161:
121:(WHO) between 1981 and 1986, identified 338 cases with a human-to-human transmission rate of 28%. Until 1986, 95% of cases worldwide were identified in the DRC. Cases were rare in people over the age of 15-years, and over two-thirds of infections could be traced to animal contact within the rainforests. Initially it was uncommon for a family member to contract the infection if they had a smallpox scar, evidence of prior vaccination.
1824:
149:
185:
173:
28:
239:
During 2023, a clade I outbreak of mpox disease in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo resulted in 14,626 suspected cases being reported, with 654 associated deaths, making for a case-fatality rate of 4.5%. The outbreak continued into 2024, with 3,576 suspected mpox cases and 265 deaths reported in
204:
Many cases occur sporadically or in small clusters, but large outbreaks also occur. The risk of human-to-human transmission within households in the DRC was noted to range from 50% to 100% during the 2013 outbreak. The DRC's
Bokungu Health Zone saw an increase in cases of 600-fold that year. In 2019
141:
Between 1996 and 2005, mpox cases appeared to be gradually increasingly in older people, with less than a quarter of cases being traced to rainforest animal contact, and with greater close contact infections. Between
January 2001 and December 2004, 2,734 cases of suspected human mpox were reported
200:
After 2005, the DRC was reporting more than 1,000 suspected cases per year. Between
November 2005 and November 2007, 760 laboratory-confirmed human mpox cases were detected; particularly in people living in forested areas, males, age less than 15-years, and no previous smallpox vaccination.
1011:
Adler H, Gould S, Hine P, Snell LB, Wong W, Houlihan CF, Osborne JC, Rampling T, Beadsworth MB, Duncan CJ, Dunning J, Fletcher TE, Hunter ER, Jacobs M, Khoo SH, Newsholme W, Porter D, Porter RJ, Ratcliffe L, Schmid ML, Semple MG, Tunbridge AJ, Wingfield T, Price NM (24 May 2022).
394:
Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, Doty J, Hughes CM, Kabamba J, Malekani J, Bomponda PL, Lokota JI, Balilo MP, Likafi T, Lushima RS, Ilunga BK, Nkawa F, Pukuta E, Karhemere S, Tamfum JJ, Nguete B, Wemakoy EO, McCollum AM, Reynolds MG (June 2016).
319:
would launch a β¬45 million response plan including awareness campaigns, medical team deployment and patient care, but not vaccines. Kamba also said that the DRC needed about 3.5 million doses of mpox vaccines, with roughly 215.000 doses set to be donated by
114:. The onset of their rash was on 24 August. That year, the disease was identified in another four children, including three in Liberia who were playmates. At the time, evidence of the virus was found in non-human primates in Liberia and Sierre Leone.
129:
A reemergence of the disease in the DRC in 1996 also saw a large number of reported but not all laboratory confirmed cases, with a high transmission rate and lower fatality rate; leading experts to believe a significant number may have actually been
251:. An estimated 64% of the cases and 85% of fatalities have occurred in children. The outbreak consists of two separate sub-variants of clade I, with one of the sub-variants having a novel mutation, making detection with standard assays unreliable.
892:
Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC, Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, Blumberg S, Thomassen HA, Pike BL, Fair JN, Wolfe ND, Shongo RL, Graham BS, Formenty P, Okitolonda E, Hensley LE, Meyer H, Wright LL, Muyembe JJ (14 September 2010).
160:
1857:
1835:
1089:
293:
1116:
1667:
1397:
1479:
730:
243:
Transmission of the virus in the outbreak appears to be primarily through sexual and close familial contact, with cases occurring in areas without a history of mpox, such as
258:, with 43 cases reported in March 2024. By early August the outbreak spread further into central and southern Africa with cases of clade I and clade II strains reported in
1173:
316:
1697:
1143:
308:
1725:
1677:
1619:
1331:
1275:
1439:
142:
from the DRC. However, civil war limited surveillance and only 171 clinical specimens were obtained from 136 suspected cases; less than 5% of all reported cases.
1735:
1707:
676:
Rimoin AW, Kisalu N, Kebela-Ilunga B, Mukaba T, Wright LL, Formenty P, Wolfe ND, Shongo RL, Tshioko F, Okitolonda E, Muyembe JJ, Ryder R, Meyer H (June 2007).
205:
the DRC reported 3,794 suspected cases and 73 deaths. In the first nine-months of 2020, it reported over 4,500 suspected cases of mpox, including 171 deaths.
