Oral cancer - Knowledge (XXG)

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beverages. Of these, the microbiome is the major contributor, accounting for at least half of the acetaldehyde present. Poor oral hygiene, smoking, and heavy drinking induce an increase in acetaldehyde-producing bacteria in the mouth. Many species of bacteria contribute to acetaldehyde production and their epidemiological significance is not known. The acetaldehyde reacts with oral epithelial cells, inducing DNA modifications, which can lead to mutations and cancer development. The ability to metabolize acetaldehyde in the mouth is limited, so it may remain in the saliva for hours. L-cysteine tablets may be used to decrease acetaldehyde exposure in the oral cavity.

1493:) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of squamous cell head and neck cancers, and are likely to have an increasing role in the future management of this condition when used in conjunction with other established treatment modalities, although it is not a replacement for chemotherapy in head and neck cancers. Likewise, molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies may be effective for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Adding epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (EGFR mAb) to standard treatment may increase survival, keeping the cancer limited to that area of the body and may decrease reappearance of the cancer. 1744:

both sexes. The rate is higher in males at 1.4 and lower in females at 0.6. Table 1 provides age-standardised incidence and mortality rates for oral cancer based on the location in the mouth. The location 'other mouth' refers to the buccal mucosa, the vestibule and other unspecified parts of the mouth. The data suggests lip cancer has the highest incidence rate while gingival cancer has the lowest rate overall. In terms of mortality rates, oropharyngeal cancer has the highest rate in males and tongue cancer has the highest rate in females. Lip, palatal and gingival cancer have the lowest mortality rates overall.

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and Arab countries, although the prevalence is not as high, estimated incidences of oral cancer ranged from 1.6 to 8.6/ 100,000 and 1.8 to 2.13/ 100,000 respectively. According to GLOBOCAN 2012, the estimated age-standardised rates of cancer incidence and mortality was higher in males than females. However, in some areas, specifically South East Asia, similar rates were recorded for both genders. The average age of those diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma is approximately 51–55. In 2012, there were 97,400 deaths recorded due to oral cancer.

471:(HPV), particularly type 16, is a cause of oropharyngeal cancer (tonsils, base of tongue). However, its role in the genesis of oral cavity cancers is a matter of debate. A 2023 meta-analysis observed that the HPV was present 6% of all oral cavity cancer cases, however without establishing a role of this virus in the oncogenesis of these tumors. The authors even reported that some base of tongue tumors may have been misclassified as oral cavity tumors, therefore mistakenly increasing the rate of HPV-positive oral cavity cancers. 287: 626: 453:

hygiene, smoking, and drinking which make any broad conclusion very tenuous in the absence of rigorously controlled studies. In subgroup analyses, various combinations of smoking, drinking alcohol, poor oral hygiene, and using mouthwash several times a day for 35 years or more significantly increased risk. Although alcohol is necessary to dissolve some active antimicrobial agents, Rao et al. advise reducing the alcohol content of mouthwashes if possible.

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mortality in 2012 were reported in Lithuania (7.5), Estonia (6.0), and Latvia (5.4). Incidence of oral cancer in young adults (ages 20–39 years old) in Scandinavia has reportedly risen approximately 6-fold between 1960 and 1994 The high incidence rate of oral and pharyngeal cancer in Denmark could be attributed to their higher alcohol intake than citizens of other Scandinavian countries and low intake of fruits and vegetables in general.

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for males and 11th-highest for females for oral cancer incidence among Europe. Additionally, there is a regional variability within the United Kingdom, with Scotland and northern England having higher rates than southern England. The same analysis applies to lifetime risk of developing oral cancer, as in Scotland it is 1.84% in males and 0.74% in females, higher than the rest of the UK, being 1.06% and 0.48%, respectively.

1370: 295: 2296: 800:. When the cancer has spread to lymph nodes, their exact location, size, and spread beyond the capsule (of the lymph nodes) needs to be determined, as each can have a significant impact on treatment and prognosis. Small differences in the pattern of lymph node spread, can have a significant impact on treatment and prognosis. Panendoscopy may be recommended, because the tissues of the entire upper 1357:, however, there is no evidence that routine use of these devices in general dental practice is helpful. Potential risks of using screening devices include false positives, unnecessary surgical biopsies, and a financial burden. Micronuclei assays can help in early detection of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, thereby improving survival and reducing morbidity associated with treatment. 546: 2106: 480: 53: 278:

cancer has an overall 5 year survival rate of 65% in the United States as of 2015. This varies from 84% if diagnosed when localized, compared to 66% if it has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, and 39% if it has spread to distant parts of the body. Survival rates also are dependent on the location of the disease in the mouth.

204:, that thickens, gets ulcerated and continues to grow. When on the lips, it commonly looks like a persistent crusting ulcer that does not heal, and slowly grows. Other symptoms may include difficult or painful swallowing, new lumps or bumps in the neck, a swelling in the mouth, or a feeling of numbness in the mouth or lips. 1710:

Oral cancer is one of the most-common types of cancer in Asia due to its association with smoking (tobacco, bidi), betel quid and alcohol consumption. Regionally incidence varies with highest rates in South Asia, particularly India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In South East Asia

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British Cancer Research found 2,386 deaths due to oral cancer in 2014; while most oral cancer cases are diagnosed in older adults between 50 and 74 years old, this condition can affect the young as well; 6% of people affected by oral cancer are under 45 years of age. The United Kingdom is 16th-lowest

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There has also been research showing potential in using oral cytology as a diagnostic test for oral cancer instead of traditional biopsy techniques. In oral cytology, a brush is used to take some cells from the suspected lesion/area and these are sent to a laboratory for examination. This can be much

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are most often used, as an adjunct to surgery, to control oral cancer that is greater than stage 1, or has spread to either regional lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Radiotherapy alone can be used instead of surgery, for very small lesions, but is generally used as an adjunct when lesions are

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In 2022, close to 54,000 Americans are projected to be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer. 66% of the time, these will be found as late stage three and four disease. It will cause over 8,000 deaths. Of those newly diagnosed, only slightly more than half will be alive in five years. Similar

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Hungary (23.3), Slovakia (16.4), and Romania (15.5) reported the highest incidences of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Hungary also recorded the highest incidence in both genders as well as the highest mortality rates in Europe. It is ranked third globally for cancer mortality rates. Cigarette smoking,

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Europe places second-highest after Southeast Asia among all continents for age-standardised rate (ASR) specific to oral and oropharyngeal cancer. It is estimated that there were 61,400 cases of oral and lip cancer within Europe in 2012. Hungary recorded the highest number of mortality and morbidity

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may be involved at this stage. Treatment of oral cancer will usually be by a multidisciplinary team, with treatment professionals from the realms of radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, nutrition, dentistry, and even psychology all possibly involved with diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and care.

