Wakatobi National Park
2987:Sabangau National Park
2684:Dieng Volcanic Complex
2355:Vu Quang National Park
2282:Khao Sok National Park
2277:Khao Yai National Park
2176:Mount Apo Natural Park
2098:Kinabalu National Park
2050:Wakatobi National Park
2006:Virachey National Park
1611:Bali and Nusa Tenggara
1305:, retrieved 2010-01-07
1232:(inactive 2024-08-20).
1033:In November 1995, the
994:
911:
552:
527:
519:
366:Barisan mountain range
3315:Lorentz National Park
3070:Trans Studio Makassar
3030:Bunaken National Park
2639:Baluran National Park
2287:Tarutao National Park
2035:Lorentz National Park
1883:Bukit Barisan Selatan
1822:Bogani Nani Wartabone
1735:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya
992:
909:
546:
525:
517:
382:Bukit Barisan Selatan
135:Show map of Indonesia
3376:ASEAN heritage parks
3173:Komodo National Park
3128:Garuda Wisnu Kencana
3085:Lesser Sunda Islands
3002:The Equator monument
2536:Lumbini Natural Park
2486:East Lampung Regency
2296:Mu Ko Libong islands
1965:ASEAN Heritage Parks
1679:Mount Gede Pangrango
1669:Bromo Tengger Semeru
1362:Ecological Economics
1012:Carbon sequestration
1002:Carbon sequestration
963:Mount Leuser sunrise
803:improve this section
684:improve this article
551:in the national park
432:improve this section
3335:Wasur National Park
2982:Kutai National Park
2909:Tirto Samodra Beach
2759:Keraton Kacirebonan
2456:Bandar Lampung City
2436:Aceh Tsunami Museum
2416:Tourist attractions
2320:Ba Bá» National Park
1847:Rawa Aopa Watumohai
1638:Laiwangi Wanggameti
1322:on January 18, 2017
889:increase in weeds.
573:Sumatran rhinoceros
557:Sumatran orangutans
518:Mount Leuser Forest
390:World Heritage Site
212:Governing body
176: /
97:Show map of Sumatra
94:Location in Sumatra
3325:Raja Ampat Islands
3283:Ujung Water Palace
2947:Beras Basah Island
2714:House of Sampoerna
2644:Banyuwangi Regency
1796:Teluk Cenderawasih
1781:Aketajawe-Lolobata
1643:Manupeu Tanah Daru
1513:thejakartapost.com
1301:2010-02-05 at the
1167:2007-09-29 at the
995:
969:Tangkahan trekking
912:
553:
528:
520:
294:Reference no.
234:gunungleuser.or.id
3343:
3342:
2874:Sidoarjo mud flow
2754:Keraton Kasepuhan
2566:Pagaruyung Palace
2382:
2381:
1931:
1930:
1401:. April 12, 2015.
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565:Sumatran elephant
512:
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486:
368:, is named after
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16:(Redirected from
3408:
3356:IUCN Category II
3183:Lake Segara Anak
2904:Thousand Islands
2899:Tangkuban Perahu
2699:Gembira Loka Zoo
2571:Penyengat Island
2409:
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2395:
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1958:
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1837:Kepulauan Togean
1774:Maluku and Papua
1704:Kepulauan Seribu
1597:
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1547:Leuser Ecosystem
1538:
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1452:. Archived from
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2992:Samboja Lestari
2972:Derawan Islands
2933:
2924:Yogyakarta City
2889:Suramadu Bridge
2824:Patenggang Lake
2764:Keraton Kanoman
2749:Kenjeran Bridge
2734:Jawa Timur Park
2724:Istiqlal Mosque
2709:Heroes Monument
2634:Arjuno-Welirang
2624:Ancol Dreamland
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2461:Barelang Bridge
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1893:Bukit Tigapuluh
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1750:Kayan Mentarang
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1035:Langkat Regency
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3103:Bali Bird Park
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2586:Samosir Island
2583:
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2576:Pugung Raharjo
2573:
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2558:
2556:Mursala Island
2553:
2548:
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2526:Lake Singkarak
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1888:Bukit Duabelas
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1852:Taka Bone Rate
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1832:Gandang Dewata
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1523:External links
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1269:(6): 385â398.
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1214:: an update".
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1080:Musi Banyuasin
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1048:slash and burn
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3203:Mount Tambora
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1694:Mount Merbabu
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1674:Mount Ciremai
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1084:South Sumatra
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823:
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818:Find sources:
812:
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797:
793:
788:This section
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673:This section
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447:Find sources:
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426:
422:
417:This section
415:
411:
406:
405:
399:
397:
395:
391:
388:, it forms a
387:
383:
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376:sanctuary at
375:
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363:
362:North Sumatra
359:
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346:national park
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50:
49:national park
46:
45:IUCN category
41:
36:
31:
19:
3310:Fort Belgica
3273:Tirta Gangga
3253:Tampaksiring
3188:Lovina Beach
2884:Surabaya Zoo
2869:Sempu island
2854:Ranu Kumbolo
2799:Mount Semeru
2794:Mount Merapi
2659:Bogor Palace
2511:Lagundri Bay
2481:Bukit Lawang
2024:
1898:Mount Leuser
1873:Batang Gadis
1745:Mount Palung
1689:Mount Merapi
1512:
1503:
1492:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1454:the original
1435:
1407:
1393:
1382:
1368:(1): 43â62.
