Morisco - Knowledge

2234:, where they were the majority or even the totality of the population. Castile's Moriscos were highly integrated and practically indistinguishable from the Catholic population: they did not speak Arabic and a large number of them were genuine Christians. The mass arrival of the much more visible Morisco population deported from Granada to the lands under the Crown of Castile led to a radical change in the situation of Castilian Moriscos, despite their efforts to distinguish themselves from the Granadans. For example, marriages between Castilian Moriscos and "old" Christians were much more common than between Castilian and Granadan Moriscos. The town of Hornachos was an exception, not only because practically all of its inhabitants were Moriscos but because of their open practice of the Islamic faith and of their famed independent and indomitable nature. For this reason, the order of expulsion in Castile specifically targeted the 3274: 2845:, courtiers, advisors to the royal court and translators of Arabic. They helped collect taxes; taxes from Granada made up one-fifth of Castile's income, and became the advocates and defenders of Moriscos within royal circles. Some of them became genuine Christians while others secretly continued to be Muslims. The Islamic faith and tradition were more persistent among the Granadan lower class, both in the city and in the countryside. The city of Granada was divided into Morisco and Old Christian quarters, and the countryside often had alternating zones dominated by Old or New Christians. Royal and Church authorities tended to ignore the secret but persistent Islamic practices and traditions among some of the Morisco population. 2012: 339: 3012: 2808:, continued to tolerate the large Muslim population living in his territory. Since the Crown of Aragon was juridically independent of Castile, their policies towards Muslims could and did differ during this period. Historians have suggested that the Crown of Aragon was inclined to tolerate Islam in its realm because the landed nobility there depended on the cheap, plentiful labor of Muslim vassals. However, the landed elite's exploitation of Aragon's Muslims also exacerbated class resentments. In the 1520s, when Valencian 2915: 3483:) in Eastern Spain. Here the expulsion was accepted much more wholeheartedly and instances of evasion and/or return have so far not been considered demographically important. This explains why Spain was not affected on the whole by the expulsion whereas the Valencian Community was devastated and never truly recovered as an economic or political powerhouse of the kingdom, ceding its position, within the Crown of Aragón, to the Catalan counties to the north, which never had a sizeable Morisco population to begin with. 3525: 2967: 3409:

their true origin thereafter. More surprisingly, by the 17th and 18th centuries much of this group accumulated great wealth by controlling the silk trade and also holding about a hundred public offices. Most of these lineages were nevertheless completely assimilated over generations despite their endogamic practices. A compact core of active crypto-Muslims was prosecuted by the Inquisition in 1727, receiving comparatively light sentences. These convicts kept alive their identity until the late 18th century.

3436:, large swathes of which were of Morisco majority. Morisco integration had reached high levels at the time of expulsion, they formed a strong socio-economic block with complex family ties and good-neighbourly relations. This resulted in the possibility of return, with few exceptions, to be offered and taken by a majority of Moriscos expelled. Although some were initially persecuted upon return, by 1622 they were no longer given any trouble from authorities. 3440: 1816:. The exact number of Moriscos present in Spain before expulsion is unknown and can only be guessed based on official records of the edict of expulsion. Furthermore, the overall number who were able to avoid deportation is also unknown, with estimates on the proportion of those who avoided expulsion or returned to Spain ranging from 5% to 40%. The large majority of those permanently expelled settled on the western fringe of the Ottoman Empire and the 2340: 2981:), but expelling their children presented the government with a dilemma. As the children had all been baptized, the government could not legally or morally transport them to Muslim lands. Some authorities proposed that children should be forcibly separated from their parents, but sheer numbers showed this to be impractical. Consequently, the official destination of the expellees was generally stated to be France (more specifically 1257: 3373: 1686: 2633: 2532: 2349: 2046:. The rebellions were suppressed, and afterwards the Muslims in Granada were given the choice to remain and accept baptism, reject baptism and be enslaved or killed, or to go into exile. The option of exile was often not feasible in practice, and hindered by the authorities. Shortly after the rebellions' defeat, the entire Muslim population of Granada had nominally become Christian. 3533:

majority of Muslims in Spain, with over 75% of Al-Andalusian Iberians estimated to have converted by the 11th century. Studies in population genetics which aim to ascertain Morisco ancestry in modern populations search for Iberian or European genetic markers among contemporary Morisco descendants in North Africa, and for North African genetic markers among modern day Spaniards.

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and sympathy from local Christian populations, authorities and, in some occasions, the clergy. Furthermore, the internal dispersion of the more distinct Morisco communities of Granada throughout Castile and Andalusia after the War of the Alpujarras, made this community of Moriscos harder to track and identify, allowing them to merge with and disappear into the wider society.

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country. The uneven distribution of admixture in Spain has been explained by the extent and intensity of Islamic colonization in a given area, but also by the varying levels of success in attempting to expel the Moriscos in different regions of Spain, as well as forced and voluntary Morisco population movements during the 16th and 17th centuries.

1962:, generally a lighter-complexioned person with some African ancestry). This was probably due to a perception that such individuals looked similar to North Africans, appearing mostly white but with a somewhat visible sub-Saharan African admixture. The term appears in colonial-era marriage registers identifying individuals and in eighteenth-century 3179: 3600:

recognizable by their Spanish surnames such as Torres, Loubaris (from Olivares), Bargachi (from Vargas), Buano (from Bueno), Sordo, Denia, and Lucas. Earlier estimates had involved much larger figures of potential descendants (up to 5 million in Morocco and an indeterminate number from other Muslim countries).

1890:. These two words are comparable to the English adjective "Moorish" and noun "Moor". Mediaeval Castilians used the words in the general senses of "Muslim" or an "Arabic-speaker" as in the case of Muslim converts; the words continued to be used in these older meanings even after the more specific meaning of 2816:, the rebels "saw that the simplest way to destroy the power of the nobles in the countryside would be to free their vassals, and this they did by baptizing them." The Inquisition and monarchy decided to prohibit the forcibly baptized Muslims of Valencia from returning to Islam. Finally, in 1526, King 3545:

As for tracing Morisco descendants in North Africa, to date there have been few genetic studies of populations of Morisco origin in the Maghreb region, although studies of the Moroccan population have not detected significant recent genetic inflow from the Iberian peninsula. A recent study of various

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and U6. Studies coincide that North African admixture tends to increase in the south and west of the peninsula, peaking in parts of Andalusia, Extremadura, Southern Portugal and Western Castile. Distribution of North African markers are largely absent from the northeast of Spain as well as the Basque

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The majority were expelled from the Crown of Aragon (modern day Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia), particularly from Valencia, where Morisco communities remained large, visible and cohesive; and Christian animosity was acute, particularly for economic reasons. Some historians have blamed the subsequent

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the Moriscos from Spain between 1609 (Aragon) and 1614 (Castile). They were ordered to depart "under the pain of death and confiscation, without trial or sentence... to take with them no money, bullion, jewels or bills of exchange... just what they could carry." Estimates for the number expelled have

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for Muslims who converted to Christianity began to appear in texts in the first half of the sixteenth century, though the use of the term at this time was limited. Usage became widespread in Christian sources during the second half of the century, but it was unclear whether Moriscos adopted the term.

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Spain's Morisco population was the last population who self-identified and traced its roots to the various waves of Muslim conquerors from North Africa. Historians generally agree that, at the height of Muslim rule, Muladis or Muslims of pre-Islamic Iberian origin were likely to constitute the large

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concluded it was an inefficient operation which was significantly reduced in its severity by resistance to the measure among local authorities and populations. It further highlights the constant flow of returnees from North Africa, creating a dilemma for the local inquisition who did not know how to

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Early modern Spaniards, whether Old Christians or Moriscos, often used the Virgin Mary as a figure through which to define a fixed boundary between Islam and Christianity. Yet a set of sacred scriptures created by some Moriscos in late sixteenth-century Granada went against this trend by presenting

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While the descendants of those Moriscos who fled to North Africa have remained strongly aware and proud of their Andalusi roots, the Moriscos' identity as a community was wiped out in Spain, be it via either expulsion or absorption by the dominant culture. Nevertheless, a journalistic investigation

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Modern studies in population genetics have attributed unusually high levels of recent North African ancestry in modern Spaniards to Moorish settlement during the Islamic period and, more specifically, to the substantial proportion of Morisco population which remained in Spain and avoided expulsion.

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and an obvious military threat. "The excesses committed on both sides were without equal in the experience of contemporaries; it was the most savage war to be fought in Europe that century." After the Castilian forces defeated the Islamic insurgents, they expelled some eighty thousand Moriscos from

3108:(1554–1557), the Turkish danger was felt on the eastern borders of Morocco and the sovereign, even though a hero of the holy war against Christians, showed a great political realism by becoming an ally of the King of Spain, still the champion of Christianity. Everything changed from 1609, when King 2479:

proposed that the Moriscos wrote these texts in order to infiltrate Christianity from within, by emphasizing aspects of Christianity which were acceptable to Muslims. The content of the text was superficially Christian and did not refer to Islam at all, but contained many "Islamizing" features. The

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claiming to be Christian sacred books from the first century AD. Upon their discovery in the mid-1590s, the books were initially greeted enthusiastically by the Christians of Granada and treated by the Christian authorities as genuine, causing a sensation throughout Europe due to their (ostensibly)

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Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon,

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An investigation published in 2012 sheds light on the thousands of Moriscos who remained in the province of Granada alone, surviving both the initial expulsion to other parts of Spain in 1571 and the final expulsion of 1604. These Moriscos managed to evade in various ways the royal decrees, hiding

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decided to expel the Moriscos who, numbering about three hundred thousand, were converted Muslims who had remained Christian. Rebels, always ready to rise, they vigorously refused to convert and formed a state within a state. The danger was that with the Turkish pressing from the east, the Spanish

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In the Crown of Castile (including Andalusia, Murcia and the former kingdom of Granada), by contrast, the scale of Morisco expulsion was much less severe. This was due to the fact that their presence was less felt as they were considerably more integrated in their communities, enjoying the support

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on the expulsion of the Moriscos propose the figure of 500,000 just before the expulsion, consistent with figures given by other historians. Dadson concludes that, assuming the 275,000 figure from the official expulsion records is correct, around 40% of Spain's Moriscos managed to avoid expulsions

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A wide number of recent genetic studies of modern-day Spanish and Portuguese populations have ascertained significantly higher levels of North African admixture in the Iberian peninsula than in the rest of the European continent. which is generally attributed to Islamic rule and settlement of the

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economic collapse of the Spanish Eastern Mediterranean coast on the region's inability to replace Morisco workers successfully with Christian newcomers. Many villages were totally abandoned as a result. New laborers were fewer in number and were not as familiar with local agricultural techniques.

