2758:
2743:
82:
2541:
2164:, the Carthaginian army commander Hannibal marched troops, cavalry and African elephants across the Alps in an effort to conquer Rome by approaching it from north of the Italian Peninsula. The Roman government was complacent because the Alps were viewed as a secure natural obstacle to would-be invaders. In December 218 BC, the Carthaginian forces defeated Roman troops, in the north, with the use of elephants. Many elephants did not survive the cold weather and disease typical of the European climate. Hannibal's army fought Roman troops in Italy for 15 years but failed to conquer Rome. Carthage was ultimately
2201:
31:
2679:
2185:
2730:
Counterinsurgency doctrine has proved difficult to implement in Kunar and
Nuristan. In the sparsely-populated mountain regions of eastern Afghanistan, strategists have argued for holding the high ground, a tenet of classical mountain warfare. The argument suggests that if the counterinsurgent does not deny the enemy the high ground, the insurgents can attack at will. In Kunar and Nuristan, US forces continued to pursue a hybrid style of counterinsurgency warfare, with its focus on
2448:
2321:
2619:
2671:
2604:(1999), Indian forces sought to flush out opponents who had captured high mountain posts. That proxy war was the only modern war that was fought exclusively in the mountains. After the Kargil War, the Indian Army implemented specialist training on artillery use in the mountains, where ballistic projectiles have different characteristics than at sea level.
2398:
2597:(along Saltoro Mustgah) has been witness to battles, operations and skirmishes where many posts higher than 5000m have been captured or fought over. The fighting here has been concentrated on the peaks, ridges and passes of Saltoro with India occupying most of the ridge line whilst Pakistan army to the west along the bases.
2525:. Defenders would position themselves above them and open fire when attackers reached a certain point below, parallel to themselves. This would force the attackers to retreat, to continue under fire, or to attempt to climb the mountain another way. The tactic could be planned in advance, or employed by a retreating force.
2757:
2729:
In counterinsurgency, seizing and holding territory are less important than avoiding civilian casualties. The primary goals of counterinsurgency are to secure the backing of the populace and thereby to legitimize the government, rather than to focus on militarily defeating the insurgents.
2097:. Attacking a prepared enemy position in mountain terrain generally requires a greater ratio of attacking soldiers to defending soldiers than a war conducted on level ground. Mountains present natural hazards such as
2709:
Kunar and eastern
Nuristan are strategic terrain since the area constitutes a major infiltration route into Afghanistan, and insurgents can enter the provinces from any number of places along the border with
2742:
2775:
of most armies except those that reasonably expect to fight in such terrain. Mountain warfare training is arduous and in many countries the exclusive preserve of elite units such as
2227:
armies in the Alps because the Swiss fought in smaller units and took vantage points against a huge unmaneuverable army. Similar styles of attack and defence were later employed by
3074:
3321:
2528:
Another tactic utilised was the 'ascending platoon attack'. Attackers would scout higher enemy positions from the ground, aided by bad weather or poor visibility. A
2997:
2846:
2384:. Insisting on a frontal attack against Russian positions in the mountains in the heart of winter, the result was devastating, and Enver lost 86% of his forces.
3105:
81:
3239:
2458: with: details on these operations; this is presently just a list that does not delve into mountain warfare during World War II. You can help by
2133:. The generally uneven terrain and the slow pace of troop and material movements are additional threats to combatants. Movement, reinforcements, and
3333:
3286:. SAMS Monograph. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: School of Advanced Military Studies, United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from
1005:
2593:
between India and
Pakistan was mainly fought in Kashmir's valleys, rather than the mountains themselves, but several mountain battles took place.
1437:
2642:, and the conflict took place during the southern winter and so Alpine conditions prevailed almost down to sea level. The operation (codenamed
2695:
3338:
2926:
2078:
affected by the terrain, hazards, and factors of combat and movement through rough terrain, as well as the strategies and tactics used by
1793:
2715:
2532:
team would open fire towards the high enemy position from a distance, offering cover for the remaining soldiers to gradually advance.
