415:
1876:
1888:
174:
414:
805:
of
President Zia-ul-Haq. Negotiations between PPP leaders and the political parties that had formed the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977 started in October 1980. They led to the formation of the MRD on 6 February 1981, at 70 Clifton, the Bhuttos' family house in Karachi. The alliance was dissolved
427:
of
President Zia-ul-Haq. Negotiations between PPP leaders and the political parties that had formed the Pakistan National Alliance in 1977 started in October 1980. They led to the formation of the MRD on 6 February 1981, at 70 Clifton, the Bhuttos' family house in Karachi. The alliance was dissolved
809:
The movement is generally thought of as two separate outburst, one in August and
September 1983, and one in 1986. It was particularly strong in rural Sindh, where it was fueled by people's resentment against the state, and it finally took 3 army divisions and helicopters to bring the uprising down.
431:
The movement is generally thought of as two separate outburst, one in August and
September 1983, and one in 1986. It was particularly strong in rural Sindh, where it was fueled by people's resentment against the state, and it finally took 3 army divisions and helicopters to bring the uprising down.
435:
Military force and repression was used against agitators and the movement was crushed. Despite its set backs, the MRD was significant for mounting a political pressure on
President Zia to hold the elections. Convinced that party-based elections would not bring the "positive results" he had been
463:, proved to be a serious miscalculation despite confident of enjoying huge popular support. Contrary to MRD's expectations, the voters turned to these polls were in large numbers. The MRD soon realized that it had miscalculated badly, that it should have fought the elections on Zia’s terms.
418:
4 year old Fraz Wahlah, with his father MS Wahlah behind him, holding
Peoples Party flag & leading an MRD protest against General Zia's martial law shortly before his arrest making him youngest prisoner of the military
996:
835:
789:
Despite charges to the contrary, the MRD in Sindh was not attempting to secede from
Pakistan but instead was focused on the restoration of the constitution. President Zia’s interior secretary,
304:, failure to expand beyond its southern stronghold combined with effective repression from the military led to its demise a year and half later. The alliance dissolved within a week after the
1939:
1929:
864:
Bin Sayeed, Khalid (1984). "Pakistan in 1983: Internal stresses more serious than external problems". Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1983: Part II. Pp. 219 – 228.
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1023:
843:
1159:
1599:
1216:
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1144:
1655:
1169:
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456:
440:
1238:
806:
on 24 August 1988. The alliance launched a struggle against the regime of Zia ul-Haq: in the first weeks, 1999 people were arrested, 189 killed and 126 injured.
428:
on 24 August 1988. The alliance launched a struggle against the regime of Zia ul-Haq: in the first weeks, 1999 people were arrested, 189 killed and 126 injured.
1949:
793:, later wrote that the regime was able to manipulate this perception to their advantage and prevent the MRD from gaining greater appeal on a nationwide level.
488:, began its political operations in Sindh and ultimately calling for civil disobedience against the military regime. In response, the communist party leader,
1174:
1959:
1016:
423:
In 1980, PPP persuasively reached out to left-wing organizations in the country and started its political function after calling for the end of the
801:
In 1980, PPP persuasively reached out to left-wing organizations in the country and started its political function after calling for the end of
1954:
477:
1482:
480:
were the only parties which contested in the election, while the MRD boycotted the election. To a greater extent, the MRD's was hailing from
436:
talking of, he decided to hold non-party elections in 1985. But before doing so, he secured his election as president through a referendum.
222:
189:
1924:
779:
portrayed the MRD as an Indian-backed conspiracy to destabilize
Pakistan was without merit, but gained credence among some Pakistanis when
1879:
1944:
1009:
1660:
484:
where the left-wing orientation was much stronger than any other provinces of the country. The
Communist Party, with the support from
1934:
1812:
1416:
977:
952:
226:
1753:
1097:
873:
Shah, Mehtab Ali. (1997). The
Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971- 1994. I.B. Tauris & Co.: London.
344:, nearly 3,000 PPP activists and supporters were jailed, many of whom remained imprisoned for the next decade. President General
1211:
1196:
755:
460:
448:
369:
309:
1609:
1066:
1051:
1919:
1766:
1122:
501:
1621:
1847:
1840:
1253:
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1164:
1112:
407:, decided to oppose President Zia's actions in the country, ultimately the left-wing sphere formed an alliance with the
361:
305:
297:
125:
83:
1737:
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1477:
1179:
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404:
69:
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51:
1604:
1854:
1820:
1730:
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1665:
1233:
1184:
1092:
1056:
943:
The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan : mass mobilization, civil war, and the future of the region
780:
773:
452:
377:
353:
250:
234:
194:
134:
504:. The MRD had united the left-wing mass of the country and the most prominent leaders of the MRD were:
1648:
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761:
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1132:
1102:
1037:
776:
686:
357:
345:
341:
285:
230:
1887:
970:
Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977-1988 : the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state
1638:
1326:
1321:
578:
396:
392:
257:
146:
141:
130:
56:
296:(PPP). Though it launched one of the most massive nonviolent movements in South Asia since the
1643:
1614:
1291:
973:
948:
914:
726:
582:
569:
513:
381:
329:
273:
38:
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among others. Thousands of the activists were jailed across the country especially in Sindh.
