42:
91:
605:
66:
657:, living on a diet of fruit from several species of flowering plants, various types of insects, and nectar at all levels of foliage. It feeds on insects by searching the leaves of flowers and scouring tree bark for larvae. Consequences of its diet include regulation of local insect populations and dispersal of seeds; however, the white-eye's seed-dispersal ability does not seem to be significant in Hawaii.
592:, and is pale green on its underside. Its feet, legs, and bill range from black to brown. It has a green forehead and a yellow throat. The white-eye has rounded wings and a long, slender bill β both of which indicate this bird to be very acrobatic. Its wings are dark brown but outlined in green. Like other white-eyes, this species exhibits the distinctive white eyering that gives it its name (
736:(enlargement of the area it occupies), the white-eye was determined to be the most abundant land bird on the Hawaiian Islands as early as 1987. It has become a vector for avian parasites that are now known to adversely affect populations of native birds such as Hawaiian honeycreepers, as well as spreading invasive plant species through discarded seeds.
645:, and mammal hair are all examples of building media that the birds employ. When building nests, they often steal material from the nests of other birds. Nests tend to be cup shaped, with a diameter of 56.2 mm and a depth of 41.7 mm. The majority of nests are only used once, but some may be used up to three times in any given season.
1126:
792:
avian species (those that eat nectar). This means that, over time, changes in native flowers have triggered changes in native birds that feed on the nectar of these flowers; the latter change then triggers another change in the flowers, and the whole process continues to repeat itself. The visitation
810:
and shooting the birds, and this proved to be the most successful of the various capture methods explored. Whether eradication is feasible and applicable to other instances of invasive exotic birds is yet to be determined, but could be considered a possibility for the eradication of the warbling
631:
Social hierarchy in a flock is established through physical displays. Some of these displays are not sex dependent, such as wing flicks exposing the underwing, wing flutters and vibrations, as well as open beak displays and beak snaps (rapid shutting of the beak to make a snapping noise). During
801:
Native species need normal juvenile mass and bill length to recover and persist, but for this to happen, food must be restored to former levels. There is support that an introduced bird, such as the warbling white-eye, is responsible for the food shortage. Control of the white-eye is therefore
802:
essential for the recovery of native
Hawaiian birds. The determination of the status of native birds is essential; those found to be endangered could possibly benefit from the designation of critical habitat. In 1980, a program to eradicate the Indian white-eye in
640:
Pairs of individuals, generally monogamous, choose a location for the nest between 1 and 30 meters above ground level. Construction of the nest lasts 7β10 days on average, and a variety of nesting material may be used (living and non-living); spider webs, moss,
708:
In spring 2018 there were several sightings of
Japanese white-eyes in Southern California, with confirmed breeding in San Diego County as of 2019. However, in 2019 the California birds were reclassified as belonging to a newly designated species,
924:
Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator whiteβeye genus
273:
to other parts of the world as a pet and as pest control, with mixed results. As one of the native species of the
Japanese islands, it has been depicted in Japanese art on numerous occasions, and historically was kept as a cage bird.
620:β the art of cleaning, grooming, and maintaining parts of the body β is extremely common. Interspecific allopreening (between different species) has been observed in captivity. While sociable, however, the white-eye typically forms
632:
breeding seasons, however, males establish territories via the sex-specific activity of singing loudly. Males will fend off intruders of the same species, yet will allow other species of birds to nest inside of their territory.
811:
white-eye in the
Hawaiian Islands. However, because the white eye's current ecological role is not fully understood (i.e. seed disperser, pollinator, etc.) further studies are necessary before any drastic measures are taken.
760:. There are no documented predators of the warbling white-eye. It can only be inferred that organisms that prey on small mammals and birds in the same area as the warbling white-eye also prey on the white-eye itself.
731:
in 1929, has rapidly expanded its population and can now be found on every island of Hawaii; the climates of these islands range from tropical rain forests to deciduous forests. After subsequent releases and natural
793:
of the white-eye, along with the disappearance of those endemic nectarivorous passerine bird species, suggests that the white-eye is out-competing those endemic species for the floral resource (nectar).
596:, as the bird is known in Japan, translates to "white eye"). Adults range from 4 to 4.5 in (10 to 11 cm) in length, and weigh between 9.75 and 12.75 grams.