2209:
2155:
1988:
1766:
376:
2978:
1442:
2540:
3081:
2294:
1520:
1503:
2796:
2765:
1865:
1290:
130:
2235:
and irregulars, who hid in the mountains after an attack, which made it challenging for an army of regulars to fight back. In
2361:
1629:
2567:. They have fought two wars and numerous additional skirmishes or border conflicts in the region. Kashmir is located in the
2907:
3132:
2578:, showed that both were ill-equipped to fight in biting cold, let alone at the highest altitudes in the world. During the
2046:
1493:
2821:
3005:
2244:
2200:
1983:
442:
46:
30:
1993:
1180:
977:
848:
386:
3281:
3217:
3309:
2590:
2575:
1457:
3357:
3327:
1567:
1075:
419:
293:
147:
2731:
2507:
2018:
1885:
1432:
1125:
938:
786:
2336:, when some of the nations that were involved in the war had mountain divisions that had not been tested. The
2275:
2634:. However, during the opening stage of the war, there was military action on the bleak mountainous island of
2305:
2290:
2213:
1971:
1953:
1709:
1268:
1190:
1135:
1015:
728:
391:
2690:
Throughout history but especially since 1979, many mountain warfare operations have taken place throughout
2678:
2487:
2301:
2184:
1838:
1813:
1535:
1447:
1320:
1195:
791:
768:
214:
113:
2491:
2325:
2259:
2224:
1427:
1360:
1313:
962:
925:
888:
806:
758:
642:
452:
260:
169:
3037:
2801:
2639:
2635:
2365:
2357:
2130:
1818:
1720:
1577:
1572:
1390:
1355:
1090:
905:
763:
699:
553:
523:
120:
3019:
2511:
2232:
1669:
1654:
1530:
1417:
1395:
1370:
1330:
1240:
1050:
950:
900:
667:
657:
622:
414:
404:
174:
98:
2864:
2304:
ended in disaster in 1842, when 16,000 British soldiers and camp followers were massacred as they
3362:
3177:
2783:, which as part of their remit should have the ability to fight in difficult terrain such as the
2647:
2643:
2613:
2552:
2503:
2248:
2236:
2134:
2075:
2003:
1858:
1778:
1699:
1644:
1619:
1540:
1486:
1452:
1383:
1300:
1210:
1115:
1060:
945:
910:
863:
738:
709:
662:
600:
575:
409:
223:
142:
34:
3262:
3254:
3099:
2974:
2970:
2723:
2529:
2518:
2499:
2483:
2263:
2240:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2039:
1948:
1895:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1753:
1736:
1731:
1704:
1649:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1205:
1175:
1065:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
915:
868:
838:
677:
470:
447:
381:
3198:
3169:
2683:
2638:, where a British expedition sought to eject occupying Argentine forces. South Georgia is a
2631:
2337:
2267:
2169:
2013:
1978:
1910:
1803:
1741:
1634:
1562:
1555:
1412:
1345:
1295:
1285:
1160:
1080:
1040:
1025:
987:
972:
843:
828:
781:
689:
647:
590:
585:
366:
343:
250:
179:
108:
91:
2772:
2726:(COIN) theory in which the population is paramount as the center of gravity in the fight.
2579:
2252:
1823:
1808:
1726:
1682:
1624:
1280:
1275:
1165:
1155:
1070:
1045:
982:
823:
753:
743:
682:
595:
580:
503:
475:
275:
255:
103:
38:
2364:
and was fought at the highest elevation of any during the war. In
December 1914, another
2320:
2776:
2761:
2699:
2655:
2651:
2618:
2564:
2495:
2369:
2286:
2165:
2086:
2008:
1998:
1746:
1170:
1130:
1108:
1095:
1085:
1055:
967:
920:
723:
714:
605:
558:
538:
528:
498:
465:
353:
310:
265:
137:
70:
2944:
2447:
3351:
3181:
2784:
2746:
2627:
2282:
2094:
1845:
1833:
1689:
1609:
1525:
1508:
1365:
1220:
1200:
878:
873:
853:
833:
748:
719:
694:
570:
548:
533:
508:
348:
270:
233:
228:
125:
2882:
2522:
2479:
2423:
2173:
2090:
2032:
1958:
1938:
1933:
1828:
1773:
1407:
1402:
1225:
1140:
883:
617:
518:
315:
219:
2927:"The Most Treacherous Battle of World War I Took Place in the Italian Mountains"
2734:, and mountain warfare, with the US forces seizing and holding the high ground.
