616:(1993) evaluated Vietnamese law and legal systems from a historical and cultural perspective, contrasting the various rights and the political structure with those of other nations. In 1992, she was assigned as a candidate for a district in Ho Chi Minh City in which she was likely to have little support and lost her seat. Within months, she joined the Fund for Assistance to Women's Innovation as a vice president. The organization was sponsored by the government and focused on developing projects to expand the social and scientific roles of women and work with legislators to draft policies to facilitate growth. Vân was elected to her final legislative term in 1997, serving through 2002.
632:. According to author George J. Veith, she was one of the "most-known radical dissident in South Vietnam" and obtained global attention. She was a controversial figure and her relationship with the Vietnamese government was contentious. The historian An Thuy Nguyen stated this resulted from the state policy to rewrite history in order to downplay the contributions of non-communists. Some of the Vietnamese diaspora believed she was on a quest for fame, whereas others felt that by working in the socialist government, Vân had turned her back on the ideals of the Third Force Movement's fight against war and communism.
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aim of keeping alive ties between the Women's Right to Live and WILPF. Among the numerous programs she spearheaded was a successful campaign for WILPF members to monitor political prisoners through an adopt-an-inmate program. She continued to press for a political solution to end the war because, despite the US troop withdrawal, neither of the combatants was willing to lose strength and initiate demobilization. North
Vietnamese troops continued to have a presence in Saigon and Thiệu continued to suppress dissidents and refused to abide by the terms of the peace agreement. This ultimately led to the
636:
socio-economic freedoms and failure to provide adequate justice structures. The Women's Right to Live was one of the most influential organizations in the
Vietnamese peace movement. Unlike other feminist groups of the time or in Vietnam's past, the organization maintained its autonomy from political alliances and cultivated diversity of members across a wide spectrum of society, giving women a means of pressing for representation, self-determination, and peace. Its alliance with international women's groups helped to gain support abroad for an end to the war.
353:
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601:, providing checks and balances to the government. She refused to join the communist or socialist party. In her first term, she served on the committee to draft the 1980 Constitution. Vân was a member of the legislative Law Reform Committee during the 1981 to 1986 term and was chair of the Law Reform Committee from 1987 to 1991. She was also vice president of the Vietnam Lawyers Association. In 1989 at the 24th WILPF Congress, she was elected as the executive representative for
442:, leader of the National Self-Determination Group. Her father was deported to North Vietnam in March, and she and Trương were given suspended sentences in August. As a result of her arrest, both Vân and her husband, who was the director of the Saigon Fishery Service, lost their jobs. After participating in a protest at Saigon University, she was arrested again in 1966 and spent two years in prison. She was held for 25 months without trial before being released.
498:). The Third Force coalition, which was both anti-war and anti-communist, worked towards a democratic post-war solution with improved socio-political rights and protections. The Women's Right to Live was the only women-led peace organization in the country and one of the most active groups involved the Third Force, uniting women across all social classes, age groups, and beliefs. Vân was neither a communist nor a supporter of the
518:, giving details of how the war was causing problems for women and children and urging Congress to stop funding the war and the South Vietnamese government. The group organized programs to visit hospitals, orphanages, prisons and to assist war victims. They also held public rallies and publicized the social problems created by the war such as war orphans, mixed-race children, prostitution, victims of
311:. The family expanded to include two more children. To support the family, she took courses in shorthand and typing and worked at night to make enough money for them to live. Because many students needed to work and could not attend classes, Vân used her shorthand to make note of the lectures of her professors and then typed them out and sold them to her classmates. She also competed in a
406:. Embracing the feminist movement and believing that international cooperation would lead to understanding and eliminate oppression, Vân founded the International Women's Association of Saigon and became its president. The organization cultivated membership through ambassadors' wives in order to bring international women together.
529:, who also photographed and followed the people she contacted. She was arrested in July 1971 for lodging a complaint at the Supreme Court when it was announced that no opposition to Thiệu would be allowed to run in the upcoming election. Although she was released, she was arrested again in September for a protest outside the
564:, who made an appeal for her release. The US WILPF section and other branches of WILPF International contacted US House members and wrote letters to Nixon to secure Vân's release. Newspapers reported that Thiệu agreed to her release in 1973 because of fear that the publicity would stop the flow of US funding.
