1131:. It is generally leached, and frequently silicified. The colour of the beds alternates between grey and black, but where weathered, it changes to whitish grey. The graptolites appear on the bedding planes as black films. In Canberra, the Acton Shale appears in several outcrops in Acton, in two bands through Aranda, through Bruce near the Calvary Hospital, on the Bruce Ridge behind Lyneham. Also another band starts under the University of Canberra in Belconnen, and heads north east through Lawson and Giralang and folded and faulted into several bands in Crace on Gungahlin Hill. Another band is found on the west side of Queanbeyan, extending north to Dundee, and south around the east side of Jerrabomberra Hill. Acton shale is only preserved in the cores of synclines, being eroded from uplifted parts.
3862:
785:. The host rock is a skarn where Shannons Flat Adamellite baked limestone from the Paddy's River Volcanics. The bulk of the mineral here is magnetite, but other sulfide and minerals of copper, lead zinc and silver attracted miners. Thomas Coyle operated the mine in 1895, producing 2.6 tons of copper and 26.1 kg of silver. In 1907 the Cowley Copper Syndicate Ltd started more work cutting two more adits and winzes. It was abandoned by 1909 as the ore was too low grade. More than a million tons of magnetite remain. Many minerals such as
2004:
2012:
157:... Came on to one of the plains we saw at 11 o’clock. At half past 1, came to a very extensive plain, fine Rich Soil and plenty of grass. Came to a Beautiful River plains that was running thro’ the plains in a S.W. direction, by the side of which we slept that night. When we made the Hut this evening, we saw several pieces of stone that had been burnt by all appearances. I then examined some of it, which proved to be limestone. ...
110:
30:
3731:
2565:
3719:
2160:
591:
2373:
2549:. The inclusions are metamorphosed sediments and are common in biotite. It contains quartz and microcline feldspar and brown biotite and also muscovite. It has more biotite and plagioclase than Shannons Flat Granodiorite. The muscovite is distinctly foliated and there is also blue quartz. Texture is fine to medium grained. Close to the Murrumbidgee Fault the texture is
1111:, so the source of the sediments is from another continent. The other evidence from the Ordovician sediments are chemical composition indicates granitic source, with the absence of feldspar. Secondly the fine grained nature shows the sediments have been transported a long way from their ultimate, source, and could have been second cycle, derived from sedimentary rocks.
1996:
2748:
2065:-units show reddish brown alteration. The unit is of Early Ludlovian age. The rock on Mount Rob Roy and Pemberton Hill used to be known as Tuggeranong Granite, but is actually ignimbrite. The ignimbrite forms escarpments, with the lower-lying land being underlain by tuff. The Deakin Volcanics can be found south of the Deakin Fault between Belconnen and
2831:
of 6.7 to 7.0 km/s between 22 and 47 km. Above this layer is rock with speeds of 6.4 to 6.6 km/s from 22 to 15 km deep probably made from basic igneous rocks that were once oceanic crust. Above 15 km depth the P-wave speed is from 6 to 6.2 km/s and likely to be
Ordovician turbidites as seen at the surface.
1176:
buff-coloured laminated siltstone and shale with fine sandstone beds contorted by slumping. Its top is an unconformity, with Camp Hill
Sandstone lying on top. There is probably up to 200 metres thickness of this shale. The shale was deposited in the deep sea as turbidites. It can be found in Yarralumla,
2830:
depth is about 46–47 km below sea level. South south east of
Canberra to the Tasman Sea is a region of lower Moho depth than the surrounding south-east Australia. Seismic P-waves travel at 8.1 km/s in the mantle below this boundary. Above the Moho is an underplated layer with P-wave speeds
2460:
there is migmatite where the sediments have been partially melted in order to produce the plutonic rocks in the batholith. Variations in their composition are explained by partial mixing with melted oceanic crust. The batholith was largely crystallised before emplacement, and made space for intrusion
447:
The subducting
Pacific plate was old, cold and dense, easily sinking into the mantle at a steep angle. The hinge zone of the plate also migrated oceanwards over time. So the trench retreated oceanwards, and the old trench and ocean floor become part of the continental plate. Volcanoes formed inwards
2384:
capped with black shale. It consists mainly of fine to medium grained quartz rich sandstone and some mostly thin beds of siltstone, shale and slate. The sediments occur in a band on the west side of the ACT on Bulls Head, Mount
Franklin, Mount Ginini and along the upper parts of the Cotter River. A
2257:
A coarse green grey rhyodacitic intrusive with white prominent feldspar crystals appears between the arms of Lake
Ginninderra, McKellar, Evatt, Nine Elms, east Spence, and Nichols. This covers a few square kilometres. A small outcrop of the same material occurs in Cook and Jamison Center. This rock
1577:
sediment. The eruption came from a volcano into shallow sea water. The deposits built above sea level as they progressed. The underlying sediments now make up the
Canberra Formation. Between Hall and Nanima Hill on Spring Range, the Mount Painter Volcanics lie unconformably on top. These rocks date
518:
Several stages of volcanic activity followed. The first stage with Paddys River
Volcanics, Walker Volcanics in west Canberra, Hawkins Volcanics in the north and Ainslie Volcanics in the north east had acidic lava volcanoes erupting. The next stage was Mount Painter Volcanics in middle Canberra, and
1247:
Tidbinbilla
Quartzite has been modified by granite intrusions close by. It consists of medium grained sandstone, partly silicified and changed to quartzite. Belts of silstone and sandstone are included becoming more frequent at the top. The exposure is 300 metres thick. Low down there is a 2-metre
1640:
by Öpik in 1958. It consists mainly of mudstone which may be cemented by lime, or originally derived from tuff. There are some beds inserted of quartz sandstone or limestone. The bottom of the formation is on top of the Mount
Painter Volcanics. The top of the formation grades up into pyroclastics
1597:
north to the east of Woolshed Creek, through Majura and at least to Gooroo Hill and Old Joe on the NSW border. On Mount Ainslie the sequence starts with dacitic tuff, banded dacitic tuff, massive dacitic tuff, fifty metres of agglomeratic tuff, massive dacitic tuff, fifty metres of ashstone and
2442:
lens north of Uriarra Crossing. The outcrop goes from Mountain Creek Road in the west to the Murrumbidgee river in the east. It extends a few kilometres to the north of the ACT border and south to the Winslade Fault near the Cotter River. A wedge extends to the south south west, which includes
1644:
Deposition occurred in a shallow marine environment with a delta. The sea level was relative higher during this depositional phase compared with the earlier and later subaerial volcanic deposit periods. Its age is early Ludlow. This has been determined by shelly marine fossils, and a tonalite
1055:
are found. The geological formation east of Queanbeyan used to be known as the Muriarra Formation. This alternates between sandstone with a high quartz content and mica, and phyllite. Radiolarian chert is found in the central section. The railway forms the border between Queanbeyan in NSW and
428:. The flow was in the northerly direction, indicating that the continental slope was to the south. These deposits occurred during the Ordovician period. The ocean floor was distant from the continental source of the sediment. Towards the end of this period there were isolated parts where no
1175:
is shale, mudstone, siltstone and minor sandstone. In the type location there is about 60 metres of non-calcareous sandy shale and dark grey shale with beds of fine-grained sandstone. Between Kings Avenue and Commonwealth Avenue, there is a good outcrop on State Circle, consisting of
1060:
in the ACT. West of the Queanbeyan railway station is a cutting where folding has overturned the beds, with axes dipping to the east at 50 degrees. 300 metres of thickness is exposed in this cutting. Llanvirnian age (Pygodus serrus conodont zone). Fossils found include Phyllograptus anna,
566:
Horst. This was probably in a different position relative to Canberra, compared to the present. From here, ocean floor turbidite deposits occurred in the Ordovician period. The sediments were deeply buried by being compressed and faulted down. Melting occurred in deep sediments and in the
2839:
Magnetic deviation through the centre of Canberra was measured at 12.00 degrees east in 1985. The contours run North east. Each year it shifts 2.2 minutes to the east. Magnetic field in all three components is measured continuously at a station in Canberra and made available online.