2719:
2714:
to gain access to a vast network of river valleys. In that part of
Afghanistan (
2691:
2659:
2373:
2345:
2333:
2220:
2138:
1943:
1694:
1659:
1498:
1185:
1150:
858:
801:
704:
488:
209:
204:
3308:
Official page of documentary film GLOBAL WARNING on the
Mountain War 1915–1918
3283:
Mountain and cold weather warfighting: critical capability for the 21st century
17:
3173:
2601:
2309:
2205:
1900:
1870:
1592:
956:
3258:
3222:. AGF Study, no. 23. : Historical Section, Army Ground Forces. Archived from
2278:
in 1817. One of the divisions climbed mountains surpassing 5000 m in height.
2750:
2670:
2568:
2412:
2356:
and avalanches proved deadlier than bullets. During the summer of 1918, the
2353:
2349:
2106:
2098:
1890:
1714:
1664:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1464:
1255:
1250:
1215:
652:
338:
305:
194:
3266:
3287:
3223:
2787:. Regular units may also occasionally undertake training of this nature.
2780:
2771:
The expense of training mountain troops precludes them from being on the
2711:
2703:
2560:
2408:
2381:
2126:
2110:
2102:
2079:
2071:
1905:
1880:
1513:
1145:
1120:
733:
288:
162:
2122:
2067:
1915:
1875:
1639:
1473:
1469:
811:
796:
672:
333:
328:
298:
237:
199:
42:
3056:
2085:
Mountain ranges are of strategic importance since they often act as a
2545:
2377:
2341:
2161:
1422:
818:
635:
371:
3160:
Marks, Thomas A. (2005). "Counterinsurgency and
Operational Art".
2756:
2741:
2677:
2669:
2617:
2583:
2556:
2539:
2319:
2199:
2183:
893:
429:
424:
29:
3315:
3201:, (January 27, 1857) "Mountain Warfare in the Past and Present"
2118:
189:
184:
3343:
2698:
in 2001, they have been primarily in the eastern provinces of
2442:
2391:
2328:
and Asiago offensive. In blue are initial
Italian occupations.
2223:
after the
European monarchies found it difficult to fight the
2114:
62:
3337:
Official
Italian Army website page on Alpine Troops Command
2219:
The term mountain warfare is said to have come about in the
3342:
Official page of 11th Mountain Infantry Battalion (Brazil)
3320:
Historic films showing Mountain Warfare in World War I at
3057:"When Pakistan and India went to war over Kashmir in 1999"
2574:
The first hostilities between the two nations, during the
2722:
adopted a hybrid style of mountain warfare incorporating
2646:) was unusual in that it combined aspects of long-range
2459:
2419:
3122:", Mike Rossiter, 2007, Transworld, London, pp 189–233
2517:
One ambush tactic used against the Germans during the
2141:
cannot reach involves an enormous exertion of energy.
3240:"Mountain warfare: the need for specialized training"
2630:
took place on hills in semi-Arctic conditions on the
2332:
Mountain warfare came to the fore once again during
2847:"The truth about Hannibal's route across the Alps"
27:Military operations in mountains and rough terrain
2654:and mountain warfare. It involved several ships,
2582:of 1962, hostilities broke out between India and
2285:was a 19th century military conflict between the
2137:up and down steep slopes and areas in which even
2074:or similarly rough terrain. The term encompasses
3332:High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian Army
2967:World War II Winter and Mountain Warfare Tactics
2925:Mockenhaupt, Brian; Chow, Stefen (June 2016).
2082:forces in these situations and environments.
2040:
8:
3162:Low Intensity Conflict & Law Enforcement
2258:Another example of mountain warfare was the
2682:Australians patrolling in the mountains of
2571:, the highest mountain range in the world.
2262:, which was carried out by the Argentinean
3316:The war in the Italian Dolomites (Italian)
2344:by taking advantage of the terrain in the
2047:
2033:
52:
2998:"The Kashmir conflict: How did it start?"
2478:Examples of mountain warfare used during
3219:Training for mountain and winter warfare
2255:, mountain warfare played a large role.
1006:List of military strategies and concepts
2813:
2376:with 95,000–190,000 troops against the
60:
3104:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3097:
2992:
2990:
2129:; in these ways, it can be similar to
7:
3038:"Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1947-48"
2960:
2958:
2293:who resisted subjugation during the
3238:Malik, Muhammad Asim (2004-09-10).
2945:"Siachen Glacier: Mountain Warfare"
2908:"Britain's Retreat from Kabul 1842"
2324:Italian Front in 1915–1917: eleven
25:
2865:"PBS - Napoleon: Napoleon at War"
2696:coalition invasion of Afghanistan
2510:, and the British defence at the
2853:– via www.theguardian.com.