434:(USA), if the bombing strategy would be effective. She advised them that it was likely to have the opposite effect, turning people toward communism. Ignoring her advice and proceeding with the bombing raids led Vân to become a relentless protester against the policies of the government of South Vietnam and
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negotiations. Surveillance by the national police resumed and in
October 1973 she was attacked by two unknown men, whom she thought were policemen. Vân met frequently with foreign correspondents, giving over 110 interviews over the next 15 months. She resumed her international correspondence with the
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and charged with disturbing the peace and illegal association. It was also alleged that she had assaulted a judge, but witnesses verified that he merely stumbled. Held for two years without trial, she spent much of her time in solitary confinement, but continued to write letters to policy-makers. The
864:
Stur stated, that the "Women's Right to Live organization never attracted more than a few dozen members, and failed to generate enough interest to establish chapters in the provinces". This information is directly contradicted by historians An Thuy Nguyen who stated that the organization united 36
445:
In 1969, Vân resigned the presidency of the
International Women's Association of Saigon to found an organization for women peace activists. After attending a seminar which presented testimony from women throughout South Vietnam about rapes and other violence perpetrated against women and children
302:
At the age of 18, Vân entered into an arranged marriage with Ngô Bá Thành and had her first child, quickly followed by another. As she was overwhelmed with raising the children yet wanted to study, her family sent Vân and her family to study in Paris. Thành pursued courses in veterinary medicine,
635:
Lưu Văn Đạt, the
General Secretary and Vice President of the Vietnam Lawyers Association acknowledged that Vân's work on the law committee of the Vietnamese National Assembly was critically important. She was elected four times and her terms were marked by criticism of the government's lack of
246:. She served four terms in office and during her tenure assisted in the creation of the 1980 and 1992 Constitutions and in revisions to the legal code. She was chair of the Law Reform Committee from 1987 to 1991 and served as vice president of the Vietnam Lawyers Association. She was also the
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regime. She argued for an immediate withdrawal of
American troops and a pledge from the United States to provide post-war economic support to rebuild the country. She pushed for a unified democratic government which followed a neutral system aligned neither with capitalism nor communism.
730:
Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (January 1985). "Le Droit á l'Égalité des Femmes á la Lumière du Drôit
Positif de la République Socialiste du Vietnam et dans les Faits" [The Right to Equality of Women in the Light of the Positive Rights of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and in Facts].
571:
following her release, Vân was doubtful that she would be permitted to leave the country. She decided that she needed to remain in
Vietnam to work for peace. Despite the lack of recognition by the Thiệu government, the Third Force was recognized as an equal participant in the
514:, writing letters to influential policy-makers and activists to increase awareness of the impacts of the war. WILPF sent a delegation of members to meet with Vân and members of the Women's Right to Live. She personally wrote to the Foreign Relations Committee of the
283:, as her father was an indigenous Vietnamese, he instead was sent to a rural area to practice veterinary medicine. She was raised in an affluent intellectual family, along with her brother and five sisters. Vân attended a private Catholic school in
612:, which expanded economic rights. She facilitated legal reforms in the country and through her publications provided links for Vietnam and the West. Her published works, such as the chapter "The 1992 Constitution and the Rule of Law" in
368:. Because her husband could not find a job, he returned to Saigon, while she continued with her studies and her family cared for her children in Paris. Vân then resigned and moved to Spain, completing a doctorate in corporate law at the
250:
executive representative for WILPF, having been elected to the post in 1989. Vân wrote publications evaluating
Vietnamese law and legal systems and was recognized internationally for both her legal expertise and activism.
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522:, and general deprivations and spread of disease. President Thiệu, interpreting their actions as dangerous to his regime, ordered troops to turn the women away and threaten to destroy their facilities.
364:
at
Columbia in 1959, Vân returned to Europe and taught briefly at the International University of Comparative Law, headquartered in Luxembourg and Strasbourg, while researching legal systems in
885:. Further, Nguyen describes the importance of the group and Nguyen-Marshall said that Women's Right to Live activists could be found everywhere, rallying for various socio-political causes.
372:
in 1962. She was offered a directorship at the International University of Comparative Law. Because of her fluency in English, French, and Spanish, another offer was for a position at the
452:(Vietnamese Women's Committee for the Right to Live). She urged women to work for reconciliation, peace, and the eradication of violence. Within five months, the name was changed to the
545:, which led to partial paralysis of her right leg, resulted in Vân's move to a prison hospital in April 1973. She staged a five-month hunger strike, losing 44 pounds (20 kg).
