1760:
92:
128:
991:, N'Djamena still falls into the semi-arid climate category. The wet season lasts from June to September, with the heaviest rain occurring in August. The dry season essentially covers the remaining eight months. Based on annual temperatures, N'Djamena is one of the hottest major cities on the planet. In only one month of the year (August) do average monthly high temperatures fail to cross the 32 °C (90 °F) mark. The city's highest temperatures are usually seen between March and May, just before the onset of the heavier rains.
1874:
1839:
103:
121:
213:
110:
173:
3250:
153:
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1718:
1678:
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1985:
1972:
286:
578:
220:
180:
1784:(French international school). Secondary school within Chad is mandatory, however only 68% of students over the age of 12 attend school. Of that 68%, 70% of these students attend school within N'Djamena. Many of the students in international schools are children of executives, diplomats, and non-governmental organization employees.
1767:
In N'Djamena, education can be thought of as a luxury even though it is compulsory and free and has been since Chad's independence in 1960. Not more than forty percent of elementary age children in Chad have an opportunity to attend classes and with N'Djamena's poor state stability it is even harder
836:
and international disapproval of Libyan intervention, the Libyan troops left the capital and Chad in 1981. This opened the door to Habré, who marched on N'Djamena, occupying the city with little resistance in 1982 and installing himself as the new president. He was eventually dislodged in a similar
844:
The city had only 9,976 inhabitants in 1937, but a decade later, in 1947, the population had almost doubled to 18,435. In 1968, after independence, the population reached 126,483. In 1993, it surpassed half a million with 529,555. A good deal of this growth has been due to refugees fleeing into
696:
as head of a government of national unity with his rival Habré as
Defense Minister. The intense rivalry between Goukouni and Habré caused the eruption of new clashes in the city in 1980; N'Djamena found itself divided into sectors controlled by the various warlords. The tug-of-war reached a
692:: while Malloum and the national army loyal to him were defeated, the intervention in the battle of other northern factions rival to that of Habré complicated the situation. A temporary truce was reached in 1979 through international mediation, establishing the warlord
1852:, along with many political organisations and parties, and every national ministry. The Supreme Court and Court of Appeal are also in N'Djamena, along with every major embassy in Chad, including the French and US embassies. It is sometimes considered within the
2119:
2612:
470:
2123:
3104:
3001:
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N'Djamena's primary economic source is agricultural work. About 80% of the population within N'Djamena works within farming-based industries, including cultivation of crops and growing
3043:
2716:
Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Ahounta, Djimdoumalbaye; Beauvilain, Alain; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé (2002-07-11).
1693:. The economy in N'Djamena is therefore almost totally reliant on good weather, making the economy struggle in years with low rainfall. N'Djamena receives financial aid from the
681:. The residents did not return until 1981–82, after the end of the clashes. Until 1984, facilities and services were subject to strict rationing, and schools remained closed.
845:
N'Djamena for security, although many people fled N'Djamena, also depending on the political situation. The city surpassed the million mark in population by the early 2010s.
3640:
418:
1793:
670:
663:
2616:
2591:
1743:, called by locals as "Toumaï". This skull was discovered in the northern part of Chad and is considered to be from one of the earliest human ancestors. Views of
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3256:
1819:
3938:
4461:
1759:
91:
2658:
2893:
1989:
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1768:
for children to get an education. After progressing through elementary school, some students go on to a university. N'Djamena has two universities: the
3426:
1796:
1730:
861:
697:
conclusion after many months only when
Goukouni asked for the intervention of the Libyans, whose tanks overwhelmed Habré's defenses in the capital.
4405:
3663:
3157:
2921:
J. Gordon Melton, Martin
Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 534
4280:
3633:
3205:
3094:
248:
2994:
987:. Despite the fact that the city receives on average approximately 510 mm (20 in) of rainfall annually, due to the area's very high
3167:
3039:
2942:
2281:
2234:
673:, in 1979 and again in 1980. In these years, almost all of the population fled the town, searching for refuge on the opposite bank of the
2948:
2287:
3100:
2366:
2240:
212:
3310:
1925:
849:
3242:
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1890:
1781:
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2310:
1657:
476:
3183:
172:
3994:
3868:
3177:
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973:
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2439:
1701:. There is a high demand for skilled laborers within N'Djamena to work for oil and gas sectors, as well as laborers for foreign
2872:
2166:
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882:
4309:
3064:
2800:
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3419:
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867:
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2195:
Cahiers de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
Dynamiques de l'Urbanisation Africaine 2020: Africapolis, Une Nouvelle Géographie Urbaine
594:
4410:
3570:
3331:
1792:
659:
4436:
1709:, and English teaching. Residents of N'Djamena are liable to pay tax up to a maximum amount of 60% of all net income.