2446:
2396:
2295:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2089:and may also be the origin of a
80:
3280:Pierce, Scott W. (2008-05-22).
3216:Govan, Thomas P. (1946-09-01).
3055:Abbas, Zaffar (July 30, 2016).
3004:. March 2, 2019. Archived from
2797:List of mountain warfare forces
2766:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
2563:have been in conflict over the
2302:British invasion of Afghanistan
2156:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
3133:"On the ground in Afghanistan"
2845:Ball, Philip (April 3, 2016).
2544:Indian military checkpoint in
2411:format but may read better as
1:
3326:Mountain Combat World War II
2291:peoples of the North Caucasus
3314:Mountain War in World War I
2245:Italian and Swiss expedition
47:Army Mountain Warfare School
1504:Military–industrial complex
978:Operational manoeuvre group
3379:
2622:Landscape of South Georgia
2611:
2591:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
2576:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
2153:
3328:Militaria: Combat Lessons
3174:10.1080/09662840600560527
1568:Loss-of-strength gradient
420:Combat information center
2732:winning hearts and minds
2274:), commanded by General
2101:, strong gusts of wind,
1886:Military science fiction
1371:Technology and equipment
787:List of military tactics
2420:converting this section
2214:1842 retreat from Kabul
1954:Wartime sexual violence
1710:Full-spectrum dominance
1521:Supply-chain management
3322:europeanfilmgateway.eu
3203:New York Daily Tribune
3042:www.globalsecurity.org
2965:Bull, Stephen (2013).
2949:www.siachenglacier.com
2768:
2754:
2687:
2675:
2674:Afghanistan topography
2623:
2548:
2488:Battle of the Caucasus
2366:offensive was launched
2329:
2271:
2216:
2197:
1866:Awards and decorations
1839:Peace through strength
1814:Low-intensity conflict
1448:Conscientious objector
1321:Area of responsibility
50:
3205:MECW Volume 15, p 164
2760:
2745:
2716:Regional Command East
2681:
2673:
2621:
2543:
2492:Kokoda Track campaign
2326:Battles of the Isonzo
2323:
2272:Ejército de los Andes
2260:Crossing of the Andes
2239:'s Italian campaign,
2203:
2187:
453:Torpedo data computer
443:Ship gun fire-control
37:soldiers scaling the
33:
2931:Smithsonian Magazine
2802:Cold-weather warfare
2640:periantarctic island
2358:Battle of San Matteo
2180:Early modern history
2131:cold-weather warfare
1984:Military occupations
1819:Military engineering
1721:Unrestricted Warfare
1578:Force multiplication
471:Military manoeuvrers
3024:www.its.caltech.edu
2512:Battle of Hong Kong
2196:in the Alps in 1799
2076:military operations
1670:Penal military unit
1655:Rules of engagement
1331:Command and control
951:Operations research
415:Director (military)
405:Fire-control system
175:Command and control
56:Part of a series on
2973:. pp. 20–21.
2769:
2755:
2688:
2676:
2666:War in Afghanistan
2648:amphibious warfare
2644:Operation Paraquet
2624:
2614:Operation Paraquet
2586:in the same area.
2553:Partition of India
2549:
2504:Operation Gauntlet
2422:, if appropriate.
2372:supreme commander
2360:took place on the
2330:
2276:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
2237:Napoleon Bonaparte
2217:
2198:
2135:medical evacuation
1779:Counter-insurgency
1700:Command of the sea
1645:Jewish laws on war
1620:Geneva Conventions
1156:Divide and conquer
946:Military operation
911:Tactical objective
410:Fire-control radar
387:Electronic-warfare
51:
35:United States Army
3120:Sink the Belgrano
3020:"Himalayan Peaks"
3008:on March 5, 2019.
2969:. Great Britain:
2822:"Research report"
2724:counterinsurgency
2536:Kashmir conflicts
2530:light machine gun
2519:Battles of Narvik
2500:Operation Rentier
2484:Battles of Narvik
2476:
2475:
2441:
2440:
2340:defence repelled
2264:Army of the Andes
2194:St. Gotthard Pass
2168:by Roman general
2057:
2056:
1949:Horses in warfare
1896:Anti-war movement
1799:Gunboat diplomacy
1789:Disaster response
1737:Philosophy of war
1732:Principles of war
1705:Deterrence theory
1650:Right of conquest
1573:Lanchester's laws
1341:Principles of war
1031:Counter-offensive
1011:Military campaign
916:Target saturation
839:Counterinsurgency
448:Gun data computer
382:Close air support
344:Aircraft carriers
41:mountain pass in
16:(Redirected from
3370:
3358:Mountain warfare
3298:
3296:
3295:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3199:Frederick Engels
3186:
3185:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3080:. Archived from
3079:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2906:Stewart, Terry.