1561:
1528:
765:
Hobson G, Adamson J, Adler H, Firth R, Gould S, Houlihan C, Johnson C, Porter D, Rampling T, Ratcliffe L, Russell K, Shankar AG, Wingfield T (August 2021).
1779:
1692:
1472:
1085:
1204:
1774:
1624:
1112:
353:
1753:
1682:
473:
Fenner F, santΓ© Om, Organization WH, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988). "29. Human monkeypox and other poxvirus infections of man".
288:
became the first non-African country to report a case of clade I mpox. The next day, on 16 August 2024, a case of mpox was confirmed in
Pakistan.
110:
was detected in a nine-month old child in 1970 in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Zaire), two years after it reported its last case of
1662:
1652:
1647:
1743:
1720:
1715:
1657:
1639:
1629:
1609:
876:
653:
523:
487:
457:
1828:
1748:
1687:
1672:
1614:
1604:
1556:
1465:
641:
1758:
1596:
1387:
738:
222:
communities. A regional surveillance system collects reports of all suspected mpox cases, and where possible, they may be investigated.
1359:
1303:
895:"Major increase in human monkeypox incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
1226:
85:
73:
1165:
1139:
1533:
1488:
1419:
511:
1364:
1336:
1308:
1280:
240:
the
Democratic Republic of the Congo through the first nine weeks of the year, making for an estimated CFR of 7.4%.
297:
118:
1804:
445:
184:
172:
148:
864:
336:
publicly announced that it would donate 100,000 vaccines to the DRC and other neighbouring
African countries.
302:
1196:
1392:
397:"Extended Human-to-Human Transmission during a Monkeypox Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
474:
361:
211:
is reportable in the DRC, where the disease is endemic, and disease burden remains high. There, the more
1248:
1431:
1086:"More than 600 dead in spreading DR Congo mpox outbreak as Republic of Congo reports its first cases"
906:
1014:"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK"
84:
is endemic in western and central Africa, with the overwhelming majority of cases occurring in the
767:"Family cluster of three cases of monkeypox imported from Nigeria to the United Kingdom, May 2021"
1061:
333:
1053:
1035:
993:
942:
924:
872:
845:
804:
786:
707:
649:
622:
604:
562:
519:
483:
453:
426:
255:
135:
1799:
1332:"Mpox en RDC: un plan de riposte de 49 millions de dollars et des doses de vaccin attendues"
1276:"Mpox en RDC: un plan de riposte de 49 millions de dollars et des doses de vaccin attendues"
1043:
1025:
983:
973:
932:
914:
835:
794:
782:
778:
697:
689:
612:
596:
552:
416:
408:
275:
219:
1582:
1506:
54:
910:
65:
Initially mainly animal contact in rainforest, later greater human-to-human transmission
1427:
1113:"Deadly Mpox Transmission in DR Congo Happening Under Radar; Most Victims are Children"
1048:
1013:
988:
961:
937:
894:
840:
823:
799:
766:
702:
677:
557:
540:
421:
396:
1030:
617:
584:
284:
The WHO declared this a Global Health
Emergency on 14 August 2024. The following day,
1862:
1851:
1065:
98:
Many cases occur sporadically or in small clusters, but large outbreaks also occur.
279:
131:
978:
899:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
600:
244:
27:
1039:
962:"Human Monkeypox: Current State of Knowledge and Implications for the Future"
928:
790:
608:
919:
212:
89:
1057:
997:
946:
822:
Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I (1980).
808:
711:
693:
430:
412:
328:, and further donations being expected by the United States. On 26 August,
1457:
849:
626:
1809:
566:
312:
248:
166:
The US epidemiologic team after having landed at Lodja Airport - DRC 1997
111:
1435:
329:
321:
259:
134:. Some likely had both mpox and chickenpox at the same time. The DRC's
1166:"WHO considers public health emergency as mpox cases mount in Africa"
285:
267:
263:
678:"Endemic human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2001-2004"
516:
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases E-Book
325:
271:
215:
92:
1523:
1499:
232:
208:
107:
81:
43:
1461:
1360:"DR Congo on standby for first vaccines to fight mpox outbreak"
1304:"DR Congo on standby for first vaccines to fight mpox outbreak"
1140:"Deadlier strain of mpox spreads to multiple African countries"
315:, had been affected by the outbreak, while announcing that the
514:. In Ryan ET, Hill DR, Solomon T, Aronson N, Endy TP (eds.).
95:
Ib has seen a rapid rise in infections since September 2023.