1314:
is a fine grained tuff. In addition to the ashstone the Canberra Formation has layers of green-grey to reddish dacite, also tuff, quartz andesite, but mostly it is calcareous shale, limestone or sandstone. Much is deeply weathered, which has posed difficulties for building foundations.
2397:
The Paddys River Volcanics consist of dacite and tuff with some shale phyllite and limestone. They occur to the west of the Bullen range, along the lower parts of the Paddys River. They were deposited on top of the Ordovician Adaminaby Beds, and intruded by Shannons Flat Adamellite.
1323:
Walker Volcanics appear as purple or greenish-grey dacitic ignimbrite. These volcanics contain chloritised cordierite and some have garnet. They are Wenlock age. They occur in southern Belconnen including Macquarie, Weetangera, Hawker, Page, Scullin, Higgins, Holt and the Pinnacle.
691:
In the east side of the Cullarin Block, in the east-pointing finger of the ACT, the Tabberabberan Orogeny also reached the upper greenschist facies again. East–west pressure caused ruptures forming the Winslade and Deakin Faults and other northwest- or northeast-trending faults.
235:
core of the continent. The Tasmanides are the result of compression, horizontal shortening, and vertical thickening of various "terranes" such as small continental fragments and volcanic island arcs that were plastered against the original continental margin as a result of
1239:. The deposition was in a marine proximal turbidite fan, with the turbidity current flowing to the east. There are no fossils, but there is some sedimentary structure including plane, cross or convolute laminations, load casts, slump units and flute moulds.
3479:
448:
from the trench. The part of the oceanic plate attached to the continent was compressed, the suboceanic crust was severely shortened and thickened as well, giving rise to a duplex structure. This happened at the end of the Ordovician period and in the
1610:, who called it a porphyry. The description is a massive dark bluish-grey dacitic crystal tuff containing garnet and chloritised cordierite. There is a local appearance of agglomerate and pumice. There are prominent quartz and feldspar phenocrysts.
777:
was tunneled in the Balconnel Gold Mine around 1894. No significant gold was ever found there. The mine was 200 m downstream from the Molonglo River on the Murrumbidgee River with coordinates 35°S deg 14' 38.3", 148°E deg 58' 13.6".
2049:. Southwards the section passes up into a massive and partly banded rhyodacitic ignimbrite. The bottom of the Deakin Volcanics is exposed on nearby Heysen Street. At least 400m thickness of beds are exposed in the Parkway cutting. The
2767:
Pool Area. A similar dyke also outcrops on the west side of the Murrumbidgee River near Pine Island. The dyke is less than 0.5 metres thick. The rock is black, showing up well against the reds and browns of the Laidlaw Volcanics.
1114:
At the time these sediments were deposited the location was at least 3,000 km from the Australian continent. Underneath there is no Proterozoic continental basement, instead these sediments are lying on top of oceanic crust.
2893:
is −400, the highest levels in the metropolitan area are at Watson and Mitchell at −350, and at Mulligans Flat at −345. This means that a 50 kg person, if measured on a force scale rather than on a balance, would apparently
1061:
Trigonograptus ensiformus, Pterograptus, Didymograptus, Isograptus, Hallograptus from the Darriwillian age. Near the top of the formation are fossils Dicellograptus sextans, D divaricatus, D salopiensis, which are Gisbornian.
502:
A second unconformity occurred after the Black Mountain Sandstone was uplifted and eroded at the end of the early Silurian. This was called the Quidongan Deformation. The Canberra formation was deposited in shallow water with
106:. At the time these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has since been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting and the Deakin anticline.
1150:
period. Lower beds contains fossils like Dicranograptus nicholsoni. Upper beds contain Climacograptus bicornbis, Chastatus, C tubuliferis, Dicellograptus elegans, and Dicranograptus hians which are late Eastonian in age.
2881:, so this level is –32 milligals. Another high of –330 μm·s is just north of the northernmost point of the ACT. The contours in the ACT run NW–SE. At the Canberra GPO is about −440, at Scriviner Dam −510, at
1303:. It is also found through North Canberra, excluding Campbell and Russell. It occurs through most of Gungahlin apart from Crace and Nicholls. The beds extend north in a wide band to 35 deg 03S near Bald Hill.
687:
schist occur there. Within this region, there are two parallel belts of knotted schist even more strongly heated to over 525 °C. The temperature gradient in the area was high at 70 °C per kilometre.
2425:
bed called the Tarpaulin Creek Ashstone Member outcrops in an approximate north–south line and acts as a marker within the volcanics. Tuff and flows above and below the ashstone member contain obvious pink
1332:
Hawkins Volcanics is a green-grey dacite or dacitic tuff. These volcanics contain chloritised cordierite, and some have garnet. Their age is Ludlow to Wenlock. The volcanics occur in northern Belconnen, in
452:. The sediments were heavily folded and overthrusted resulting in severe crustal shortening. In the Canberra area the sediments were raised above sea level and eroded. The land to the west (around
440:
debris were deposited into oxygen-depleted deep water. This ocean basin has been called the Monaro Basin. To the north west was a volcanic chain of islands, the Macquarie arc, with an associated
3125:
Plate tectonic processes in the southwest Pacific: a spatial and temporal context Barry Drummond, B. L. N. Kennett, R. J. Korsch, B. R. Goleby & P. A. Symonds Penrose Conference March 1999
149:. Detailed instructions had been given to the explorers by Charles Throsby, who had accompanied the Lake George exploration party earlier in the year. They were provided with acid to test for
1620:
Mount Painter Volcanics overlie the Walker Volcanics unconformably. The top is also an unconformity with Yarralumla Formation and Deakin Volcanics and Yass Formation. The age is of Late
3768:
1284:
These fossils were from the Canberra Formation. In the past these rocks were known as the Canberra Group with components of Turner Shale, Riverside Formation, and City Hill Shale.
3831:
2685:
The Tharwa Adamellite resembles Shannons Flat Adamellite, but with more strongly zoned plagioclase (An50-20) contains microcline, it is poor in xenoliths and is coarse grained.
3987:
2274:
A line of outcrops of coarse pink-brown rhyodacitic porphyry outcrops on the north side of Canberra on Forster Hill, MCquoids Hill and Neighbour Hill, and on East side of
3826:
2456:
The Murrumbidgee Batholith formed by melting different sediments to the Ordovician Pittman Formations, as the granites contain more feldspar elements Ca, Na and K. At
2268:
intrusions could also be volcanic necks. If so they have been responsible for the Laidlaw Volcanics. They are all unnamed. The first three intrude Laidlaw Volcanics.
605:
The Bowning Deformation caused the north–south faulting and long folding in the area surrounding the ACT. This deformation was connected with the attachment of the
3816:
3573:
3806:
3796:
1224:
1185:
477:
461:
3386:
1107:
with age ranges of 0.46 and 0.60 Gya, 1.0 and 1.2 Gya, and at ~1.8 Gya, ~2.2 Gya and ~2.7 Gya. These do not match the age of zircons from the interior of the
3947:
3851:
3821:
3791:
1536:
782:
2213:
and water deposited tuff occur to the west of Pine Island and Point Hut Crossing. North west of Mount Stromlo, on Uriarra Road, there is an occurrence of
3901:
3761:
3545:
Henderson, G. A. M. and Matveev, G., Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs 1:50000 1980. This was used to determine the rock types in each suburb.
