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to believe in a traditional deity called “KNIQKHOEQMAQ”; as special gods. Some Mro people who converted to
Buddhism still maintain elements of the ethnic Nat devotion. The Mro ethnic tradition describes a group of Nats (or spirits) referred to as the Yoyar Nats as the original or first Nats to exist, with each Yoyar Nat having a certain area of responsibility or control. These Yoyar Nats are respectively called “Eain Sout Nat” (spirit of the home), “ Yar Sout Nat” (spirit of the land or agriculture), and the primary Nat who was called “KNIQKHOEQMAQ” (creator of the world and of the Khimi people). The belief in KNIQKHOEQMAQ was transitional for the conversion of some Mro to belief in the singular deity of Christianity.
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and have their own language, culture and customs which are still in existence. For Chin specifically, the Mro People are one of 53 sub-groups identified by the government of
Myanmar. According to the Rakhine Chronicles, the Mro people were the first people who enter Rakhine land. They call themselves
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The term “KNIQKHOEQAMAQ” is a combination of two words in the traditional culture of the Mro-khimi people, In the Mro-khimi language, “SUN”; is called “KANI”; and “KHOEQMAQ”; is interpreted as the
Universe. “KNIQKHOEQMAQ” Kani Khutma”(eng); means the creator who owns the sun and the universe. It is
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The ancient Mro-khimi people worshiped traditional spirits. Later, most of them practiced
Buddhism. There are also Christians. Buddhists also offer their traditional spirits. Traditional spirits are guardian spirits, They are guardian spirits. In the matter of deity worship, the village people seem
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The Mro people were descended from the area known as Twipin (Tibet). From there, they moved slowly to the south. After that, they lived in Rokon for about thirty years. From there, they arrived at Cha Phawi
Mountain and lived there for about 300 years, then moved to Khang Lyhn Mawi in Paletwa and
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During the reign of King Dasara (AD 485), Rahoila, Ahpaungla the chief of the Mro-khimi, was sent to search for the statue of
Mahamuni, which had been missing for many years. In that chronicle, it was recorded that “Mro Kwae Mwae/ Kwae Mwae Mro”, it can be known that the people of the Mro-khimi
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because they are making a noise. However, only if there are problems or illnesses among the Mro-khimi people, they ask for “KANI KHUTMA”. In the stories of creation, KOEQMRIKOEQMRAN created “KHUTMARIKHUTMERIN”; said that the old woman and man were created from the dust of the earth.
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The above content is the dialect spoken by the Mro-khimi people who communicate along the
Kaladan river basin from Chin state to Rakhine state. The 1911 Burma Census Report, Section (1) of the appendix, on page 437, states the language of the Mro people as follows.
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Wakun (Vakung) is the most widely spoken and understood dialect(Horney 2009:5). Horney (2009:5) also lists Aryn, Dau, Khuitupui, Likhy, Pamnau, Tuiron, Xautau, and Xienau as dialects of Mro-khami. Horney (2009) describes phonologies of the Wakun and Xautau dialects.
325:. This is stated in the book History Of Operation in Northern Arakan and the Yawdwin Chin Hills (1896-97) by Captain GC Rigby. Mro much resemble the Kwaymis. The dialect spoken by them is different but allied to that of the Khumi.
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The first
Christian religion of the people of the Mro-khimi was from Mi Chaung region. In April 1932, a villager from the Mi Chaung area of Palatwa Township accepted Christ and was baptized for the first
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The language and customs of the Mro-khimi people are more similar to those of the southern Chin. The 78% Mro-khimi people language similarity with Khumi (Khimi) and 39% similarity with Mrucha
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Luke Ahka, “The
Anthropological Studies of Mrokhami People with Relevant Method for the Gospel: Cultural Anthropology For Christian Mission,” (Yangon, 2012), Page -2.
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But there are slightly differences in the dialect of the Mro-khimi people according to the region. When calling a body part, it is usually called starting with
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The Mro people once ruled as emperors in
Rakhine State and established two "Mro" dynasties. The dynasty lasted for about 25 years, from 131 AD to 156 AD.
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Hornéy, Christina Scotte (2012). A phonological analysis of Mro Khimi (PDF) (MA thesis). Grand Forks: University of North Dakota.
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In 1960, in July, the Gospel of Mara entered the Mro-khimi people. There are still some villagers who offer traditional spirits.
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HC. Bizo, the Study of Mara Evangelical Church and her Mission: Education in Mission Fields (Thesis, MIT, Yangon, 2017), 124.
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Maung Sa Kaung “An applied grammatical perspective and study of urban language sounds;” Yangon University> 1990), Page-46
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In literature, the word Wakun is mainly used. Mro-people has their own literature. This literature was published in 1997 by
467:မြန်မာ့ဆိုရှယ်လစ်လမ်းစဉ်ပါတီ၊ တိုင်းရင်းသားယဉ်ကျေးမှု ရိုးရာဓလေ့ထုံးစံများ (ရခိုင်၊ စာပေဗိမာန်ပုံနှိပ်တိုက်၊ ၁၉၇၆)၊ စာ - ၃၁
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as Khami. It means 'human'. Mro people has their own language, culture. There are more than 100 clans.
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Htin Aung – Kyauktaw, Rights granted by the state and the status of indigenous Mro-khimi ( 2015, p-7)
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family. Mro-Khimi people are spoken in the following townships of Myanmar (
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Htin Aung- Kyauktaw, Image Of Life, (Grace,2006,Page-98)
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405:"A Short Account of the Hill Tribes of North Aracan"
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332:Comparison of Mro Language and Kami Language
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605:. MA thesis, University of North Dakota.