541:"Monkeypox and whitepox viruses in West and Central Africa"
1227:"Sweden confirms first case of mpox strain outside Africa"
1858:
Disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1197:"W.H.O. Declares Global Emergency over New Mpox Outbreak"
518:(Tenth ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 272β277.
360:. World Health Organization. 14 June 2024. Archived from
138:
region saw the largest number of cases during 1996β1997.
1420:"Mpox: Germany to give Africa 100,000 doses of vaccine"
1249:"Pakistan registers 1st case of mpox β DW β 08/16/2024"
307:, said in a press conference that all of the country's
254:
The outbreak spread to the neighbouring country of the
218:
I has been affecting some of the world's poorest and
1792:
1767:
1734:
1706:
1638:
1595:
1570:
1549:
1542:
1516:
69:
61:
49:
39:
20:
482:. World Health Organization. pp. 1287β1319.
1079:
1077:
1075:
324:and up to three million doses being donated by
33:Mpox (large lymph node in neck), DRC 1996/1997
731:"Monkeypox β Democratic Republic of the Congo"
725:
723:
721:
1473:
760:
758:
756:
8:
671:
669:
667:
665:
21:Mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1270:
1268:
737:. World Health Organization. Archived from
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
1567:
1546:
1480:
1466:
1458:
644:. In Mercer A, Schmidt A, Weber O (eds.).
26:
1047:
1029:
987:
977:
936:
918:
867:. In Malik YS, Singh RK, Dhama K (eds.).
839:
798:
701:
616:
578:
576:
556:
545:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
510:Sutcliffe CG, Rimone AW, Moss WJ (2020).
505:
503:
501:
499:
420:
354:"Mpox - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
966:Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
233:Mpox Β§ 2023β2024 Central Africa outbreak
960:Brown K, Leggat PA (20 December 2016).
871:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 39β68.
783:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.32.2100745
444:Fenner F, Wittek R, Dumbell KR (1988).
345:
144:
642:"Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus"
17:
7:
1442:from the original on 27 August 2024
1400:from the original on 27 August 2024
1207:from the original on 14 August 2024
1146:from the original on 15 August 2024
1119:from the original on 15 August 2024
1088:. University of Minnesota. CIDRAP.
1176:from the original on 6 August 2024
1092:from the original on 19 March 2024
14:
1823:
1822:
1170:University of Minnesota | CIDRAP
1084:Van Beusekom M (16 March 2024).
583:Cho CT, Wenner HA (March 1973).
311:, including the capital city of
231:This section is an excerpt from
183:
171:
159:
147:
106:The world's first case of human
86:Democratic Republic of the Congo
74:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1388:"Deutschland spendet Impfstoff"
1195:Mandavilli A (14 August 2024).
1018:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
539:Arita I, Henderson DA (1976).
452:. Elsevier. pp. 227β267.
190:Educational meeting DRC (1997)
178:Testing of Gambian rats (1997)
1:
1396:(in German). 26 August 2024.
1031:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6
292:On 19 August 2024, the DRC's
1229:. Al Jazeera. 15 August 2024
1111:Stawiska Z (13 March 2024).
1024:(8): S1473β3099(22)00228β6.
869:Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses
682:Emerging Infectious Diseases
640:Essbauer S, Meyer H (2007).
476:Smallpox and Its Eradication
401:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1340:(in French). 19 August 2024
1284:(in French). 19 August 2024
154:Mpox outbreak in DRC (1997)
117:Active surveillance by the
1879:
979:10.3390/tropicalmed1010008
824:"Human monkeypox, 1970-79"
298:Samuel-Roger Kamba Mulamba
230:
1818:
1495:
1138:Cohen J (3 August 2024).
601:10.1128/br.37.1.1-18.1973
294:Ministry of Public Health
119:World Health Organization
25:
1805:MVA-BN (Imvanex/Jynneos)
648:. Springer. p. 66.
1534:2023β2024 mpox epidemic
1489:2022β2023 mpox outbreak
1115:. Health Policy Watch.
920:10.1073/pnas.1005769107
828:Bull World Health Organ
589:Bacteriological Reviews
694:10.3201/eid1306.061540
413:10.3201/eid2206.150579
88:(DRC), where the more
863:SklenovskΓ‘ N (2020).
256:Republic of the Congo
1432:Agence France-Presse
446:"8. Monkeypox virus"
1393:SΓΌddeutsche Zeitung
911:2010PNAS..10716262R
905:(37): 16262β16267.