2569:
2275:
2074:
320:
3162:
McQueen, Ken G.; J. R. Caldwell; P. W. Millsteed (July 1988). "Primary and Secondary Minerals at the Paddy's River Mine, Australian Capital Territory".
2271:
A coarse rhyodacitic intrusive outcrops to the north west of Charnwood intrudes Laidlaw Volcanics, with about half a square kilometre of surface area.
1696:. Exposures can be seen at the Deakin Anticline—with pale brown siltstone; and also at the Yarralumla brickworks with olive-green calcareous mudstone.
1669:
in the north. The formation is evidence of the last major period when eastern Australia was still covered by shallow seas. It shows fossil evidence of
1550:. The lithology is bluish grey dacitic tuff, which can be massive or foliated, also dacitic agglomerate and shale. These volcanics contain chloritised
3886:
3846:
2050:
1307:
1057:
3861:
3801:
2296:
A coarse porphyritic micro-adamellite was intruded sometime from late Silurian to early Devonian. It intrudes the Hawkins Volcanics in Belconnen in
1662:
1637:
528:
3251:
3006:
2187:
2070:
2066:
1693:
1197:
3370:
3688:
3334:
2301:
1654:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1146:
are rarely found. The beds are up to 60 metres thick and appear high in the Pittman Formation. The age range is Gisbornian to Bolindian of the
755:
99:
3896:
3754:
3136:
2078:
3891:
2530:
2191:
2082:
2020:
1650:
1646:
1594:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1300:
1296:
1189:
1177:
996:
1154:
The sediments making the Acton Shale were deposited in the ocean in a reducing environment starved of oxygen, and lacking fresh sediment.
2261:
East and north east of Watson is an intrusion of grey and cream dacite. This may correspond to the lower layer of the Ainslie Volcanics.
3664:
3634:
3590:
2297:
2086:
1685:
1350:
1346:
1193:
1181:
715:
654:
162:
3229:
3881:
3566:
2247:
2090:
1354:
3653:
3463:
3433:
The Laidlaw Volcanics: a Late Silurian point on the geological time scale by D. Wyborn and M. Owen, W. Compston and I. McDougall in
3678:
758:
which excavates Camp Hill Sandstone, and a large quarry on Mount Mugga Mugga which excavates Mugga Mugga Porphyry for construction
3698:
3673:
1636:
In an intervening phase in volcanism predominantly sediments were deposited. Yarralumla Formation was named after the suburb of
3648:
2538:
578:
mingled and intruded upwards. The Murrumbidgee Batholith was formed, with several intrusions. The faults were reversed and the
2827:
1011:
and north are very thick and heavily overturned and thrusted. At Etheridge Creek, the type locality is a repeating pattern of
2721:
1617:
sediments and there are some beds of tuffaceous siltstone and sandstone. It was mostly deposited from the air without water.
2561:
Shannons Flat Granodiorite is poor in xenoliths and is coarse grained. It was intruded after the clear Range Granodiorite.
3559:
3084:
524:
3202:
3841:
3777:
3623:
3207:
3059:
3054:
3029:
3024:
719:
181:
118:
1645:
intrusion southwest of Red Hill with age determined as 417±8 Mya. Outcrops occur on Red Hill (the hill) and throughout
3992:
3693:
3683:
1704:
Dated early Ludlow to Wenlock. This may outcrop in Belconnen and Florey. The composition is calcareous and tuffaceous
1208:
Black Mountain Sandstone is deposited on top of State Circle Shale conformably. It is made up from thick beds of grey
1008:
3548:
Henderson, G. A. M., Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs Notes to Accompany the 1980 1:50000 Geological map.
3394:
1281:. At the time these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed.
3608:
3598:
995:
The Pittman Formation was described originally by Öpik in 1958 who named it after the Pittman Valley, southeast of
2714:
1167:
The State Circle Shale was named by Öpik in 1958. It is named after the street where it was described. Its age is
199:
explains the large-scale structure of the Earth's crust and its constituent rocks in terms of blocks moving along
3355:
3273:
3295:
3703:
2874:
2865:
over the ACT has been measured and published on the 1:100000 Canberra Geological Map. High level points in the
2534:
1096:
492:
138:
103:
617:
stage, with shallow burial and temperature below 350 °C. This changed the volcanics and sediments with
377:
A plate with a continent fragment on board bumped into the east coast of what is now Australia, forming the
2288:
Another pink and green rhyolite porphyry occurs in Holder, Weston and Lyons. It intrudes Deakin Volcanics.
1104:
599:
142:
774:
57:
consisting largely of quartz-rich sandstone, siltstone and shale; the Adaminaby Beds and the Acton Shale.
3366:
2928:
The ACT is moving 24 degrees east of north with a velocity of 54.5 mm/yr along with the rest of the
551:. At least four large eruptions made up this volcanic deposit. Over the top of this in the west near the
539:
deposits. Volcanic activity resumed with Deakin Volcanics in the north west and south of Canberra. First
3603:
3212:
3099:
3064:
3034:
2975:
1024:
532:
212:
3003:
2917:
2763:
occurs in the Red Rocks Gorge near Allens Creek. It is oriented northwest–southeast and heads towards
2003:
3582:
2850:
2846:
2108:
The Mugga Mugga Porphyry is a lava flow. It is blue or mauve grey in a mass. The rock is veined with
598:
Small granite intrusions injected the rocks in the Canberra Graben around 408 million years ago. The
390:
267:
117:
The early European name for the district was "Limestone Plains". In 1820, following the discovery of
3618:
3613:
3321:
2546:
2542:
2024:
1666:
227:
that make up the core of the old mountain range that makes up the Australian continent east of the
166:
3416:
3140:
2145:
2027:
between Hindmarsh Drive and Cotter Road. The visible base shows a weathered repeating sequence of
3932:
3530:
Richardson, S. J. and Barron L., 1977 Michelago 1:100000 Geological, Sheet 8726, Geol Surv Sydney
2944:. They have a duplex structure with red or brown clayey layer. Typical thicknesses are 2 metres.
2780:
2435:
2282:
2225:
2183:
1586:
period. They were formed about the same time as the Walker Volcanics and Paddys River Volcanics.
1579:
790:
707:
552:
491:
area. The Canberra area was on the proto-Canberra-Yass Shelf. East of Canberra deep water of the
378:
228:
130:
822:
734:
operations have occurred historically throughout the region, both for precious metals including
220:
2053:
area has the thickest deposits. Rock types in the Deakin Volcanics are rhyodacitic ignimbrite,
3957:
3459:
3192:
Basement of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Evidence From S-Type Granites B. W. Chappell, GEMOC ANU
1658:
1108:
429:
425:
421:
259:
126:
1628:. These rocks form a belt from Coppins Crossing towards Narrabundah and Jerrabomberra Creek.
3968:
3952:
3723:
2929:
2882:
2776:
2414:
2321:
750:, and for construction materials. The only commercial operations now here are the Stockmans
449:
441:
2348:. Minor minerals are apatite and zircon. The surrounding Pittman formation rocks have been
2011:
613:
occurred. In the Canberra Graben and Cullarin Block, metamorphism mostly reached the upper
3374:
3112:
3010:
2988:
2908:
The gravity lows are due to the Murrumbidgee Batholith which is compose of lighter rocks.