507:
217:
414:
As Vân was fluent in English and French, she was invited to participate in diplomatic meetings between 1964 and 1965. At one meeting hosted by the British Embassy to discuss
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and his wife. Her father was one of the first veterinarians in the country who had been trained under the French regime. Although he qualified for a teaching post at the
224:, Vân brought international attention to the social and economic issues created by the war, which increased international opposition to the conflict. As a member of the
715:
The Women, Architects of Peace: Contribution to the 19th Triennial Congress of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom on Peacemaking – Key to the Future
652:
The Originality of Vietnamese Law and the Reception of Foreign Rights in Vietnam: Chinese Law at the Beginning of the Christian Era and French Law in the 19th Century
546:
239:, she pressed for demobilization, an immediate withdrawal of American troops and funding for the South Vietnamese government, and creation of a democratic society.
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648:
L'originalité du droit vietnamien et la réception des droits étrangers au Vietnam: Droit chinois au début de l'Ère Chrétienne et droit français au XIXè siècle
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ended, the family returned to Hanoi and her father became head of veterinary science at the university. Both her mother and her brother died during the
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since 1946 were held in April 1976 and, as one of the few non-communists, Vân was elected to the 492-member body. She saw her role as a member of the
506:
To further the aims of the Women's Right to Live, Vân and the organization's membership built alliances with international women's groups, such as the
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Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (1996). "Influence of Buddhism on Ancient Vietnamese Law and Role of Comparative Law in Contemporary Juridical Science".
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2007:
873:, and Van Nguyen-Marshall, who states that the organization had its headquarters in Saigon, and established local branches in places such as
762:
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After the defeat of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese in 1975, Vân became one of the few non-communists who were elected to the unified
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De quelques applications du droit comparé; droit international et relations internationales, droit commercial, droit civil, droit public
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Stur states that Vân graduated from Columbia in 1961, but newspaper accounts indicate she graduated and left the United States in 1959.
2124:
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276:
327:, and served as a government minister. She continued her studies abroad, earning a doctorate with honors in comparative law from the
394:, president of South Vietnam. When Diem was assassinated at the end of the year, she helped found the Comparative Law Institute at
2276:
292:
2196:
287:, where she was one of the only two Vietnamese students – the other pupils were all children of French officials or the monarch
1888:
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2148:
698:
Some Applications of Comparative Law: International Law and International Relations, Commercial Law, Civil Law, Public Law
2650:
2701:
2595:
2452:
2328:"The Vietnam Women's Movement for the Right to Live: A Non-Communist Opposition Movement to the American War in Vietnam"
2018:
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499:
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390:, hoping to use her education to help the country. She was hired as the chief judicial advisor in the administration of
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86:
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1999:
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After the defeat of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese in April 1975, plans for reunification moved swiftly. The
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Scholar Heather Marie Stur states that she did not marry until 1950, after she had moved to Paris in 1949.
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212:, an anti-war neutralist movement which supported neither the US-backed government in the south nor the
332:
2384:
2144:"Reinterpreting East-Asian Culture and Human Rights: The Case of Traditional Vietnamese Legal Culture"
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435:
431:
740:
Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (1993). "4. The 1992 Constitution and the Rule of Law". In Thayer, Carlyle A.;
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816:(Ba Thanh Ngo), Ba-Thanh Ngo, Ngo-Ba Thanh, or Ms. Thanh. The only source which accurately follows
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1988:
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English sources are often in conflict about her name and often refer to her by her husband's name
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Although WILPF members had secured offers for a guest professorship at Columbia University and
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438:. She was arrested in early 1965 along with her father, who led the Committee for Peace, and
2780:
Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh, 1981, Boston, Massachusetts
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24:
304:
2046:"Gender Equality and Women's Issues in Vietnam: The Vietnamese Woman – Warrior and Poet"
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1980:
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247:
2185:"Reviewed Work: Vietnam and the Rule of Law. Political and Social Change Monograph 19"
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only time Vân was called to a military tribunal, in March 1972, she collapsed from an
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Vân turned down both offers and in 1963 returned to Vietnam, despite the on-going
35:. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the
553:
387:
216:
communist regime. Using her wide international contacts with groups such as the
186:
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1920:
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women's groups and had chapters in all the major South Vietnamese cities like
36:
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1904:
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259:
Phạm Thị Thanh Vân was born on 25 September 1931, in Tùng Ảnh commune in the
193:'s administration. After his assassination, she became a professor of law at
2306:] (PhD) (in French). Grenoble, France: Centre de recherches juridiques.
705:
316:
312:
157:(25 September 1931 – 3 February 2004), a Vietnamese lawyer, politician, and
722:
700:] (in French). Saigon, Vietnam: Institut de droit comparé du Viet-Nam.
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852:
717:. Saigon, South Vietnam: Vietnamese People's Front Struggling for Peace.