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171:. They are identified as a sub-group of
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603:A phonological analysis of Mro Khimi
56:Regions with significant populations
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616:List of ethnic groups in Myanmar
601:Hornéy, Christina Scotte. 2012.
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208:descended to Rakhine State.
1596:. You can help Knowledge by
1539:. You can help Knowledge by
1653:Sino-Tibetan language stubs
51:77,527– 83,000 (2004, est.)
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422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
396:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
371:
370:
366:
359:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
330:
326:
324:
319:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
282:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Rakhine State
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
219:
211:
209:
202:
200:
197:
194:
193:Tibeto-Burman
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Rakhine state
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Awa Khami Mro
150:
145:
142:မြို(ခမိ) or
139:
135:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Rakhine State
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
19:
1598:expanding it
1587:
1541:expanding it
1530:
1515:
1305:Khmu (Khamu)
1251:Miram (Mara)
1038:
894:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
665:
602:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
412:
408:
398:
367:
363:
335:
320:
316:
301:
297:
276:
221:
206:
198:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
133:
131:
112:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
1430:Hkun (Khün)
1300:Khamti Shan
1221:(Arakanese)
1183:Kadu (Kado)
1109:Torr (Tawr)
904:Dai (Yindu)
835:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
415:: 233–247.
274:townships.
173:Chin people
144:မြိုလူမျိုး
125:Chin people
1637:Categories
781:Manu Manaw
761:Geba Karen
390:References
323:Mru people
279:Ethnologue
256:Buthidaung
240:Chin State
236:Ethnologue
181:Chin state
66:Chin State
1500:Pakistani
1330:Shan Gale
1246:Maramagyi
1069:Saing Zan
914:Eik-swair
860:Shu (Pwo)
820:Pa-Le-Chi
796:Yin Talai
754:Kayah (9)
429:0959-5295
260:Ponnagyun
228:Kuki-Chin
224:Mro-Khimi
165:Awa Khami
110::55% and
85:Languages
41:Mro-Khimi
1505:Taungtha
1490:Rohingya
1463:Bayingyi
1425:Maingtha
1420:Maw Shan
1335:Shan Gyi
1241:Daingnet
1219:Rakhine
1084:Tangkhul
1079:Senthang
959:Kwelshin
855:Monnepwa
745:Ngochang
272:Maungdaw
252:Kyauktaw
161:Mro Chin
108:Buddhism
106::37.6%,
98:Religion
1590:Myanmar
1456:Panthay
1451:Chinese
1385:Yin Net
1380:Yin Kya
1370:Wa (Va)
1365:Taungyo
1360:Taishon
1355:Tai-Lay
1350:Tai-Lon
1345:Tai Nua
1340:Tai-Loi
1325:Palaung
1232:(Kaman)
1202:Mon (1)
1114:Yin Gog
1094:Tay-Zan
964:Kwe Myi
939:Kaungso
929:Hualngo
791:Yin Baw
771:Karenni
690:Dalaung
685:Jingpaw
521:SIL2012
437:2841171
306:sound “
268:Mrauk U
264:Pauktaw
189:Paletwa
169:Myanmar
138:Burmese
104:Animism
77:Myanmar
62:Myanmar
1483:Tamils
1478:Indian
1468:Gurkha
1395:Man Zi
1315:Kokang
1230:Kamein
1178:Yabein
1139:Zotung
1134:Zophei
1129:Sizang
1089:Tapong
1074:Saline
1064:Rongtu
1034:Lusayy
994:Lyente
989:Lhinbu
984:Laymyo
979:Lawhtu
974:Laizao
949:Khawno
850:Monpwa
801:Zayein
735:Rawang
705:Duleng
700:Hkahku
676:Kachin
435:
427:
310:” or “
270:, and
203:Origin
185:Matupi
80:83,000
1588:This
1531:This
1495:Malay
1290:Intha
1236:Khami
1188:Ganan
1163:Dawei
1119:Zahau
1099:Thado
1059:Panun
1054:Oo-Pu
1049:Ngawn
1029:Mi-er
1009:Marma
1004:Malin
999:Magun
944:Kebar
924:Guite
899:Cumtu
830:S'gaw
766:Gheko
740:Taron
695:Gauri
433:JSTOR
380:time.
346:Helga
304:Vowel
157:Wakim
114::7.4%
1594:stub
1537:stub
1473:Mizo
1400:Pyin
1320:Lahu
1295:Pa-O
1285:Danu
1273:(33)
1271:Shan
1261:Thet
1193:Hpon
1168:Beik
1044:Naga
1024:Mgan
1014:Matu
889:Asho
884:Anun
872:(53)
870:Chin
840:Paku
813:(11)
786:Pale
730:Lisu
725:Atsi
715:Hpon
678:(12)
425:ISSN
291:Xata
187:and
163:or
132:The
1410:Son
1405:Eng
1390:Yun
1375:Yao
1310:Kwi
1223:(7)
1209:Mon
1173:Yaw
1156:(9)
1144:Zou
909:Dim
879:Anu
845:Bwe
417:doi
314:”.
281:).
238:):
151:,
149:Mro
1639::
431:.
423:.
411:.
407:.
312:La
266:,
262:,
258:,
254:,
250::
246:,
242::
179:,
159:,
155:,
140::
68:,
1625:e
1618:t
1611:v
1600:.
1568:e
1561:t
1554:v
1543:.
649:e
642:t
635:v
439:.
419::
413:2
308:A
136:(
72:)
64:(
34:.
20:)
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