2862:
2698:
2353:
711:
386:
271:
237:
204:
200:
146:
109:
29:
1227:
where it is found. Originally it was believed to be Ordovician, but is actually from the
3927:
3922:
3735:
2756:
2564:
2386:
1689:
1566:
1223:. The grain size is fine to medium. It was originally named by Öpik after the mountain—
696:
638:
17:
3509:
3981:
3942:
2902:
2349:
2324:. The outcrop covers 4 square kilometres in the ACT. It was intruded during the late
2251:
2239:
2097:. The different colours found in the rocks are due to weathering, the red being from
1621:
1607:
1000:
814:
571:
496:
33:
Australia grew around three fused pieces of very ancient continental crust (cratons).
1598:
topped with massive dacitic tuff. The rocks on top of the eastern ridge is altered.
1095:, are very similar in all parts of the Tasman Orogen, including New Zealand and the
999:. It is entirely of Ordovician age and about 800 metres thick near Canberra, but at
718:
areas. This uplift reactivated the Murrumbidgee Fault, the Queanbeyan Fault and the
251:
in the north, as these continental units were attached to Australia at the time, in
161:
There is little limestone evident at the surface in the district, but an outcrop at
3917:
3836:
3730:
2895:
2717:
2694:
2203:
1590:
1306:
Narrabundah Ashstone is a member of the Canberra formation and is found is eastern
1236:
1232:
1168:
806:
802:
786:
610:
563:
457:
3085:"1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1931 — Special Article - Canberra Past and Present"
507:, and shale forming. There were some small volcanic activities at this stage with
2890:
2702:
2159:
2129:
2094:
2028:
1040:
673:
666:
626:
614:
536:
488:
453:
382:
304:
232:
134:
69:
3746:
669:
facies was achieved. This was not sufficient to convert plagioclase to albite.
3937:
2916:
Temperature gradients in the Canberra area vary from 20 to 30 °C/km. At
2870:
2784:
2760:
2341:
2243:
2171:
2168:
2121:
2102:
2034:
2031:
1721:
1551:
1543:
1266:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1048:
1036:
794:
622:
590:
540:
520:
413:
409:
300:
244:
122:
91:
42:
2364:. A magnetic high matches the location indicating the presence of magnetite.
527:. Then came a pause in volcanism at the start of the Upper Silurian with the
169:. These formations became exposed when the ocean floor was raised by a major
2791:
2787:
2736:
2710:
2550:
2439:
2381:
2372:
2228:
2214:
2199:
2042:
2038:
1717:
1709:
1670:
1570:
1555:
1270:
1248:
thick bed of ashstone across a broad area that can be used as a marker bed.
1216:
1212:
1172:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1012:
1004:
798:
703:
676:, east of the ACT on the Molonglo Range and Yarrow Peak and Taliesin Hills.
650:
504:
487:. The source of the Black Mountain sand was near by from the west, from the
484:
480:
402:
196:
185:
150:
95:
80:
76:
50:
1569:. The thickness is at least 700 metres. The magma was formed by melting an
547:, more rhyodacite, tuff with some underwater sediments, and finishing with
3055:"Deakin Anticlines, Macgregor St, Deakin, ACT, Australia (Place ID 13312)"
3025:"State Circle Cutting, State Ccl, Parkes, ACT, Australia (Place ID 13321)"
1995:
1091:, feldspathic sandstone, micaceous siltstone, micaceous shale, chert, and
781:
Paddys River Mine or Cowley copper mine is located 700 m upstream on
3876:
2878:
2799:
2795:
2706:
2541:. Clear Range ridge forms the ACT border in the south east. Described as
2427:
2422:
2357:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2265:
2235:
2179:
2141:
2133:
2117:
2098:
1713:
1625:
1583:
1547:
1311:
1274:
1228:
1136:
1092:
1077:
1044:
1020:
818:
810:
763:
677:
662:
642:
618:
559:
555:
there was a further massive volcanic eruption, called Laidlaw Volcanics.
548:
512:
417:
398:
394:
252:
216:
174:
72:
46:
2747:
2385:
separate outcrop extends into the ACT from the south in the area of the
1539:
where their type location occurs, the Ainslie Volcanics are composed of
184:(ACT) are made from granite-like rocks. These are from the Murrumbidgee
129:
decided to send a party, with provisions for one month, to discover the
3551:
2866:
2772:
2732:
2431:
2337:
2317:
2137:
2113:
2109:
2062:
1678:
1574:
1069:
1032:
700:
646:
634:
606:
579:
263:
170:
61:
3533:
Richardson, S. J., 1976, Geology of the Michelago 1:100000, Sheet 8726
3367:
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13363/78.pdfACT
2281:
A distorted band of coarse grey rhyodacitic porphyry occurs along the
2202:
age 420.7±2.2 m.y. and have been used to set an absolute date for the
1287:
Canberra Formation can be found in the east part of South Canberra in
558:
West of the Murrumbidgee is another different geological setting. The
460:
resulted between the Pittman Formation and the State Circle Shale and
2941:
2886:
2764:
2438:
to the north of the Cotter Dam is actually a dacite flow. There is a
2407:
2361:
2333:
2328:
and is dated at 410+4Mya. The colour is pale grey with mineral white
2195:
2148:
2125:
1725:
1614:
1562:
1558:
1540:
1262:
1209:
1143:
1100:
1065:
1052:
770:
759:
751:
747:
739:
731:
684:
680:
658:
630:
568:
508:
437:
224:
208:
87:
49:. During the Ordovician period the region—along with most of eastern
3539:
Strusz, D. L., 1:250000 Geological Series-Explanatory Notes Canberra
3316:
A. A. Öpik, "The Geology of the Canberra City District", chapter in
3456:
A Geological Guide to the Canberra Region and Namadgi National Park
3458:. Geological Society of Australia (ACT Division). pp. 91–92.
2898:
1.3 grams more in Watson, than they would in western Kambah.
2853:
I = -65.856° dD = -0.008 deg/yr dF = -28 nT/yr dI = 0.014 deg/yr
2746:
2563:
2457:
2371:
2320:
intruding the Pittman formation in the hills to the north east of
2210:
2158:
2046:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1705:
1674:
1220:
1124:
1028:
1016:
661:
in the Laidlaw and Walker Volcanics the temperature was lower and
589:
575:
473:
360:
308:
248:
108:
60:
Most of the younger rocks are pyroclastic deposits from explosive
28:
381:. The remains of the mountains of this orogeny can be found near
2728:
2418:
2410:
2175:
2174:
in the form of pale to dark grey rhyodacitic to dacitic crystal
2058:
2054:
743:
735:
544:
433:
420:
were deposited in the ocean floor in the form of fans formed by
397:. This happened between 520 and 480 million years ago up to the
98:
from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near
3750:
3555:
3512:
Is the Australian Plate deforming? A space geodetic perspective
3417:"Australian Stratigraphic Units Database, Geoscience Australia"
3181:
Crustal Evolution in Southeastern Australia: A Zircon Viewpoint
412:
era at least a few thousand kilometres of the ocean floor were
45:
around 480 million years ago, whilst most rocks are from the
2701:. The total outcrop is 52 square kilometres. It is coarsely
2182:
in the ACT. The Laidlaw Volcanics occur in a band along the
2061:, tuffaceous shale and minor quartz sandstones and volcanic
262:, which is located on a terrane that is called the Benambra
188:
intruding during the late Silurian or early Devonian times.
2905:. This can measure changes in the gravity field over time.