1626:
1381:
1341:
1316:
1127:
497:
444:
317:
894:
1891:
1631:
1396:
1296:
1139:
760:
The foreign policy historian of Pakistan noted that MRD's one of the two leading parties,
1747:
1336:
1221:
613:
509:
481:
389:
349:
289:
238:
47:
1908:
1717:
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609:
559:
505:
493:
277:
214:
60:
42:
1806:
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1761:
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1001:
941:
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485:
786:
endorsed the movement in an address to the lower house of the Indian parliament.
1696:
1487:
1356:
790:
618:
373:
156:
1771:
1346:
1032:
802:
573:
424:
385:
1406:
1306:
690:
650:
33:
717:
521:
489:
65:
173:
885:
Talbot, Ian. (1998). Pakistan: A Modern History. Hurst: London. p. 253
292:
and remained mostly nonviolent, was strongest among supporters of the
87:
939:
Nojumi, Neamatollah (2002). "Pakistan's leftists and the Soviets.".
1834:
836:"Pakistan's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981-1984)"
413:
352:, where support for the PPP remained relatively strong. In 1979,
1826:
1776:
1005:
947:(1st ed.). Houndmills, Balsingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave.
376:, President Zia exercised more repressive policies to curb the
1798:
221:, was a political alliance in Pakistan founded in 1981 by the
968:
Wirsing, Robert G. (1991). "The Inteventialist Imperatives".
829:
827:
825:
823:
439:
In 1984, Benazir Bhutto and the MRD notably boycotted the
411:
which was the most influential of all left-wing parties.
336:, toppled and overthrow the government of left-oriented
256:
Formed in February 1981, the alliance was noted for its
768:, had gained popular and financial support from the
268:, Pakistan Muslim League (Khwaja Khairuddin group),
1785:
1710:
1679:
1590:
1581:
1513:
1465:
1434:
1425:
1274:
1079:
328:In the 1970s, the events leading to the success of
166:
152:
140:
124:
109:
94:
32:
23:
940:
772:in the 1980s. Holding a press conference in 1983,
368:policies in the country. Following the invasive
1639:Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan movement
16:Pakistani political alliance from 1981 to 1988
1930:Defunct political party alliances in Pakistan
1671:Theories of external involvement in Zia crash
1160:General Rahimuddin's Balochistan Governorship
1017:
909:
907:
905:
903:
842:. Nonviolent Conflict Studies. Archived from
8:
288:. The alliance was rooted in rural areas of
1940:Military government of Pakistan (1977–1988)
1587:
1431:
1024:
1010:
1002:
934:
932:
535:
20:
1702:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
897:Frontier Post retrieved 29 September 2008
750:Controversy regarding the Foreign support
455:Zia-ul-Haq. Successfully boycotting the
207:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
26:Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
1600:Refusal to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty
819:
1661:Support for Iran during Iran–Iraq War
1483:Movement for Restoration of Democracy
7:
1175:Consolidation of nuclear development
881:
879:
443:, following making another call for
1234:Efforts against communist terrorism
1222:Introduction of rock music industry
218:
399:. In response, the former rivals,
348:was particularly unpopular in the
14:
1960:Political repression in Pakistan
1886:
1875:
1874:
1098:Provisional Constitutional Order
972:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
360:announced the implementation of
172:
1950:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations
1150:Trial of elected Prime minister
756:Pakistan-Soviet Union relations
245:, its objective was the end of
1:
1955:Pakistani democracy movements
1123:Islamic economics in Pakistan
1848:Indira Gandhi administration
1254:Federal Investigation Agency
1212:1988 parliamentary elections
1207:Assassination of General Zia
895:Martyrs of MRD Movement 1983
701:In alliance with PPP in 1988
665:In alliance with PPP in 1988
526:Syed Muhammad Kaswar Gardezi
441:1984 presidential referendum
262:Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)
1925:Communist Party of Pakistan
1855:Rajiv Gandhi administration
1738:Central Intelligence Agency
1692:Communist Party of Pakistan
1610:Subsidization of Mujahideen
1478:Communist Party of Pakistan
1197:1985 non-partisan elections
1180:Council of Islamic Ideology
708:Communist Party of Pakistan
1976:
1767:People's Republic of China
1562:Islamic Democracy Alliance
1523:Pakistan Muslim League (N)
1446:Pakistan Muslim League (N)
797:Aftermath of USSR Collapse
