474:
38:
118:
111:
642:
609:, at about 11,400 years ago producing the Pahoka tephra and the largest Mangamate Formation at about 11,200 years. The Pahoka-Mangamate sequence was an intense 200 year long period of large explosive eruptions from multiple vents between Tongariro and Ruapehu. This sequence is understood to have included a total volume of about 4.5 km (1.1 cu mi) in several episodes:
583:, north-west of Ruapehu. There is then a gap in identified materials until a small lava inlier on the western side of Tongariro that has been dated at 512,000 ± 59,000 years ago and is essentially buried by more recent activity. The 90 km (22 cu mi) cone and 60 km (14 cu mi) ring-plain of the complex has multiple eruptive centres aligned with the
740:
Mount
Tongariro erupted again at 1:20 pm on 21 November, ejecting an ash cloud 4000 metres into the air. Flights in the area were cancelled, as were several the following morning. Geologists had no warning before the eruption, saying it was not linked to warnings the week before of elevated
604:
which like North Crater, another symmetrical but smaller cone, required the absence of ice after the last ice age to form. Tongariro displays evidence for extensive
Quaternary glaciation in the form of moraines and lava-ice interaction textures. However Pukeonake is off this axis, approximately
700:
to the east and State
Highway 46 to the north of the mountain each received up to 5 cm (2 in) of ash cover, and were closed until the following morning due to ash and low visibility. A layer of ash 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) thick settled on farmland 5 to 10 km (3.1 to
983:
Leonard, Graham S.; Cole, Rosie P.; Christenson, Bruce W.; Conway, Chris E.; Cronin, Shane J.; Gamble, John A.; Hurst, Tony; Kennedy, Ben M.; Miller, Craig A.; Procter, Jonathan N.; Pure, Leo R.; Townsend, Dougal B.; White, James D. L.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2 May 2021).
659:) on 6 August 2012, Mt Tongariro had what was initially believed to be a hydrothermal eruption after this increased activity. The eruption occurred at the Te Māri Craters, which had not had a major ash eruption since 1897 and had been dormant since September 1899.
264:. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic deposits name/wikilink and ages before present for wider volcanic context. The key to the shading of other volcanics that are shown (active in last million years odd) with panning is
605:
6 km (3.7 mi) west of the linear vent zone, but is considered to be a satellite vent. The largest recent eruptions with volumes greater than 0.2 km (0.048 cu mi) occurred between 16,600 and 26,000 years ago with the
Rotoaira
944:
Eaves, Shaun R.; N. Mackintosh, Andrew; Winckler, Gisela; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Townsend, Dougal B. (15 January 2016). "A cosmogenic 3He chronology of late
Quaternary glacier fluctuations in North Island, New Zealand (39°S)".
631:
Poutu
Episodes, an initial Blue Lake vent eruption was followed by a proto-Ngauruhoe vent eruption to the south of the present Ngauruhoe crater with a total of five layers of tephra deposited to a total tephra volume of 1.42 km
701:
6.2 mi) east of Mount
Tongariro. Particle sizes were between 2 and 3 mm (0.08 and 0.12 in). The airspace within a 12 km (7.5 mi) radius of the mountain was closed after the eruption, but later reopened to
620:
Oturere
Episode, with three layers with initially Half Cone and Tama Lakes vents active at similar times, to a total volume of 0.48 km (0.12 cu mi); however, the final most recent layer was from the Tama Lakes area
669:
reported the ash cloud contained about 10,000 m (350,000 cu ft) of ash, and that the ash cloud was 25 km (16 mi) long and 15 km (9.3 mi) wide 39 minutes after the eruption. Ash and the smell of
736:
Ketetahi Hut, which is located 1.5 km (0.9 mi) west of the Te Māri
Craters. There was no official evacuation but 24 people living along State Highway 46 fled their homes for fear of being isolated.
627:
Wharepu
Episode, from only Tama Lake vents. This episode too was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 and 35 km (17 and 22 mi) depth, and produced a tephra volume of at least 0.63 km
599:
area and definitely was established by 230,000 years ago. The eruptive centres extend from the Te Maari craters in the north-east to the Tama Lakes in the south-west and include the more classic cone of
470:, while often regarded as a separate mountain, is geologically a cone of Tongariro. It is also the most active vent, having erupted more than 70 times since 1839, the last episode in 1973 to 1975.
500:
The high altitude and severe alpine climate between March and October allow snowfall in the winter (there are commercial ski-fields at neighbouring Mount Ruapehu) and rain can freeze, causing
665:
An ash cloud 6.1 km (3.8 mi) high deposited ash into the surrounding area, especially to the east of the volcano. The ash cloud travelled 250 km (160 mi) in four hours.