2529:
Clear Range Granodiorite covers 475 square kilometres from
2163:
Ignimbrite from the Red Rocks Gorge has a strong red colour
1235:
epoch. Some of the slopes of Black mountain are covered in
1123:
Acton Shale is a grey to black thinly laminated siliceous
602:
was carried into position on the east coast of Australia.
2250:
in the Walker Volcanic sediments. It is likely to be the
1031:. In the sandstone beds there are occurrences of graded
649:
and opaque minerals. On the western margin in southwest
401:
period. No associated ocean floor has been preserved by
319:
Canberra Graben (north east ACT including Canberra, and
2960:
2901:
A sensitive gravity measuring station is positioned on
2843:
Magnetic Field Components at Civic at the end of 2013:
2713:
occurs in unweathered rock. This leucogranite intrudes
2434:, and the flows have banded flow structure. The Cotter
2920:
heat flow is 73 mWm with a gradient of 27 °C/km.
2873:
just north of the east finger of the ACT of –320
2186:
to the south west of Canberra, and also north west of
672:
More intense metamorphism occurred to the east of the
2246:
intrusive outcrops over one square kilometre west of
1310:
and in a geological monument along Fairbairn avenue.
153:. On 7 December 1820, Smith recorded in his journal:
3542:
Packham, G. H., 1969, The Geology of New South Wales
3480:"Australian Geomagnetic Reference Field Computation"
2285:
from 1 to 4 kilometres south of Point Hut Crossing.
2140:. It is dated at 414±9 Mya. The Federal Golf Course
2023:
Volcanics can be seen in the road cutting along the
2007:
Deakin Volcanics rhyodacite modified to green colour
1003:
it is over 1,200 metres thick. The lower levels are
291:
Captains Flat Graben (easternmost 3 km of ACT)
53:—was part of the ocean floor. The area contains the
3910:
3869:
3784:
3662:
3632:
3589:
2932:. It is sinking at a rate of 3.5 mm per year.
349:also known as Canberra-Yass Synclinorial Zone west
326:also known as Canberra-Yass Synclinorial Zone East
3536:Canberra 1:250000 Geological Sheet, SI 55–16, 1964
3252:"Definition card for: Narrabundah Ashstone Member"
2537:on the west side of the Murrumbidgee batholith on
2258:matches the upper layer of the Hawkins Volcanics.
1606:This was named after Mount Painter in Canberra by
416:, taking of the order of a hundred million years.
165:, near the Museum of Australia, by the shores of
3516:Geological Society of Australia Special Bulletin
2254:for the uppermost eruption of Walker Volcanics.
1372:Ainslie Volcanics oxide & element chemistry
1064:Chemical analysis reveals low concentrations of
1035:, clay pellets, and current bedding. Fossils of
3387:"Yarralumla Brickpits, Yarralumla, ACT Profile"
3087:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. January 1931
1565:is found on low hills on the north side of the
710:. The Kosiusko uplift elevated the land in the
3335:"Definition card for: Mount Painter Volcanics"
2739:than other Murrumbidgee Batholith intrusions.
2389:. Yet another outcrop is on the Bullen Range.
1589:The Ainslie Volcanics occur on Mount Ainslie,
1277:period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near
706:intruded into the Red Rocks Gorge area of the
215:, which was once a part of the supercontinent
180:Much of the western and southern parts of the
3762:
3567:
2885:Dam −600, and Banks −590. The western end of
177:forming much of the east coast of Australia.
8:
2813:The dyke is believed to be Tertiary in age.
3988:Geology of the Australian Capital Territory
2380:The Adaminaby Beds were formed from quartz
2101:, and the green from clay minerals such as
1593:, and in a band extending from Bonshaw and
1537:Mount Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory
39:geology of the Australian Capital Territory
3769:
3755:
3747:
3574:
3560:
3552:
2889:has the lowest level in Canberra at −610.
1546:and minor volcaniclastic and argillaceous
3437:Volume 59, Issue 1, June 1982, pp. 90–100
3230:"Definition card for: Canberra Formation"
2849:D = 12.273° field strength F = 58096 nT
2771:The rock consists of microphenocrysts of
2751:Black teschenite from the Red Rocks Gorge
2461:by displacement rather than dissolution.
2316:, the Sutton Granite is a medium grained
2105:. The pink crystals are potash feldspar.
314:Collingwood, Queanbeyan, Sullivans Faults
283:Rocky Pic Horst outside the east of ACT.
3296:"Stratigraphic Search Hawkins Volcanics"
2631:
2579:
2472:
1741:
1368:
841:
3274:"Stratigraphic Search Walker Volcanics"
3224:
3222:
2952:
2743:Olivine Teschenite from Red Rocks Gorge
2376:Adaminaby Beds outcrop south of the ACT
1694:Symonston, Australian Capital Territory
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3108:
3097:
2984:
2973:
1215:mostly, but has some beds included of
332:Murrumbidgee, Winslade, Pig Hill Fault
3183:Ian S. Williams and Bruce W. Chappell
2198:, and Greenway. The volcanics are of
1999:Banded Tuff from the Deakin Volcanics
1649:and in southern Yarralumla, and also
483:deposited in a marine environment as
231:. These rocks are an addition to the
79:formation that was formed around 425
7:
3356:Geoscience Australia database record
2568:Shannons Flat Granodiorite from the
1651:Hughes, Australian Capital Territory
1647:Deakin, Australian Capital Territory
1357:. Maximum thickness is 1770 m.
997:Aranda, Australian Capital Territory
609:to the continent. During this stage
582:from the batholith became elevated.
3435:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2206:. They are up to 850 metres thick.
1686:Lyons, Australian Capital Territory
270:, but the Molong-Monaro Terrane in
2553:and the rock is easily weathered.
2406:The Uriarra Volcanics consists of
363:Trough outside the west of the ACT
243:The Tasmanides also extended into
25:
3699:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
2089:apart from Curtin, and across to
825:have been found at the location.
3860:
3729:
3717:
3500:1:100000 Canberra Geological Map
2798:groundmass. Kaersutite contains
2705:and pale in comparison to other
2447:Late Silurian to Middle Devonian
2136:in lesser amounts and flakes of
2190:. They exist in the suburbs of
2057:(Mugga Mugga Porphyry Member),
1692:. There may also be a patch in
258:The ACT is part of the Eastern
211:. The ACT is positioned on the
41:includes rocks dating from the
3679:Australian Antarctic Territory
2697:is found at Mount Tennant and
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2217:over a few square kilometres.
1984:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1911:
1897:
1886:
1871:
1857:
1839:
1828:
1817:
1802:
1787:
1769:
1524:
1510:
1495:
1484:
1469:
1458:
1443:
1425:
1414:
1396:
1103:from the turbidites have been
979:
971:
963:
948:
936:
924:
916:
908:
900:
892:
877:
866:
1:
2304:, the Town Center and Bruce.
1688:north north west towards the
1653:. The formation extends from
3778:Australian Capital Territory
3644:Australian Capital Territory
3318:Canberra, a nation's Capital
3232:. Geoscience Australia. 1990
3208:Australian Heritage Database
3060:Australian Heritage Database
3030:Australian Heritage Database
2627:
2575:
2468:
2178:. They are the top layer of
2167:The Laidlaw volcanics are a
1737:
1684:Another band stretches from
1364:
837:
519:Colinton Volcanics south of
464:Sandstone deposited on top.
223:, the deformed rocks of the
182:Australian Capital Territory
3674:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
2869:field occur at the head of
2802:and has a formula near NaCa
2794:, embedded in a colourless
2583:Shannons Flat Granodiorite
2231:occur throughout the area.
2073:. It also is found through
1745:Deakin Volcanics chemistry
1641:from the Deakin Volcanics.