1644:
1827:
1722:
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with other species, in which the birds form groups to forage during flight; white-eyes only flock with birds of other species outside of the breeding season.
1802:
1605:
1822:
1670:
356:, 1850). The new English name "warbling white-eye" was introduced for the combined taxa. At the same time, several other subspecies of the former
41:
768:
In its natural habitat, the warbling white-eye competes with other native passerine bird species, including those of the same genus, such as the
1266:
1021:, no. 487. A. Poole and F. Gill (Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.
1817:
1618:
1592:
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1709:
780:, for food (such as nectar and fruit), as well as for space. In Hawaii, the warbling white-eye has been observed visiting
722:
1812:
1657:
1530:
1116:
Atkins China Ltd. (1997) Route 9 Detailed
Feasibility Study. Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report, 6: 49β60.
1088:
967:
90:
1727:
1221:
877:
482:
403:
353:
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1482:
1281:"Survival and physiologic response of Common Amakihi and Japanese White-eyes during simulated translocation"
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873:
283:
234:
201:
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710:
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705:. The white-eye is widespread and common in Japan, considered one of the more dominant bird species.
621:
589:
492:
55:
1701:
1379:"Negative Effects of an Introduced Bird Species on Growth and Survival in a Native Bird Community"
1807:
1347:
1300:
1069:
946:
777:
301:
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85:
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886:(in French). Vol. 4 Aves. Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden): Apud Auctorem. p. 57, Plate 22.
1748:
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This bird species is rarely found on the ground. It is a very sociable species that may form
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Organisms known to prey upon native
Hawaiian avian species include small mammals, like the
1735:
1031:
828:
769:
733:
713:. The dominant white-eye population in Taiwan has similarly been reassigned to Swinhoe's.
534:
448:
424:
485:, 1850) β mountains in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and southern Moluccas
1394:
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75:
70:
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617:
510:
473:
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17:
776:). In Hawaii, the warbling white-eye competes with native passerines such as the
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1696:
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1476:
881:
753:
682:
500:
399:
341:
266:
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1403:
1378:
1367:
Gibson L. (2000) Rules and
Regulations. Federal Register, 65(75): 20760-20769.
1258:
1038:. Technical Report 29. Island Ecosystems. US International Biological Program.
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1207:: Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission. .
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1610:
1504:
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572:
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461:
317:
1032:
A reproductive biology and natural history of the
Japanese White-eye (
1636:
674:
642:
625:
465:
112:
1571:
1438:
1343:
1319:
1296:
1222:"Japanese White-eye, an Introduced Passerine, Visits the Flowers of
1065:
1584:
1280:
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1566:
1089:"Role of Alien and Native Birds in the Dissemination of Firetree (
690:
678:
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603:
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262:
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242:
1176:
728:
132:
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344:, and they were therefore lumped together. They were placed in
290:
in 1847 from a specimen collected in Japan. They coined the
282:
The warbling white-eye was described by the ornithologists
584:
The warbling white-eye is olive green on its back, from
348:
Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 as this has priority over
1320:"Interspecific Competition Among Hawaiian Forest Birds"
547:(Hartert, 1903) β central Mindanao (south Philippines)
1431:
Proceedings of the
Eleventh Vertebrate Pest Conference
1451:
903:", with implications for the nomenclature of birds"
852:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T155158005A155636070.en
1427:"The White-eyes Eradication Efforts in California"
1050:"The White-eye as an interspecific feeding helper"
727:The warbling white-eye, originally introduced in
241:, but this is incorrect due to the gender of the
360:were split off into their own separate species,
442:Tristram, 1889 β Ryukyu Islands except northern
1093:.-Myricaceae) and Associated Plants in Hawaii"
8:
1251:Conservation Biology: For the Coming Decade
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
972:"Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes"
624:relationships with mates β it has only one
1439:
1215:
1213:
1013:van Riper SG. (2000) "Japanese White-eye (
899:"The dating of Temminck & Schlegel's "
64:
40:
31:
1402:
1363:
1361:
850:
689:populations of the bird spend winters in
1220:Lammers TG; Weller SG; Sakai AK (1987).
1087:Larosa AM; Smith CW; Gardner DE (1985).
784:(native) floral species thought to have
819:
1249:Fielder, PL & Kareiva, PM (1998).