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2156:(4). Tehran, Iran: Office of the International Studies Journal: 97–144.
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scientific prize. When offered a scholarship to continue her studies at
2462:
1940:
1912:
1874:
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28:
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324:
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2430:
Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975
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uniting women from various other groups within the framework of the
1865:
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Drawn Swords in a Distant Land: South Vietnam's Shattered Dreams
910:
908:
906:
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402:. She served as head of the institute and began to work in the
2678:[Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh – "Iron Lady" Has Passed Away...].
2410:(in Vietnamese). Hanoi, Vietnam: Vietnam Lawyers Association.
1875:"The All-Vietnam National Assembly: Significant Developments"
677:
The Family Public Corporation: Before the Spanish Law of 1951
556:
flew to Vietnam and brought her case to the attention of the
473:
Vân, speaking as president of the Women's Right to Live, 1971
456:, and became one of the founding member organizations of the
2406:[Lawyer Ngo Ba Thanh – A Typical Vietnamese Woman].
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1478:
169:, she married at 18 and completed her legal studies at the
679:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Hispano Europea.
673:
La sociedad anónima familiar: ante la ley española de 1951
2855:
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
1963:"Woman Activist Wages Ceaseless Political War with Thieu"
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Ba-Thanh Ngo, Thanh Ngo, Thi Thanh Van Pham, Ngô Bá Thành
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2404:"Luật sư Ngô Bá Thành- người phụ nữ Việt Nam tiêu biểu"
1705:
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because of the war, Vân announced the formation of the
1160:
2088:"Frail from Hunger Strike, Saigon Critic Leaves Jail"
1223:
1221:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
966:
964:
962:
960:
418:, she was asked by experts including the ambassadors
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competition, taking the top prize. In 1954, when the
197:
and was active in the feminist and peace movements.
2120:
Women's Antiwar Diplomacy during the Vietnam War Era
1856:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. p. 19
1012:
1010:
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1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
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996:
994:
200:
Vân's vocal opposition to the policies of President
2676:"Bà Ngô Bá Thành – "người đàn bà thép" đã ra đi..."
2573:
Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties
2340:(1). Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire:
136:
128:
120:
101:
67:
48:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
508:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
218:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
1298:
933:
454:Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live
210:Vietnamese Women's Movement for the Right to Live
189:, she first worked as the chief legal advisor to
811:
482:
457:
447:
2657:. Bayonne, New Jersey. 26 March 1958. p. 3
1454:
914:
208:and numerous arrests. In 1970, she founded the
1041:, p. 158, Search phrase "Pham Van Huyen".
525:By 1971, Vân was followed continuously by the
464:Vietnamese People's Front Struggling for Peace
237:Vietnamese People's Front Struggling for Peace
2631:(1st American ed.). New York, New York:
2518:"Tenacious Bao [sic] Thanh vs. Thieu"
1944:. Nassau, New York. 17 March 1958. p. 9C
1289:, Search phrase "Lieu to arrest the leaders".
8:
2684:(in Vietnamese). Hồ Chí Minh City, Vietnam.
2651:"Viet Nam Revolution Explained to Rotarians"
531:National Assembly of the Republic of Vietnam
477:The Women's Right to Live quickly became an
2576:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
2269:[Lawyer Ngo Ba Thanh Passed Away].
466:), for which Vân became a vice president.
18:Vietnamese lawyer, politician, and activist
2526:. Chicago, Illinois. p. 10, Section 2
2299:L'État et la propriété foncière au Vietnam
1542:
608:Vân was one of the architects of the 1992
339:, Vân moved to the United States in 1958.
56:
45:
2850:20th-century Vietnamese women politicians
2702:"War Critic's Trial Postponed by Illness"
1515:
356:Ba Thanh Ngo and Vân with protest posters
2235:Lippman, Thomas W. (26 September 1973).
2017:Courtney, Christine (24 November 1992).
1670:
1257:, Search phrase "energies relentlessly".
654:] (PhD) (in French). Paris, France:
165:activist. Born in the northern part of
1605:
1581:
1569:
1427:
1383:
1347:
1212:
948:
902:
803:
459:Mặt Trận Nhân Dân Đấu Tranh vì Hoà Bình
378:Secretary-General of the United Nations
2543:Storin, Matthew V. (24 October 1973).
2060:University of Washington School of Law
1793:
1781:
1769:
1745:
1709:
1629:
1617:
1593:
1557:
1530:
1496:
1439:
1412:
1400:
1371:
1359:
1332:
1320:
1271:
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1122:
1110:
1026:
628:, and was buried on 7 February in the
374:United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
2492:. West Palm Beach, Florida. pp.