145:, a nephew of the explorer
4009:
3004:Woolshed Creek Fossil Site
2940:Most soils in the ACT are
2877:. 1 μm·s is 0.1
2557:Shannons Flat Granodiorite
2144:introduces some veins and
247:in the south and northern
113:Limestone outcrop at Acton
3966:
3858:
3712:
3454:Finlayson, D. M. (2008).
3391:www.aussieheritage.com.au
3137:"The Balconnel Gold Mine"
2634:
2582:
2476:Clear Range Granodiorite
2475:
2430:crystals. The tuff shows
2015:Deakin Volcanics red tuff
1744:
1371:
844:
299:Cullarin Horst (north of
278:Canberra region structure
2465:Clear Range Granodiorite
1204:Black Mountain Sandstone
1097:Transantarctic Mountains
543:was erupted followed by
456:) was raised higher. An
104:William Branwhite Clarke
3689:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3164:Australian Mineralogist
2963:. Australian Government
2264:Late Silurian to early
1720:. These volcanics lack
1602:Mount Painter Volcanics
436:and animal organic and
18:Mount Painter Volcanics
3482:. Geoscience Australia
3337:. Geoscience Australia
3320:, ed H. L. White 1954
3298:. Geoscience Australia
3276:. Geoscience Australia
3254:. Geoscience Australia
3107:Cite journal requires
3001:ACT Heritage Council:
2983:Cite journal requires
2961:"Geoscience Australia"
2752:
2689:Booroomba Leucogranite
2651:Microcline K-feldspar
2599:Microcline K-feldspar
2573:
2492:Microcline K-feldspar
2452:Murrumbidgee Batholith
2393:Paddys River Volcanics
2377:
2242:. A coarse green grey
2164:
2016:
2008:
2000:
595:
495:Basin remained in the
432:reached and only fine
159:
114:
34:
3213:Australian Government
3065:Australian Government
3035:Australian Government
2750:
2567:
2375:
2292:Glebe Farm Adamellite
2162:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1243:Tidbinbilla Quartzite
1184:, north and south of
600:Molong-Monaro Terrane
593:
155:
143:Charles Throsby Smith
112:
32:
3827:Legislative Assembly
3724:Australia portal
3665:External territories
3649:Jervis Bay Territory
3635:Mainland territories
3583:Geology of Australia
2851:Magnetic inclination
2847:Magnetic declination
2637:Mineral Composition
2585:Mineral Composition
2478:Mineral Composition
2238:intrusions could be
2093:, and south through
1632:Yarralumla Formation
1252:Late Middle Silurian
633:, and conversion of
562:block is called the
219:. The ACT is in the
213:Australian continent
66:Yarralumla Formation
3322:Angus and Robertson
3143:on 28 December 2013
2045:and red and yellow
2025:Tuggeranong Parkway
1667:Lake Burley Griffin
1158:Late Early Silurian
1076:because of the low
1047:, and occasionally
468:Silurian deposition
345:Goodradigbee Graben
207:or downthrown into
167:Lake Burley Griffin
141:, a constable, and
137:was accompanied by
3993:Silurian volcanism
3736:Geology portal
3654:Northern Territory
3373:2008-07-25 at the
3369:Heritage Register
3009:2008-07-25 at the
2918:Blundell's Cottage
2753:
2635:Tharwa Adamellite
2574:
2378:
2312:Also known as the
2283:Murrumbidgee River
2184:Murrumbidgee River
2165:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1613:Xenoliths include
1554:and some have red
1257:Canberra Formation
1163:State Circle Shale
1105:isotopically dated
1015:, micaceous sandy
1007:, exposed east of
847:Chemical Analysis
845:Pittman Formation
716:Southern Highlands
708:Murrumbidgee River
596:
594:Dyke of teschenite
553:Murrumbidgee River
430:turbidity currents
424:off the side of a
422:turbidity currents
379:Delamerian Orogeny
368:Geological history
131:Murrumbidgee River
115:
62:volcanic eruptions
35:
3975:
3974:
3744:
3743:
3694:Coral Sea Islands
3624:Western Australia
3397:on 14 August 2008
3203:"Place ID 105733"
2681:Tharwa Adamellite
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2402:Uriarra Volcanics
2314:Greenwood Granite
2155:Laidlaw Volcanics
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1361:Ainslie Volcanics
1328:Hawkins Volcanics
1109:Australian Shield
991:Pittman Formation
988:
987:
984:
983:
515:layers included.
426:continental slope
260:Lachlan Fold Belt
171:volcanic activity
127:Lachlan Macquarie
81:million years ago
55:Pittman Formation
16:(Redirected from
4000:
3969:Australia portal
3870:Cities and towns
3864:
3842:Public transport
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3684:Christmas Island
3667:
3637:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3519:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3451:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:. Archived from
3383:
3377:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3139:. Archived from
3132:
3126:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3021:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2930:Australian Plate
2883:Lake Tuggeranong
2790:, and about 15%
2779:, pinkish brown
2735:, and higher in
2632:
2628:
2580:
2576:
2572:Tracking Station
2473:
2469:
2322:Canberra Airport
1742:
1738:
1734:Deakin Volcanics
1661:in the South to
1369:
1365:
1345:, Mount Rogers,
1319:Walker Volcanics
1087:, consisting of
1027:and radiolarian
842:
838:
775:copper carbonate
625:, conversion of
623:saussuritisation
442:submarine trench
355:Long Plain Fault
340:Tantangara Fault
294:Ballallaba Fault
203:, uplifted into
192:Tectonic context
102:by the Reverend
21:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3906:
3865:
3856:
3780:
3775:
3745:
3740:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3663:
3658:
3633:
3628:
3609:South Australia
3599:New South Wales
3585:
3580:
3527:
3522:
3518:22, 2003, p. 46
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3375:Wayback Machine
3365:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3067:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3011:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2982:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2863:gravity anomaly
2859:
2854:
2837:
2826:In the ACT the
2824:
2819:
2809:
2805:
2699:Booroomba Rocks
2449:
2443:Pierces Creek.
2354:contact aureole
2116:, and deep red
1927:
1923:
1909:
1883:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1814:
1799:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1522:
1507:
1481:
1455:
1441:
1437:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1254:
1160:
1083:The Ordovician
961:
957:
945:
933:
890:
886:
875:
864:
836:
831:
728:
712:Snowy Mountains
588:
470:
387:South Australia
385:and in eastern
375:
370:
280:
272:New South Wales
194:
147:Charles Throsby
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3704:Norfolk Island
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3502:
3493:
3471:
3464:
3439:
3426:
3421:asud.ga.gov.au
3408:
3378:
3359:
3348:
3326:
3309:
3287:
3265:
3243:
3218:
3194:
3185:
3173:
3154:
3127:
3118:
3109:|journal=
3076:
3046:
3016:
2994:
2985:|journal=
2951:
2949:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2925:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2858:
2855:
2845:
2836:
2835:Magnetic field
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2745:
2744:
2724:Granodiorite.