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plays a major role. Immediately after alcohol consumption, there are elevated levels of acetaldehyde in saliva, peaking after about 2 minutes. Acetaldehyde is produced by the oral microbiome, and also by enzymes in the oral mucosa, saliva glands, and liver. It is also naturally present in alcoholic

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In 2018, oral cancer occurred globally in about 355,000 people, and resulted in 177,000 deaths. Between 1999 and 2015 in the United States, the rate of oral cancer increased 6% (from 10.9 to 11.6 per 100,000). Deaths from oral cancer during this time decreased 7% (from 2.7 to 2.5 per 100,000). Oral

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The following rates describe the number of new cases or deaths per 100 000 individuals per year. The incidence rate of oral cancer is 6.3 for both sexes; this is higher in males at 6.8–8.8 and lower in females at 3.7–3.9. The mortality rate is significantly lower than the incidence rate at 1.0 for

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The highest incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer was recorded in Denmark, with age-standardised rates per 100,000 of 13.0, followed by Lithuania (9.9) and the United Kingdom (9.8). Lithuania reported the highest incidence in men while Denmark reported the highest in women. The highest rates for

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is a major cause of oral cancer. It was responsible for 20% of global oral cancer cases in 2020. The more alcohol is consumed regularly the higher the risk, but light to moderate drinking still somewhat increases the chances of getting oral cancer. The risk is especially high when both alcohol and

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Oral cancer is the third-most-common form of cancer in India with over 77 000 new cases diagnosed in 2012 (2.3:1 male to female ratio). Studies estimate over five deaths per hour. One of the reasons behind such high incidence might be popularity of betel and areca nuts, which are considered to be

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Oral cancers overall risk higher in black males opposed to white males, however specific oral cancers-such as of the lip, have a higher risk in white males opposed to black males. Overall, rates of oral cancer between gender groups (male and female) seem to be decreasing, according to data from 3

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may be completed. T1 lesions that are 4 mm or greater in thickness have a significant risk of spread to neck nodes. When disease if found in the nodes after removal (but not seen clinically) the recurrence rates is 10–24%. If post-operative radiation is added, the failure rate is 0–15%. When

1411:, or access is limited due to mouth opening, the upper or lower lip is split, and the cheek pulled back to give greater access to the mouth. When the tumor involves the jaw bone, or when surgery or radiation will cause severe limited mouth opening, part of the bone is also removed with the tumor. 452:

increases oral cancer risk. As of 2024, there is some limited evidence supporting that the use of mouthwashes containing alcohol can increase the occurrence of oral cancer in some cases. There are complex interactions between alcohol content, usage patterns, reduction of oral pathogens, poor oral

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The most common type of oral cancer seen in cats is squamous cell carcinoma. Due to tumors developing in hidden spots such as beneath the tongue, when the tumors in the cats mouth are caught it is often untreatable. Risk factors include secondhand smoke, as the smoke settles on the fur which is

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Dogs that are a breed that is at higher risk of developing oral cancer are more susceptible. Tumors that are found early in development can be removed by surgery, however some cases involve removing a part of the jaw. Chemotherapy is used following surgeries or to remove a tumor that cannot be

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The incidence rates of oral cancer in western Europe found France, Germany and Belgium to be highest. The ASRs (per 100,000) were 15.0, 14.6, and 14.1, respectively. When filtered by gender category, the same countries rank top 3 for male, however, in different order of Belgium (21.9), Germany

605:. What characterizes a malignant tumor over a benign one is its ability to metastasize. This ability is independent of the size or grade of the tumor (often seemingly slow growing cancers like the adenoid cystic carcinoma can metastasis widely). It is not just rapid growth that characterizes a 1677:

Of all the cancers, oral cancer attributes to 3% in males, opposed to 2% in women. New cases of oral cancer in US as of 2013, approximated almost 66,000 with almost 14000 attributed from tongue cancer, and nearly 12000 from the mouth, and the remainder from the oral cavity and pharynx. In the

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Survival rates for oral cancer depend on the precise site and the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. Overall, 2011 data from the SEER database shows that survival is around 57% at five years when all stages of initial diagnosis, all genders, all ethnicities, all age groups, and all treatment

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Oral cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) is usually treated with surgery alone, or in combination with adjunctive therapy, including radiation, with or without chemotherapy. With small lesions (T1), surgery or radiation have similar control rates, so the decision about which to use is based on

355:). The risk is especially high when a person regularly uses both. The more is consumed of either the higher the risk of developing oral cancer. Like all environmental factors, the rate at which cancer will develop is dependent on the dose, frequency and method of application of the 4472:

Petrelli F, Coinu A, Riboldi V, Borgonovo K, Ghilardi M, Cabiddu M, et al. (November 2014). "Concomitant platinum-based chemotherapy or cetuximab with radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies".

561:(or precancerous) lesion is defined as "a benign, morphologically altered tissue that has a greater than normal risk of malignant transformation." There are several different types of premalignant lesion that occur in the mouth. Some oral cancers begin as white patches ( 1698:

In Brazil, however, lip and oral cavity cancer is the 7th most common cancer, with an estimated 6,930 new cases diagnosed in the year 2012. This number is rising and has an overall higher ASIR at 7.2 per 100,000 population whereby an approx 3000 deaths have occurred

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It is the eleventh-most-common cancer in the United States among males while in Canada and Mexico it is the twelfth and thirteenth-most-common cancer respectively. The ASIR for lip and oral cavity cancer among men in Canada and Mexico is 4.2 and 3.1, respectively.

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Oral cancer is the sixteenth most-common cancer in the United Kingdom (around 6,800 people were diagnosed with oral cancer in the United Kingdom in 2011), and it is the 19th most-common cause of cancer death (around 2,100 people died from the disease in 2012).

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chewing. This condition is characterized by limited opening of mouth and burning sensation on eating of spicy food. This is a progressive lesion in which the opening of the mouth becomes progressively limited, and later on even normal eating becomes difficult.

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is useful in oral cancers when used in combination with other treatment modalities such as radiation therapy but it is not used alone as a monotherapy. When a cure is unlikely, it can also be used to extend life and can be considered palliative but not

522:(HSCT) are at a higher risk for oral cancer. Post-HSCT oral cancer may have more aggressive behavior with poorer prognosis, when compared to oral cancer in people not treated with HSCT. This effect is supposed to be owing to the continuous lifelong 4433:

Zelefsky MJ, Harrison LB, Fass DE, Armstrong JG, Shah JP, Strong EW (January 1993). "Postoperative radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx: impact of therapy on patients with positive surgical margins".

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The ASIR across all geographic regions of South America as of 2012 sits at 3.8 per 100,000 population where approximately 6,046 deaths have occurred due to lip and oral cavity cancer, where the age-standardized mortality rate remains at 1.4.

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modalities are considered. Survival rates for stage 1 cancers are approximately 90%, hence the emphasis on early detection to increase survival outcome for people. Similar survival rates are reported from other countries, such as Germany.

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is generally performed. Where the neck lymph nodes have no evidence of involvement clinically, but the oral cavity lesion is high risk for spread (e.g. T2 or above lesions), then a neck dissection of the lymph nodes above the level of the

669:. Brush biopsies are not considered accurate for the diagnosis of oral cancer. Salivary biomarkers are also being under investigation with emerging outcomes and could potentially be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in the future. 1402:

characteristics, such as depth, and spread to lymph nodes that might require radiation or chemotherapy. For small lesions (T1–2), access to the oral cavity is through the mouth. When the lesion is larger, involves the bone of the

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excessive alcohol consumption, inequalities in the care received by people with cancer, and gender-specific systemic risk factors have been determined as the leading causes for the high morbidity and mortality rates in Hungary.

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Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, ≤3 cm or smaller and ENE(+) or >3 cm and ≤6 cm and ENE(−); or metastases in multiple ispsilateral lymph nodes, none >6 cm and ENE(−); or in bilateral or

495:-based products is known to be a strong risk factor for developing oral cancer even in the absence of tobacco. It doubles the risk of oral cancer 2.1 times and when chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in 1682:

survival estimates are reported from other countries. For example, five-year relative survival for oral cavity cancer in Germany is about 55%. In the US oral cancer accounts for about 8 percent of all malignant growths.

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Annertz K, Anderson H, Biörklund A, Möller T, Kantola S, Mork J, et al. (September 2002). "Incidence and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults".

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previous year, 1.6% of lip and oral cavity cancers were diagnosed, where the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR) across all geographic regions of United States of America estimates at 5.2 per 100,000 population.

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Mello FW, Melo G, Pasetto JJ, Silva CA, Warnakulasuriya S, Rivero ER (July 2019). "The synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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less invasive and painful than a scalpel biopsy for the patient, however, there needs to be further research before oral cytology can be considered as an effective routine screening tool when compared to biopsies.