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2764:training of the
2749:training in the
2684:Oruzgan Province
2632:Falkland Islands
2508:Operation Encore
2471:
2468:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2418:You can help by
2400:
2399:
2392:
2338:Austro-Hungarian
2170:Scipio Africanus
2150:Second Punic War
2060:Mountain warfare
2049:
2042:
2035:
1804:Humanitarian aid
1742:Security dilemma
1563:Power projection
1346:Economy of force
1326:Chain of command
1041:Defence in depth
1026:Commerce raiding
844:Defeat in detail
180:Defense ministry
84:
75:
74:
65:
53:
49:training in 2016
21:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3348:
3347:
3305:
3293:
3291:
3290:on May 27, 2012
3279:
3271:
3269:
3247:Military Review
3242:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3226:on May 27, 2012
3215:
3212:
3210:Further reading
3195:
3190:
3189:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3140:www.marines.mil
3135:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3075:"Archived copy"
3073:
3072:
3068:
3061:Herald Magazine
3054:
3053:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2793:
2773:order of battle
2740:
2668:
2616:
2610:
2596:
2589:The subsequent
2580:Sino-Indian War
2538:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2456:needs expansion
2437:
2431:
2428:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2342:Italian attacks
2318:
2312:back to India.
2182:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2053:
2024:
2023:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1824:Multilateralism
1809:Law enforcement
1769:
1759:
1758:
1727:Just war theory
1685:
1675:
1674:
1625:Geneva Protocol
1595:
1585:
1584:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1316:
1306:
1305:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1191:Network-centric
1111:
1101:
1100:
1003:
993:
992:
941:
931:
930:
879:Rapid dominance
784:
774:
773:
729:Electromagnetic
638:
628:
627:
614:
567:
515:
491:
481:
480:
476:Combat training
457:
434:
400:Combat systems:
396:
358:
354:Auxiliary ships
320:
280:
276:Military police
242:
165:
155:
154:
94:
68:
67:
66:
61:
39:Smugglers Notch
28:
23:
22:
18:Mountain Troops
15:
12:
11:
5:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3310:Global Warning
3304:
3303:External links
3301:
3300:
3299:
3277:
3235:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3168:(3): 168–211.
3152:
3124:
3111:
3066:
3047:
3029:
3011:
2986:
2979:
2954:
2936:
2917:
2898:
2874:
2856:
2837:
2827:. www.rand.org
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2777:special forces
2762:"Alpen Ranger"
2739:
2736:
2667:
2664:
2656:special forces
2652:arctic warfare
2612:Main article:
2609:
2606:
2565:Kashmir region
2537:
2534:
2496:Battle of Attu
2474:
2473:
2453:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2432:September 2019
2404:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2317:
2314:
2287:Russian Empire
2249:1809 rebellion
2181:
2178:
2154:Main article:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2087:natural border
2064:alpine warfare
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Military terms
1986:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:Tripwire force
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1269:Administrative
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1196:New generation
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Fleet in being
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1109:Grand strategy
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:Scorched earth
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Deep operation
965:
960:
953:
948:
942:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
897:
896:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
794:
785:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
769:Unconventional
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
717:
715:Disinformation
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
686:
685:
680:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
561:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:Basic training
463:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
395:
394:
392:Reconnaissance
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
319:
318:
313:
311:Special forces
308:
303:
302:
301:
291:
286:
279:
278:
273:
268:
266:Reconnaissance
263:
258:
253:
248:
241:
240:
231:
226:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
135:
134:
133:
128:
118:
117:
116:
109:Post-classical
106:
101:
95:
90:
89:
86:
85:
77:
76:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3375:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:(5): 94–102.
3252:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3087:on 2018-04-13
3083:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:9781849087131
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2888:. www.loc.gov
2884:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:Royal Marines
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2747:Royal Marines
2744:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:, Afghanistan
2685:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:South Georgia
2633:
2629:
2628:Falklands War
2620:
2615:
2608:Falklands War
2607:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2523:hairpin bends
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2454:This section
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2426:is available.