2691:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2559:
2558:
2545:with numerous
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2387:Gudgenby River
2370:
2369:
2368:Adaminaby Beds
2310:
2309:
2308:Sutton Granite
2294:
2293:
2240:volcanic necks
2223:
2222:
2157:
2156:
2132:, pink potash
2112:, light green
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1702:
1701:
1690:Molonglo River
1677:and primitive
1634:
1633:
1624:or early Late
1604:
1603:
1578:from the Late
1567:Molonglo River
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1225:Black Mountain
1206:
1205:
1186:Black Mountain
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1121:
1120:
993:
992:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
966:
965:
962:
959:
955:
951:
950:
947:
943:
939:
938:
935:
931:
927:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
850:
849:
835:
832:
830:
827:
727:
724:
619:sericitisation
587:
584:
531:Formation and
478:Black Mountain
469:
466:
462:Black Mountain
450:Early Silurian
393:, and western
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
358:
357:
356:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
335:
334:
333:
324:
323:
317:
316:
315:
297:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
279:
276:
238:plate tectonic
193:
190:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4005:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:P. Tregoning:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3465:9780646487342
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3142:
3138:
3135:Mark (2006).
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Mount Stromlo
2899:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:Gravity field
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2822:Seismic waves
2821:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:It is low in
2725:
2723:
2722:Shannons Flat
2719:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:metamorphosed
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:, milky grey
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:magma chamber
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1985:100 ppm
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:125 ppm
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:210 ppm
1959:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:540 ppm
1937:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:Yass Subgroup
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:Wenlock epoch
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:epoch of the
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:In the 1840s
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:period, late
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Captains Flat
998:
990:
989:
976:
975:
972:168 ppm
968:
967:
953:
952:
941:
940:
929:
928:
921:
920:
913:
912:
905:
904:
897:
896:
882:
881:
871:
870:
860:
859:
855:
852:
851:
848:
843:
840:
839:
833:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:native silver
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
769:A deposit of
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
693:
689:
686:
682:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
574:beneath. The
573:
572:oceanic crust
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
500:
498:
497:Captains Flat
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:State Circle
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
367:
362:
359:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
344:
339:
338:
337:Cotter Horst
336:
331:
330:
329:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
292:
290:
286:Narongo Fault
285:
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
191:
189:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:James Vaughan
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
111:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:In the 1840s
84:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
27:
19:
3933:Murrumbidgee
3902:Williamsdale
3811:
3643:
3525:Bibliography
3515:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3474:
3455:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3390:
3381:
3362:
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3329:
3317:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:the original
3130:
3121:
3100:cite journal
3089:. Retrieved
3079:
3068:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3002:
2997:
2976:cite journal
2965:. Retrieved
2955:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2860:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2770:
2754:
2726:
2718:Granodiorite
2695:Leucogranite
2692:
2684:
2659:Plagioclase
2636:
2607:Plagioclase
2584:
2560:
2528:
2500:Plagioclase
2477:
2455:
2417:deposits of
2405:
2396:
2379:
2360:and spotted
2313:
2311:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2276:Mount Taylor
2273:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2233:
2224:
2208:
2204:Ludlow epoch
2166:
2146:saccharoidal
2107:
2075:Weston Creek
2018:
1730:
1703:
1683:
1643:
1635:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1591:Mount Majura
1588:
1535:Named after
1534:
1331:
1322:
1305:
1286:
1260:
1246:
1237:fanglomerate
1233:Llandoverian
1207:
1169:Llandoverian
1166:
1153:
1122:
1113:
1082:
1063:
1041:radiolarians
1025:argillaceous
994:
980:64 ppm
846:
807:hydrozincite
803:hemimorphite
787:aurichalcite
783:Paddys River
780:
768:
729:
694:
690:
671:
611:metamorphism
604:
597:
557:
525:Williamsdale
517:
501:
471:
458:unconformity
446:
407:
405:in the ACT.
376:
348:
325:
321:Williamsdale
257:
242:
195:
179:
160:
156:
116:
85:
65:
59:
54:
38:
36:
26:
3958:Tidbinbilla
3887:Oaks Estate
3486:28 December
3341:28 December
3302:28 December
3280:28 December
3258:28 December
3236:28 December
3147:28 December
2891:Oaks Estate
2781:titanaugite
2775:altered to
2715:Clear Range
2703:crystalline
2570:Tidbinbilla
2539:Clear Range
2415:pyroclastic
2340:, and with
2244:rhyodacitic
2226:Porphyrytic
2194:, Chapman,
2130:plagioclase
2122:phenocrysts
2095:Tuggeranong
2051:Tuggeranong
2032:rhyodacitic
2029:interbedded
1308:Narrabundah
1267:brachiopods
1188:, and from
1133:Brachiopods
1129:graptolites
1127:containing
1119:Acton Shale
1099:. Detrital
1058:Oaks Estate
1049:brachiopods
1037:graptolites
791:bronchanite
720:Lake George
674:Googong Dam
667:pumpellyite
627:plagioclase
615:greenschist
537:sedimentary
489:Wagga Wagga
454:Wagga Wagga
408:During the
383:Broken Hill
305:Oaks Estate
240:movements.
233:Proterozoic
229:Tasman Line
135:Joseph Wild
125:, Governor
119:Lake George
92:brachiopods
70:sedimentary
3982:Categories
3953:Queanbeyan
3817:Government
3604:Queensland
3091:2007-10-11
3070:2007-10-11
3040:2007-10-11
2967:2007-10-11
2948:References
2871:Yass River
2817:Geophysics
2810:Ti)O(OH).
2785:kaersutite
2777:serpentine
2761:teschenite
2693:Booroomba
2547:inclusions
2516:Muscovite
2413:flows and
2342:hornblende
2229:intrusions
2172:ignimbrite
2169:rhydacitic
2103:celadonite
2085:, through
2035:ignimbrite
1722:cordierite
1671:trilobites
1663:Yarralumla
1638:Yarralumla
1615:jasperised
1580:Wenlockian
1552:cordierite
1544:ignimbrite
1271:trilobites
1148:Ordovician
1085:turbidites
1009:Queanbeyan
834:Ordovician
823:zincsilite
795:caledonite
704:teschenite
541:rhyodacite
535:Formation
529:Yarralumla
521:Queanbeyan
485:turbidites
410:Palaeozoic
389:, western
373:Ordovician
307:, most of
301:Queanbeyan
245:Antarctica
221:Tasmanides
123:Yass River
96:trilobites
64:, but the
43:Ordovician
3807:Geography
3797:Education
3401:6 January
3170:: 83–100.
2912:Heat flow
2879:milligals
2792:magnetite
2788:amphibole
2737:potassium
2711:Muscovite
2551:mylonitic
2440:limestone
2421:. A fine
2382:turbidite
2346:xenoliths
2300:, Melba,
2221:Porphyrys
2215:limestone
2200:Ludlovian
2188:Belconnen
2180:Volcanics
2077:north of
2071:MacGregor
2067:Charnwood
2043:siltstone
2039:sandstone
1756:% or ppm
1718:limestone
1710:sandstone
1571:aluminium
1556:almandine
1548:sediments
1383:% or ppm
1273:from the
1219:and grey
1217:siltstone
1213:sandstone
1198:Ngunnawal
1173:lithology
1137:conodonts
1089:greywacke
1080:content.