1365:
1361:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1310:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1259:Pongo abelii
1258:
1252:
1238:cite journal
1219:
1215:
1212:Pongo abelii
1211:
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1194:. Retrieved
1184:
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985:Biodiversity
972:
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829:
817:
801:Please help
789:
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706:
694:
682:Please help
677:verification
674:
650:
609:
606:Water supply
593:
561:Pongo abelii
560:
554:
533:Mount Leuser
529:
498:
489:
479:
472:
465:
458:
446:
430:Please help
418:
378:Bukit Lawang
370:Mount Leuser
341:
340:
308:Asia-Pacific
129:
121:
86:
3320:Puncak Jaya
3218:Nusa Penida
3208:Moyo Island
2849:Ragunan Zoo
2819:Pangandaran
2814:Nusa Barong
2784:Mount Bromo
2744:Kawah Putih
2719:Ijen Crater
2689:Ceto Temple
2516:Lampung Bay
2167:Philippines
1714:Ujung Kulon
1709:Meru Betiri
1699:Karimunjawa
1074:Relocations
939:Jungle view
863:August 2022
740:August 2022
589:leopard cat
585:sambar deer
492:August 2022
204:Established
183: /
159:Coordinates
132:(Indonesia)
3350:Categories
3045:Lake Tempe
2939:Kalimantan
2654:Baturraden
2551:Metro City
2496:Jam Gadang
1923:Way Kambas
1918:Tesso Nilo
1842:Lore Lindu
1723:Kalimantan
1659:Alas Purwo
1618:Bali Barat
1494:2011-07-11
1463:2007-01-11
1326:August 10,
1196:2008-12-28
1149:References
833:newspapers
710:newspapers
462:newspapers
315:Endangered
269:Designated
264:vii, ix, x
3263:Tanah Lot
3193:Mandalika
3168:Kintamani
3148:Goa Gajah
3138:Gili Meno
3118:Cempi Bay
3093:Awang Bay
2859:Ranu Pani
2839:Prambanan
2834:Penataran
2664:Borobudur
2649:Batu City
2531:Lake Toba
2466:Berastagi
2420:Indonesia
2226:Singapore
2016:Indonesia
1908:Sembilang
1222:(1): 49.
790:does not
549:orangutan
419:does not
400:Geography
374:orangutan
354:Indonesia
153:Indonesia
3248:Senggigi
3243:Seminyak
3213:Nusa Dua
3163:Kelimutu
3158:Jimbaran
3133:Gili Air
3012:Sulawesi
2919:Trowulan
2864:Sangiran
2506:Krakatoa
2250:Thailand
2084:Malaysia
1992:Cambodia
1857:Wakatobi
1810:Sulawesi
1791:Manusela
1760:Sabangau
1628:Kelimutu
1299:Archived
1283:15566945
1165:Archived
1094:See also
1040:oil palm
600:Malaysia
327:âpresent
261:Criteria
145:Location
3288:Uluwatu
3098:Bedugul
2977:Kakaban
2428:Sumatra
2311:Vietnam
2113:Myanmar
1913:Siberut
1866:Sumatra
1827:Bunaken
1786:Lorentz
1664:Baluran
1060:appeals
1029:Threats
902:Tourism
847:scholar
811:removed
796:sources
724:scholar
647:Fishery
577:siamang
539:Ecology
476:scholar
440:removed
425:sources
350:Sumatra
321: (
284:Part of
276:session
256:Natural
230:Website
171:97°30âČE
149:Sumatra
3298:Maluku
3228:Pecatu
3113:Canggu
3065:Toraja
2914:Tretes
2844:Puncak
2804:Mrapen
2774:Malang
2694:G-Land
2591:Sipura
2581:Sabang
1973:Brunei
1878:Berbak
1633:Komodo
1446:
1281:
1191:UNESCO
849:
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712:
705:
697:
547:Young
478:
471:
464:
457:
449:
392:, the
304:Region
274:(28th
168:3°30âČN
3302:Papua
3238:Sanur
3233:Rinca
2629:Anyer
1801:Wasur
1755:Kutai
1457:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1132:Notes
975:Medan
854:JSTOR
840:books
731:JSTOR
717:books
483:JSTOR
469:books
344:is a
272:2004
3300:and
3278:Ubud
3178:Kuta
2611:Java
2561:Nias
2313:(10)
2294:and
2265:and
2065:Laos
1652:Java
1444:ISBN
1328:2012
1279:PMID
1261:)".
1244:link
1088:Aceh
1055:NGOs
826:news
794:any
792:cite
703:news
587:and
455:news
423:any
421:cite
384:and
360:and
358:Aceh
323:2011
319:2011
298:1167
253:Type
225:2004
207:1980
196:Area
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2418:in
2252:(7)
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