2425:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2405:This section
2403:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:Italian front
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Caucasian War
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:, during the
2211:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2192:crossing the
2191:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:Golan Heights
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Warrior caste
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1846:Show of force
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Peacebuilding
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Air supremacy
1688:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Islamic rules
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Court-martial
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Arms industry
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Broken-backed
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Expeditionary
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:Counterattack
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:Psychological
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Combined arms
693:
691:
688:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
534:Fortification
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
350:
349:Landing craft
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
239:
235:
234:Standing army
232:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
132:
129:
127:
126:pike and shot
124:
123:
122:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:
72:
64:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3250:
3246:
3228:. Retrieved
3224:the original
3218:
3202:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3139:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3089:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3069:
3060:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3006:the original
3001:
2966:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2920:
2911:
2901:
2890:. Retrieved
2877:
2868:
2859:
2851:The Observer
2850:
2840:
2829:. Retrieved
2816:
2770:
2728:
2708:
2694:. Since the
2689:
2626:Most of the
2625:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2550:
2527:
2516:
2482:include the
2480:World War II
2477:
2464:
2460:adding to it
2455:
2429:
2424:Editing help
2406:
2388:World War II
2331:
2308:through the
2299:
2289:and various
2280:
2257:
2218:
2174:North Africa
2159:
2139:pack animals
2093:such as the
2091:water source
2084:
2063:
2059:
2058:
1959:Fifth column
1939:War resister
1934:Women in war
1829:Peacekeeping
1774:Arms control
1719:
1408:Mobilization
1403:Conscription
1361:Intelligence
1314:Organization
955:
884:Encirclement
764:Radiological
700:Conventional
554:Subterranean
543:
461:Development:
460:
437:
399:
361:
324:Naval units:
323:
316:Signal corps
283:
261:Intelligence
246:Specialties:
245:
170:Organization
121:Early modern
2912:Historic UK
2869:www.pbs.org
2720:US military
2692:Afghanistan
2660:helicopters
2658:troops and
2600:During the
2374:Enver Pasha
2346:Julian Alps
2334:World War I
2316:World War I
2221:Middle Ages
2176:in 202 BC.
2172:at Zama in
2125:with their
1944:War studies
1767:Non-warfare
1695:Appeasement
1660:Martial law
1499:War economy
1438:Transgender
1391:Recruitment
1151:Containment
1036:Culminating
1016:Anti-access
939:Operational
859:Envelopment
802:Air assault
683:Air cavalry
643:Air defence
623:Information
524:Cold-region
489:Battlespace
438:Historical:
284:Land units:
210:Space force
205:Coast guard
138:Late modern
99:Prehistoric
3352:Categories
3294:2011-01-28
3272:2011-01-28
3230:2011-01-28
3146:2021-03-20
3091:2020-01-07
2892:2020-01-26
2831:2020-01-26
2808:References
2602:Kargil War
2551:Since the
2467:March 2020
2310:Hindu Kush
2300:The first
2229:guerrillas
2206:last stand
2117:, extreme
2107:avalanches
2004:War crimes
1994:Operations
1901:Foot drill
1871:Battle cry
1784:deterrence
1443:Harassment