1682:
2194:
152:
4266:
3294:
3198:
2499:
1773:
1769:
127:
4252:
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2395:
1894:
1849:
1842:
929:
623:
554:
139:
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1776:
with Arabic as the language of instruction, built in 1991. Secondary schools include the long established Lycée
1748:
4466:
3762:
3496:
3412:
2901:
1698:
949:
396:
1873:
684:
The period of turmoil in the city was started by the abortive coup attempted by the northerner Prime
Minister
2778:
2587:
585:
N'Djamena (from the Arabic name for the village of
Nijamina, "the city where one finds rest") was founded as
3933:
3607:
3516:
3278:
2177:
406:
1838:
120:
102:
4110:
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2052:
1882:
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490:
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3511:
3461:
1857:
969:
616:
3191:
3153:
2539:
598:
4337:
3357:
3326:
1726:
384:
1777:
608:, the French relied upon the city's airport to move troops and supplies. On 21 January 1942, a lone
601:
about a month earlier. It was a major trading city and became the capital of the region and nation.
3659:
3602:
3597:
3481:
3471:
3393:
2273:
926:
3163:
685:
3521:
2756:
2335:
988:
941:
3541:
3585:
4060:
3526:
3466:
3129:
2938:
2932:
2748:
2740:
2277:
2267:
2230:
2002:
1827:
1804:
1610:
1563:
1515:
355:
109:
2358:
2224:
1665:
Source 2: NOAA (sun, humidity 1961-1990 and extremes), Extreme
Temperature Around The World
945:
937:
3551:
2732:
693:
689:
605:
435:
374:
4145:
3834:
3435:
2695:
2314:
2145:
2043:
2037:
2025:
1853:
1823:
833:
637:
566:
498:
62:
48:
3476:
2969:
2307:
2137:
619:
successfully bombed the airfield at Fort-Lamy, destroying oil supplies and ten aircraft.
590:
4315:
4304:
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3531:
3506:
1898:
1739:
838:
651:
612:
523:
503:
3173:
2565:
4425:
3784:
3575:
3456:
3249:
2717:
2435:
142:, Nation Square (Place de la Nation); Bottom: Presidential Palace, Downtown N'Djamena
4362:
4284:
4275:
4205:
3880:
3724:
3649:
3486:
3451:
2868:
2760:
2521:
2208:
Capital Cities around the World: An
Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture
1945:
1815:
919:
569:, which is on the west bank of both rivers. In 2014, it had 1,093,492 inhabitants.
546:
535:
486:
336:
304:
76:
2181:
3072:
4377:
4200:
3950:
3790:
3702:
3618:
3536:
2808:
2473:
1941:
1910:
1906:
1886:
1706:
915:
678:
674:
558:
550:
2098:
1717:
4386:
4342:
4238:
4222:
4211:
4194:
4189:
4071:
4000:
3925:
3773:
3729:
3491:
3352:
1694:
984:
980:
911:
370:
2744:
2329:
1940:
Historically, N'Djamena's main link to the exterior was by river boat up the
897:
884:
263:
250:
17:
4261:
4216:
4123:
4096:
3025:
1929:
1690:
1677:
527:
365:
2869:"Chad's education system follows the model of its former colonizer, France"
2752:
577:
2830:"Chad facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Chad"
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4391:
4348:
4247:
4134:
4114:
4011:
3989:
3967:
3920:
3913:
3891:
3886:
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3863:
3857:
3850:
3839:
3707:
2389:
1976:
1914:
562:
2736:
4372:
4353:
4331:
4298:
4156:
4150:
4139:
4128:
4105:
4091:
4082:
4022:
3956:
3902:
3828:
3812:
3740:
3718:
3713:
3685:
1957:
1737:. Within the Chad National Museum, one can view the partial skull of a
933:
609:
1763:
The Chad
National Museum and the National Library of Chad in N'Djamena
4178:
4077:
4066:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4033:
4016:
3983:
3978:
3961:
3908:
3897:
3845:
3817:
3779:
3768:
3757:
3746:
3735:
3237:
2171:
1984:
1971:
1811:
1744:
1734:
539:
519:
197:
2637:
2436:"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps"
1747:
across the Chari River can also be spectacular. N’Djamena was named
4326:
4320:
4293:
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4227:
4183:
4161:
4005:
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3823:
3806:
3801:
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3691:
3680:
3404:
1872:
1837:
1808:
1791:
1758:
1716:
1676:
655:
576:
4172:
4027:
3945:
3751:
3219:
925:
While primarily an administrative centre, the city includes the
857:
714:
531:
515:
511:
494:
291:
193:
3622:
3408:
3187:
2854:
1772:
with French as the language of instruction, built in 1971; and
2718:"A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa"
998:
Climate data for N'Djamena (1991-2020, extremes 1985-present)
438:
1826:), Evangelical Church of Chad, Christian Assemblies in Chad (
444:
709:
510:
The city serves as the centre of economic activity in Chad.