2027:. Los Angeles, California. p. H3
1848:"The Redoubtable Way of Madame Thanh"
1829:
1817:
1805:
1733:
1286:
1254:
1242:
1137:
1050:
1038:
538:attack and the trial was postponed.
376:, department of international law by
7:
2688:from the original on 14 October 2017
2596:"Thieu Regime Frees Four Dissidents"
2414:from the original on 20 October 2023
2283:from the original on 20 October 2023
2197:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
2051:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
1998:(15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois:
1757:
1736:, Search phrase "radical dissident".
1682:
1466:
1227:
1178:
970:
824:, which uses her first name of Vân.
426:(USA), and the military experts Sir
2553:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 45
2545:"Jails Fail to Silence Viet Leader"
2516:Rodill, Daniel (18 November 1973).
1961:Cavaliero, Eric (5 December 1973).
1694:
1075:
2125:University of North Carolina Press
1721:
1653:
1641:
713:Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.), ed. (1974).
14:
2865:Vietnamese political commentators
2482:Pollock, Kent (27 January 1971).
2408:Tạp Chí Điện Tử Luật sư Việt Nam
2074:from the original on 26 June 2023
1053:, Search phrase "Pham Van Huyen".
2453:"Peace Goal Nets Jail in Saigon"
2304:Land Ownership Regime of Vietnam
2277:British Broadcasting Corporation
2142:Hoang, Van Nghia (Spring 2013).
855:and then moved to Paris in 1970.
400:The Asian Comparative Law Review
2830:20th-century Vietnamese lawyers
2736:"B52s Strike at Red Stronghold"
2123:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
1971:. Honolulu, Hawaii. p. E14
624:Vân died on 3 February 2004 in
2820:University of Barcelona alumni
2608:. 23 September 1973. p. 2
2326:Nguyen, An Thuy (March 2019).
2267:"Luật sư Ngô Bá Thành qua đời"
2100:. 23 September 1973. p. 2
2044:Duong, Wendy N. (March 2001).
1889:University of California Press
1846:Aitkin, Susan (29 July 1989).
755:Australian National University
1:
2604:. Charlotte, North Carolina.
2427:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023).
2350:10.1080/14672715.2018.1542522
2296:Luong, Minh Anh Dinh (2019).
2149:International Studies Journal
818:Vietnamese naming conventions
692:Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (1964).
671:Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (1963).
646:Ngô, Bá Thành (Mrs.) (1962).
153:was the professional name of
2805:People from Hà Tĩnh province
2674:Vũ, Phạm (6 February 2004).
2570:Stur, Heather Marie (2020).
2402:Nguyễn, Túc (9 April 2020).
2117:Frazier, Jessica M. (2017).
595:National Assembly of Vietnam
449:Ủy Ban Phụ Nữ Đòi Quyền Sống
428:Robert Grainger Ker Thompson
331:in 1957 and was awarded the
244:National Assembly of Vietnam
132:Lawyer, politician, activist
2714:. 23 March 1972. p. 39
2712:New York Times News Service
2707:Corpus Christi Caller-Times
2606:New York Times News Service
2465:. 4 August 1965. p. 33
2237:"Freed Thieu-Cong Foe Back"
2189:Contemporary Southeast Asia
2000:University of Chicago Press
1887:(5). Berkeley, California:
1480:Corpus Christi Caller-Times
851:In 1996 her father fled to
774:Vietnam Law and Legal Forum
747:Vietnam and the Rule of Law
614:Vietnam and the Rule of Law
323:, her father fled south to
204:led to surveillance by the
2881:
2835:20th-century women lawyers
2815:Columbia Law School alumni
2810:University of Paris alumni
2744:. Durham, North Carolina.
2578:Cambridge University Press
2096:. Hackensack, New Jersey.
2058:(2). Seattle, Washington:
541:Struggles with asthma and
235:and vice president of the
22:
2710:. Corpus Christi, Texas.
2625:Veith, George J. (2021).
1873:An, Tai Sung (May 1977).
822:Between War and the State
820:is Van Nguyen-Marshall's
812:
483:
458:
448:
416:Operation Rolling Thunder
55:
2860:Women's rights activists
2435:Cornell University Press
2183:Koh, David (June 1994).
1533:, p. 10, Section 2.