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In 1501 Castilian authorities delivered an ultimatum to Granada's Muslims: either convert to Christianity or be expelled. Most did convert, in order not to have their property and small children taken away from them. Many continued to dress in their traditional fashion, speak Arabic, and secretly

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against the islands. In the Canary Islands, they were held as slaves or freed, gradually converting to Christianity, with some serving as guides in raids against their former homelands. When the king forbade further raids, the Moriscos lost contact with Islam and became a substantial part of the

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The majority of the forced emigrants settled in the Maghrib or Barbary Coast, especially in Oran, Tunis, Tlemcen, Tetuán, Rabat and Salé. Many travelled overland to France, but after the assassination of Henry of Navarre by Ravaillac in May 1610, they were forced to emigrate to Italy, Sicily or

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and certain areas of other kingdoms, former Muslims played an important role in the economy, especially in agriculture and crafts. Consequently, the Christian lords often defended their Moriscos, sometimes to the point of being targeted by the Inquisition. For example, the Inquisition sentenced

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Capelli, Cristian; Onofri, Valerio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Boschi, Ilaria; Scarnicci, Francesca; Masullo, Mara; Ferri, Gianmarco; Tofanelli, Sergio; Tagliabracci, Adriano; Gusmao, Leonor; Amorim, Antonio; Gatto, Francesco; Kirin, Mirna; Merlitti, Davide; Brion, Maria; Verea, Alejandro Blanco;

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in southern Castille. Villarubia's entire Morisco population were the target of three expulsions which they managed to avoid or from which they succeeded in returning from to their town of origin, being protected and hidden by their non-Morisco neighbours. Dadson provides numerous examples, of

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Recent genetic studies of North African admixture among modern-day Spaniards have found high levels of North African (Berber) and Sub-Saharan African admixture among Spanish and Portuguese populations as compared to the rest of southern and western Europe, and such admixture does not follow a

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considering that none remained and initial academic estimates such as those of Lapeyre offering figures as low as ten or fifteen thousand remaining. However, recent studies have been challenging the traditional discourse on the supposed success of the expulsion in purging Spain of its Morisco

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There is no universally agreed figure for the Morisco population. Estimates vary because of the lack of a precise census. In addition, the Moriscos avoided registration and the authorities and tried to appear as members of the majority Spanish population. Furthermore, populations would have

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According to the President of Andalusi Historical Memory Association, Nayib Loubaris, this measure could potentially cover as many as 600 families of Morisco origin in what today is Morocco, who would have moved to Rabat and various other cities across the country. Such families are easily

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Although they converted to Christianity, they maintained their existing customs, including their language, distinct names, food, dress and even some ceremonies. Many secretly practiced Islam, even as they publicly professed and practiced Christianity. This led the Catholic rulers to adopt

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ambassador in the 1570s said that some Valencian nobles "had permitted their Moriscos to live almost openly as Mohammedans." Despite efforts to ban Arabic, it continued to be spoken until the expulsions. Valencians also trained other Aragonese Moriscos in Arabic and religious texts.

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in 1568–71. The Spanish authorities quashed this rebellion, and at the end of the fighting, the authorities decided to expel the Moriscos from Granada and scatter them to the other parts of Castile. Between 80,000 and 90,000 Granadans were marched to cities and towns across Castile.

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Because conversions to Christianity were decreed by law rather than by their own will, most Moriscos still genuinely believed in Islam. Because of the danger associated with practicing Islam, however, the religion was largely practiced clandestinely. A legal opinion, called "the

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Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter J.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Torroni, Antonio; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Underhill, Peter A.;

2388:" by modern scholars, circulated in Spain and provided religious justification for outwardly conforming to Christianity while maintaining an internal conviction of faith in Islam, when necessary for survival. The fatwa affirmed the regular obligations of a Muslim, including 3340:. The Morisco military advisor advised Sultan Tumanbay to use infantry armed with guns instead of depending on cavalry. Arabic sources recorded that Moriscos of Tunisia, Libya and Egypt joined Ottoman armies. Many Moriscos of Egypt joined the army in the time of 3405:, the new king gave the order to desist from attempting to impose measures on returnees and in September 1628 the Council of the Supreme Inquisition ordered inquisitors in Seville not to prosecute expelled Moriscos "unless they cause significant commotion." 2083:, had the second largest Muslim population in Spain after Granada, which became nominally the largest after the forced conversions in Granada in 1502. The nobles of Valencia continued to allow Islam to be practiced until the 1520s, and, to some extent, the 3515:

region of Leon. Genetic studies have been performed on the latter two, both showing higher levels of North African ancestry than the average for Iberia, although only in the case of the Pasiegos was there a clear differentiation from adjacent populations.

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Toward the end of the 16th century, Morisco writers challenged the perception that their culture was alien to Spain. Their literary works expressed early Spanish history in which Arabic-speaking Spaniards played a positive role. Chief among such works is

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sentiment, and the rebels forced Valencian Muslims to become Christians in the territories they controlled. The Muslims joined the Crown in suppressing the rebellion, playing crucial roles in several battles. After the rebellion was suppressed, King

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Alvarez, Luis; Santos, Cristina; Ramos, Amanda; Pratdesaba, Roser; Francalacci, Paolo; Aluja, María Pilar (1 February 2010). "Mitochondrial DNA patterns in the Iberian Northern plateau: Population dynamics and substructure of the Zamora province".

2238:, the first Castilian Moriscos to be expelled. They were exceptionally allowed to leave fully armed and were marched as an undefeated army to Seville and transported to Morocco. They maintained their combative nature overseas, founding the Corsary 2492:

and referred to the Qur'anic epithet for Jesus, "the Spirit from him ". It contained passages which appeared (unbeknownst to the Christians at the time) to implicitly predict the arrival of Muhammad by mentioning his various Islamic epithets.

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issued a decree compelling all Muslims in the crown of Aragon to convert to Catholicism or leave the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal had already expelled or forcibly converted its Muslims in 1497 and established its own Inquisition in 1536).

4572:, p. 213: "In Granada, Moriscos were killed because they refused to renounce their adopted faith. Elsewhere in Spain, Moriscos went to mass and heard confession and appeared to do everything that their new faith required of them." 3464:) which seem to have maintained traces of their Islamic or Morisco identity, secretly practicing a debased form of Islam as late as the 20th century, as well as conserving Morisco customs and unusual Arabic vocabulary in their speech. 1928:

became a "category" added to the array of cultural and religious identities that existed at the time, used to identify Muslim converts to Christianity in Granada and Castille. The term was a pejorative adaptation of the adjective

3242:. He cares more about money than religion, and left for Germany, from where he returned as a false pilgrim to unbury his treasure. He admits, however, the righteousness of their expulsion. His daughter Ana Félix is brought to 5827:

Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Martinez-Cruz, Begoña; Khodjet-el-khil, Houssein; Mendizabal, Isabel; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Comas, David (October 2011). "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages".

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Casas MJ, Hagelberg E, Fregel R, Larruga JM, González AM (December 2006). "Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain".

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in modern-day Morocco. Extremaduran Moriscos benefited from systematic support from authorities and society throughout the region and numerous Moriscos avoiding deportation while whole communities such as those of

2415:(although it is unclear whether the journey was ultimately achieved), and the determination and hope to reinstitute the full practice of Islam as soon as possible. The Young Man wrote at least three extant works, 2585:

and the total number of Muslims in Spain was estimated at between 500,000 and 600,000 out of the total Spanish population of 7 to 8 million. Approximately half of the remaining Muslims lived in the former

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Many Moriscos became devout in their new Christian faith, and in Granada, some Moriscos were killed by Muslims for refusing to renounce Christianity. In 16th century Granada, the Christian Moriscos chose the

3592:, specifically it enables them to seek citizenship after two years rather than the usual ten years required for residence in Spain. Additionally similar concessions were provided later to the descendants of 3537:

Iberian peninsula. Common North African genetic markers which are relatively high frequencies in the Iberian peninsula as compared to the rest of the European continent are Y-chromosome E1b1b1b1(E-M81) and

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started an investigation to determine the validity of the conversions forced by the rebels. He ultimately upheld those conversions, therefore putting the force-converted subjects under the authority of the

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Esta medida podría beneficiar a unos cinco millones de ciudadanos marroquíes, que es el cálculo estimado de la población de origen andalusí en este país, más otro número indeterminado en Argelia, Túnez y

6188: 2407:" included accounts of his travel around Spain, his meetings with other clandestine Muslims and descriptions of their religious practices and discussions. The writing referred to the practice of secret 3429:

temporarily shifted across the border to Portugal only to return later. The expulsion between 1609–1614, therefore, did not come close to its objective of eliminating Morisco presence from the region.

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Pero los cromosomas cuentan otra historia. Nada menos que el 20% de la población ibérica actual desciende de sefardíes. Y otro 11%, de norteafricanos. Si ambos siguen aquí, es que nunca se marcharon.

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river and its tributaries. Unlike Granadan and Valencian Moriscos, they did not speak Arabic but, as vassals of the nobility, were granted the privilege to practice their faith relatively openly.