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From these collective findings, taken in consideration with the health and desires of the person, the cancer team develops a plan for treatment. Since most oral cancers require surgical removal, a second set of

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The management of the neck is crucial, since spread to it reduces the chance of survival by 50%. If there is evidence of lymph node involvement of the neck, during the diagnostic phase, then a modified radical

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Tramacere I, Negri E, Bagnardi V, Garavello W, Rota M, Scotti L, et al. (July 2010). "A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: overall results and dose-risk relation".

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There is limited data for the prevalence of oral cancer in Africa. The following rates describe the number of new cases (for incidence rates) or deaths (for mortality rates) per 100 000 individuals per year.

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tumor invades adjacent structures only (cortical bone of the mandible or maxilla (excluding superficial erosion of tooth socket alone in gingival tumors) or involves the maxillary sinus or skin of the face)

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Note: A designation of "U" or "L" may be used for any N category to indicate metastasis above (U) or below (L) the lower border of the cricoid. ENE(+/−) indicates presence or absence of extranodal disease

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is the end product of an unregulated proliferation of mucous basal cells. A single precursor cell is transformed into a clone consisting of many daughter cells with an accumulation of altered genes called

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Rates are increasing across both males and females. As of 2017, almost 50000 new cases of oropharyngeal cancers will be diagnosed, with incidence rates being more than twice as high in men than women.

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and is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Risk factors for developing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer include multiple sexual partners, anal and oral sex and a weak immune system.

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Typically, the lesions cause very little pain until they become larger and then are associated with a local pain, burning sensation or ear ache (referred otalgia). As the lesion spreads to the

4624:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1665:

Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancers were recorded, finding Portugal, Croatia and Serbia to have highest rates (ASR per 100,000). These values are 15.4, 12, and 11.7, respectively.

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H Alsarraf A, Kujan O, Farah CS (February 2018). "The utility of oral brush cytology in the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review".

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Table 1: Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer (per 100 000 individuals per year) in Australia between 1982 and 2008. Adapted from Farah, Simanovic and Dost (2014)

1334:(USPSTF) in 2013 stated evidence was insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for oral cancer in adults without symptoms by primary care providers. The 4390:

Robbins KT, Ferlito A, Shah JP, Hamoir M, Takes RP, Strojan P, et al. (March 2013). "The evolving role of selective neck dissection for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma".

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is the greatest single cause of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Using tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer by 3 to 6 times and is responsible for around 40% of all oral cancers.

6084: 1439:, but 20–30% of those people (or up to 20% of all those affected) will have clinically undetectable spread of cancer to the lymph nodes of the neck (called occult disease). 816:

tests will be completed on any tumor removed to determine the prognosis, need for additional surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or other interventions.

3403:"Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium" 6077: 5261:

Mallath MK, Taylor DG, Badwe RA, Rath GK, Shanta V, Pramesh CS, et al. (May 2014). "The growing burden of cancer in India: epidemiology and social context".

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In 2013, oral cancer resulted in 135,000 deaths, up from 84,000 deaths in 1990. Oral cancer occurs more often in people from lower and middle income countries.

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Globally, it newly occurred in about 355,000 people and resulted in 177,000 deaths in 2018. Of these 355,000, about 246,000 are males and 108,000 are females.

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Ralho A, Coelho A, Ribeiro M, Paula A, Amaro I, Sousa J, et al. (December 2019). "Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review".

2140:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 3079:"Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium" 1535: 90:

Persistent rough white or red patch in the mouth lasting longer than 2 weeks, ulceration, lumps/bumps in the neck, pain, loose teeth, difficulty swallowing

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accessed. Tumors that are caught when the cancer has already spread to other places of the body will result in the dog living for only 6-12 more months.

5503: 274:. The types of treatments will depend on the size, locations, and spread of the cancer taken into consideration with the general health of the person. 4224: 2113:

Oral cancers are the fourth most common type seen in other animals in veterinary medicine, with older animals having higher chances of developing it.

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The mortality rate is lower than the incidence rate at 1.6 for both sexes. The rate is again higher for males at 2.1 and lower for females at 1.3.

6307: 5075: 4258: 519: 4049:"CYFRA 21-1 and MMP-9 as salivary biomarkers for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy" 4769: 4563:

Listl S, Jansen L, Stenzinger A, Freier K, Emrich K, Holleczek B, et al. (GEKID Cancer Survival Working Group) (2013). Scheurer M (ed.).

609:, but their ability to secrete enzymes, angiogeneic factors, invasion factors, growth factors and many other factors that allow it to spread. 250:

Oral cancer can be prevented by avoiding tobacco products, limiting alcohol use, sun protection on the lip, HPV vaccination, and avoidance of

6177: 5454: 4201: 3988: 1335: 359:(the substance that is causing the cancer). Aside from tobacco and alcohol, other carcinogens for oral cancer include viruses (particularly 215:. Those who use both alcohol and tobacco have a 15 times greater risk of oral cancer than those who use neither. Other risk factors include 2552:

Goldenberg D, Lee J, Koch WM, Kim MM, Trink B, Sidransky D, et al. (December 2004). "Habitual risk factors for head and neck cancer".

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Histopathologic appearance of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma specimen. Hematoxylin-eosin stain. p16 positive, EBV negative

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Metastasis in a single ipsilateral node <3 cm and ENE(+); or a single ipsilatereral node ≥3 cm and <6 cm and ENE(−)

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Very advanced local disease. Tumor invades masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base and/or encases the internal carotid artery

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Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

3866: 3759:"Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence" 2762: 2377: 1657:(23.1), and France (23.1). France, Belgium, and the Netherlands rank highest for females, with ASRs 7.6, 7.0, and 7.0, respectively. 5332: 4685: 2337: 1331: 462: 306:

but are generally thin, irregular, red and/or white patches in the mouth. The classic warning sign is a persistent rough patch with

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of the neck, a painless, hard mass will develop. If it spreads elsewhere in the body, general aches can develop, most often due to

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lymph nodes are clinically found during the diagnosis phase, and radiation is added post-operative, disease control is >80%.

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recommends that adults over 20 years who have periodic health examinations should have the oral cavity examined for cancer. The

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from the oral cavity and neck is achieved primarily through surgery. This also allows a detailed examination of the tissue for

1151: 4343:"Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions" 2915: 880:

is an assessment of the degree of spread of the cancer from its original source. It is one of the factors affecting both the

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Moore SR, Johnson NW, Pierce AM, Wilson DF (March 2000). "The epidemiology of mouth cancer: a review of global incidence".

4712: 891:(tumor, node, metastasis). This is based on the size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. 569:) or mixed red and white patches (erythroleukoplakia or "speckled leukoplakia"). Other common premalignant lesions include 6007: 2231: 1506: 2698: 1732:

The incidence rate of oral cancer is 2.6 for both sexes. The rate is higher in males at 3.3 and lower in females at 2.0.

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the cell structure. They may add additional information that can be used in staging, and treatment planning, such as the

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Marziliano A, Teckie S, Diefenbach MA (April 2020). "Alcohol-related head and neck cancer: Summary of the literature".

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Carr E, Aslam-Pervez B (March 2022). "Does the use of alcohol mouthwash increase the risk of developing oral cancer?".

1486: 1343: 2981:"Smokeless Tobacco Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis of US Studies in the INHANCE Consortium" 310:, and a raised border that is minimally painful. On the lip, the ulcer is more commonly crusting and dry, and in the 46:

Cancer of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, mouth cancer, tongue cancer, cancer of the lips, oral cavity and pharynx

6038: 240: 5244:"All Cancers (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012" 5832: 527: 6069: 6162: 6157: 5867: 5825: 5348:

Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, Curado MP, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. (December 2013).

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due to oral and pharyngeal cancer among all European countries while Cyprus reported the lowest numbers

856:, while part of head and neck cancers is considered separately. Other cancers can occur in the mouth (such as 5495: 5470: 506:

where such practices are common, oral cancer represents up to 40% of all cancers, compared to just 4% in the

6297: 6167: 6133: 5960: 5924: 5862: 1435:. Between 60 and 70% of people with early stage oral cancer will have no lymph node involvement of the neck 1395: 1339: 685: 681: 597: 570: 123: 4048: 1081:

Metastasis in a lymph node ≥6 cm and ENE(−); or metastasis in any node(s) and clinically overt ENE(+)

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to determine the local extension of the tumor, and if the disease has spread to distant parts of the body.