420:Gordon Etherington-Smith
348:Early career (1959–1963)
255:Early life and education
2484:"The Struggle Movement"
2397:(subscription required)
2247:Washington Post Service
2178:(subscription required)
1996:Chicago Manual of Style
1968:The Honolulu Advertiser
984:Chicago Manual of Style
610:Constitution of Vietnam
436:"American imperialists"
370:University of Barcelona
329:Faculty of Law of Paris
277:University of Indochina
179:University of Barcelona
2601:The Charlotte Observer
2333:Critical Asian Studies
2173: – via
1162:The Charlotte Observer
656:University of Paris II
512:Women Strike for Peace
474:
357:
297:war to end French rule
222:Women Strike for Peace
2024:The Los Angeles Times
1374:, pp. 85, 89–90.
472:
424:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
360:After completing her
355:
303:while Vân earned her
2845:Vietnamese feminists
2461:. Montreal, Quebec.
2433:. Ithaca, New York:
2342:Taylor & Francis
1455:Nguyen-Marshall 2023
915:Nguyen-Marshall 2023
585:Politics (1975–2002)
516:United States Senate
489:Third Force Movement
479:umbrella association
432:William Westmoreland
410:Activism (1964–1974)
226:Third Force Movement
2489:The Palm Beach Post
2279:. 4 February 2004.
2019:"No Fear of Reform"
1656:, pp. 433–434.
1644:, pp. 432–433.
1386:, pp. 109–110.
782:Vietnam News Agency
757:. pp. 81–115.
574:Paris Peace Accords
337:Columbia Law School
309:University of Paris
185:in 1963 during the
175:Columbia University
171:University of Paris
151:Madame Ngo Ba Thanh
2840:Anti-war activists
2825:Vietnamese lawyers
2245:. Miami, Florida.
1936:"Around the World"
1853:The Canberra Times
1596:, pp. 84, 91.
780:. Hanoi, Vietnam:
475:
358:
333:Henri Lévy-Ullmann
155:Phạm Thị Thanh Vân
85:Tùng Ảnh commune,
72:Phạm Thị Thanh Vân
2734:(2 August 1965).
2655:The Bayonne Times
2642:978-1-64177-173-3
2587:978-1-107-16192-4
2444:978-1-5017-7057-9
2275:(in Vietnamese).
2134:978-1-4696-3178-3
2009:978-0-226-10406-5
1796:, pp. 84–85.
1772:, pp. 80–81.
1300:The Montreal Star
1245:, pp. 1A–2A.
1181:, pp. 58–59.
1125:, pp. 78–79.
935:The Bayonne Times
883:Gia Định province
764:978-0-7315-1852-4
753:. Canberra, ACT:
733:Bulletin de droit
630:Mai Dịch Cemetery
569:Bryn Mawr College
430:(UK) and General
396:Saigon University
195:Saigon University
144:
143:
137:Years active
82:25 September 1931
50:Mrs. Ngo Ba Thanh
2872:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2746:Associated Press
2727:
2721:
2719:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2646:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2591:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2550:The Boston Globe
2539:
2533:
2531:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2448:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2242:The Miami Herald
2231:
2229:
2227:
2195:(1). Singapore:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2138:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:Associated Press
2083:
2081:
2079:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2013:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1079:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
989:
980:
974:
968:
955:
946:
940:
931:
918:
912:
886:
879:Chợ Lớn province
862:
856:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
815:
814:
808:
793:
768:
752:
736:
726:
709:
688:
667:
620:Death and legacy
551:US congresswoman
547:Radical feminist
497:
486:
485:
484:Lực Lượng Thứ Ba
461:
460:
451:
450:
398:and its journal
381:Dag Hammarskjöld
269:French Indochina
265:Hà Tĩnh province
261:Đức Thọ district
234:
202:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
167:French Indochina
121:Other names
108:
95:French Indochina
91:Hà Tĩnh province
87:Đức Thọ district
81:
79:
62:Vân Phạm in 1973
60:
46:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2758:
2756:
2732:White, Edwin Q.