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Botigue, L. R.; Henn, B. M.; Gravel, S.; Maples, B. K.; Gignoux, C. R.; Corona, E.; Atzmon, G.; Burns, E.; Ostrer, H.; Flores, C.; Bertranpetit, J.; Comas, D.; Bustamante, C. D. (16 July 2013).

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asked the three parliamentary groups that form the majority to support an amendment that would ease the way for Morisco descendants to gain Spanish citizenship. It was originally made by

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doctrine or referred to Jesus as Son of God, concepts which are blasphemous and offensive in Islam. Instead, it repeatedly stated "There is no god but God and Jesus is the Spirit of God (

5563: 3966: 2619:, which governed the surrender of the emirate, guaranteed a set of rights to the conquered Muslims, including religious tolerance and fair treatment, in return for their capitulation. 3393:

similar incidents throughout Spain whereby Moriscos were protected and supported by non-Moriscos and returned en masse from North Africa, Portugal or France to their towns of origin.

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provided scholarly religious dispensations and instructions about secretly practicing Islam while outwardly practicing Christianity. With the decline of Arabic culture, many used the

1862:(Muslims); in later periods, they may have begun to accept the label. In modern times, the label is in widespread use in Spanish literature and adopted by other languages, including 5618: 2833:

became the middlemen between the crown and the Morisco population. A certain religious tolerance, too, was still observable during the first half of the 16th century. They became

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in the older meaning as having the newer meaning. In the early years after the forced conversions, the Christians used the terms "new Christians," "new converts", or the longer "

923: 4920: 3234:(before the expulsion), a Morisco translates a found document containing the Arabic "history" that Cervantes is merely "publishing". In the second part, after the expulsion, 5435:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 3562: 6240: 3369:

and recent historical studies also agree that both the original Morisco population and the number of them who avoided expulsion is higher than was previously thought.

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was different from on continental Europe. They were not the descendants of Iberian Muslims but were Muslim Moors taken from Northern Africa in Christian raids (

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deal with those who had been given no choice but to convert to Islam during their stay in Muslim lands as a result of the Royal Decree. Upon the coronation of

2279:, they could not migrate to the Americas or join many organizations. Later petitions allowed for their emancipation with the rest of the Canarian population. 6649: 2752: 6621: 733: 717: 6031: 5095:

Moriscos who were sincere Christians were also bound to remain second-class citizens, and might be exposed to criticism from Muslims and Christians alike.

2273:. Protesting their Christianity, they managed to avoid the expulsion that affected European Moriscos. Still subjected to the ethnic discrimination of the 4948:

Benítez Sánchez-Blanco, Rafael (2001). Heroicas decisiones. La Monarquía Católica y los moriscos valencianos. Valencia: Alfonso el Magnánimo. Diputación.

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Outside Granada, the role of advocates and defenders were taken by the Morisco's Christian lords. In areas with high Morisco concentration, such as the

1589: 2755:. The revolt lasted until early 1501, giving the Castilian authorities an excuse to void the terms of the Treaty for Muslims. In 1501 the terms of the 6644: 6629: 6608: 6124: 2997:. Estimates of returnee numbers vary, with historian Earl Hamilton believing that as many as a quarter of those expelled may have returned to Spain. 2857:, Admiral of Aragon, to life imprisonment after he was accused of allowing the Moriscos to openly practice Islam, build a mosque and openly made the 3785: 979: 1982:

Historians generally agree that, based on expulsion records, around 275,000 Moriscos were expelled from Spain in the early 17th century. Historian

6639: 2043: 403: 5538: 1086: 794: 2034:. Granada was annexed to Castile as the Kingdom of Granada, and had a majority Muslim population of between 250,000 and 300,000. Initially, the 3145:, and from there advance to Spain. It was reported Selim wanted to incite an uprising among Spanish Moriscos. In addition, "some four thousand 2730: 2598:. Prior to this in Castile 200,000 of the 500,000 Muslims had been forcibly converted; 200,000 had left and 100,000 had died or been enslaved. 1073: 1010: 5735:

Los últimos de Al Andalus. En la sierra del Segura se mantiene el recuerdo de descendientes de moriscos que practicaban costumbres musulmanas.

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https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Other_Hispanic_Topics/Cisneros_y_la_quema_de_los_manuscritos_granadinos.htm

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Since 1992 some Spanish and Moroccan historians and academics have been demanding equitable treatment for Moriscos similar to that offered to

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Wiegers, Gerard A. "Managing Disaster: Networks of the Moriscos during the Process of the Expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula around 1609."

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population. Indeed, it seems that expulsion met widely differing levels of success, particularly between the two major Spanish crowns of

5977:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 5668:"The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 5490:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 3646: 2794: 2011: 1573: 1096: 939: 293: 4867: 3916: 3100:; the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive. 6592: 6568: 6505: 6420: 6394: 6352: 6331: 6303: 6272: 5808: 5179: 5057: 4551: 4517: 3945: 3900: 1579: 897: 2751:, and prosecution of many of Granada's Muslims. In response to these and other violations of the Treaty, Granada's Muslim population 5223: 2716: 1707: 675: 580: 4558:

We know that many of the Moriscos were well acculturated to Christian ways, and that many had even become sincere Roman Catholics.

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Moorjani P, Patterson N, Hirschhorn JN, Keinan A, Hao L, Atzmon G, Burns E, Ostrer H, Price AL, Reich D (2011). McVean G (ed.).

338: 6684: 2864: 2313: 1634: 1057: 889: 3655:, Moroccan nationalist leader during the Spanish protectorate, Moroccan ambassador to Spain and Egypt and Minister of Justice. 2158:, Moriscos represented less than 2% of the population and were concentrated in the Low Ebro region, as well as in the city of 5786: 4919:

Daniel Eisenberg, "Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos", Journal of Hispanic Philology, 16, 1992, pp. 107–124,

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Tunisian ethnic groups has found that all were indigenous North African, including those who self-identified as Andalusians.

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ambassador in the 1570s said that some Valencian nobles "had permitted their Moriscos to live almost openly as Mohammedans."

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Raphael Carrasco, "Morisques et Inquisition dans les Iles Canaries." (Moriscos and the Inquisition in the Canary Islands),

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varied, although contemporary accounts set the number at between 270,000 and 300,000 (about 4% of the Spanish population).

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language. In addition, the children of Moriscos were to be educated by Catholic priests. In reaction, there was a Morisco

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In 1567, Philip II directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of the

2594:. About 20,000 Muslims lived in other territories of Castile, and most of the remainder lived in the territories of the 2552: 1700: 1638: 1622: 1535: 1363: 1333: 1236: 643: 627: 483: 53: 4870:. ". The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of Allah, and His word which He conveyed unto Mary, and 3491:

A number of ethnicities in northern Spain have historically been suspected of having Morisco roots. Among them are the

2697: 1503: 1358: 1326: 1157: 769: 6174: 5778: 97: 5741: 5737: 2669: 4543: 3538: 3126: 3011: 2813: 2091: 1438: 1283: 1104: 1078: 532: 3226: 2951: 2909: 2881:. A witness recalled one of his vassals saying that "we live as Moors and no one dares to say anything to us". A 2447:, which were easier to hide. Other surviving Islamic religious materials from this period include collections of 2155: 2003:

altogether. A further 20% managed to return to Spain in the years following their expulsion according to Dadson.

1809: 1642: 1584: 1493: 1473: 1204: 1140: 1125: 1018: 963: 318: 73: 6439:

Jónsson, Már. "The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery."

3088:

in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, the Ottomans planned to send a three-pronged fleet from

2989:

in 1610, about 150,000 Moriscos were sent there. Many of the Moriscos migrated from Marseille to other lands in

2571:

and indigenous converts. In the next few centuries, as the Christians pushed from the north in a process called

2111:

After the forced conversions, Valencia was the region where the remains of Islamic culture was the strongest. A

865: 3982:

Már Jónsson, "The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery."

3869: 2676: 2650: 2467: 2030:

was the last Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, which surrendered in 1492 to the Catholic forces after a

1863: 1630: 1288: 1130: 873: 509: 476: 437: 419: 78: 5203: 3612: 2914: 5624:

Experto descubre "linajes ocultos" de moriscos que se quedaron en Andalucía, a pesar de la orden de expulsión

3456:

over the past years has uncovered existing communities in rural Spain (more specifically in the provinces of

2977:

Although many Moriscos were sincere Christians, adult Moriscos were often assumed to be covert Muslims (i.e.

3630: 3389: 3043: 2643: 2544: 2404: 2215: 2214:). The Morisco population in most of this territory was more dispersed except in specific locations such as 1547: 916: 122: 6488: 6119: 3524: 2966: 6465: 3848: 2801: 2476: 2400:

the son of God, and blaspheming against Muhammad as long as they maintained conviction against such acts.

2239: 2148: 2143:

were the priest, the notary and the owner of the tavern-inn. "The rest would rather go on a pilgrimage to

1995: 1805: 1541: 1448: 1398: 1091: 818: 786: 619: 6654: 6609:

Alhadith, a web resource at Stanford University for students and scholars of Morisco language and culture

2683: 6674: 3774: 3688: 3676: 3341: 3325: 2786: 2535: 1660: 1626: 1498: 1135: 1065: 857: 3186: 2207: 1368: 651: 6516:

Islamic Literature in Spanish and Aljamiado: Iça of Segovia (fl. 1450), His antecedents and Successors

6323:

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

5542: 5171:

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

4540:

The Village and the Outside World in Golden Age Castile: Mobility and Migration in Everyday Rural Life

3937:

Tolerance and Coexistence in Early Modern Spain: Old Christians and Moriscos in the Campo de Calatrava

3385: 2443:

have also been found from the Morisco period, although many are not complete copies but selections of

1998:

put the number at around one million Moriscos at the beginning of the 16th century. Recent studies by

5879: 5488:

Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (December 2008).