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Nemes JA, Redl P, Boda R, Kiss C, Márton IJ (March 2008). "Oral cancer report from Northeastern Hungary".

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The full causal relation between alcohol consumption and the elevated risk of cancer remains unclear, but

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Suba Z, Mihályi S, Takács D, Gyulai-Gaál S (2009). "Oral cancer: Morbus hungaricus in the 21st century".

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ingested when cats groom, and potentially the over consumption of canned food and use of flea collars.

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of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless

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Levine B, Nielsen EW (August 1992). "The justifications and controversies of panendoscopy--a review".

645:, and (3) treatment planning. A complete history, and clinical examination is first completed, then a 6267: 6116: 5970: 5815: 5805: 5685: 4576: 4225:"AJCC Cancer Staging Form Supplement. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, eighth Edition Update 05 June 2018" 1428: 1354: 895:

TNM classification cancer of the oral cavity (does not apply to HPV+ or HPV- oralpharyngeal cancers)

825: 758: 468: 410: 346: 228: 2205: 6202: 5857: 5789: 5614: 2429:

Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, et al. (January 2008).

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Chapman DH, Garsa A (2018). "Cancer of the Lip and Oral Cavity". In Hansen E, Roach III M (eds.).

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it is more commonly a mass. It can also be associated with loose teeth, bleeding gums, persistent

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Sataloff's Comprehensive Textbook of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery: Head and Neck Surgery

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Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang SC, Boccia S, Castellsague X, Chen C, et al. (February 2009).

3354:"Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis" 693: 625: 5404:"Oral cancer in Australia 1982-2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention" 4852:

Diz P, Meleti M, Diniz-Freitas M, Vescovi P, Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson N, et al. (2017).

3858: 3305:"Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study" 6053: 6043: 5955: 5769: 5658: 5629: 5547: 5450: 5425: 5379: 5328: 5278: 5218: 5169: 5115: 5052: 5017: 4947: 4912: 4812: 4681: 4653: 4604: 4542: 4490: 4451: 4407: 4372: 4320: 4197: 4192:

Connolly JL, Goldsmith JD, Wang HH, et al. (2010). "37: Principles of Cancer Pathology".

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Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, et al. (February 2015).

3334: 3285: 3249: 3200: 3143: 3108: 3059: 3010: 2953: 2896: 2850: 2814: 2758: 2752: 2680: 2626: 2569: 2509: 2452: 2383: 2373: 2343: 2333: 2179: 921: 841: 574: 383: 352: 263: 220: 105: 65: 5444: 3171:"Association Between Marijuana Use and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 2480:"Alcohol consumption and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1988 to 2009: an update" 5942: 5820: 5537: 5526:"Environmental and lifestyle risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in domestic cats" 5415: 5369: 5361: 5320: 5270: 5208: 5200: 5159: 5149: 5105: 5044: 5007: 4999: 4904: 4875: 4865: 4804: 4643: 4635: 4594: 4584: 4532: 4524: 4482: 4443: 4399: 4362: 4354: 4310: 4300: 4153: 4106: 4063: 4013: 3940: 3930: 3891: 3850: 3821: 3811: 3770: 3726: 3718: 3677: 3667: 3626: 3618: 3579: 3513: 3471: 3463: 3422: 3414: 3373: 3365: 3324: 3316: 3303:

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infection may play a limited role in some oral cavity cancers. Oral cancer is a subgroup of

6058: 6033: 5678: 5670: 4259:"Final Recommendation Statement: Oral Cancer: Screening—US Preventive Services Task Force" 3707:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 3220:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 2527: 2138:

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1449: 1444: 1399: 813: 534: 429: 391: 387: 334: 259: 208: 533:

This HPV16 (along with HPV18) is the same virus responsible for the vast majority of all

318:, a feeling of numbness in the lip and chin, or swelling. When the cancer extends to the 5243: 4580: 3826: 3799: 2174: 1461: 1346:

recommends that providers remain alert for signs of cancer during routine examinations.

5980: 5938: 5542: 5525: 5374: 5349: 5213: 5188: 5048: 5012: 4987: 4648: 4623: 4599: 4564: 4537: 4512: 4486: 4367: 4342: 4315: 4288: 3945: 3918: 3731: 3706: 3682: 3655: 3631: 3606: 3476: 3451: 3427: 3402: 3378: 3353: 3329: 3304: 3281: 3244: 3219: 3195: 3186: 3170: 3103: 3078: 3054: 3029: 3005: 2980: 2891: 2874: 2809: 2782: 2675: 2648: 2621: 2596: 2504: 2479: 1350: 877: 845: 677: 650: 642: 591: 507: 441: 5274: 4986:

Gupta N, Gupta R, Acharya AK, Patthi B, Goud V, Reddy S, et al. (December 2016).

4639: 4511:

Chan KK, Glenny AM, Weldon JC, Furness S, Worthington HV, Wakeford H (December 2015).

4287:

Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, O'Malley LA, Ogden G, Shepherd S, Glenny AM (November 2013).

3320: 2979:

Wyss AB, Hashibe M, Lee YA, Chuang SC, Muscat J, Chen C, et al. (November 2016).

2262: 2155: 1510:

Due to the location of oral cancer, there may be a period where the person requires a

1369: 294: 60:

Oral cancer on the side of the tongue, a common site along with the floor of the mouth

6286: 5784: 4447: 4083: 3851: 3800:"Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma" 3607:"Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma" 3506:"Alcohol-Containing Mouthwash and the Risk of Oral Cancer: Exploring the Association" 3505: 3155: 3077:

Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang SC, Lee YC, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, et al. (September 2013).

2965: 2164: 1480: 1044: 751: 566: 523: 413:

may also lead to the development of head and neck cancers due to the substances like

197: 110: 5623: 5619: 4824: 4419: 4175: 4126: 4033: 3030:"Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention" 2581: 2464: 1474:

large, cannot be completely removed, or have spread to the lymph nodes of the neck.

887:

The evaluation of squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and pharynx staging uses the

5725: 4924: 4528: 4358: 4305: 3654:

Katirachi SK, Grønlund MP, Jakobsen KK, Grønhøj C, von Buchwald C (February 2023).

2647:

Katirachi SK, Grønlund MP, Jakobsen KK, Grønhøj C, von Buchwald C (February 2023).

2191: 1515: 1475: 1470: 1378: 1159:

TMN evaluation allows the person to be classified into a prognostic staging group;

857: 837: 747: 743: 735: 613: 558: 403: 267: 5110: 5093: 3540: 3418: 2597:"Oral cavity and lip cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines" 235:) of the lesion, followed by an imaging workup (called staging) which can include 5569:

A digital manual for the early diagnosis of oral neoplasia (IARC Screening Group)

4589: 3541:"Alcohol-containing mouthwash and oral cancer risk: a review of current evidence" 2949: 2565: 2495: 1073:

Metastases in bilateral or contralateral lymph node(s); <6 cm and ENE(−)

6254: 6249: 6108: 6048: 5988: 5847: 5733: 5653: 5324: 4720: 3775: 3758: 3139: 2799: 2401: 1511: 1031: 1006:

N: Clinical Lymph nodes (separate classification for pathologic classification)

773: 673: 666: 665:

cuts all, or a piece of the tissue, to have it examined under a microscope by a

654: 562: 550: 432:, has currently not been shown to be associated with head and neck cancer risk. 422: 368: 201: 95: 5350:"Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers" 5094:"Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade--an update (2000-2012)" 4341:

Walsh T, Macey R, Kerr AR, Lingen MW, Ogden GR, Warnakulasuriya S (July 2021).