2730:
2717:
2715:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2673:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2633:Encounter Books
2624:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2556:
2554:
2542:
2529:
2527:
2523:Chicago Tribune
2515:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2265:
2252:
2250:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2182:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2141:
2135:
2116:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2043:
2030:
2028:
2016:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1972:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1897:10.2307/2643288
1872:
1859:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1159:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1082:
1074:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
992:
981:
977:
969:
958:
947:
943:
932:
921:
913:
904:
900:
895:
890:
889:
863:
859:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
809:
805:
800:
771:
765:
750:
739:
729:
712:
691:
670:
645:
642:
622:
591:first elections
587:
527:national police
520:napalm bombings
491:
440:Trương Như Tảng
412:
350:
345:
257:
228:
206:national police
181:. Returning to
116:
110:
106:
105:3 February 2004
97:
83:
77:
75:
74:
73:
63:
51:
44:
25:Vietnamese name
19:
12:
11:
5:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:External links
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:Newspapers.com
2741:The Durham Sun
2728:
2724:Newspapers.com
2698:
2671:
2667:Newspapers.com
2647:
2641:
2622:
2618:Newspapers.com
2592:
2586:
2567:
2563:Newspapers.com
2540:
2536:Newspapers.com
2513:
2509:Newspapers.com
2479:
2475:Newspapers.com
2449:
2443:
2424:
2399:
2323:
2293:
2272:BBC Vietnamese
2263:
2259:Newspapers.com
2232:
2180:
2139:
2133:
2114:
2110:Newspapers.com
2084:
2041:
2037:Newspapers.com
2014:
2008:
1985:
1981:Newspapers.com
1958:
1954:Newspapers.com
1932:
1870:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1832:, p. 135.
1822:
1820:, p. 279.
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1760:, p. 229.
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1697:, p. 109.
1687:
1685:, p. 264.
1675:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1608:, p. 131.
1598:
1586:
1584:, p. 125.
1574:
1572:, p. 126.
1562:
1550:
1535:
1520:
1518:, p. E14.
1516:Cavaliero 1973
1501:
1486:
1471:
1469:, p. 230.
1459:
1457:, p. 144.
1444:
1432:
1430:, p. 24A.
1417:
1405:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1306:
1291:
1276:
1259:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1215:, p. 108.
1200:
1183:
1168:
1142:
1140:, p. 314.
1127:
1115:
1080:
1055:
1043:
1031:
990:
975:
973:, p. 228.
956:
941:
919:
917:, p. 143.
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
887:
857:
844:
835:
826:
802:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
769:
763:
742:Marr, David G.
737:
727:
710:
689:
668:
641:
640:Selected works
638:
621:
618:
603:Southeast Asia
586:
583:
579:Fall of Saigon
560:and President
558:US legislature
411:
408:
404:peace movement
349:
346:
344:
341:
273:Phạm Văn Huyến
256:
253:
248:Southeast Asia
163:women's rights
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
111:
109:(aged 72)
103:
99:
98:
84:
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
49:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2458:Montreal Star
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2249:. p. 24A
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1989:"18. Indexes"
1986:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:, p. 46.
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 82.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 77.
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1712:, p. 97.
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:, p. H3.
1672:
1671:Courtney 1992
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1632:, p. 84.
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:, p. 96.
1619:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:, p. 90.
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:, p. 45.
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:, p. 39.
1483:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:, p. 95.
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:, p. 86.
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:, p. 89.
1402:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:, p. 81.
1361:
1356:
1353:
1350:, p. A8.
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:, p. 83.
1334:
1329:
1326:
1323:, p. 76.
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:, p. 33.
1303:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:, p. 78.
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:, p. 59.
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1198:, p. 79.
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:, p. 19.
1112:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
991:
988:, p. 28.
987:
985:
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:, p. 9C.
953:
951:
945:
942:
938:
936:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
907:
903:
897:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
858:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
823:
819:
807:
804:
797:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
760:
756:
749:
748:
743:
738:
734:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
643:
639:
637:
633:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
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129:Occupation(s)
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2763:– via
2757:. Retrieved
2739:
2722:– via
2716:. Retrieved
2705:
2690:. Retrieved
2679:
2665:– via
2659:. Retrieved
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2627:
2616:– via
2610:. Retrieved
2599:
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2555:. Retrieved
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2528:. Retrieved
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2102:. Retrieved
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2055:
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2035:– via
2029:. Retrieved
2022:
1995:
1979:– via
1973:. Retrieved
1966:
1952:– via
1946:. Retrieved
1939:
1924:. Retrieved
1884:
1880:Asian Survey
1878:
1864:– via
1858:. Retrieved
1851:
1839:Bibliography
1825:
1813:
1801:
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1606:Frazier 2017
1601:
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1565:
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1548:, p. 2.
1543:
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1462:
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1428:Lippman 1973
1408:
1384:Frazier 2017
1379:
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1348:Pollock 1971
1328:
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1213:Frazier 2017
1166:, p. 2.
1161:
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939:, p. 3.
934:
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813:Ngô Bá Thành
806:
777:
773:
746:
735:(in French).