3682: 3608: 3467:

The ineffectiveness of the expulsion in the lands of Castile nevertheless contrasts with that of the

3461: 3235: 2736: 2231: 2095: 1991: 1986:

in 2005 gave a range of 300,000 to 330,000 for the early 16th century; based on earlier estimates by

1979:

fluctuated, due to such factors as birth rates, conquests, conversions, relocations, and emigration.

1567: 1418: 1303: 841: 596: 444: 243: 5868:"Gene flow from North Africa contributes to differential human genetic diversity in southern Europe" 5385:"Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe" 3255: 3019: 2665: 2300:, the Moriscos accepted Christianity and gained certain cultural and legal privileges for doing so. 6544:

Mouriscos e cristãos no Portugal quinhentista: Duas culturas e duas concepções religiosas em choque

3853: 3754: 3636: 3566: 3492: 3480: 3377: 3215: 3167: 3109: 3105: 2948: 2940: 2868: 2849: 2612: 2243: 2105: 2076: 2058:

of 1 January 1567, which ordered the Moriscos to abandon their customs, clothing and language. The

1813: 1759: 1751: 1613: 1560: 1521: 1486: 1381: 1245: 834: 424: 380: 68: 35: 4414: 3356:

It is impossible to know how many Moriscos remained after the expulsion, with traditional Spanish

5603: 5122: 3830: 3795: 3652: 3402: 3317: 2986: 2922: 2841: 2830: 2778: 2587: 2203: 2179: 2051: 2027: 1817: 1665: 1353: 1308: 1273: 947: 760: 751: 564: 452: 355: 223: 164: 4474: 3468: 3416:

was deemed a failure, with the exception of the speedy expulsion of the Moriscos of the town of

3113:

authorities, who saw in them a "potential danger", decided to expel them, mainly to Morocco....

2211: 1987: 742: 635: 3439: 1994:, who gave 321,000 for the period 1568–75, and 319,000 just before the expulsion in 1609. But, 6669: 6588: 6564: 6501: 6495: 6447: 6416: 6390: 6348: 6327: 6299: 6268: 6102: 6066: 6008: 5956: 5907: 5845: 5804: 5782: 5753: 5697: 5519: 5464: 5414: 5361: 5302: 5271: 5256: 5238: 5219: 5175: 5169: 5124: 5053: 4603: 4547: 4513: 4478: 4470: 3941: 3935: 3896: 3769: 3732: 3585: 3444: 3057: 2882: 2872: 2854: 2756: 2744: 2616: 2556: 2526: 2125: 2112: 2108:, and issued declarations to the effect of forcing the conversion of the rest of the Muslims. 2035: 1845:: the children of relations between Spanish men and women of mixed African-European ancestry. 1780: 1529: 1443: 1403: 1348: 1145: 971: 810: 802: 725: 264: 186: 159: 144: 117: 6577:

Bernabé Pons, Luis F., Los moriscos. Conflicto, expulsión y diáspora, Madrid: Catarata, 2009.

6558: 3693: 3432:

Similar patterns are observed in a detailed examination of the Expulsion in the southeastern

2563:" by the Muslims – was estimated to number as high as 5.5 million, among whom were 2555:

in the eighth century. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Muslim population in the

6380: 6094: 6058: 5998: 5988: 5975:

Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (2008).

5946: 5938: 5897: 5887: 5837: 5687: 5679: 5579:(2). Bibliotecas Públicas. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte: 23–24. Archived from 5509: 5501: 5454: 5446: 5404: 5396: 5351: 5341: 5211: 4595: 3890: 3457: 3433: 3362: 3302: 3290: 3163: 3069: 3039: 2790: 2591: 2317: 2275: 2175: 2171: 2050:

increasingly intolerant and harsh policies to eradicate these practices. This culminated in

1746: 1737: 1343: 1266: 525: 368: 348: 327: 5803:(First ed.). London: Henry Holt & Co (published January 1, 1992). pp. 35–50. 4582:

Remensnyder, A. G. (2011). "Beyond Muslim and Christian: The Moriscos' Marian Scriptures".

1812:

from the various kingdoms of the Union. The most severe expulsions occurred in the eastern

6151: 6128: 5650: 4591: 3970: 3738: 3715: 3504: 3366: 3278: 3208: 3097: 3085: 2805: 2595: 2370: 2265: 2080: 1836: 1772: 1690: 1034: 995: 685: 112: 83: 6584:

Etnogénesis y etnicidad en España: una aproximación histórico-antropológica al casticismo

3627:, born with the Christian name Fernando de Córdoba y Válor, leader of the Morisco revolt. 3166:. The 'Alpujarras Uprising' hardened the attitude of the monarchy. As a consequence, the 1933:("Moorish"). It soon became the standard term for referring to all former Spain Muslims. 6615: 5883: 5636: 4613:

her as the patron saint of those New Christians who were proud of their Muslim ancestry.

2339: 6451: 6003: 5976: 5951: 5926: 5902: 5867: 5774: 5692: 5667: 5606:

La expulsión de los moriscos de Andalucía y sus límites. El caso de Sevilla (1610–1613)

5514: 5489: 5459: 5434: 5409: 5384: 5356: 5329: 3864: 3819: 3764: 3664: 3593: 3573: 3512: 3372: 3357: 3194: 3146: 3089: 3081: 3060:

which ruled Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of

3001: 2994: 2978: 2944: 2893: 2829:

In Granada for the first decades after the conversion, the former Muslim elites of the

2782: 2255: 2140: 2136: 1910: 1801: 1776: 1256: 1190: 1002: 931: 694: 612: 556: 238: 31: 6634: 4466:

Pablo Roza Candás, "Rasgos aragoneses orientales en un manuscrito aljamiado-morisco."

3305:, they became independent of Moroccan authorities and profited from trade and piracy. 3000:

The overwhelming majority of the refugees settled in Muslim-held lands, mostly in the

6663: 6409: 6262: 6234:

Covert Gestures: Crypto-Islamic Literature as Cultural Practice in Early Modern Spain

6142: 5145: 5085: 3670: 3658: 3604: 3260: 3150: 3118: 3024: 2793:. In 1508, Castilian authorities banned traditional Granadan clothing. With the 1512 2690: 2358: 1999: 1797: 1413: 1393: 1026: 667: 572: 6429:

Hess, Andrew C. "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain."

6457: 6404: 6025: 5314:

Andrew C. Hess. "The Moriscos: An Ottoman Fifth Column in Sixteenth-Century Spain"

5109:, "Nos ancêtres les Sarrasins", in « Les nouveaux penseurs de l'Islam », 5106: 3759: 3282: 3239: 2748: 2374: 2309: 2297: 1983: 1898: 1821: 1463: 1176: 6384: 6213: 3452:

North-South gradient as one would initially expect, but more of an East-West one.

3426: 1905:

have resulted in mistakes when modern scholars misread historical text containing

6582: 6342: 6321: 6293: 6167:"Los moriscos piden equipararse a los sefardíes y piden la nacionalidad española" 5346: 6478:

The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain

5330:"The History of African Gene Flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews" 4419:

Relación del viaje hecho por Felipe III en 1585 a Zaragoza, Barcelona y Valencia

3858: 3624: 3581: 3413: 3336:

Sultan) during his struggle against the Ottoman invasion in 1517, led by Sultan

3321: 3220: 2990: 2632: 2582: 2573: 2518: 2362: 2305: 2195: 2084: 2031: 540: 499: 274: 269: 248: 6650:

Moriscos culture influence in Morocco. Study in Spanish with Arabic translation

5993: 5683: 5505: 3751:, the baptized Jews and Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula and their descendants. 3125:[History of Morocco:Morocco and the West from the 16th to the 20th Centuries), 2927: 6215:

La Junta Islámica pide para descendientes de moriscos la nacionalidad española

5756:

Nueva mirada sobre la expulsión de los moriscos aragoneses y sus consecuencias

5653:

Mito y realidad en la expulsión de los mudéjares murcianos del Valle de Ricote

5215: 3836: 3726: 3709: 3642: 3558: 3154: 2897: 2768: 2603: 2560: 2456: 2385: 2348: 2329: 2260: 2223: 2019: 1789: 1338: 491: 46: 6655:´The Moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion´ by Lea, Henry Charles 4607: 4599: 3008:

in the Ottoman Empire – from 1609 to the 1620s, many Moriscos settled there.

1858:

In their texts, it was more common for them to speak of themselves simply as

1800:

mistrusted Moriscos and feared that they would prompt new invasions from the

6497:

Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily

6250: 6195:(in Spanish). Darrax Cultura y Comunicación. 11 October 2006. Archived from 5892: 3779: 3720: 3555: 3508: 3500: 3472: 3417: 3397: 3384:

One of the earliest re-examinations of Morisco expulsion was carried out by

3182: 2982: 2773: 2432: 2366: 2270: 2219: 2199: 1828:

in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences.

1298: 1293: 6106: 6070: 6012: 5960: 5911: 5849: 5701: 5637:

Sánchez Rubio, Rocio; Testón Núñez, Isabel; Hernández Bermejo, Mª Ángeles:

5523: 5468: 5418: 5365: 3476: 2577:, the Muslim population declined. At the end of the fifteenth century, the 2531: 2440: 2183: 2159: 5942: 5927:"Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe" 5400: 3301:

and often attacked Spanish shipping and the Spanish coast. In the Corsair

2094:

broke out among the Christian subjects of Valencia. The rebellion bore an

6472:. Vol. (vol. 2). Oxford, England: Alden Mowbray Ltd. pp. 42–51. 3842: 3824: 3801: 3748: 3589: 3496: 3313: 3309: 3190: 3138: 3065: 3053: 3049: 2877: 2835: 2601:

The Christians called the defeated Muslims who came under their rule the

2167: 1967: 1944:, in feminine form) was used to identify a racial category: a mixed-race 1918: 411: 396: 4493: 3572:

Spanish Civil Code Art. 22.1 do provide concessions to nationals of the

1886:

appears in twelfth-century Castilian texts as an adjective for the noun

17: 6434: 6098: 6062: 5841: 3577: 3421: 3337: 3294: 3243: 3203: 3158: 3077: 2971: 2657: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2590:, the last independent Muslim state in Spain, which was annexed by the 2568: 2522: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2460: 1955: 1825: 881: 88: 6286: 6121:

Propuesta de IU sobre derecho preferente de moriscos a la nacionalidad

3178: 3170:

increased prosecution and persecution of Moriscos after the uprising.