385:Temminck & Schlegel, 1847 β south
1828:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck
978:. International Ornithologists' Union
962:
960:
7:
1780:ED588A91-6AA1-4615-A03E-199D73AD12CB
389:, Japan and coastal Korean Peninsula
245:. Its native range includes much of
1803:IUCN Red List least concern species
1318:Mountainspring S; Scott JM (1985).
1200:Global invasive species database .
838:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
665:The warbling white-eye is found in
332:study published in 2018 found that
25:
876:; Schlegel, Hermann (1844β1850).
1253:. New York: Chapman & Hall.
1226:, an Endemic Hawaiian Lobelioid"
308:and what are now the Philippine
89:
1433:(1984), University of Nebraska.
970:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
827:BirdLife International (2019).
1823:Taxa named by Hermann Schlegel
1:
1152:"2019 eBird Taxonomy Update"
723:Japanese white-eye in Hawaii
269:. It has been intentionally
1279:Work TM; Massey JG (1998).
1034:Zosterops japonica japonica
976:World Bird List Version 9.1
316:were treated as a separate
1844:
1377:Freed LA; Cann RL (2009).
1019:The Birds of North America
878:Siebold, Philipp Franz von
845:: e.T155158005A155636070.
720:
561:(west-central Philippines)
336:and several subspecies of
1404:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.044
1259:10.1007/978-1-4615-6051-7
943:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7
374:many of which are island
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1030:Guest, Sandra J. (1973)
897:MlΓkovskΓ½, JiΕΓ (2012).
874:Temminck, Coenraad Jacob
523:(Hartert, 1903) β north
472:(west of Halmahera) and
370:There are 15 recognised
304:" was formerly used for
237:is occasionally written
1818:Birds described in 1845
1127:"ebird.org species map"
907:Zoological Bibliography
575:(northwest Philippines)
284:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
1224:Clermontia arhorescens
931:Journal of Ornithology
609:
330:molecular phylogenetic
1324:Ecological Monographs
1048:Eddinger, CR (1970).
774:Apalopteron familiare
607:
901:Fauna Japonica: Aves
433:Ogawa, 1905 β north
1767:Zosterops-japonicus
1497:Zosterops_japonicus
1483:Zosterops japonicus
1453:Zosterops japonicus
1395:2009CBio...19.1736F
1336:1985EcoM...55..219M
1203:Zosterops japonicus
1177:"eBird species map"
1015:Zosterops japonicus
831:Zosterops japonicus
711:Swinhoe's white-eye
681:, and the northern
541:(south Philippines)
527:(north Philippines)
362:Swinhoe's white-eye
306:Zosterops japonicus
295:Zosterops japonicus
222:Zosterops japonicus
195:Zosterops japonicus
56:Conservation status
35:Warbling white-eye
1813:Birds of East Asia
1425:Van Way V. (1984)
610:
517:(west Philippines)
440:Z. j. loochooensis
322:mountain white-eye
302:Japanese white-eye
300:The English name "
217:warbling white-eye
18:Mountain white-eye
1790:
1789:
1749:Open Tree of Life
1445:Taxon identifiers
1389:(20): 1736β1740.
1267:978-0-412-09661-7
628:at any one time.
565:Z. j. halconensis
408:Nanpo Archipelago
213:
212:
177:Z. japonicus
79:
16:(Redirected from
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551:Z. j. pectoralis
537:, 1953) β north
521:Z. j. whiteheadi
489:Z. j. difficilis
460:Hartert, 1900 β
458:Z. j. obstinatus
453:Borodino Islands
446:Z. j. daitoensis
393:Z. j. stejnegeri
288:Hermann Schlegel
251:Russian Far East
249:, including the
235:specific epithet
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778:common 'amakihi
770:Bonin white-eye
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734:range expansion
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663:
653:The species is
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638:
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582:
503:(south Sumatra)
431:Z. j. insularis
425:Volcano Islands
383:Z. j. japonicus
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1330:(2): 219β239.
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1106:(4): 372β378.
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912:
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869:
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839:
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823:
820:
814:
812:
809:
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796:
794:
791:
790:nectarivorous
788:with endemic
787:
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763:
761:
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700:
699:Hainan Island
696:
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595:
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587:
579:
574:
570:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
545:Z. j. vulcani
543:
540:
536:
532:
531:Z. j. diuatae
529:
526:
522:
519:
516:
512:
508:
507:Z. j. parkesi
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
470:Bacan Islands
467:
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298:
296:
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292:binomial name
289:
285:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:) is a small
224:
223:
218:
207:
203:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
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147:
144:
143:Passeriformes
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131:
128:
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114:
111:
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107:
104:
101:
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92:
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83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
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49:Osaka, Japan
47:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
1452:
1430:
1421:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1291:(1): 21β27.