1074:strontium
1045:conodonts
1013:sandstone
1005:greywacke
856:% or ppm
829:Lithology
799:cerussite
678:Psammitic
651:Belconnen
523:and near
505:limestone
481:Sandstone
418:Sediments
414:subducted
403:obduction
197:Tectonics
186:Batholith
151:limestone
77:siltstone
51:Australia
3928:Molonglo
3923:Gudgenby
3877:Canberra
3619:Victoria
3614:Tasmania
3371:Archived
3324:, p. 143
3007:Archived
2924:Movement
2800:titanium
2796:analcime
2783:, brown
2707:granites
2667:Biotite
2615:Biotite
2543:foliated
2508:Biotite
2436:Porphyry
2428:feldspar
2423:ashstone
2358:hornfels
2336:, black
2330:feldspar
2326:Silurian
2302:McKellar
2266:Devonian
2236:Silurian
2142:Tonalite
2134:feldspar
2118:hematite
2099:hematite
1714:ashstone
1679:crinoids
1655:Red Hill
1626:Silurian
1584:Silurian
1312:Ashstone
1293:Kingston
1289:Fyshwick
1279:Duntroon
1275:Silurian
1229:Silurian
1093:phyllite
1078:feldspar
1023:, black
1021:mudstone
819:rozenite
811:linarite
764:concrete
756:Pialligo
685:pellitic
663:prehnite
643:titanite
639:chlorite
586:Devonian
580:granites
569:basaltic
560:tectonic
549:rhyolite
513:ashstone
399:Cambrian
395:Tasmania
391:Victoria
268:Victoria
253:Gondwana
217:Gondwana
175:Devonian
121:and the
100:Duntroon
73:mudstone
47:Silurian
3943:Orroral
3897:Uriarra
3852:Symbols
3822:History
3812:Geology
3792:Economy
3785:General
2942:Podzols
2867:gravity
2773:olivine
2733:calcium
2643:Quartz
2591:Quartz
2535:Thredbo
2484:Quartz
2432:bedding
2338:biotite
2318:granite
2234:Middle
2138:biotite
2128:, grey
2114:epidote
2110:calcite
2079:Chapman
2063:breccia
1845:
1788:13.33%
1770:72.99%
1575:pelitic
1541:Dacitic
1431:
1415:14.28%
1263:fossils
1144:fossils
1141:sponges
1101:zircons
1070:calcium
1053:sponges
1033:bedding
893:13.76%
867:71.23%
722:Fault.
701:olivine
647:epidote
635:biotite
607:terrane
264:Terrane
209:grabens
173:in the
88:fossils
3948:Paddys
3918:Cotter
3911:Rivers
3892:Tharwa
3837:Police
3832:People
3591:States
3462:
2887:Kambah
2765:Kambah
2662:29.1%
2654:29.7%
2646:34.1%
2610:34.7%
2602:21.0%
2594:36.0%
2531:Tharwa
2511:16.1%
2503:34.2%
2487:33.9%
2408:dacite
2362:schist
2334:quartz
2196:Kambah
2192:Latham
2149:galena
2126:quartz
2120:. The
2083:Fisher
2021:Deakin
1952:0.03%
1930:0.06%
1912:0.22%
1898:0.49%
1887:1.12%
1858:0.53%
1829:1.73%
1818:2.98%
1803:3.78%
1753:oxide
1750:order
1726:garnet
1595:Harman
1573:-rich
1563:Jasper
1559:garnet
1525:0.59%
1511:2.05%
1496:2.15%
1470:2.61%
1444:0.79%
1426:3.42%
1397:66.8%
1380:oxide
1377:order
1343:Spence
1339:Fraser
1335:Dunlop
1301:Parkes
1297:Barton
1210:quartz
1190:Lawson
1178:Parkes
1171:. Its
1066:sodium
964:0.13%
949:3.54%
937:1.02%
925:0.31%
917:1.90%
909:0.05%
901:4.74%
878:0.64%
853:oxide
821:, and
771:galena
760:gravel
752:Quarry
748:copper
746:, and
740:silver
732:mining
730:Minor
726:Mining
681:schist
659:Kambah
657:, and
631:albite
576:magmas
564:Cotter
509:dacite
499:area.
493:Monaro
438:silica
225:orogen
205:horsts
201:faults
3847:Sport
2896:weigh
2670:7.1%
2618:8.3%
2519:1.8%
2495:8.9%
2458:Cooma
2352:in a
2344:rich
2298:Flynn
2211:shale
2209:Some
2087:Woden
2047:shale
1872:1.6%
1840:0.9%
1706:shale
1675:coral
1659:Woden
1485:2.5%
1459:3.8%
1351:Melba
1347:Flynn
1221:shale
1194:Crace
1192:, to
1182:Acton
1125:shale
1029:chert
1017:shale
766:mix.
655:Duffy
474:Shale
361:Cowra
309:Kowen
249:China
163:Acton
68:is a
3938:Naas
3882:Hall
3802:Flag
3488:2013
3460:ISBN
3403:2019
3343:2013
3304:2013
3282:2013
3260:2013
3238:2013
3149:2013
3113:help
3014:2004
2989:help
2936:Soil
2875:μm·s
2861:The
2828:Moho
2757:dyke
2731:and
2729:iron
2720:and
2419:tuff
2411:lava
2248:Holt
2176:tuff
2124:are
2091:Hume
2081:and
2069:and
2059:tuff
2055:lava
2019:The
1949:MnO
1895:MgO
1837:FeO
1826:CaO
1716:and
1665:and
1657:and
1608:Öpik
1493:MgO
1467:CaO
1423:FeO
1355:Hall
1353:and
1299:and
1269:and
1196:and
1139:and
1072:and
1051:and
922:CaO
914:MgO
906:MnO
898:FeO
773:and
762:and
744:lead
736:gold
714:and
697:dyke
683:and
545:tuff
533:Yass
511:and
476:and
434:clay
94:and
37:The
2806:(Mg
2759:of
2533:to
2356:to
1982:Sr
1979:16
1971:Zr
1968:15
1960:Rb
1957:14
1946:13
1938:Ba
1935:12
1917:11
1906:TiO
1903:10
1764:SiO
1724:or
1519:TiO
1391:SiO
1265:of
977:Sr
969:Rb
872:TiO
861:SiO
754:at
699:of
637:to
629:to
266:in
90:of
3984::
3442:^
3419:.
3389:.
3221:^
3211:.
3205:.
3166:.
3104::
3102:}}
3098:{{
3063:.
3057:.
3033:.
3027:.
2980::
2978:}}
2974:{{
2755:A
2709:.
2278:.
2151:.
2041:,
2037:,
1892:9
1884:O
1880:Na
1877:8
1866:CO
1863:7
1848:Fe
1834:6
1823:5
1815:O
1808:4
1800:O
1793:3
1778:Al
1775:2
1761:1
1728:.
1712:,
1708:,
1681:.
1673:,
1561:.
1516:9
1508:O
1504:Na
1501:8
1490:7
1482:O
1475:6
1464:5
1456:O
1449:4
1434:Fe
1420:3
1405:Al
1402:2
1388:1
1349:,
1341:,
1337:,
1295:,
1291:,
1200:.
1180:,
1135:,
1068:,
1043:,
1039:,
1019:,
946:O
934:O
930:Na
883:Al
817:,
813:,
809:,
805:,
801:,
797:,
793:,
789:,
742:,
738:,
695:A
653:,
645:,
641:,
621:,
444:.
311:)
303:,
274:.
255:.
133:.
83:.
3770:e
3763:t
3756:v
3575:e
3568:t
3561:v
3490:.
3468:.
3423:.
3405:.
3345:.
3306:.
3284:.
3262:.
3240:.
3215:.
3168:3
3151:.
3115:)
3111:(
3094:.
3073:.
3043:.
2991:)
2987:(
2970:.
2808:4
2804:2
1926:5
1924:O
1922:2
1920:P
1908:2
1882:2
1868:2
1854:3
1852:O
1850:2
1813:2
1811:H
1798:2
1796:K
1784:3
1782:O
1780:2
1766:2
1521:2
1506:2
1480:2
1478:H
1454:2
1452:K
1440:3
1438:O
1436:2
1411:3
1409:O
1407:2
1393:2
960:5
958:O
956:2
954:P
944:2
942:K
932:2
889:3
887:O
885:2
874:2
863:2
665:-
75:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