5771:

Minorías malditas: La historia desconocida de otros pueblos de España

3973:. Journal of Levantine Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, Winter 2011, pp. 11–30 3917:"What Don Quixote has to say to Spain about today's immigrant crisis" 3503:(present throughout northern and western Spain), the Pasiegos of the 3333: 3093: 3073: 3061: 3005: 2889: 2471: 2448: 2418: 2163: 1768: 1313: 460: 4084:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

3376:

Monuments in Sale where many Moriscos sought refuge and founded the

3207:), so they would be protected while showing public adherence to the 2194:

The Crown of Castile included, besides the Kingdom of Granada, also

2170:, in the Low Segre region. They largely no longer spoke Arabic, but 6189:"Piden la nacionalidad española para los descendientes de moriscos" 5450: 3816:, the Muslim inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. 2797:, the Muslims of Navarre were ordered to convert or leave by 1515. 2269:

population of the islands, reaching one-half of the inhabitants of

6344:

The Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain: A Mediterranean Diaspora

6254: 5666:

Adams, SM; Bosch, E; Balaresque, PL; et al. (December 2008).

4863: 3813: 3807: 3743: 3329: 3298: 3272: 3198: 3142: 3010: 2965: 2913: 2859: 2809: 2764: 2564: 2444: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2293: 2144: 1946: 1841: 1784: 1764: 210: 173: 131: 3308:

Morisco mercenaries in the service of the Moroccan sultan, using

1970:

was a similar term for quarter-black people in English colonies.

5143:

Boase, Roger (4 April 2002). "The Muslim Expulsion from Spain".

5083:

Boase, Roger (4 April 2002). "The Muslim Expulsion from Spain".

3528:

Distribution of North African Admixture in the Iberian Peninsula

2412: 2129: 6614: 6314:

Islam and the West, the Moriscos: A Cultural and Social History

3123:

Histoire du Maroc: Le Maroc et L'Occident du XVIe au XXe Siecle

6483:

Phillips, Carla Rahn. "The Moriscos of La Mancha, 1570–1614."

5717:"The Persistence of the Andalusian Identity in Rabat, Morocco" 5383:

Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco; Pascali, Vincenzo (2009).

2626: 2501: 1894:(which does not have a corresponding noun) became widespread. 1783:

to Christianity or face compulsory exile after Spain outlawed

6386:

Inquisition and Society in the Kingdom of Valencia, 1478–1834

3153:

had come into Spain to fight alongside the insurgents in the

1874: 6630:

The expulsion of Muslims from Spain by Professor Roger Boase

6369:

The Geography of the Morisco Expulsion: A Quantitative Study

3861:, the conquest of Al-Andalus by the Christians of the North. 3388:

in 2007, devoting a significant section to the expulsion in

2496:

In many ways, their situation was comparable to that of the

2403:

The writing of a Morisco crypto-Muslim author known as the "

5564:"The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?" 3845:, a Christian converted to Islam after the Islamic conquest 3230:, offer ambivalent views of Moriscos. In the first part of 2739:

for conversion to Christianity, were less than successful,

2016:

The Moorish Proselytes of Archbishop Ximenes, Granada, 1500

6021:"Spanish Inquisition couldn't quash Moorish, Jewish genes" 5639:

The expulsion of the Moriscos from Extremadura (1609–1614)

5032: 5030: 3320:

in 1591. Their descendants formed the ethnic group of the

3004:, in (Algeria, Tunisia) or Morocco; many of them came to 6281:

Casey. James."Moriscos and the Depopulation of Valencia"

6246: 5925:

Cerezo M, Achilli A, Olivieri A, et al. (May 2012).

3963:

The Assimilation of Spain's Moriscos: Fiction or Reality?

2463:

literature defending Islam and criticizing Christianity.

6537:

Historia de los moriscos: Vida y tragedia de una minoría

5131:

Histoire des races maudites de la France et de l'Espagne

5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4835: 4833: 4688: 4686: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4377: 4272: 4270: 4070:

Blood & Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain 1492–1614

3679:, Algerian religious leader, translator and interpreter. 3487:

Modern-day ethnicities in Spain associated with Moriscos

1835:

was also used in official colonial-era documentation in

6625:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 837–838. 6341:

Gárcia-Arenal, Mercedes; Wiegers, Gerard, eds. (2014).

4364: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4345: 4245: 4243: 4203: 4201: 4121: 4119: 4094: 4092: 3798:, the rules of ethnic discrimination against Conversos. 3712:, the part of the Iberian Peninsula under Islamic rule. 3685:, Spanish journalist, essayist, Arabist and historian. 3673:, Moroccan politician, great nephew of Ahmed Balafrej. 6453:

The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion

5259:

The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion

4218: 4216: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4086:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, 133–137. 4015: 4013: 4011: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 2789:

formally rescinded tolerance of Islam for the entire

3084:, but these projects floundered with the arrival of 2455:, Islamic legal texts, theological works (including 2124:

Moriscos accounted for 20% of the population of the

6295:

Muslims of Medieval Latin Christendom, c. 1050–1614

6236:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. 6173:. Diaro ABC, S.L. February 17, 2014. Archived from 3324:. A Morisco worked as a military advisor to Sultan 6480:, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2005. 6408: 6030: 4510:The Book of War: 25 Centuries of Great War Writing 3723:, a Romance language written in Arabic characters. 3289:Scholars have noted that many Moriscos joined the 2785:with scattered Arabic expressions. In 1502, Queen 1820:. The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for 3420:who would become the founders of the Republic of 5557: 5555: 5285: 5283: 4939:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997, p. 216) 3162:the Granada Province. Most settled elsewhere in 2488:)", which is unambiguously close to the Islamic 5872:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5482: 5480: 5478: 5113:, hors série n° 54 du April/May 2004, pp. 22–23 4533: 4531: 4529: 3189:. c. 16th century. The passage invites Spanish 3102: 2264:) or prisoners taken during the attacks of the 6535:Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio and Bernard Vincent. 5822: 5820: 5789:, Tikal Ediciones (Ed. Susaeta), Madrid, 2003. 5377: 5375: 3246:but suffers since she is a sincere Christian. 2615:as terms of their surrender. For example, the 2190:Castile, Extremadura and the rest of Andalusia 1787:. Spain had a sizeable Muslim population, the 4503: 4501: 2430:, all written in Spanish with Arabic script ( 2139:, were inhabited fully by Moriscos, the only 2042:'s effort to convert the population led to a 1708: 1212: 294: 8: 6029:. No. 1. 3 January 2009. Archived from 5861: 5859: 5433:Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Silvana (2004). 4584:Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 3833:, the Romance language spoken in Al-Andalus. 2735:When efforts by Granada's first archbishop, 5721:University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons 2812:rebelled against the local nobility in the 2428:Sumario de la relación y ejercio espiritual 2128:, residing principally on the banks of the 34:. For the 2011 novel by Hassan Aourid, see 4072:. Hurst & Company, London. p. 91. 2551:Islam had been present in Spain since the 1715: 1701: 1230: 1219: 1205: 312: 301: 287: 42: 6087:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 6002: 5992: 5950: 5901: 5891: 5830:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5691: 5513: 5458: 5408: 5355: 5345: 4149: 3412:The attempted expulsion of Moriscos from 3016:Disembarking of the Moriscos at Oran port 2717:Learn how and when to remove this message 2475:ancient origin. Hispano-Arabic historian 2436:), and primarily about religious topics. 2038:guaranteed their rights to be Muslim but 1901:, the two different meanings of the word 1808:. So between 1609 and 1614 they began to 5208:The Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain 5204:"Moriscos in Ottoman Galata, 1609–1620s" 5036: 4931: 4929: 4512:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 73. 3786:Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula 3619:Notable Moriscos and Morisco descendants 3523: 3438: 3371: 3177: 2530: 2010: 6563:(in Spanish). Universitat de València. 5024:, p. 286, both in text and note 17 4442: 4430: 4410: 4300: 4288: 3881: 2417:Brief compendium of our sacred law and 1915:nuevos christianos convertidos de moros 1675: 1244: 1233: 326: 315: 256: 222: 209: 185: 172: 143: 130: 96: 52: 45: 6523:Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 5981:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5494:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5439:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5252: 5250: 5021: 5009: 4990: 4969: 4957: 4895: 4883: 4851: 4839: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4454: 4398: 4383: 4368: 4351: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4276: 4249: 4234: 4207: 4161: 4137: 4125: 4110: 4098: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4002: 3810:, the Moriscos who lived from banditry 3252:Verdadera historia del rey don Rodrigo 3238:is a Morisco and a former neighbor of 2731:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 2361:with the Arabic text and line-by-line 948:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 6542:Drummond Braga, Isabel M. R. Mendes. 5541:(in Spanish). El País. Archived from 5052:. University Of Chicago Press, 2005. 3661:, Berber Andalusi diplomat and author 3352:Moriscos in Spain after the expulsion 2504:who lived in Spain at the same time. 2296:chose to leave Spain and emigrate to 2254:The situation of the Moriscos in the 1758: 1745: 1736: 7: 6285:No. 50 (Feb., 1971), pp. 19–40 4907: 4569: 4222: 4192: 4180: 3396:A similar study on the expulsion in 2655:adding citations to reliable sources 1867: 6587:. Barcelona: Proyecto a Ediciones. 6253:, 2020, retrieved: March 17, 2021 ( 6242:Expulsion of the Muslims from Spain 5537:Javier Sampedro (5 December 2008). 4261: 3735:, the former language of Moriscoes. 3550:Descendants and Spanish citizenship 3312:, crossed the Sahara and conquered 2919:Embarkation of Moriscos in Valencia 2777:writing system, i.e., Castilian or 2466:The Moriscos also likely wrote the 1097:Catalan declaration of independence 27:Muslim-descended community in Spain 6389:. University of California Press. 5539:"Sefardíes y moriscos siguen aquí" 5389:European Journal of Human Genetics 3782:, a village inhabited by Moriscos. 3293:, who had a network of bases from 2542:, illustrated in the contemporary 25: 6553:. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1975. 4490:Revue de l'histoire des religions 3639:, Moroccan ambassador to England. 2993:, including Italy and Sicily, or 2607:. Prior to the completion of the 2411:, collecting alms to perform the 1454:Imperial decline, war, and revolt 5562:Trevor J. Dadson (Winter 2011). 3892:Islam and the West: The Moriscos 3827:, Christians under Islamic rule. 3633:, crypto-Muslim author in Spain. 3520:Moriscos and population genetics 3443:"Moriscos in Granada", drawn by 3134:Spanish spies reported that the 3076:, in agreement with the king of 3029:), Fundación Bancaja de Valencia 2631: 2347: 2338: 2230:in the southwestern part of the 1684: 1574:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso 1409:War of the Portuguese Succession 1255: 1184: 1170: 337: 6415:. University of Chicago Press. 5779:Javier García-Egocheaga Vergara 3565:, the Andalusian branch of the 2970:Expulsion of the Moriscos from 2642:needs additional citations for 2314:Christian devotional literature 1958:(offspring of a Spaniard and a 1771:and their descendants whom the 890:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 6581:Stallaert, Christiane (1998). 6560:Geografía de la España morisca 6500:. Cambridge University Press. 6411:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 6347:. Leiden & Boston: Brill. 6298:. Cambridge University Press. 5274:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 5050:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 3839:, Muslims under Christian rule 2985:). After the assassination of 2538:leading his troops during the 2174:, and to a lesser extent also 1: 6640:Aljamiado-morisco manuscripts 6485:The Journal of Modern History 6460:: Lea Brothers & Company. 6251:Institute of European History 6247:EGO – European History Online 6239:Bernabé-Pons, Luis Fernando, 4468:Alazet: Revista de filología. 2623:Forced conversions of Muslims 1793:, in the early 16th century. 589:War of the Spanish Succession 202:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 6326:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 5733:La Vanguardia, 12-Nov-2006. 5572:Journal of Levantine Studies 5347:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 5174:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 4477:. Nº 23, 2011, págs. 83–98. 3940:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 3791:Genetic studies of Moroccans 3569:. The proposal was refused. 3227:Conversation of the Two Dogs 3201:prescriptions and disguise ( 3064:Moriscos and Huguenots from 2871:) allowed his vassal in the 2759:protections were abandoned. 2741:Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros 2611:, they were generally given 2553:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1917:; to distinguish from those 1875: 1536:Portugal during World War II 1364:Portuguese House of Burgundy 1334:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 549:Colonisation of the Americas 6494:Monter, E. William (2003). 6487:50.S2 (1978): D1067–D1095. 6264:The Purging of Muslim Spain 4538:Vassberg, David E. (2002). 3104:During the reign of Sultan 2795:Spanish invasion of Navarre 2767:(crypto-Muslims). The 1504 2373:in Castillian written with 2228:Señorío de las Cinco Villas 2198:and the rest of modern-day 1950:, the child of a Spaniard ( 1504:Portugal during World War I 6701: 6431:American Historical Review 6320:Dadson, Trevor J. (2014). 5994:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 5799:Fletcher, Richard (1992). 5684:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 5506:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 5316:American Historical Review 5168:Dadson, Trevor J. (2018). 4544:Cambridge University Press 3934:Dadson, Trevor J. (2018). 3729:, rough Christian soldiers 3607:. The bid was welcomed by 3539:Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA) 3037: 2935:At the instigation of the 2907: 2814:Revolt of the Brotherhoods 2728: 2516: 2327: 2092:Revolt of the Brotherhoods 1921:) to refer to this group. 1284:Roman conquest of Hispania 1087:2008–2014 financial crisis 29: 6549:García-Arenal, Mercedes. 6470:Spain under the Habsburgs 6441:Journal of Global History 6367:Vincent, Bernard (2014). 6292:Catlos, Brian A. (2014). 5216:10.1163/9789004279353_013 5191:– via Google Books. 3984:Journal of Global History 3950:– via Google Books. 3895:. SUNY Press. p. 7. 3511:and the Maragatos of the 3277:Many Moriscos joined the 3052:were in contact with the 2910:Expulsion of the Moriscos 2540:Mudéjar revolt of 1264–66 1913:, converted from Moors" ( 1810:expel them systematically 1019:Spain during World War II 850:Regency of María Cristina 718:Regency of María Cristina 6539:. Madrid: Alianza, 1978. 5754:Gregorio Colás Latorre: 4600:10.1215/10829636-1363945 3889:Anwar G. Chejne (1983). 3870:Treaty of Granada (1491) 3613:Islamic Council of Spain 2743:took stronger measures: 2480:text never featured the 2468:Lead Books of Sacromonte 1289:Romanization of Hispania 1074:1981 coup d'état attempt 874:Spain during World War I 453:Kingdom of the Visigoths 98:Umayyad state of Córdoba 6622:Encyclopædia Britannica 6557:Lapeyre, Henry (2011). 6476:Perry, Mary Elizabeth. 5893:10.1073/pnas.1306223110 5715:Bahrami, Beebe (1995). 5651:Lisón Hernández, Luis: 5202:Krstić, Tijana (2014). 5133:, Hachette, 1847, p. 71 3390:Villarrubia de los Ojos 3197:to continue fulfilling 3141:was planning to attack 3092:, to disembark between 3044:Islam and Protestantism 3034:International relations 2545:Cantigas de Santa Maria 2246:in modern-day Morocco. 2216:Villarrubia de los Ojos 1580:Transition to democracy 1548:Portuguese Colonial War 1469:Constitutional Monarchy 1449:Great Lisbon earthquake 1058:Transition to democracy 123:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir 6685:Portuguese Inquisition 6546:. Lisbon: Hugin, 1999. 6518:. Leiden: Brill, 1994. 6261:Carr, Matthew (2009). 