753:
340:. At the time of death of
266:Awami National Party (ANP)
1870:
1605:USSR's war in Afghanistan
1217:Black projects initiation
1202:Ojhri Cantonment disaster
1108:1980 counter-coup attempt
1046:
629:Formed Government in 1988
312:, outlined the return of
308:which marked its way for
270:Pakistan Democratic Party
219:اتحاد برائے بحالی جمہوریت
180:
171:
98:8 February 1981
1935:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
1503:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
1087:Conservatism in Pakistan
672:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
113:24 August 1988
1945:Pakistan People's Party
1244:Airports Security Force
1185:Anti-communism policies
737:Public collapse in 1991
682:Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman
593:Public collapse in 1991
380:in the country, whilst
294:Pakistan People's Party
249:and restoration of the
243:Pakistan People's Party
142:Political position
84:Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman
1687:Pakistan Peoples Party
1666:Geneva Accords signing
1473:Pakistan Peoples Party
1457:Mohajir Qaumi Movement
1442:Pakistan Muslim League
1387:Iftikhar Ahmad Sirohey
1372:Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi
1275:Personnel and Staffers
1227:Pakistan film industry
600:Pakistan Peoples Party
449:1985 general elections
420:
314:Pakistan Peoples Party
282:Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Islam
1731:Reagan Administration
1724:Carter administration
1622:Divergence with Libya
1093:Doctrine of necessity
1058:President of Pakistan
781:Indian Prime Minister
417:
235:president of Pakistan
1920:Awami National Party
1841:Desai administration
1649:Operation Brasstacks
1493:Awami National Party
1412:Karamat Rahman Niazi
1312:Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
1287:Muhammad Khan Junejo
1249:Anti-Narcotics Force
636:Awami National Party
545:Presiding leadership
500:, later directed to
362:Islamization program
260:orientation and had
185:Politics of Pakistan
1754:Thatcher government
1498:Mazdoor Kisan Party
1362:Arnold Lewis Raphel
1332:Sharifuddin Pirzada
1302:Akhtar Abdur Rahman
1155:1980s economic boom
1140:Mass media industry
1133:Pakistan Penal Code
1068:Chief of Army Staff
560:Qaumi Awami Tehreek
538:
492:, was brought to a
451:, to be held under
378:communist influence
342:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
286:Mazdoor Kisan Party
231:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
227:military government
1327:Ghulam Jilani Khan
1322:Khalid Mahmud Arif
1239:1981 PIA hijacking
1039:General Zia-ul-Haq
536:
421:
390:Pashtun-domaniated
274:Tehreek-e-Istiqlal
258:left-wing populism
131:Left-wing populism
57:Shaheed Fazil Rahu
1915:1980s in Pakistan
1902:
1901:
1866:
1865:
1772:Afghan mujahideen
1656:Co-founding SAARC
1615:Operation Cyclone
1577:
1576:
1569:
1292:Ghulam Ishaq Khan
742:
741:
570:Rasool Bux Palijo
542:Political parties
514:Rasool Bux Palijo
366:ultraconservatism
310:general elections
223:political parties
203:
202:
190:Political parties
39:Rasool Bux Palijo
1967:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1786:Opposed entities
1756:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1711:Aligned entities
1588:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1432:
1342:Munir Ahmad Khan
1317:Mohammad Shariff
1297:Mirza Aslam Baig
1072:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
984:
983:
965:
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958:
946:
936:
927:
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898:
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865:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
831:
738:
733:
713:
702:
697:
677:
666:
661:
641:
630:
625:
605:
594:
589:
565:
539:
537:MRD Convergence
498:Sindh High Court
397:Western Pakistan
370:Russian invasion
364:and pressed his
220:
176:
162:
120:
118:
105:
103:
21:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:Portal:Pakistan
1892:
1880:
1862:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1811:
1797:
1781:
1752:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1706:
1675:
1644:Operation Samba
1632:Operation Tupac
1592:
1583:
1573:
1566:
1552:
1515:
1509:
1461:
1452:Jamaat-e-Islami
1427:
1421:
1402:Zahid Ali Akbar
1397:Rahimuddin Khan
1270:
1165:Corporatization
1118:1984 Referendum
1075:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
993:
988:
987:
980:
967:
966:
962:
955:
938:
937:
930:
920:
918:
913:
912:
901:
893:
889:
884:
877:
872:
868:
863:
859:
849:
847:
834:Stephen Zunes.