622:
Fort-Lamy received its first bank branch in 1950, when the
459:
453:
2522:"World's most polluted cities (historical data 2017-2021)"
856:. The city was once again attacked on 2 February 2008, by
522:
processing are the chief industries, and it is a regional
441:
2005:(born 1974), medical professional and social entrepreneur
658:
during the 1980–81 Libyan intervention as part of the
477:
456:
2091:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
2057:
3366:
3345:
3319:
3303:
3287:
3228:
2564:. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from
545:It is a port city located at the confluence of the
450:
447:
405:
395:
381:
364:
353:
345:
334:
329:
321:
313:
302:
297:
279:
35:
3130:"Chad Population (2016) - World Population Review"
2328:
2496:"Rebels clash with Chadian forces inside capital"
2269:Encyclopedia of twentieth-century African history
2775:"N'Djamena, Capital of Islamic Culture for 2009"
2398:. Civil War and Multilateral Mediation, 1979–82.
948:. The main commercial avenue of the city is the
2617:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2592:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1897:also passes through N'Djamena, making it a key
4406:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
1932:NDJ) is located on the outskirts of the city.
1926:N'Djamena International Airport Hassan Djamous
636:changed its name to N'Djamena (taken from the
3634:
3420:
3199:
1960:links. However, railways have been proposed.
597:, an army officer who had been killed in the
8:
3939:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3065:"Toulouse-N'Djamena: une solidarité durable"
2562:"World Weather Information Service–Ndjamena"
2540:"Météo Climat stats for N'Djamena 1991–2020"
2330:"Nationalism, Drought Make the News in Chad"
2218:
2216:
837:fashion in 1990 by a former general of his,
700:
54:
40:
2461:Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad
2423:Le Frolinat et les guerres civiles du Tchad
2174:UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary
832:Following differences between Goukouni and
3641:
3627:
3619:
3427:
3413:
3405:
3257:American International School of N'Djamena
3206:
3192:
3184:
2613:"Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD"
2229:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 17.
1948:rivers, but these now carry little trade.
994:
960:N'Djamena is Africa's most polluted city.
699:
644:, meaning "place of rest") as part of his
32:
2261:
2259:
2257:
669:The city was partly destroyed during the
664:Transitional Government of National Unity
1881:The city is the eastern terminus of the
3262:George Washington International Academy
2082:
2015:
1820:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of N'Djaména
852:attack on the city was defeated in the
404:
394:
363:
328:
320:
296:
278:
243:
164:
146:
82:
3269:N'Djamena English International School
3028:. Britannica. Retrieved on 2020-05-29.
2995:"TRANS-AFRICAN HIGHWAY NETWORK ROUTES"
2266:Zeleza, Tiyambe; Dickson Eyoh (2003).
1797:Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, N'Djamena
2588:"ND'Jamena Climate Normals 1961–1990"
2502:from the original on February 4, 2008
2036:
380:
352:
344:
333:
312:
301:
219:
179:
7:
4447:Populated places established in 1900
3040:"Work to begin on Chad rail network"
1780:and Lycée technique commercial, the
1725:Attractions in the city include the
3101:Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3007:from the original on April 29, 2017
2047:
55:
3026:N’Djamena | Location & History
2474:"UN condemns rebel attack in Chad"
2369:from the original on 25 March 2011
2223:Zurocha-Walske, Christine (2009).
850:United Front for Democratic Change
25:
3107:from the original on 6 March 2012
3071:(in French). 2008. Archived from
2970:"N'Djamena, Chari-Baguirmi, Chad"
2388:Collelo, Thomas (December 1988).
1658:World Meteorological Organization
688:against the southerner President
677:in Cameroon, next to the city of
3869:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
3584:
3248:
3236:
3218:
2484:from the original on 2008-02-09.