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797:Conservation
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661:Distribution
652:
639:
630:
618:Allopreening
611:
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488:
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474:Seram Island
457:
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382:
369:
364:
358:Z. japonicus
357:
349:
346:Z. japonicus
345:
338:Z. japonicus
337:
333:
325:
321:
314:Z. japonicus
313:
305:
299:
294:
281:
238:
233:family. The
229:bird in the
221:
220:
216:
214:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
153:Zosteropidae
29:
1697:NatureServe
1632:iNaturalist
1477:Wikispecies
968:Gill, Frank
858:12 November
764:Competitors
754:Norway rats
683:Philippines
580:Description
501:Mount Dempo
414:Z. j. alani
400:Izu Islands
350:Z. montanus
342:conspecific
334:Z. montanus
326:Z. montanus
267:Philippines
1797:Categories
1762:Xeno-canto
1060:(2): 240.
982:23 January
913:: 108β117.
815:References
804:California
756:, and the
746:Polynesian
677:, eastern
655:omnivorous
622:monogamous
571:, 1907) β
557:, 1945) β
535:Salomonsen
513:, 1971) β
499:, 1918) β
372:subspecies
365:Z. simplex
310:subspecies
271:introduced
265:, and the
1808:Zosterops
1689:155158005
1523:155158005
1181:ebird.org
1156:ebird.org
1131:ebird.org
927:Zosterops
806:involved
786:coevolved
740:Predators
687:Migratory
590:posterior
483:Bonaparte
451:, 1923 β
419:, 1905 β
404:Torishima
402:south to
398:, 1891 β
354:Bonaparte
259:Indonesia
247:East Asia
231:white-eye
227:passerine
171:Species:
164:Zosterops
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1702:2.103430
1650:11203898
1518:BirdLife
1510:372204D0
1462:Wikidata
1413:19765990
1186:9 August
1161:9 August
951:51890116
937:: 1β16.
758:mongoose
695:Thailand
608:Courting
600:Behavior
586:anterior
539:Mindanao
493:Robinson
421:Iwo Jima
387:Sakhalin
376:endemics
278:Taxonomy
239:japonica
206:Schlegel
202:Temminck
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1775:ZooBank
1611:2489399
1572:warwhe1
1546:warwhe1
1505:Avibase
1468:Q700028
1391:Bibcode
1352:1942558
1332:Bibcode
1305:1370442
1074:1366644
880:(ed.).
782:endemic
703:Vietnam
649:Feeding
643:lichens
636:Nesting
573:Mindoro
515:Palawan
462:Ternate
417:Hartert
396:Seebohm
320:, the "
318:species
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1754:131985
1676:179912
1593:EURING
1585:ZOSTJA
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1350:
1303:
1285:Condor
1265:
1239:: 1β4.
1205:(bird)
1136:29 May
1072:
1054:Condor
1017:)" in
949:
752:, and
717:Hawaii
701:, and
675:Taiwan
614:flocks
594:mejiro
569:Mearns
559:Negros
511:duPont
495:&
466:Tidore
449:Kuroda
208:, 1847
204:&
1741:77028
1728:36299
1663:59188
1645:IRMNG
1637:17506
1598:15030
1567:eBird
1559:5D8MR
1543:BOW:
1536:95573
1348:JSTOR
1301:JSTOR
1229:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1070:JSTOR
947:S2CID
750:black
729:Oβahu
691:Burma
679:China
671:Korea
667:Japan
525:Luzon
497:Kloss
340:were
328:. A
263:Korea
255:Japan
243:genus
1723:NCBI
1684:IUCN
1671:ITIS
1619:GISD
1606:GBIF
1580:EPPO
1531:BOLD
1409:PMID
1263:ISBN
1188:2019
1163:2019
1138:2018
984:2019
860:2021
843:2019
626:mate
555:Mayr
286:and
215:The
133:Aves
1710:NBN
1658:ISC
1624:954
1554:CoL
1492:ADW
1399:doi
1340:doi
1293:doi
1289:101
1255:doi
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