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Oral and maxillofacial pathology : a rationale for diagnosis and treatment

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012).

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Goldstein BY, Chang SC, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C, Zhang ZF (November 2010).

2456: 2183: 2105: 703:

After the tissue is confirmed cancerous, other tests will be completed to:

577:. In the Indian subcontinent oral submucous fibrosis is very common due to 4455: 4118: 3705:

Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI (November 2022).

3467: 3218:

Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI (November 2022).

2936:

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973:

Moderately advanced local disease, tumor >4 cm with DOI* >10mm

868:

from distant sites) but are also considered separately from oral cancers.

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Cheong SC, Vatanasapt P, Yi-Hsin Y, Zain RB, Kerr AR, Johnson NW (2017).

3369: 3094: 2996: 1408: 1374: 861: 853: 716: 553:(white patch) on the left tongue. Proven to be severe dysplasia on biopsy 418: 315: 70: 5583: 5164: 4880: 4680:. UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. p. 9. 479: 6112: 5903: 5888: 5446:

Saunders Solutions in Veterinary Practice: Small Animal Oncology E-Book

5092:

Krishna Rao SV, Mejia G, Roberts-Thomson K, Logan R (30 October 2013).

4158: 4141: 1505:

may be necessary to improve movement, chewing, swallowing, and speech.

1404: 849: 829: 739: 708: 689: 425:, and metals contained therein, which can cause damage to the airways. 379: 311: 255: 236: 52: 5420: 5403: 4808: 4017: 3895: 3672: 2665: 2447: 2430: 5774: 5706: 5595: 4838: 833: 789: 646: 641:

Diagnosis of oral cancer is completed for (1) initial diagnosis, (2)

606: 232: 193: 2139: 1539:

Deaths from mouth and oropharynx cancers per million people in 2012

302:

The signs and symptoms of oral cancer depend on the location of the

5104:(10). Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention: 5567–5577. 1373:

Post-operative image after removal of oral cancer with part of the

1065:

Metastases in multiple ipsilateral nodes, <6 cm and ENE(−)

629:

A large squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue as seen on CT imaging

5496:"Pet Talk: Feline oral cancer a silent but deadly disease in cats" 3605:

Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Fakhry C (October 2015).

3450:

Ustrell-Borràs M, Traboulsi-Garet B, Gay-Escoda C (January 2020).

2328:

Edge SB, et al. (American Joint Committee on Cancer) (2010).

2104: 1534: 1460: 1418: 1368: 1150: 632: 624: 544: 503: 496: 488: 478: 399: 351:

The main causes of oral cancer are alcohol and tobacco (smoked or

303: 293: 285: 3798:

Barsouk A, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Saginala K, Barsouk A (June 2023).

2879:

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans

5738: 395: 251: 216: 6073: 5674: 254:. Treatments used for oral cancer can include a combination of 6104: 3656:"The Prevalence of HPV in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma" 2649:"The Prevalence of HPV in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma" 712: 697: 100:

Smoking, alcohol, HPV infection, sun exposure, chewing tobacco

4436:

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

2754:

Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology

4674:

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Spread of cancer beyond the capsule of a lymph node (ENE+).

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Varshitha A (2015). "Prevalence of Oral Cancer in India".

4713:"Cancer of lip, oral cavity and pharynx. [online]" 3919:"Alcohol-Derived Acetaldehyde Exposure in the Oral Cavity" 2206:"Oral Cavity, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Cancer Prevention" 784:

Other, more invasive tests, may also be completed such as

290:

Swelling of the right neck from the spread of oral cancer.

126:

oral cancer, salivary gland tumors, benign mucosal disease

4565:"Survival of patients with oral cavity cancer in Germany" 2728:"Survival Rates for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer" 951:

Tumor > 2 cm and ≤4 cm with DOI* > 10mm

27:

Cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat

5319:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 193–207. 4056:

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

2595:

Kerawala C, Roques T, Jeannon JP, Bisase B (May 2016).

3857:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 1099:

Metastasis in any node(s) and clinically overt ENE(+)

448:

It has been controversial if the use of alcohol-based

5187:

Al-Jaber A, Al-Nasser L, El-Metwally A (March 2016).

1720:

risk factors for development of oral cavity cancers.

1423:

Common scar line after cervical lymph node dissection

931:

Tumor ≤ 2 cm with depth of invasion (DOI*) ≤5mm

5573: 4988:"Changing Trends in oral cancer - a global scenario" 3504:

Rao KN, Mehta R, Dange P, Nagarkar NM (2024-05-08).

943:

tumor >2 cm and ≤ 4 cm with DOI* ≥10mm

808:, so other primary cancers are a common occurrence. 6240: 6216: 6191: 6141: 6132: 6123: 6026: 5979: 5937: 5912: 5876: 5798: 5757: 5724: 5717: 5644: 5577: 5471:"Mouth Cancer (Oral Cancer) in Dogs | Oakland Vets" 4196:(8th ed.). People's Medical Publishing House. 2263:"Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer" 963:Moderately advanced or very advanced local disease 167: 159: 146: 138: 130: 116: 104: 94: 84: 64: 42: 37: 3849:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2002). 4142:"Is esophagoscopy necessary during panendoscopy?" 3917:Stornetta A, Guidolin V, Balbo S (January 2018). 2783:"Current aspects on oral squamous cell carcinoma" 1349:There are a variety of screening devices such as 1091:Metastasis in a lymph node ≥6 cm and ENE(−) 298:Ulceration on the left lower lip caused by cancer 5402:Farah CS, Simanovic B, Dost F (September 2014). 4187: 4185: 3407:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 5298:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 5189:"Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries" 2372:. Stern, Diane. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. 4047:AlAli AM, Walsh T, Maranzano M (August 2020). 1140:Distant metastasis, microscopically confirmed 6085: 5686: 5317:Handbook of Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology 4967:"Hungarian national cancer control programme" 4467: 4465: 4253: 4251: 4249: 3551:(1). Open Access Publishing London: 4.1–4.9. 3456:Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 3128:The Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice 2431:"Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis" 2424: 2422: 1427:Spread of cancer from the oral cavity to the 8: 4558: 4556: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 2232:"HPV Vaccine May Prevent Oral HPV Infection" 1386:functional outcome, and complication rates. 884:and the potential treatment of oral cancer. 5248:International Agency for Research on Cancer 4517:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4506: 4504: 4347:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4293:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2751:Ravikiran Ongole, Praveen B N, ed. (2014). 6138: 6129: 6092: 6078: 6070: 5721: 5693: 5679: 5671: 5574: 5098:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 4392:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2257: 2255: 2253: 1768:Mortality per 100 000 individuals per year 1762:Incidence per 100 000 individuals per year 1161: 893: 653:. This might be done with scalpel biopsy, 51: 34: 5541: 5419: 5373: 5212: 5163: 5153: 5109: 5011: 4879: 4869: 4647: 4598: 4588: 4536: 4366: 4314: 4304: 4157: 4140:Clayburgh DR, Brickman D (January 2017). 3944: 3934: 3825: 3815: 3774: 3730: 3681: 3671: 3630: 3475: 3426: 3377: 3328: 3243: 3194: 3102: 3053: 3004: 2916:"Cancer Risk Factors in Ontario: Tobacco" 2890: 2808: 2798: 2674: 2664: 2620: 2503: 2446: 2173: 2163: 1047:lymph nodes(s), non >6 cm ENE(−) 5524:Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS (2003). 5449:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 49. 4006:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2875:"Personal habits and indoor combustions" 1746: 1431:of the neck has a significant effect on 1112: 1014:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1002: 901: 322:(back of the throat), there can also be 5530:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 5142:Translational Research in Oral Oncology 4858:Translational Research in Oral Oncology 3752: 3750: 3539:Currie S, Farah CS (10 February 2014). 2868: 2866: 2864: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2130: 1338:comes to similar conclusions while the 520:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 5397: 5395: 5393: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5070: 5068: 5066: 4981: 4979: 4854:"Oral and pharyngeal cancer in Europe" 4336: 4334: 4282: 4280: 3499: 3497: 3495: 2776: 2774: 2642: 2640: 2601:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 707:better assess the size of the lesion ( 649:is cut from the suspicious lesion for 134:Avoiding risk factors, HPV vaccination 6178:Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma 5131: 5129: 5087: 5085: 4764: 4762: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4263:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org 3028:Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK (March 2022). 2484:European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1336:American Academy of Family Physicians 1034:lymph node, <3 cm and ENE(−) 955:tumor >4 cm with DOI* ≤ 10mm 7: 2554:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 2332:(7th ed.). New York: Springer. 939:Tumor ≤ 2 cm with DOI* >5mm 726:look for other cancers in the upper 3510:Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 804:are generally affected by the same 754:called panendoscopy or quadoscopy), 6173:Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma 5543:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02478.x 5494:Balas M, Colleran E (2015-06-17). 5049:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00104.x 4487:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.08.005 3853:Oral & maxillofacial pathology 3282:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.03.024 3187:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16318 1022:No regional lymph node metastasis 347:Head and neck cancer § Causes 25: 5076:"Cancer Facts & Figures 2017" 4897:Pathology & Oncology Research 1332:US Preventive Services Task Force 913:Primary tumor cannot be assessed 499:), there is an even higher risk. 463:HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer 406:are also important risk factors. 231:. Diagnosis is made by sampling ( 6183:Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma 5138:"Oral cancer in South East Asia" 3083:American Journal of Epidemiology 2985:American Journal of Epidemiology 1507:Speech and language pathologists 142:Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy 5506:from the original on 2023-07-21 4797:International Journal of Cancer 4099:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 2757:. Elsevier India. p. 387. 2435:International Journal of Cancer 6308:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 5443:Foale RD, Demetriou J (2010). 4529:10.1002/14651858.CD010341.pub2 4359:10.1002/14651858.CD010276.pub3 4306:10.1002/14651858.CD004150.pub4 991:*DOI is depth of invasion and 75:oral and maxillofacial surgery 1: 6008:Clonally transmissible cancer 5275:10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70115-9 5111:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5567 4992:Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 4640:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 3419:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0347 3321:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00279-5 2781:Markopoulos AK (2012-08-10). 2156:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 1457:Radiotherapy and chemotherapy 824:Oral cancer is a subgroup of 526:suppression and chronic oral 5354:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4671:Sacker A, Bartley M (2015). 4590:10.1371/journal.pone.0053415 4448:10.1016/0360-3016(93)90139-m 4194:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 3611:Journal of Clinical Oncology 2950:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000629 2914:Cancer Care Ontario (2014). 2835:Clinical Oral Investigations 2566:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.035 2496:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32833d936d 1394:In most centres, removal of 1164:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 828:which includes those of the 6144:malignant epithelial tumors 5325:10.1007/978-3-319-62642-0_8 3776:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa 3140:10.1016/j.jebdp.2019.04.002 2938:Current Opinion in Oncology 2800:10.2174/1874210601206010126 1923:Floor of mouth 1487:Monoclonal antibody therapy 1344:American Dental Association 1179:Then the stage group is... 672:With the first biopsy, the 398:) also causes oral cancer. 6324: 6039:Index of oncology articles 5475:East Bay Veterinary Clinic 4111:10.1177/014556139207100802 4068:10.1016/j.ijom.2020.01.020 3518:10.1007/s13193-024-01948-4 3046:10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4 2847:10.1007/s00784-019-02958-1 2787:The Open Dentistry Journal 2699:"USCS Data Visualizations" 2532:The Oral Cancer Foundation 2330:AJCC cancer staging manual 2109:A beagle with oral cancer. 659:fine or core needle biopsy 589: 460: 344: 6293:Health effects of tobacco 6263: 5408:Australian Dental Journal 5205:10.15537/smj.2016.3.11388 5078:. America cancer society. 4965:Endre A (February 2006). 4909:10.1007/s12253-008-9021-4 4404:10.1007/s00405-012-2153-x 3723:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x 3584:10.1038/s41432-022-0236-0 3358:British Journal of Cancer 3236:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x 2613:10.1017/S0022215116000499 2368:Marx RE, Stern D (2003). 2236:National Cancer Institute 2210:National Cancer Institute 1766: 1760: 1757: 1139: 1131: 1123: 1115: 1103: 1085: 1080: 1051: 1041: 1029: 1021: 1013: 1005: 990: 967: 962: 950: 938: 930: 920: 912: 904: 661:. In this procedure, the 528:graft-versus-host disease 514:Stem cell transplantation 258:(to remove the tumor and 59: 50: 6194:benign epithelial tumors 6163:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 6158:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 5366:10.1200/jco.2013.50.3870 5155:10.1177/2057178X17702921 4871:10.1177/2057178X17701517 4770:"oral cancer statistics" 3623:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995 3572:Evidence-Based Dentistry 2528:"The Tobacco Connection" 483:Stall selling betel quid 163:355,000 new cases (2018) 6168:Salivary duct carcinoma 5961:Prostate cancer staging 5925:Paraneoplastic syndrome 4839:"World Life Expectancy" 3936:10.3390/cancers10010020 2402:"Head and Neck Cancers" 1396:squamous cell carcinoma 1340:American Cancer Society 1030:Metastasis in a single 682:squamous cell carcinoma 598:squamous cell carcinoma 571:oral submucous fibrosis 124:squamous cell carcinoma 5999:Tumor suppressor genes 5966:Gleason grading system 5920:Precancerous condition 5004:10.3126/nje.v6i4.17255 3817:10.3390/medsci11020042 3711:British Dental Journal 3224:British Dental Journal 3034:Nature Reviews. Cancer 2110: 2029:Major salivary glands 1602: 1466: 1424: 1415:Management of the neck 1382: 1156: 1124:No distant metastasis 786:fine needle aspiration 721:18F-fluorodeoxyglucose 700:status of the tissue. 