732:
714:
697:
693:
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623:
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566:
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510:(WILPF) and
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301:
293:World War II
258:
241:
220:(WILPF) and
199:
154:
150:
146:
145:
107:(2004-02-03)
40:
32:
20:
15:
2800:2004 deaths
2795:1931 births
2748:. pp.
2199:: 108–112.
2062:: 191–326.
1891:: 432–439.
1794:Nguyen 2019
1782:Nguyen 2019
1770:Nguyen 2019
1746:Nguyen 2019
1710:Nguyen 2019
1630:Nguyen 2019
1618:Nguyen 2019
1594:Nguyen 2019
1558:Nguyen 2019
1531:Rodill 1973
1497:Storin 1973
1440:Nguyen 2019
1413:Nguyen 2019
1401:Nguyen 2019
1372:Nguyen 2019
1360:Nguyen 2019
1333:Nguyen 2019
1321:Nguyen 2019
1272:Nguyen 2019
1196:Nguyen 2019
1123:Nguyen 2019
1111:Aitkin 1989
1027:Nguyễn 2020
554:Bella Abzug
492: [
313:stenography
229: [
187:Vietnam War
2789:Categories
2759:21 October
2718:24 October
2692:20 October
2661:21 October
2612:22 October
2557:22 October
2530:22 October
2503:22 October
2469:21 October
2418:20 October
2390:21 October
2366:7965329217
2344:: 75–102.
2317:21 October
2312:1125984084
2287:20 October
2253:22 October
2226:21 October
2221:9973613331
2175:HeinOnline
2167:21 October
2104:22 October
2093:The Record
2078:21 October
2031:22 October
1975:22 October
1948:23 October
1926:21 October
1921:5972262170
1860:24 October
1830:Hoang 2013
1818:Duong 2001
1806:Luong 2019
1734:Veith 2021
1544:The Record
1287:Veith 2021
1255:Veith 2021
1243:White 1965
1138:Duong 2001
1051:Veith 2021
1039:Veith 2021
893:References
599:opposition
319:took over
177:, and the
78:1931-09-25
37:given name
2385:134057139
2374:149982568
2358:1467-2715
2205:0129-797X
2162:1735-2045
2068:1066-8632
1905:0004-4687
1758:Stur 2020
1683:Stur 2020
1467:Stur 2020
1228:Stur 2020
1179:Stur 2020
971:Stur 2020
898:Citations
790:0868-3972
784:: 27–28.
685:876700714
664:264678628
422:(UK) and
317:Viet Minh
307:from the
140:1965–2004
115:, Vietnam
2686:Archived
2681:Tuổi Trẻ
2412:Archived
2281:Archived
2213:25798235
2072:Archived
2002:. 2003.
1695:Koh 1994
1076:BBC 2004
853:Cambodia
744:(eds.).
706:23472865
214:northern
159:anti-war
23:In this
2463:Reuters
1941:Newsday
1913:2643288
1722:Vũ 2004
1654:An 1977
1642:An 1977
950:Newsday
875:Cần Thơ
867:Đà Nẵng
723:4428153
543:lumbago
291:. When
289:Bảo Đại
29:surname
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2006:
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1911:
1903:
881:, and
788:
761:
721:
704:
683:
662:
536:asthma
343:Career
325:Saigon
285:Da Lat
27:, the
2378:EBSCO
2370:S2CID
2302:[
2209:JSTOR
1992:(PDF)
1909:JSTOR
1866:Trove
798:Notes
751:(PDF)
696:[
675:[
650:[
626:Hanoi
500:Thiệu
496:]
281:Hanoi
271:, to
233:]
113:Hanoi
2761:2023
2720:2023
2694:2023
2663:2023
2637:ISBN
2614:2023
2582:ISBN
2559:2023
2532:2023
2505:2023
2471:2023
2439:ISBN
2420:2023
2392:2023
2380:host
2362:OCLC
2354:ISSN
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2308:OCLC
2289:2023
2255:2023
2228:2023
2217:OCLC
2201:ISSN
2169:2023
2158:ISSN
2129:ISBN
2106:2023
2080:2023
2064:ISSN
2033:2023
2004:ISBN
1977:2023
1950:2023
1928:2023
1917:OCLC
1901:ISSN
1862:2023
1546:1973
1482:1972
1302:1965
1164:1973
986:2003
952:1958
937:1958
869:and
786:ISSN
759:ISBN
719:OCLC
702:OCLC
681:OCLC
660:OCLC
549:and
383:.
362:LL.M
161:and
147:Mrs.
102:Died
68:Born
33:Phạm
2346:doi
1893:doi
871:Huế
388:war
299:.
279:in
267:in
263:of
149:or
41:Vân
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