1360:
1252:
1510:
1472:
1278:
1415:
1338:
922:
508:, no glaciers exist on Tongariro today. However, geomorphological evidence in the form of moraines and cirques indicates the former presence of mountain glaciers. Dating of
1532:
1046:
Pure, L. R.; Leonard, G. S.; Townsend, D. B.; Wilson, C. J. N.; Calvert, A. T.; Calvert, A. T.; Cole, R. P.; Conway, C. E.; Gamble, J. A.; Smith, T. B. (1 October 2020).
662:
The eruption occurred in a new vent below the Upper Te Māri crater, and sent blocks as large as 1 m (3 ft) in size up to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the vent.
1623:
624:
Ohinepango - Waihohonu twin episodes, again from Half Cone and Tama lakes vents with the former predominant to a tolal volume of 1.11 km (0.27 cu mi)
1446:
1393:
67:
481:
Activity has also been recorded at other vents in recent history. Te Māri Craters erupted in 2012, for the first time since 1897. Red Crater last erupted
1502:
1312:
1230:
750:
1589:
1570:
1085:
1368:
733:
613:
Te Rato Episode, with Half Cone and North Crater active at similar times producing at least a tephra volume of 0.67 km (0.16 cu mi) (
1917:
512:
on western Tongariro show that valley glaciers were present at several times during the last glacial cycle, before melting away at the end of the
856:
1616:
1256:
504:; in contrast in the mid to late summer, the mountains can be bare apart from remnant patches of snow in south-facing gullies. Unlike nearby
1480:
822:
110:
1947:
1282:
1118:
Heinrich, M.; Cronin, S.J.; Pardo, N. (2020). "Understanding multi-vent Plinian eruptions at Mt. Tongariro volcanic complex, New Zealand".
1423:
617:
0.43 km (0.10 cu mi)). This episode was from a deep magma reservoir at between 28 and 35 km (17 and 22 mi) depth.
565:
1334:
1922:
1952:
914:
1204:
1957:
1609:
760:
528:, New Zealand's first national park and one of the earliest in the world. It was set aside (literally "made sacred") in 1887 by
1942:
1540:
1907:
655:
After a period of volcanic unrest that had resulted in an increase in alert level on 20 July 2012, at 11:50 pm (NZST,
1932:
1912:
1866:
448:
60:
1450:
1385:
697:
184:
542:
and made a national park in order to preserve its natural beauty. The park also includes the peaks of Ngauruhoe and
1902:
1828:
1714:
765:
494:
473:
280:
20:
1937:
1897:
1709:
1048:"A high resolution 40Ar/39Ar lava chronology and edifice construction history for Tongariro Volcano, New Zealand"
554:
423:, and is the northernmost of the three active volcanoes that dominate the landscape of the central North Island.
206:
1927:
1158:"Variable magma reservoir depths for Tongariro Volcanic Complex eruptive deposits from 10,000 years to present"
793:
755:
1304:
1226:
1632:
798:
525:
37:
1389:
1308:
1047:
584:
436:
408:
253:
177:
155:
1823:
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718:
691:
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614:
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887:
513:
852:
1838:
1756:
1751:
1566:
702:
687:
675:
547:
529:
490:
145:
878:
Cole, J.W. (March 1978). "Andesites of the Tongariro volcanic centre, North Island, New Zealand".
1693:
1025:
830:
431:
Mount Tongariro is part of the Tongariro volcanic centre, which consists of four massifs made of
729:
due to the risk of volcanic ash clogging the engines on their aircraft serving those airports.
1848:
1843:
1818:
399:
455:, reaching a height of 1,978 m (6,490 ft). Tongariro is composed of layers of both
1876:
1871:
1761:
1730:
1177:
1135:
1075:
1067:
1015:
1005:
962:
895:
726:
592:
588:
536:
359:
216:
Map centered on Mount Tongariro to show approximate selected surface volcanic features and
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1652:
706:
601:
467:
463:
and the eruptions that built the current stratovolcano commenced about 275,000 years ago.
404:
160:
533:
489:. There are many explosion craters on the massif; water has filled some of these to form
1200:
1173:
1131:
1063:
1001:
958:
891:
1802:
1771:
1601:
641:
1891:
1662:
1071:
1029:
899:
561:
543:
505:
452:
444:
420:
344:(gray). White shading has been used for postulated calderas (usually subsurface now).
261:
249:
172:
966:
1647:
580:
482:
412:
199:
168:
1010:
985:
560:
Mount Tongariro and its surroundings are also one of the several locations which
826:
416:
788:
732:
No injuries were reported, and the only significant property damage was to the
579:
The oldest recorded volcanism in the area was at 933,000 ± 46,000 years ago at
546:, both of which lie to the southwest of Tongariro. The national park is a dual
1735:
1182:
1157:
1139:
683:
596:
334:
252:. Mixed and sedimentary deposits are not shown. The andesitic deposits of the
82:
69:
1156:
Arpa, M.C.; Zellmer, G.F.; Christenson, B.; Lube, G.; Shellnutt, G. (2017).