6051:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol 4923:, retrieved 2014-08-18 4421:, Madrid, 1876, p. 314 4413:, p. 106 quoting 4068:Carr, Matthew (2017). 3849:Persecution of Muslims 3611:, the chairman of the 3529: 3448: 3381: 3286: 3212: 3132: 3030: 2974: 2932: 2548: 2513:Conquest of al-Andalus 2477:Leonard Patrick Harvey 2459:'s works), as well as 2240:Republic of Bou Regreg 2149:Santiago de Compostela 2023: 1919:converted from Judaism 1824:practices occurred in 1806:Fall of Constantinople 1755: 1399:Portuguese Renaissance 1092:2017 Barcelona attacks 924:Provisional Government 795:Provisional Government 668:Absolutist restoration 620:Abdications of Bayonne 6635:Columbia Encyclopedia 6525:36.2 (2010): 141–168. 6177:on February 18, 2014. 5943:10.1101/gr.134452.111 5401:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 5318:74#1 (1968), pp. 1–25 5071:The Moriscos of Spain 4508:Keegan, John (2000). 3775:Hispano-Moresque ware 3677:Si Kaddour Benghabrit 3667:, Moroccan politician 3554:In October 2006, the 3527: 3442: 3375: 3342:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 3326:Al-Ashraf Tumanbay II 3276: 3181: 3129:(Philippe Conrad ed.) 3056:in plans against the 3038:Further information: 3014: 2969: 2917: 2787:Isabella I of Castile 2749:burning Islamic texts 2536:Muhammad I of Granada 2534: 2517:Further information: 2439:Extant copies of the 2409:congregational prayer 2328:Further information: 2014: 1839:to denote mixed-race 1499:Monarchy of the North 1079:Madrid train bombings 956:1936 general election 858:Reign of Alfonso XIII 644:Constitution of Cádiz 47:History of Al-Andalus 6514:Wiegers, Gerard A. 6443:2.2 (2007): 195–212. 6433:74#1 (1968): 1–25. 6359:Individual chapters: 5239:Benjamin J. Kaplan, 5210:. pp. 269–285. 3986:2.2 (2007): 195–212. 3683:Rodolfo Gil Benumeya 3631:Young Man of Arévalo 3507:in the mountains of 3218:' writings, such as 2825:After the conversion 2737:Hernando de Talavera 2651:improve this article 2405:Young Man of Arévalo 2392:(ritual prayer) and 2232:province of Albacete 2120:Aragon and Catalonia 2085:Islamic legal system 2044:series of rebellions 2032:decade-long campaign 1996:Christiane Stallaert 1966:paintings. The term 1936:In Spanish America, 1568:Carnation Revolution 1419:Dutch-Portuguese War 1105:Coronavirus pandemic 1066:Current constitution 1051:Contemporary history 866:Spanish–American War 842:Reign of Alfonso XII 734:Regency of Espartero 711:Reign of Isabella II 597:Nueva Planta Decrees 445:Kingdom of the Suebi 244:Battle of the Strait 6680:Spanish Inquisition 6232:Barletta, Vincent. 5884:2013PNAS..11011791B 5878:(29): 11791–11796. 5545:on 3 January 2015. 5291:Spanish Inquisition 5257:Henry Charles Lea, 4960:, pp. 284–285. 4937:Spanish Inquisition 3854:Philip III of Spain 3755:Crypto-Christianity 3493:Vaqueiros de Alzada 3481:Valencian Community 3332:(the last Egyptian 3216:Miguel de Cervantes 3168:Spanish Inquisition 3110:Philip III of Spain 3106:Mohammed ash-Sheikh 2941:Viceroy of Valencia 2900:from 1568 to 1571. 2869:Viceroy of Valencia 2865:The Duke of Segorbe 2850:Kingdom of Valencia 2613:freedom of religion 2470:, texts written in 2077:Kingdom of Valencia 2071:Kingdom of Valencia 1814:Kingdom of Valencia 1760:[moˈɾiʃkuʃ] 1747:[muˈɾiskus] 1738:[moˈɾiskos] 1691:Portugal portal 980:Nationalist victory 901:of Dámaso Berenguer 787:Sexenio Democrático 770:Glorious Revolution 676:Sexenio Absolutista 526:Early modern period 425:Diocese of Hispania 174:Second Taifa period 69:Battle of Guadalete 36:The Morisco (novel) 30:For the grape, see 6448:Lea, Henry Charles 6283:Past & Present 6150:2009-02-20 at the 6127:2008-12-11 at the 6099:10.1002/ajpa.21252 6063:10.1002/ajpa.20463 5842:10.1002/ajpa.21581 5305:, CervantesVirtual 5111:Nouvel Observateur 4327:, pp. 90, 92. 3969:2013-06-12 at the 3960:Trevor J. Dadson: 3831:Mozarabic language 3796:Limpieza de sangre 3698:, Spanish Arabist. 3689:Rodolfo Gil Grimau 3653:Abdelkhalek Torres 3645:, Catalan Morisco 3530: 3449: 3382: 3287: 3213: 3187:Mancebo de Arévalo 3031: 2975: 2933: 2863:(call to prayer). 2804:, as ruler of the 2745:forced conversions 2588:Emirate of Granada 2581:culminated in the 2549: 2090:In the 1520s, the 2028:Emirate of Granada 2024: 2007:Kingdom of Granada 1924:In 1517, the word 1849:Name and etymology 1818:Kingdom of Morocco 1389:Imperial expansion 1354:County of Portugal 1309:Visigothic Kingdom 1274:Prehistoric Iberia 1191:History portal 761:Bienio progresista 752:Second Carlist War 652:Treaty of Valençay 510:Christian kingdoms 381:Carthaginian Spain 356:Prehistoric Iberia 224:Emirate of Granada 211:Third Taifa period 165:Battle of Sagrajas 132:First Taifa period 79:Battle of Toulouse 6645:Treaty of Granada 6381:Haliczer, Stephen 6312:Chejne, Anwar G. 6267:. The New Press. 5672:Am. J. Hum. Genet 5125:Francisque Michel 4910:, pp. 40–41. 4872:a spirit from Him 4668:, pp. 61–62. 4644:, pp. 60–64. 4237:, pp. 53–55. 4082:Vinson, Ben III. 3923:. 26 August 2015. 3770:Forced conversion 3733:Andalusian Arabic 3586:Equatorial Guinea 3445:Christoph Weiditz 3157:", a region near 3058:House of Habsburg 2855:Sancho de Cardona 2757:Treaty of Granada 2727: 2726: 2719: 2701: 2617:Treaty of Granada 2557:Iberian Peninsula 2527:Treaty of Granada 2202:(the Kingdoms of 2162:and the towns of 2126:kingdom of Aragon 2087:to be preserved. 2040:Cardinal Cisneros 2036:Treaty of Granada 1873: 1725: 1724: 1598:COVID-19 pandemic 1530:Ditadura Nacional 1459:Transfer of Court 1444:House of Braganza 1404:Portuguese Empire 1349:Almoravid dynasty 1279:Pre-Roman Peoples 1229: 1228: 1146:Religious history 835:Restoration Spain 811:Third Carlist War 803:Reign of Amadeo I 726:First Carlist War 533:Catholic Monarchs 438:Early Middle Ages 376:Pre-Roman peoples 311: 310: 265:Iberian Peninsula 118:Abd al-Rahman III 16:(Redirected from 6692: 6626: 6618: 6616:"Moriscos" 6598: 6574: 6511: 6473: 6461: 6426: 6414: 6400: 6372: 6358: 6337: 6309: 6278: 6221: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6199:on 18 May 2009. 6185: 6179: 6178: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6035:on 29 June 2011. 6034: 6016: 6006: 5996: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5796: 5790: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5751: 5745: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5695: 5663: 5657: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5628: 5616: 5610: 5604:Michel Boeglin: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5585: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5484: 5473: 5472: 5462: 5445:(5): 1023–1034. 5429: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5359: 5349: 5325: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5303:"Miguel de Luna" 5300: 5294: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5241:Divided by Faith 5236: 5230: 5229: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5140: 5134: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5080: 5074: 5073:; op cit; p. 345 5067: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4616: 4615: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4505: 4496: 4492:202.4: 379–387. 4486: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4355: 4349: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4006: 4000: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3886: 3697: 3637:Abdelkader Pérez 3434:Region of Murcia 3386:Trevor J. Dadson 3378:Republic of Salé 3303:Republic of Sale 3291:Barbary Corsairs 3265:(c. 1545–1615). 3264: 3130: 3072:against Spanish 3070:Henri de Navarre 3040:Long Turkish War 3028: 2931: 2791:Crown of Castile 2753:rebelled in 1499 2722: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2659: 2635: 2627: 2592:Crown of Castile 2559: – called " 2365:translations in 2351: 2342: 2276:pureza de sangre 1878: 1872:romanized: 1871: 1869: 1781:forcibly convert 1762: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1666:Madeiran history 1602: 1594: 1590:Financial crisis 1509:1926 coup d'état 1382:Age of Discovery 1369:1383–1385 Crisis 1344:Gharb Al-Andalus 1259: 1249: 1231: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1177:Spain portal 1175: 1174: 1173: 1141:Military history 1126:Economic history 1109: 1101: 1083: 1070: 1062: 1039: 1031: 1023: 1015: 1011:Republican exile 1007: 984: 976: 968: 964:1936 coup d'état 960: 952: 944: 936: 928: 905: 894: 886: 878: 870: 862: 854: 846: 823: 815: 807: 799: 774: 766: 756: 748: 738: 730: 722: 699: 691: 681: 656: 648: 640: 632: 628:Napoleonic Spain 624: 601: 593: 585: 577: 569: 561: 553: 545: 537: 514: 506: 496: 488: 465: 461:Byzantine Spania 457: 449: 416: 415:(218 BCE–472 CE) 408: 385: 341: 331: 313: 303: 296: 289: 257:Related articles 231: 230: 218: 217: 194: 193: 181: 180: 152: 151: 139: 138: 105: 104: 74:Siege of Córdoba 61: 60: 43: 21: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6660: 6659: 6613: 6605: 6595: 6580: 6571: 6556: 6532: 6508: 6493: 6464: 6446: 6423: 6403: 6397: 6379: 6366: 6355: 6340: 6334: 6319: 6306: 6291: 6275: 6260: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6193:Diario la Torre 6187: 6186: 6182: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6152:Wayback Machine 6141: 6137: 6131: 6129:Wayback Machine 6118: 6114: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6019: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5865: 5864: 5857: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5748: 5732: 5728: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5631: 5617: 5613: 5602: 5598: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5486: 5485: 5476: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5340:(4): e1001373. 5327: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5288: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5248: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5156:Constantinople. 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5101: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 4997: 4989: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4927: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4619: 4592:Duke University 4581: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4546:. p. 142. 4537: 4536: 4527: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4487: 4483: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4358: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4046:, pp. 2–3. 