422:
55:
433:
622:
In the 1950s and 1960s, government suppression of radicalism in
Mozambique was severe enough that the important national liberation groups all had to carry on their existences outside the country. The first organisation with full intentions toward national liberation was founded by Mozambican exiles
513:
for Whites born in
Mozambique. (In the 1950s the latter organisation opened its doors to non-Whites and fought for a non-racial society.) According to Chilcote, "Africans manifested demands through these organisations by urging moderate reforms in the 1930s and focusing discussion on direct
505:, members of the tiny minority of Africans in the colonies who had been given citizenship status. Gibson states that "although it gathered together only some twenty African and mulatto intellectuals, had significant repercussions in the colonies." Later, in Mozambique, the
537:
was established in the early 1920s. One of the first
African weeklies on the continent, it provided an outlet for native dissent. Chilcote, in 1967, wrote that "Although controlled by the Salazar government, it remains African-oriented."
514:
participation for the urban masses in the 1940s. The government reacted by replacing elected leaders with administrative appointees and by dominating and interfering with the activities of these organisations." When the
740:
755:(FRELIMO). At the first FRELIMO congress, at Dar es Salaam in late September 1962, Eduardo Mondlane was elected its President. After many years of FRELIMO's struggle, Mozambique become independent in 1975.
482:
colonial rule and making it an independent nation emerged in the early 1900s, shortly after
Portugal had defeated the last of the native chieftaincies and established effective control over the territory.
553:
By the mid 1950s clandestine political movements had formed. Above ground intellectual nationalism continued: African intellectuals studying at
Portuguese universities established the
881:
461:
150:
891:
635:
155:
596:(NESAM). Its tiny membership included several who would go on to become leaders in the liberation movement, including future FRELIMO president,
896:
886:
454:
604:
203:
104:
705:
145:
545:
was a semi-official centre for
African students in Lisbon. It was pronounced subversive and closed by the government in 1965.
764:
447:
92:
54:
34:
302:
738:
to represent all three parties, UDENAMO, MANU and UNAMI, at the conference where FRAIN was disbanded and replaced by the
701:
291:
358:
238:
388:
278:
567:
263:
248:
653:
was sympathetic to the nationalists, and in April 1961 UDENAMO moved its headquarters to
Tanganyika's capital,
747:
In June 1962, with encouragement from both the CONCP and
Nyerere, UDENAMO, MANU, and UNAMI merged to form the
233:
769:
221:
582:
and others who sought an
African culture, traditional in tone but modern and sophisticated in content." In
208:
383:
228:
198:
121:
75:
70:
43:
353:
178:
713:
675:
571:
526:; and was banned in 1965 for alleged subversion and terrorism. The government also intervened in the
368:
363:
273:
109:
642:
709:
716:
Secretary-General. After
Tanganyika's independence in December 1961, MANU moved to Dar es Salaam.
586:, Mozambican secondary-school students who had been sent there to study formed an offshoot of the
518:
came partially under government control, the more determined of the nationalists in it formed the
700:
of Northern Moçambique and Tanganyika. Its members had been inspired, and were supported by, the
347:
17:
666:
343:
323:
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253:
193:
173:
597:
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268:
243:
650:
437:
875:
727:
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426:
308:
97:
662:
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183:
530:, replacing its leadership, and, according to Chilcote, ending its effectiveness.
328:
188:
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was established earlier as an organisation for Blacks around the time that the
501:
475:
393:
333:
578:, where, Chilcote says, they "associated with French African advocates of
646:
624:
615:
Frente Revolucionária Africana para a Indêpencia das Colônais Portuguesas
479:
338:
750:
408:
313:
85:
628:
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Confederação das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas
566:. A few of the African students in Portugal, including the Angolan
735:
608:
575:
373:
522:. This was later forced by the government to change its name to
861:. 1967; Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.; Prentice-Hall.
694:(MANU) was formed out of several small groups including the
491:
In 1920 or 1923, a government sponsored organisation, the
593:
Núcleo dos Estudantes Africanos Secundários de Moçambique
686:
In February 1961 a second nationalist organisation, the
815:
Gibson, p 274; Chilcote, p 50, seems to say that the
509:was established for assimilated mulattoes; and the
788:Gibson says 1920 (p 274); Chilcote, 1923 (p 49).