833:
832:
821:
816:
803:military regime
799:
758:
752:
747:
736:
731:
711:
700:
695:
675:
664:
659:
639:
628:
623:
603:
592:
587:
581:
563:
534:
532:MRD Composition
518:Abdul Wali Khan
508:, her daughter
502:military courts
457:1984 referendum
425:military regime
393:Khyber province
326:
199:
160:
159:
133:
116:
114:
101:
99:
82:
75:Abdul Wali Khan
73:
64:
55:
46:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1899:
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1896:
1884:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1748:United Kingdom
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
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1683:
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1646:
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1624:
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1585:
1579:
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1575:
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1500:
1495:
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1475:
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1460:
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1449:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1417:Charlie Wilson
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Joanne Herring
1334:
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1284:
1278:
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1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1128:Women's rights
1125:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1103:Ascent by coup
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1080:Administration
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
989:
986:
985:
978:
960:
953:
928:
899:
887:
875:
866:
857:
846:on 30 May 2013
818:
817:
815:
812:
798:
795:
754:Main article:
751:
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746:
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729:
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715:
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703:
698:
693:
684:
679:
668:
667:
662:
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648:
643:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Benazir Bhutto
607:
596:
595:
590:
585:
576:
567:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
533:
530:
510:Benazir Bhutto
350:Sindh Province
325:
322:
318:national power
290:Sindh Province
239:Benazir Bhutto
201:
200:
198:
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48:Benazir Bhutto
36:
30:
29:
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13:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1972:
1961:
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1956:
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1941:
1938:
1936:
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1928:
1926:
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1718:United States
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1807:East Germany
1793:Soviet Union
1762:Saudi Arabia
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1591:Involvement
1392:Imtiaz Ahmad
1382:Tariq Kamal
1377:Anwar Shamim
1352:Nawaz Sharif
1282:Gang of Four
1264:Elite Police
1113:Islamization
997:MRD Movement
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237:. Headed by
233:, the sixth
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1821:Afghanistan
1697:Al-Zulfiqar
1627:Siachen war
1567:now defunct
1488:Al-Zulfiqar
1357:Roedad Khan
1071:(1977–1988)
1061:(1978–1988)
791:Roedad Khan
655:Centre-left
619:Centre-left
374:Afghanistan
247:martial law
1909:Categories
1680:Opposition
1516:successors
1466:Opposition
1347:Agha Shahi
1190:Saqi trial
1145:Oppression
814:References
777:Zia-ul-Haq
687:Right-wing
574:Fazil Rahu
445:boycotting
386:insurgency
382:escalating
358:Zia-ul-Haq
346:Zia-ul-Haq
332:alliance,
330:right-wing
167:Party flag
117:1988-08-24
102:1981-02-08
1593:in events
1514:Platform
1407:Fazle Haq
1307:Hamid Gul
774:President
745:Reception
691:Far-right
646:Wali Khan
579:Left-wing
453:President
419:dictator.
354:President
324:Formation
251:democracy
195:Elections
147:Left-wing
135:Socialism
110:Dissolved
34:Presidium
1881:Category
1582:Foreign
1426:National
727:Far left
718:Jam Saqi
583:Far left
548:Position
522:Jam Saqi
490:Jam Saqi
356:General
126:Ideology
66:Jam Saqi
1428:parties
241:of the
115: (
100: (
95:Founded
1435:Allies
976:
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921:18 May
850:19 May
732:
696:
676:JUI(F)
660:
624:
588:
476:, and
302:Gandhi
284:, and
161:
153:Colors
88:JUI(F)
1835:India
1813:Stasi
1584:front
991:Links
554:Fate
551:Color
482:Sindh
1827:KHAD
1777:Iran
1259:DGII
974:ISBN
949:ISBN
923:2013
852:2013
764:and
720:and
651:Left
612:and
572:and
486:USSR
466:The
459:and
447:the
403:and
384:the
298:time
215:Urdu
205:The
1799:KGB
1053:6th
766:CPP
762:ANP
712:CPP
689:to
653:to
640:ANP
604:PPP
564:QAT
496:in
478:MQM
473:JeI
468:PML
409:PPP
405:CPP
401:ANP
395:in
388:in
372:of
338:PPP
334:PNA
316:in
300:of
229:of
213:),
211:MRD
157:Red
79:ANP
70:CPP
52:PPP
1911::
931:^
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