649:
501:
986:"Ruapehu and Tongariro stratovolcanoes: a review of current understanding"
722:
714:
509:
486:
432:
329:
217:
227:. Vents and cones or craters active in the last 15,000 years are shaded
1833:
1657:
1080:
1020:
710:
671:
656:
440:
257:
913:
McSaveney, Eileen; Stewart, Carol; Leonard, Graham (5 November 2007).
1683:
1364:
606:
460:
312:
270:
50:
1688:
472:
666:
645:
456:
248:. To the south volcanic deposits are continuous with those from
1605:
1567:
The Volcanic Outburst at Te Māri, Tongariro, in November, 1892.
383:
595:. The formation of these began about 304,000 years ago in the
539:
978:
976:
550:
for its outstanding natural and intangible cultural values.
419:. It is located 20 km (12 mi) to the southwest of
386:
377:
371:
368:
374:
1503:"Scientists had no warning before Mt Tongariro eruption"
1201:"Te Maari: Ten-year anniversary of the 2012 eruption(s)"
915:"Historic volcanic activity: Tongariro and Ngāuruhoe"
557:
hiking route passes between Tongariro and Ngauruhoe.
1386:"Eruption activity subsided for now - civil defence"
451:. The andesitic eruptions formed Tongariro, a steep
380:
365:
1859:
1811:
1795:
1744:
1723:
1702:
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1640:
362:
198:
193:
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166:
154:
144:
139:
98:
59:
49:
44:
30:
1445:Williams, Dave; Robson, Sarah (21 November 2012).
648:satellite image of the August 2012 eruption, from
19:"Tongariro" redirects here. For other uses, see
1335:"Tongariro eruption: Sulphur smell in Blenheim"
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1052:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
880:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1617:
1449:. Nz.news.yahoo.com. Newswire. Archived from
1361:"Scientists: Tongariro eruption 'unexpected'"
1195:
1193:
990:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
8:
1473:"Flights cancelled after Tongariro eruption"
1416:"VIDEO: Mt Tongariro erupts, huge ash cloud"
682:. The smell of sulphur was also reported in
1151:
1149:
477:Emerald Lakes from the summit of Red Crater
1624:
1610:
1602:
1041:
1039:
751:List of mountains of New Zealand by height
27:
1571:Transactions of the New Zealand Institute
1181:
1079:
1019:
1009:
466:Tongariro consists of at least 12 cones.
919:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
817:
815:
640:
1380:
1378:
1281:. Geonet. 8 August 2012. Archived from
777:
117:
1255:. GeoNet. 21 July 2012. Archived from
1227:"Tongariro erupts, alert level raised"
859:from the original on 24 September 2015
1315:from the original on 8 September 2019
1279:"Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/10"
1253:"Volcanic Alert Bulletin TON-2012/03"
1233:from the original on 8 September 2019
783:
781:
709:cancelled some flights in and out of
398:
7:
1513:from the original on 18 October 2017
1305:"Tongariro eruption: 1km ash radius"
1447:"More Tongariro eruptions forecast"
1207:from the original on 11 August 2022
532:(Horonuku), paramount chief of the
1539:. 26 November 2012. Archived from
1479:. 22 November 2012. Archived from
1422:. 21 November 2012. Archived from
925:from the original on 30 April 2009
741:activity at nearby Mount Ruapehu.
337:is lighter shades of violet), and
14:
1592:at the Department of Conservation
1586:at the Department of Conservation
855:. Stuff.co.nz. 21 November 2012.
827:GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network
241:. Lakes in vents are outlined in
1596:Tongariro Alpine Crossing photos
1396:from the original on 4 June 2020
1088:from the original on 5 June 2022
1072:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106993
761:List of volcanoes in New Zealand
516:approximately 18,000 years ago.
358:
116:
109:
36:
1367:. 7 August 2012. Archived from
1341:from the original on 3 May 2019
967:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.004
16:Compound volcano in New Zealand
1918:Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand
1533:"Ruapehu eruption more likely"
1337:. Stuff.co.nz. 8 August 2012.
290: undifferentiated basalts
1:
1867:North Island Volcanic Plateau
1011:10.1080/00288306.2021.1909080
449:North Island Volcanic Plateau
900:10.1016/0377-0273(78)90007-0
734:Department of Conservation's
485:in 1926 and contains active
55:1,978 m (6,490 ft)
1948:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
853:"Mt Tongariro Erupts Again"
447:at the southern end of the
1974:
1715:Tongariro Northern Circuit
947:Quaternary Science Reviews
766:Tongariro Northern Circuit
524:Mount Tongariro is in the
342: plutonic or intusive
274:(shades of brown/orange),
21:Tongariro (disambiguation)
18:
1923:Tongariro Volcanic Centre
1710:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
1590:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
1229:. GeoNet. 7 August 2012.