1418:Specialism
1241:Technology
1236:Succession
1181:Liberation
1116:Asymmetric
1051:Empty fort
957:Blitzkrieg
926:Withdrawal
889:Investment
668:Camouflage
663:Biological
601:Underwater
576:Amphibious
495:Aerospace
362:Air units:
339:Submarines
148:fourth-gen
143:industrial
131:napoleonic
3363:Mountains
3259:0026-4148
3182:144725353
2781:commandos
2751:Himalayas
2569:Himalayas
2555:in 1947,
2521:utilised
2354:frostbite
2350:Dolomites
2306:retreated
2233:partisans
2210:44th Foot
2127:crevasses
2111:snowpacks
2103:rockfalls
2099:lightning
2072:mountains
1891:War novel
1794:Grey-zone
1754:War games
1715:Overmatch
1665:War crime
1615:Desertion
1605:Ceasefire
1600:Armistice
1487:Logistics
1465:Mercenary
1453:Volunteer
1384:Personnel
1356:Engineers
1301:Sociology
1256:World war
1251:Total war
1231:Strategic
1221:Religious
1206:Political
1201:Perpetual
1176:Irregular
1091:Offensive
1066:Defensive
1061:Deception
1021:Attrition
869:Guerrilla
864:Formation
807:Airbridge
739:Loitering
653:Artillery
306:Artillery
256:Engineers
224:Irregular
195:Air force
3100:cite web
2791:See also
2738:Training
2712:Pakistan
2704:Nuristan
2561:Pakistan
2382:Caucasus
2378:Russians
2352:, where
2348:and the
2247:and the
2188:General
2166:defeated
2123:glaciers
2080:military
1906:War song
1881:War film
1514:Materiel
1433:Children
1413:Training
1351:Medicine
1336:Doctrine
1291:Training
1226:Resource
1211:Princely
1161:Economic
1146:Conquest
1141:Colonial
1136:Cold war
1121:Blockade
1001:Strategy
973:Maneuver
734:Infantry
690:Chemical
544:Mountain
504:Airborne
367:Fighters
334:Warships
289:Infantry
215:Reserves
163:Military
3267:2558412
3193:Sources
3002:Culture
2718:), the
2380:in the
2370:Ottoman
2368:by the
2268:Spanish
2241:Suvorov
2208:of the
2190:Suvorov
2145:History
2068:warfare
2019:Writers
2014:Weapons
1979:Battles
1928:Related
1916:Wargame
1911:Uniform
1859:Culture
1640:Perfidy
1635:Justice
1556:Science
1541:Outpost
1494:History
1474:Warrior
1470:Soldier
1458:foreign
1396:counter
1296:Service
1246:Theater
1186:Limited
1166:Endemic
1081:Nuclear
849:Foxhole
824:Cavalry
812:Airdrop
797:Airlift
782:Tactics
754:Nuclear
744:Missile
673:Cavalry
658:Barrage
636:Weapons
596:Surface
377:Command
372:Bombers
329:Frogman
299:Cavalry
271:Medical
238:Militia
220:Regular
200:Marines
114:castles
104:Ancient
92:History
71:outline
45:during
43:Vermont
3265:
3257:
3180:
3142:. 2012
2977:
2971:Osprey
2883:"Data"
2753:, 2007
2546:Ladakh
2407:is in
2162:218 BC
2121:, and
1999:Sieges
1683:Theory
1423:Morale
1281:Policy
1276:Branch
1056:Mosaic
1046:Fabian
988:Covert
921:Trench
906:Screen
829:Charge
819:Battle
792:Aerial
710:Denial
678:Horses
606:Seabed
559:Tunnel
539:Jungle
529:Desert
499:Aerial
3243:(PDF)
3178:S2CID
3136:(PDF)
3085:(PDF)
3078:(PDF)
2886:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2700:Kunar
2584:China
2557:India
2413:prose
2253:Tyrol
2225:Swiss
1972:Lists
1428:Women
1366:Ranks
1286:Staff
1216:Proxy
1131:Class
1086:Naval
1071:Depth
901:Swarm
894:Siege
874:Naval
854:Drone
749:Music
724:Robot
720:Drone
705:Cyber
648:Armor
618:Cyber
591:Green
586:Brown
549:Urban
509:Space
430:Radar
425:Sonar
294:Armor
251:Staff
229:Ranks
3263:OCLC
3255:ISSN
3106:link
2975:ISBN
2702:and
2559:and
2409:list
2281:The
2204:The
2119:cold
2009:Wars
1526:Base
1076:Goal
983:Raid
581:Blue
519:Land
190:Navy
185:Army
3170:doi
2779:or
2462:.
2251:in
2243:'s
2160:In
2115:ice
2070:in
2066:is
2062:or
1593:Law
1536:FOB
1531:MOB
571:Sea
63:War
3354::
3261:.
3251:84
3249:.
3245:.
3176:.
3166:13
3164:.
3138:.
3102:}}
3098:{{
3059:.
3040:.
3022:.
3000:.
2989:^
2957:^
2947:.
2929:.
2910:.
2867:.
2849:.
2706:.
2662:.
2650:,
2514:.
2506:,
2502:,
2498:,
2494:,
2490:,
2486:,
2297:.
2270::
2231:,
2113:,
2109:,
2105:,
1472:/
722:/
236:/
222:/
3297:.
3275:.
3233:.
3184:.
3172::
3149:.
3118:"
3108:)
3094:.
3063:.
3044:.
3026:.
2983:.
2951:.
2933:.
2914:.
2895:.
2871:.
2834:.
2469:)
2465:(
2434:)
2430:(
2416:.
2266:(
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
73:)
69:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