450:The Orthopoxviruses
317:national government
1524:Previous outbreaks
1438:. 26 August 2024.
1201:The New York Times
512:"32.2. Poxviruses"
334:federal government
226:2023-2024 outbreak
1845:
1844:
1788:
1787:
1591:
1590:
1571:Endemic countries
1172:. 5 August 2024.
878:978-981-15-2650-3
771:Euro Surveillance
655:978-3-7643-7556-0
585:"Monkeypox virus"
525:978-0-323-55512-8
489:978-92-4-156110-5
459:978-0-323-15022-4
364:on 14 August 2024
220:socially excluded
79:
78:
1870:
1826:
1825:
1800:Smallpox vaccine
1568:
1547:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:. 20 August 2024
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1312:. 20 August 2024
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1051:
1033:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
981:
957:
951:
950:
940:
922:
889:
883:
882:
860:
854:
853:
843:
819:
813:
812:
802:
762:
751:
750:
748:
746:
727:
716:
715:
705:
673:
660:
659:
637:
631:
630:
620:
580:
571:
570:
560:
536:
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529:
507:
494:
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481:
470:
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463:
441:
435:
434:
424:
391:
374:
373:
371:
369:
350:
306:
187:
175:
163:
151:
125:1996 reemergence
30:
18:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1814:
1784:
1763:
1730:
1702:
1634:
1587:
1566:
1538:
1512:
1507:Monkeypox virus
1491:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1010:
1009:
1005:
959:
958:
954:
891:
890:
886:
879:
862:
861:
857:
821:
820:
816:
764:
763:
754:
744:
742:
729:
728:
719:
675:
674:
663:
656:
639:
638:
634:
582:
581:
574:
538:
537:
533:
526:
509:
508:
497:
490:
479:
472:
471:
467:
460:
443:
442:
438:
393:
392:
377:
367:
365:
352:
351:
347:
342:
300:
290:
289:
236:
228:
198:
191:
188:
179:
176:
167:
164:
155:
152:
127:
104:
55:Monkeypox virus
35:
34:
12:
11:
5:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:United Kingdom
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1428:Deutsche Welle
1411:
1379:
1351:
1323:
1295:
1264:
1240:
1218:
1187:
1157:
1130:
1103:
1071:
1003:
952:
884:
877:
865:"2. Monkeypox"
855:
834:(2): 165β182.
814:
752:
741:on 5 June 2022
717:
661:
654:
632:
572:
531:
524:
495:
488:
465:
458:
436:
407:(6): 1014β21.
375:
344:
343:
341:
338:
237:
229:
227:
224:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
182:
180:
177:
170:
168:
165:
158:
156:
153:
146:
136:KasaΓ―-Oriental
126:
123:
103:
100:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:South America
1733:
1727:
1726:United States
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1708:North America
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1501:
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1780:New Zealand
1693:Switzerland
1678:Netherlands
1620:Philippines
1543:By location
1142:. Science.
735:www.who.int
595:(1): 1β18.
358:www.who.int
301: [
132:chicken pox
102:Early cases
1852:Categories
1836:Task Force
1258:2024-09-07
646:Poxviruses
340:References
245:South Kivu
1775:Australia
1625:Singapore
1502:(disease)
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609:0005-3678
368:14 August
309:provinces
1829:Category
1810:ACAM2000
1793:Vaccines
1754:Colombia
1683:Portugal
1529:Timeline
1440:Archived
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1180:6 August
1174:Archived
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1090:Archived
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972:(1): 8.
947:20805472
809:34387184
712:17553242
431:27191380
313:Kinshasa
249:Kinshasa
213:virulent
112:smallpox
90:virulent
70:Location
1768:Oceania
1668:Ireland
1663:Germany
1653:Belgium
1648:Austria
1583:Nigeria
1517:History
1436:Reuters
1049:9300470
989:6082047
938:2941342
907:Bibcode
850:6249508
841:2395797
800:8365177
703:2792850
627:4349404
558:2366520
422:4880088
330:Germany
322:Belgium
260:Burundi
40:Disease
1744:Brazil
1721:Mexico
1716:Canada
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264:Rwanda
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1749:Chile
1688:Spain
1673:Italy
1615:Japan
1605:India
1557:Ghana
1062:S2CID
480:(PDF)
326:Japan
305:]
272:Kenya
216:clade
93:clade
1863:Mpox
1759:Peru
1597:Asia
1500:Mpox
1448:2024
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1374:2024
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82:Mpox
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