1183:10.1007/s00445-017-1137-5
1140:10.1007/s00445-020-1369-7
555:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
212:
207:Tongariro Alpine Crossing
103:
35:
1953:Holocene stratovolcanoes
1812:Localities and buildings
794:Global Volcanism Program
756:Volcanism of New Zealand
260:are to the north beyond
1958:Tongariro National Park
1633:Tongariro National Park
1584:Tongariro National Park
1162:Bulletin of Volcanology
1120:Bulletin of Volcanology
799:Smithsonian Institution
632:(0.34 cu mi).
628:(0.15 cu mi).
526:Tongariro National Park
321: basaltic andesite
189:21 November 2012 13:50
1390:Television New Zealand
1309:The New Zealand Herald
652:
637:2012 Te Māri eruptions
478:
437:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif
304: arc ring basalts
254:Kakaramea-Tihia Massif
83:39.12972°S 175.63583°E
1908:Volcanic crater lakes
644:
567:The Lord of the Rings
476:
1933:Volcanoes of Waikato
1913:Mountains of Waikato
1509:. 21 November 2012.
1371:on 24 February 2013.
514:Last Glacial Maximum
239: yellow outline
88:-39.12972; 175.63583
1943:Taupō Volcanic Zone
1757:Mangaturuturu River
1752:Manganuioteao River
1543:on 15 December 2013
1483:on 15 December 2013
1453:on 28 November 2012
1426:on 15 December 2013
1174:2017BVol...79...56A
1132:2020BVol...82...30H
1064:2020JVGR..40306993P
1002:2021NZJGG..64..389L
959:2016QSRv..132...40E
892:1978JVGR....3..121C
587:and bounded by the
585:Taupō volcanic rift
548:World Heritage Site
530:Te Heuheu Tukino IV
409:Taupō Volcanic Zone
232: orange-yellow
178:Taupō Volcanic Zone
79: /
1694:Whakapapa skifield
1598:at Virtual Oceania
653:
479:
400:[tɔŋaɾiɾɔ]
45:Highest point
1903:Complex volcanoes
1885:
1884:
1849:Chateau Tongariro
1844:Whakapapa Village
1392:. 7 August 2012.
1311:. 7 August 2012.
1285:on 10 August 2012
823:"About Tongariro"
593:Poutu fault zones
351:
350:
297: arc basalts
1965:
1938:Ruapehu District
1898:Active volcanoes
1877:Waihi Fault Zone
1872:Poutu Fault Zone
1762:Mangawhero River
1731:Lake Rotopounamu
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1565:Hill, H. (1893)
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1259:on 6 August 2012
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1188:
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996:(2–3): 389–420.
980:
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970:
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934:
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910:
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903:
886:(1–2): 121–153.
875:
869:
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866:
864:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
833:on 8 August 2012
829:. Archived from
819:
810:
809:
807:
805:
785:
727:Palmerston North
674:was reported in
575:Eruptive history
537:Ngati Tuwharetoa
405:compound volcano
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1928:VEI-5 volcanoes
1888:
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1807:
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1787:Whanganui River
1782:Whangaehu River
1777:Whakapapa River
1767:Tongariro River
1740:
1719:
1698:
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1668:Mount Tongariro
1653:Mount Ngauruhoe
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1560:Further reading
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707:Air New Zealand
698:State Highway 1
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602:Mount Ngauruhoe
577:
564:chose to shoot
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354:Mount Tongariro
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161:Complex volcano
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31:Mount Tongariro
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1803:Rangipo Desert
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1772:Wahianoa River
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1081:10468/10345
1021:10468/11258
863:21 November
789:"Tongariro"
506:Mt. Ruapehu
417:New Zealand
281:monogenetic
146:Age of rock
130:New Zealand
86: /
74:175°38′09″E
61:Coordinates
1892:Categories
1736:Tama Lakes
1677:Ski fields
1058:: 106993.
772:References
721:, Napier,
684:Wellington
597:Tama lakes
421:Lake Taupō
335:ignimbrite
246: blue
71:39°07′47″S
1641:Mountains
1537:3 News NZ
1507:3 News NZ
1477:3 News NZ
1420:3 News NZ
1126:(3). 30.
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953:: 40–56.
929:1 January
650:Suomi NPP
491:Blue Lake
487:fumaroles
468:Ngauruhoe
225: red
218:andesitic
167:Volcanic
99:Geography
51:Elevation
1824:Horopito
1511:Archived
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1237:7 April
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998:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
804:7 March
711:Rotorua
672:sulphur
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520:History
502:verglas
445:Ruapehu
441:Pihanga
427:Geology
411:of the
407:in the
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