638: 630: 554: 484: 299: 291: 118:Differential diagnosis 6153:Acinic cell carcinoma 6018:Carcinogenic bacteria 5758:Malignant progression 5193:Saudi Medical Journal 4232:www.cancerstaging.org 3468:10.4317/medoral.23085 2165:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 2108: 1538: 1501:Following treatment, 1489:(with agents such as 1464: 1422: 1372: 1154: 826:head and neck cancers 636: 628: 548: 482: 411:electronic cigarettes 324:difficulty swallowing 297: 289: 229:head and neck cancers 207:Risk factors include 6117:head and neck cancer 5971:Dukes classification 5263:The Lancet. Oncology 3370:10.1038/bjc.2014.579 3309:The Lancet. Oncology 2923:www.cancercare.on.ca 1355:fluorescence imaging 798:sentinel node biopsy 541:Premalignant lesions 469:human papillomavirus 457:Human papillomavirus 260:regional lymph nodes 6303:Otorhinolaryngology 6203:Pleomorphic adenoma 5790:Sentinel lymph node 5148:: 2057178X1770292. 4864:: 2057178X1770151. 4723:on 23 December 2017 4581:2013PLoSO...853415L 1851:Tongue 1754: 1465:Radiation treatment 1353:, brush biopsy, or 1166: 1132:Distant metastasis 896: 802:aerodigestive tract 730:(which may include 728:aerodigestive tract 5838:Respiratory system 5645:External resources 4747:www.nhsinform.scot 4159:10.1002/lary.25532 4105:(8): 335–40, 343. 3979:Gullane P (2016). 3095:10.1093/aje/kwt029 2997:10.1093/aje/kww075 2150:(9859): 2095–128. 2111: 1747: 1603: 1467: 1425: 1383: 1162: 1157: 894: 889:TNM classification 866:metastatic cancers 639: 631: 555: 485: 445:tobacco are used. 300: 292: 282:Signs and symptoms 182:oral cavity cancer 153:Five-year survival 6280: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6236: 6235: 6067: 6066: 6054:Cancer and nausea 5933: 5932: 5770:Carcinoma in situ 5668: 5667: 5456:978-0-7020-4989-7 5421:10.1111/adj.12198 4809:10.1002/ijc.10577 4203:978-1-60795-014-1 4018:10.1111/jop.12660 3990:978-93-5152-458-8 3896:10.1002/hed.26023 3861:, 345, 349, 353. 3673:10.3390/v15020451 3175:JAMA Network Open 2666:10.3390/v15020451 2448:10.1002/ijc.23033 2098: 2097: 1469:Chemotherapy and 1323: 1322: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1109: 1108: 999: 998: 995:tumor thickness. 922:Carcinoma in situ 905:T: Primary tumor 842:paranasal sinuses 694:depth of invasion 575:actinic cheilitis 384:Smokeless tobacco 264:radiation therapy 252:betel nut chewing 217:betel nut chewing 175: 174: 106:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6315: 6221: 6196: 6146: 6139: 6130: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6071: 5868:Endocrine system 5833:Digestive system 5722: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5672: 5575: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5399: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5240: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5157: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5113: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5061: 5060: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5015: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4873: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774:CancerresearchUK 4766: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4719:. Archived from 4709: 4692: 4691: 4679: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4634:(9963): 117–71. 4619: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4592: 4560: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4523:(12): CD010341. 4508: 4499: 4498: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4308: 4299:(11): CD004150. 4284: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4229: 4221: 4208: 4207: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4161: 4146:The Laryngoscope 4137: 4131: 4130: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3938: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3829: 3819: 3804:Medical Sciences 3795: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3675: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3634: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3501: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3381: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3315:(8): 1071–1080. 3300: 3294: 3293: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3181:(11): e1916318. 3166: 3160: 3159: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3008: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2841:(7): 2849–2859. 2829: 2823: 2822: 2812: 2802: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2705:. Archived from 2695: 2689: 2688: 2678: 2668: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2624: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2450: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2293: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2259: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2212:. 1 January 1980 2202: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2167: 2135: 1814:Lip 1755: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1167: 1113: 1003: 902: 897: 778:nuclear medicine 678:tissue diagnosis 651:tissue diagnosis 565:), red patches ( 535:cervical cancers 415:propylene glycol 272:targeted therapy 180:, also known as 55: 35: 21: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6312: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6272: 6259: 6232: 6217: 6212: 6208:Warthin's tumor 6192: 6187: 6142: 6119: 6098: 6068: 6063: 6022: 5975: 5929: 5908: 5872: 5794: 5753: 5713: 5699: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5640: 5639: 5586: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5507: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5401: 5400: 5391: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5230: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5135: 5134: 5127: 5091: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5034: 5033: 5029: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4711: 4710: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4398:(4): 1195–202. 4389: 4388: 4384: 4353:(7): CD010276. 4340: 4339: 4332: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4265:. November 2013 4257: 4256: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4211: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3991: 3978: 3977: 3962: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3884:Head & Neck 3881: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3763:Transplantation 3756: 3755: 3748: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3617:(29): 3235–42. 3604: 3603: 3599: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3027: 3026: 3022: 2991:(10): 703–716. 2978: 2977: 2973: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2885:(Pt E): 1–538. 2872: 2871: 2862: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2607:(S2): S83–S89. 2594: 2593: 2589: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2355: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2103: 1741: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1692: 1671: 1663: 1661:Southern Europe 1654: 1645: 1636: 1634:Northern Europe 1623: 1614: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1499: 1459: 1450:omohyoid muscle 1445:neck dissection 1417: 1400:histopathologic 1392: 1367: 1328: 1145: 1110: 1000: 874: 846:salivary glands 822: 814:histopathologic 676:will provide a 647:wedge of tissue 623: 594: 588: 586:Pathophysiology 543: 516: 477: 467:Infection with 465: 459: 438: 388:chewing tobacco 377: 349: 343: 335:bone metastasis 284: 155:~ 65% (US 2015) 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6321: 6319: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6298:Oral neoplasia 6295: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6136: 6134:Salivary gland 6127: 6121: 6120: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5981:Carcinogenesis 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5863:Nervous system 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5826:nasopharyngeal 5823: 5818: 5813: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5607: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578:Classification 5572: 5571: 5564: 5563:External links 5561: 5558: 5557: 5536:(4): 557–562. 5516: 5486: 5462: 5455: 5435: 5389: 5360:(36): 4550–9. 5340: 5333: 5307: 5304:(10): e845-48. 5288: 5269:(6): e205-12. 5253: 5228: 5199:(3): 249–255. 5179: 5125: 5081: 5062: 5027: 4998:(4): 613–619. 4975: 4957: 4930: 4887: 4844: 4830: 4786: 4758: 4743:"Mouth cancer" 4734: 4693: 4686: 4663: 4614: 4552: 4500: 4481:(11): 1041–8. 4461: 4425: 4382: 4330: 4276: 4245: 4209: 4202: 4181: 4132: 4089: 4062:(8): 973–983. 4039: 4012:(2): 104–116. 3996: 3989: 3960: 3909: 3890:(4): 732–738. 3874: 3868:978-0721690032 3867: 3841: 3790: 3769:(11): 1243–4. 3746: 3717:(9): 780–786. 3697: 3646: 3597: 3562: 3531: 3491: 3442: 3413:(2): 541–550. 3393: 3364:(3): 580–593. 3344: 3295: 3276:(7): 497–503. 3259: 3230:(9): 780–786. 3210: 3161: 3118: 3089:(5): 679–690. 3069: 3040:(3): 143–155. 3020: 2971: 2944:(3): 178–186. 2928: 2906: 2860: 2824: 2770: 2764:978-8131230916 2763: 2743: 2732:www.cancer.org 2719: 2690: 2636: 2587: 2544: 2534:. 