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3971:Wayback Machine 3959: 3955: 3948: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3921:theconversation 3915: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3804:, baptized Jews 3739:Arab Christians 3716:Alhambra Decree 3705: 3691: 3621: 3609:Mansur Escudero 3552: 3522: 3489: 3469:Crown of Aragón 3354: 3279:Barbary pirates 3271: 3258: 3209:Christian faith 3176: 3136:Ottoman Emperor 3131: 3117: 3086:John of Austria 3046: 3036: 3022: 2925: 2912: 2906: 2827: 2806:Crown of Aragon 2733: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2660: 2658: 2648: 2636: 2625: 2596:Crown of Aragon 2583:fall of Granada 2529: 2515: 2510: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2371:Quran of Toledo 2354: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2326: 2310:patroness saint 2290: 2285: 2266:Barbary pirates 2252: 2192: 2122: 2081:Crown of Aragon 2073: 2064:Morisco revolts 2009: 1992:Bernard Vincent 1988:Domínguez Ortiz 1976: 1864:Standard Arabic 1851: 1837:Spanish America 1773:Catholic Church 1767:") were former 1763:; Spanish for " 1742: 1733: 1721: 1685: 1683: 1671: 1670: 1661:Azorean history 1656: 1646: 1645: 1616: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1563: 1553: 1552: 1524: 1522:Second Republic 1514: 1513: 1489: 1479: 1478: 1474:1910 Revolution 1439:Restoration War 1434: 1424: 1423: 1384: 1374: 1373: 1329: 1319: 1318: 1269: 1247: 1240: 1225: 1196: 1185: 1183: 1171: 1169: 1151: 1150: 1131:Law enforcement 1121: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1099: 1081: 1068: 1060: 1053: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1035:Basque conflict 1029: 1021: 1013: 1005: 998: 996:Francoist Spain 988: 987: 982: 974: 966: 958: 950: 942: 940:Second Biennium 934: 926: 919: 917:Second Republic 909: 908: 903: 892: 884: 876: 868: 860: 852: 844: 837: 827: 826: 821: 813: 805: 797: 790: 778: 777: 772: 764: 754: 746: 743:Década moderada 736: 728: 720: 713: 703: 702: 697: 689: 686:Trienio Liberal 679: 670: 660: 659: 654: 646: 638: 636:Cortes of Cádiz 630: 622: 615: 605: 604: 599: 591: 583: 575: 567: 559: 551: 543: 535: 528: 518: 517: 512: 504: 494: 486: 484:Muslim conquest 479: 469: 468: 463: 455: 447: 440: 430: 429: 414: 406: 399: 389: 388: 383: 371: 361: 360: 351: 329: 322: 307: 228: 227: 226: 215: 214: 213: 191: 190: 189: 178: 177: 176: 149: 148: 147: 136: 135: 134: 113:Abd al-Rahman I 102: 101: 100: 84:Battle of Tours 58: 57: 56: 54:Muslim conquest 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6698: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6611: 6604: 6603:External links 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594:978-8492233571 6593: 6578: 6575: 6570:978-8437084138 6569: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6507:978-0521522595 6506: 6491: 6481: 6474: 6462: 6444: 6437: 6427: 6422:978-0226319636 6421: 6401: 6396:978-0520067295 6395: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6361: 6360: 6354:978-9004279353 6353: 6338: 6333:978-1855662735 6332: 6317: 6310: 6305:978-0521889391 6304: 6289: 6279: 6274:978-1595583611 6273: 6258: 6237: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6206: 6180: 6158: 6135: 6112: 6093:(4): 531–539. 6076: 6057:(4): 539–551. 6040: 6038: 6037: 5987:(6): 725–736. 5966: 5937:(5): 821–826. 5917: 5855: 5836:(2): 271–280. 5816: 5810:978-0805023954 5809: 5791: 5760: 5746: 5726: 5707: 5678:(6): 725–736. 5658: 5643: 5629: 5611: 5596: 5551: 5529: 5500:(6): 725–736. 5474: 5451:10.1086/386295 5424: 5395:(6): 848–852. 5371: 5320: 5307: 5295: 5279: 5272:L. P. Harvey, 5264: 5246: 5231: 5224: 5194: 5181:978-1855662735 5180: 5160: 5135: 5115: 5099: 5075: 5062: 5058:978-0226319636 5048:L. P. Harvey. 5041: 5039:, p. 256. 5026: 5014: 5012:, p. 286. 4995: 4993:, p. 285. 4974: 4972:, p. 284. 4962: 4950: 4941: 4925: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4886:, p. 281. 4876: 4856: 4854:, p. 275. 4844: 4842:, p. 265. 4829: 4827:, p. 271. 4817: 4815:, p. 267. 4805: 4803:, p. 264. 4793: 4791:, p. 159. 4781: 4779:, p. 157. 4769: 4767:, p. 154. 4757: 4755:, p. 149. 4745: 4743:, p. 146. 4733: 4731:, p. 144. 4721: 4719:, p. 173. 4709: 4707:, p. 182. 4697: 4695:, p. 181. 4682: 4680:, p. 179. 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4632:, p. 270. 4617: 4574: 4562: 4553:978-0521527132 4552: 4525: 4519:978-0140296556 4518: 4497: 4481: 4459: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4403: 4401:, p. 125. 4388: 4386:, p. 125. 4373: 4356: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4315:, p. 126. 4305: 4293: 4281: 4279:, p. 234. 4266: 4264:, p. 227. 4254: 4239: 4227: 4212: 4197: 4185: 4166: 4164:, p. 147. 4154: 4150:Stallaert 1998 4142: 4130: 4115: 4103: 4088: 4075: 4060: 4058:, p. 281. 4048: 4036: 4024: 4007: 3988: 3975: 3953: 3947:978-1855662735 3946: 3926: 3908: 3902:978-0791498873 3901: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3820:Morisco Revolt 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3765:Crypto-Judaism 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3699: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3665:Ahmed Balafrej 3662: 3656: 3650: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3620: 3617: 3605:Sephardic Jews 3594:Sephardic Jews 3574:Ibero-American 3551: 3548: 3521: 3518: 3488: 3485: 3358:historiography 3353: 3350: 3270: 3267: 3256:Miguel de Luna 3195:crypto-Muslims 3175: 3172: 3115: 3090:Constantinople 3082:Ottoman Empire 3035: 3032: 3020:Vicente Mostre 3002:Ottoman Empire 2995:Constantinople 2979:crypto-Muslims 2945:Juan de Ribera 2908:Main article: 2905: 2902: 2831:former Emirate 2826: 2823: 2800:However, King 2783:Arabic writing 2729:Main article: 2725: 2724: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2312:and developed 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2256:Canary Islands 2251: 2250:Canary Islands 2248: 2191: 2188: 2141:Old Christians 2137:Muel, Zaragoza 2121: 2118: 2079:, part of the 2072: 2069: 2062:triggered the 2008: 2005: 1975: 1972: 1911:new Christians 1876:al-Mūrīskiyyūn 1850: 1847: 1822:crypto-Islamic 1802:Ottoman Empire 1777:Habsburg Spain 1723: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1587: 1585:Third Republic 1582: 1577: 1570: 1564: 1561:Third Republic 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494:First Republic 1490: 1487:First Republic 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1304:Suebic Kingdom 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1180: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1108:(2020–present) 1102: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1071: 1063: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1024: 1016: 1008: 1003:Spanish Maquis 999: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 977: 969: 961: 953: 945: 937: 932:First Biennium 929: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 895: 887: 879: 871: 863: 855: 847: 838: 833: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 819:First Republic 816: 808: 800: 791: 784: 783: 780: 779: 776: 775: 767: 757: 749: 739: 731: 723: 714: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 695:Ominous Decade 692: 682: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 649: 641: 633: 625: 616: 613:Peninsular War 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 594: 586: 578: 570: 562: 554: 546: 538: 529: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 507: 497: 489: 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 466: 458: 450: 441: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 409: 404:Roman Conquest 400: 397:Roman Hispania 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 378: 372: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 352: 347: 346: 343: 342: 334: 333: 324: 323: 316: 309: 308: 306: 305: 298: 291: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 267: 259: 258: 254: 253: 252: 251: 246: 241: 239:Nasrid dynasty 233: 232: 220: 219: 207: 206: 205: 204: 196: 195: 183: 182: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 154: 153: 145:Almoravid rule 141: 140: 128: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 107: 106: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 62: 50: 49: 32:Mourisco tinto 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6697: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6524: 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P. 6402: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6041: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5801:Moorish Spain 5795: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5622:News Agency: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5597: 5586:on 2013-06-12 5582: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5232: 5227: 5225:9789004279353 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5146:History Today 5139: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107:Bruno Etienne 5103: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5086:History Today 5079: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5037:Haliczer 1990 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935:Henry Kamen, 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4656:, p. 61. 4655: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4457:, p. 80. 4456: 4451: 4448: 4445:, p. 107 4444: 4439: 4436: 4433:, p. 108 4432: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4371:, p. 94. 4370: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4354:, p. 93. 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4339:, p. 92. 4338: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4303:, p. 20. 4302: 4297: 4294: 4291:, p. 14. 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4252:, p. 49. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4225:, p. 74. 4224: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4210:, p. 48. 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4195:, p. 59. 4194: 4189: 4186: 4183:, p. 40. 4182: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4152:, p. 36. 4151: 4146: 4143: 4140:, p. 13. 4139: 4134: 4131: 4128:, p. 12. 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4113:, p. 11. 4112: 4107: 4104: 4101:, p. 10. 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 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3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119:Bernard Lugan 3114: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943:, Archbishop 2942: 2938: 2937:Duke of Lerma 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2875:to operate a 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 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2320:emphasis. 2292:While the 2261:cabalgadas 2060:Pragmatica 2056:Pragmatica 2020:Edwin Long 1853:The label 1804:after the 1752:Portuguese 1432:Bragantine 1339:Al-Andalus 565:Golden Age 513:(718–1479) 505:(711–1492) 495:(711–1492) 492:Al-Andalus 349:Prehistory 103:(756–1031) 6249:, Mainz: 5775:chapter 3 5293:, p. 224. 5069:H.C Lea, 4908:Carr 2009 4608:1082-9636 4570:Carr 2009 4475:0214-7602 4223:Carr 2009 4193:Carr 2009 4181:Carr 2009 3780:Hornachos 3749:Conversos 3721:Aljamiado 3509:Cantabria 3501:Mercheros 3473:Catalonia 3427:Alcántara 3418:Hornachos 3403:Philip IV 3398:Andalusia 3269:Aftermath 3183:Aljamiado 3062:Aragonese 3050:Huguenots 2983:Marseille 2904:Expulsion 2818:Charles V 2802:Ferdinand 2781:texts in 2779:Aragonese 2774:aljamiado 2666:"Morisco" 2500:, secret 2486:ruh Allah 2461:polemical 2433:aljamiado 2367:Aljamiado 2308:as their 2271:Lanzarote 2220:Hornachos 2200:Andalusia 2180:Aragonese 2176:Castilian 2156:Catalonia 2101:Charles V 2052:Philip II 1882:The word 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1619:Archives 1327:Medieval 1248:Portugal 1237:a series 1235:Part of 1158:Timeline 581:Bourbons 412:Hispania 319:a series 317:Part of 160:Conquest 18:Mourisco 6004:2668061 5952:3337428 5903:3718088 5880:Bibcode 5693:2668061 5515:2668061 5460:1181965 5410:2947089 5357:3080861 5289:Kamen, 5187:3 April 3837:Mudéjar 3578:Andorra 3563:IULV-CA 3363:Castile 3338:Selim I 3295:Morocco 3244:Berbery 3204:taqiyya 3199:Islamic 3164:Castile 3159:Granada 3151:Berbers 3078:Algiers 3048:French 3018:(1613, 2972:Vinaros 2896:in the 2867:(later 2691:scholar 2569:Berbers 2523:Mudejar 2490:shahada 2482:Trinity 2449:hadiths 2424:Tafsira 2316:with a 2226:or the 2224:Arévalo 2208:Córdoba 2204:Seville 2172:Catalan 1956:mulatto 1952:español 1942:morisca 1938:morisco 1931:morisco 1926:morisco 1907:morisco 1903:morisco 1892:morisco 1884:morisco 1855:morisco 1833:morisco 1826:Granada 1769:Muslims 1765:Moorish 1654:Regions 1635:Judaism 1623:Economy 1267:Ancient 885:(–1927) 882:Rif War 89:Fihrids 6591: 6567: 6504: 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