730:district. It too moved to Dar es Salaam in 1961.
455:
8:
588:Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique
524:Centro Associativo dos Negros de Moçambique
734:In April 1961 Adelino Gwambe travelled to
665:(President), a Protestant pastor from the
462:
448:
28:
723:União Africana de Moçambique Independente
657:. Its members at various times included:
868:. 1972; London; Oxford University Press.
636:União Democrática Nacional de Moçambique
882:National liberation movements in Africa
831:
829:
781:
42:
31:
726:(UNAMI) was formed by exiles from the
631:), on October 2, 1960, and called the
611:, 1960, the MAC was superseded by the
528:Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique
511:Associação dos Naturais de Moçambique
7:
641:(UDENAMO). Its founding leader was
751:Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
533:Besides these groups a newspaper,
25:
706:Tanganyika African National Union
690:Moçambique National African Union
18:Mozambique African National Union
892:History of Portuguese Mozambique
431:
420:
53:
605:All-African Peoples' Conference
574:, left Portugal and settled in
204:People's Republic of Mozambique
105:People's Republic of Mozambique
765:Mozambican War of Independence
564:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
543:Casa dos Estudantes do Império
93:Mozambican War of Independence
1:
474:Groups interested in freeing
122:Recent history (1993–present)
866:African Liberation Movements
712:was founding president, and
702:Kenya African National Union
913:
897:Rebel groups in Mozambique
887:20th century in Mozambique
719:A third organisation, the
823:was set up for mulattoes.
697:Mocambique Maconde Union
557:Movimento Anti-Colonista
770:Portuguese Colonial War
562:as an outgrowth of the
71:Pre-colonial Mozambique
568:Mário Pinto de Andrade
209:Republic of Mozambique
141:Independence movements
81:Independence movements
627:) and Nyasaland (now
199:Portuguese Mozambique
76:Portuguese Mozambique
572:Marcelino dos Santos
110:Mozambican Civil War
645:. Tanganyikan (now
570:and the Mozambican
520:Instituto Negrófilo
516:Associação Africana
507:Associação Africana
495:was established in
438:History portal
859:Portuguese Africa
857:Ronald Chilcote,
676:Paulo José Gumane
623:in Rhodesia (now
472:
471:
427:Africa portal
369:Mozambique Island
364:Mocímboa da Praia
194:Angoche Sultanate
174:Kingdom of Mutapa
16:(Redirected from
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864:Richard Gibson,
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598:Eduardo Mondlane
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535:O Brado Africano
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179:Kingdom of Tembi
57:
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806:Chilcote, p 50.
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714:M. M. Mallianga
704:(KANU) and the
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797:Gibson, p 274.
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603:At the second
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663:Uria Simango
649:) president
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584:South Africa
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229:Cabo Delgado
184:Zulu Kingdom
140:
80:
26:
590:called the
502:assimilados
254:Maputo City
222:By province
189:Gaza Empire
44:History of
876:Categories
821:Associacao
480:Portuguese
476:Mozambique
46:Mozambique
744:(CONCP).
661:Reverend
647:Tanzanian
580:négritude
394:Quelimane
334:Inhambane
239:Inhambane
759:See also
708:(TANU).
625:Zimbabwe
618:(FRAIN).
429:•
348:timeline
339:Lichinga
303:timeline
279:Zambezia
168:Polities
64:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
852:Sources
669:region.
409:Xai-Xai
384:Nampula
314:Chimoio
259:Nampula
86:FRELIMO
835:p 119.
817:Centro
629:Malawi
497:Lisbon
399:Sofala
379:Nacala
359:Maxixe
354:Matola
344:Maputo
324:Cuamba
319:Chinde
269:Sofala
264:Niassa
249:Maputo
244:Manica
135:Topics
115:RENAMO
37:on the
844:p 50.
776:Notes
736:Rabat
682:1960s
667:Beira
609:Tunis
607:, in
576:Paris
560:(MAC)
549:1950s
487:1920s
478:from
389:Pemba
374:Mueda
329:Gurúè
299:Beira
728:Tete
541:The
499:for
404:Tete
274:Tete
234:Gaza
146:Jews
878::
828:^
600:.
463:e
456:t
449:v
350:)
346:(
305:)
301:(
20:)
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