9 March 2016 2519: 2470: 2418: 2393: 2379:978-0867153903 2378: 2353: 2338: 2313: 2297:"Cancer today" 2279: 2249: 2223: 2197: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1740: 1737: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1691: 1688: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652:Western Europe 1650: 1644: 1643:Eastern Europe 1641: 1635: 1632: 1622: 1621:United Kingdom 1619: 1613: 1610: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1503:rehabilitation 1498: 1497:Rehabilitation 1495: 1458: 1455: 1416: 1413: 1391: 1388: 1366: 1363: 1351:toluidine blue 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1116:M: Metastasis 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1001: 997: 996: 988: 987: 984: 980: 979: 971: 968: 965: 964: 961: 957: 956: 949: 945: 944: 937: 933: 932: 929: 925: 924: 919: 915: 914: 911: 907: 906: 900: 878:cancer staging 873: 870: 821: 820:Classification 818: 782: 781: 766: 757:spread to the 755: 724: 622: 619: 592:Carcinogenesis 590:Main article: 587: 584: 542: 539: 515: 512: 476: 473: 461:Main article: 458: 455: 437: 434: 376: 373: 342: 339: 283: 280: 173: 172: 171:177,000 (2018) 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 150: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 120: 114: 113: 108: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 82: 81: 68: 62: 61: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6320: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:oropharyngeal 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806:Head and neck 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Primary tumor 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5726:Benign tumors 5723: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5517: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5414:(3): 349–59. 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5334:9783319626413 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037:Oral Diseases 5031: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4787: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4687:9780952737766 4683: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575:(1): e53415. 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4475:Oral Oncology 4468: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4234:. 5 June 2018 4233: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3462:(1): e1–e12. 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270:Oral Oncology 3263: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134:(4): 101318. 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2793:(1): 126–30. 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2747: 2744: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2709:on 2019-01-25 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560:(6): 986–93. 2559: 2555: 2548: 2545: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:(6): 431–65. 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2441:(1): 155–64. 2440: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339:9780387884400 2335: 2331: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2238:. 5 June 2017 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2101:Other animals 2100: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1690:South America 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1669:North America 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1481:curative care 1477: 1472: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268:T1,T2,T3,T4a 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1170:When T is... 1169: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045:contralateral 1038: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1004: 994: 989: 985: 982: 981: 976: 972: 969: 966: 959: 958: 954: 947: 946: 942: 935: 934: 927: 926: 923: 917: 916: 909: 908: 903: 899: 898: 892: 890: 885: 883: 879: 871: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:thyroid gland 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 819: 817: 815: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 779: 775: 772:of the body ( 771: 767: 764: 760: 756: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 635: 627: 620: 618: 615: 610: 608: 604: 599: 593: 585: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 567:erythroplakia 564: 560: 552: 547: 540: 538: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 518:People after 513: 511: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 481: 474: 472: 470: 464: 456: 454: 451: 446: 443: 435: 433: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 374: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 348: 340: 338: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 296: 288: 281: 279: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:tongue cancer 183: 179: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 119: 115: 112: 111:Tissue biopsy 109: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6241: 6218: 6193: 6143: 6124: 5810: 5701:Overview of 5652: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5508:. Retrieved 5499: 5489: 5478:. Retrieved 5474: 5465: 5445: 5438: 5411: 5407: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5316: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5247: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5165:10072/389476 5145: 5141: 5101: 5097: 5043:(2): 65–74. 5040: 5036: 5030: 4995: 4991: 4960: 4946:(2): 63–68. 4943: 4939: 4933: 4903:(1): 85–92. 4900: 4896: 4890: 4881:10072/347247 4861: 4857: 4847: 4833: 4803:(1): 95–99. 4800: 4796: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4750:. Retrieved 4746: 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4721:the original 4716: 4673: 4666: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4572: 4568: 4520: 4516: 4478: 4474: 4442:(1): 17–21. 4439: 4435: 4428: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4350: 4346: 4296: 4292: 4267:. Retrieved 4262: 4236:. 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Retrieved 2209: 2200: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1994:Other Mouth 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1767: 1761: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1604: 1599: 76–156 1531:Epidemiology 1525: 1516:feeding tube 1500: 1485: 1476:Chemotherapy 1471:radiotherapy 1468: 1441: 1426: 1393: 1384: 1379:feeding tube 1359: 1348: 1329: 1176:And M is... 1173:And N is... 1163: 1158: 992: 974: 952: 940: 886: 875: 838:nasal cavity 823: 810: 783: 736:nasal cavity 702: 690:mitotic rate 671: 655:punch biopsy 640: 614:acetaldehyde 611: 595: 559:premalignant 556: 532: 517: 501: 486: 466: 447: 439: 427: 423:nitrosamines 408: 404:pipe smoking 378: 363:16 and 18), 350: 328: 301: 276: 268:chemotherapy 249: 223:on the lip. 221:sun exposure 206: 190:mouth cancer 189: 185: 181: 177: 176: 96:Risk factors 29: 18:Mouth cancer 6255:Rhabdomyoma 6250:Leukoplakia 6125:Oral cancer 6109:oral cavity 6049:Cancer pain 5989:Cancer cell 5734:Hyperplasia 5654:MedlinePlus 4727:14 November 4269:23 November 2703:gis.cdc.gov 2301:gco.iarc.fr 2064:Oropharynx 1593: 56–75 1587: 41–55 1581: 32–40 1575: 25–31 1569: 19–24 1563: 16–18 1557: 12–15 1512:tracheotomy 1429:lymph nodes 1032:ipsilateral 858:bone cancer 806:carcinogens 794:lymph nodes 774:chest X-ray 770:other parts 759:lymph nodes 674:pathologist 667:pathologist 563:leukoplakia 551:leukoplakia 491:(paan) and 450:mouthwashes 409:The use of 386:(including 331:lymph nodes 213:alcohol use 202:white patch 178:Oral cancer 79:ENT surgery 43:Other names 38:Oral cancer 6287:Categories 6268:Oropharynx 6228:Oncocytoma 5994:Carcinogen 5858:Urogenital 5799:Topography 5780:Metastasis 5744:Pseudocyst 5718:Conditions 5630:DiseasesDB 5510:2023-07-21 5500:oregonlive 5480:2023-07-21 4779:28 October 4752:2021-04-23 4152:(1): 2–3. 3666:(2): 451. 3545:OA Alcohol 2737:2019-03-10 2713:2019-03-10 2659:(2): 451. 2538:2019-03-10 2412:2019-03-10 2125:References 1794:Both sexes 1776:Both sexes 1551: 9–11 1437:clinically 1365:Management 830:oropharynx 768:spread to 696:, and the 489:betel quid 357:carcinogen 345:See also: 320:oropharynx 308:ulceration 131:Prevention 6219:ungrouped 6013:Oncovirus 6003:oncogenes 5956:Ann Arbor 5899:Papilloma 5884:Carcinoma 5877:Histology 5821:laryngeal 5765:Dysplasia 5749:Hamartoma 5174:2057-178X 4940:Fogorv Sz 4084:211070749 3929:(1): 20. 3810:(2): 42. 3557:2053-0285 3526:0975-7651 3156:145920823 2966:214644380 2348:316431417 1887:Gingivae 1758:Location 1739:Australia 1686:studies. 1545: 0–8 1522:Prognosis 1491:cetuximab 1326:Screening 1240:T1,T2,T3 882:prognosis 752:esophagus 732:endoscopy 621:Diagnosis 603:oncogenes 579:betel nut 493:Areca nut 475:Betel nut 440:Drinking 430:marijuana 365:radiation 160:Frequency 148:Prognosis 139:Treatment 66:Specialty 6034:Research 5894:Blastoma 5711:oncology 5552:12892308 5504:Archived 5430:24889757 5384:24248688 5283:24731885 5223:26905345 5120:24289546 5057:10702782 5022:28804673 4952:19514245 4917:18351444 4825:23069745 4817:12209594 4658:25530442 4609:23349710 4569:PLOS ONE 4547:26625332 4495:25176576 4420:22423135 4412:22903756 4377:34282854 4325:24254989 4176:19124543 4168:27774605 4127:25921527 4076:32035907 4034:46832488 4026:29130527 3955:29342885 3904:31777131 3836:37367741 3827:10304137 3785:21119507 3741:36369568 3692:36851665 3641:26351338 3592:35338325 3486:31655832 3437:19190158 3388:25422909 3339:34270924 3290:20444641 3254:36369568 3205:31774524 3148:31843181 3113:23817919 3064:34980891 3015:27744388 2958:32209823 2901:23193840 2855:31111280 2819:22930665 2685:36851665 2631:27841120 2582:34356067 2574:15577802 2514:20679896 2465:27018547 2457:17893872 2388:49566229 2184:23245604 2175:10790329 1433:survival 1409:mandible 1381:in nose) 1375:mandible 862:lymphoma 854:melanoma 748:bronchus 717:PET scan 686:classify 487:Chewing 419:glycerol 369:UV light 316:ear ache 245:PET scan 86:Symptoms 71:Oncology 6113:pharynx 6044:History 5943:grading 5939:Staging 5904:Adenoma 5889:Sarcoma 5375:3865341 5250:. 2012. 5214:4800887 5013:5506386 4925:1187249 4841:. 2014. 4649:4340604 4600:3548847 4577:Bibcode 4538:9465394 4456:8416876 4368:8407012 4316:8078625 4238:7 April 4119:1396181 3946:5789370 3923:Cancers 3732:9652141 3683:9964223 3660:Viruses 3632:4979086 3477:6982979 3428:3051410 3379:4453639 3330:8324483 3245:9652141 3196:6902836 3104:3755640 3055:9308447 3006:5141945 2892:4781577 2810:3428647 2676:9964223 2653:Viruses 2622:4873943 2505:2954597 2272:27 June 2192:1541253 1959:Palate 1806:Females 1788:Females 1405:maxilla 1390:Surgery 872:Staging 852:. 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