1983:
1970:
1729:, the Al-Mouna Cultural Center,
593:on 29 May 1900, and named after
565:), capital of the Department of
434:
317:166 km (64 sq mi)
309:104 km (40 sq mi)
284:
218:
211:
178:
171:
151:
138:Top: N'Djamena skyline; Middle:
126:
119:
108:
101:
90:
27:Capital and largest city of Chad
3664:states with limited recognition
3311:N'Djamena International Airport
3046:from the original on 2017-11-17
2951:from the original on 2016-05-13
2875:from the original on 2012-05-24
2442:from the original on 2018-09-13
2308:MESSERSCHMITT Bf 108 – 'TAIFUN'
2290:from the original on 2016-05-19
2243:from the original on 2016-04-30
1877:N'Djamena International Airport
932:and residential areas, such as
501:, divided into 10 districts or
4462:Cameroon–Chad border crossings
2412:, Scarecrow, 1987, pp. 229–230
2363:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1721:The Dary festival in N'Djamena
1703:non-governmental organizations
1:
2937:. Routledge. pp. 235–6.
2410:Historical Dictionary of Chad
2210:, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 208
1903:Trans-African Highway network
1848:N'Djamena is the home of the
1774:King Faisal University - Chad
1397:Average rainfall mm (inches)
3243:Lycée Montaigne de N'Djamena
2931:Europa Publications (2004).
2425:, Karthala, 1987, pp. 67–175
2327:Rice, Eleanor (3 Feb 1974).
1782:Lycée Montaigne de N'Djamena
349:9,148/km (23,690/sq mi)
3096:Российско-чадские отношения
2974:Mbendi Information Services
2058:
1731:Our Lady of Peace Cathedral
1683:International Space Station
1257:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1117:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
654:. The city was occupied by
581:A street in N'Djamena, 1952
4483:
4411:British Overseas Territory
3389:Battle of N'Djamena (2008)
3384:Battle of N'Djamena (2006)
3379:Battle of N'Djamena (1980)
3374:Battle of N'Djamena (1979)
2934:Africa South of the Sahara
2142:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1891:N'Djamena–Djibouti Highway
1749:Capital of Islamic Culture
1664:
1655:
997:
868:Battle of N'Djamena (2008)
848:On 13 April 2006, a rebel
640:name of a nearby village,
4401:
3674:
3657:
3593:
3582:
3442:
3332:Kempinski Hotel N'Djamena
3134:worldpopulationreview.com
2396:Federal Research Division
2138:"Definition of N'Djamena"
1905:. N'Djamena is linked by
1895:Tripoli-Cape Town Highway
1889:by the (largely unpaved)
1850:National Assembly of Chad
1843:National Assembly of Chad
1807:, they are predominantly
1608:
1561:
1513:
1466:
1396:
1326:
1256:
1186:
1116:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
727:—
624:Bank of West Africa (BAO)
555:transborder agglomeration
244:
165:
147:
140:National Assembly of Chad
83:
74:
4457:French Equatorial Africa
4442:Populated places in Chad
3763:Central African Republic
3095:
2206:Roman Adrian Cybriwsky,
2197:. OECD. 20 February 2020
1699:African Development Bank
1681:N’Djamena seen from the
1656:Source 1: Météo Climat,
950:Avenue Charles de Gaulle
879:N'Djamena is located at
325:298 m (978 ft)
3608:Sub-prefectures of Chad
3295:University of N'Djamena
2317:accessed: 29 April 2011
2178:Oxford University Press
1770:University of N'Djamena
660:Chadian–Libyan conflict
626:opened a branch there.
3562:special statute region
3337:N'Djamena Grand Mosque
3279:Les Etoiles Brillantes
2801:"Education & Jobs"
2777:. 2009. Archived from
2688:"Chad National Museum"
2659:"Working in N'Djamena"
2029:
1883:Trans-Sahelian Highway
1878:
1845:
1818:churches and temples:
1800:
1764:
1722:
1686:
582:
499:special statute region
41:
4310:São Tomé and Príncipe
3660:Dependent territories
3571:Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti
2894:"Living in N'Djamena"
2438:. Citypopulation.de.
2421:Robert Buijtenhuijs,
2391:Chad: A Country Study
2095:hdi.globaldatalab.org
2038:[n(ə)dʒamena]
1876:
1860:, although separate.
1841:
1795:
1762:
1720:
1680:
970:hot semi-arid climate
898:12.11000°N 15.05000°E
701:Historical population
662:, and the associated
617:Sonderkommando Blaich
580:
383: • Summer (
264:12.10528°N 15.04472°E
3652:of African countries
3358:Geyser Football Club
3327:Chad National Museum
3103:. 16 February 2009.
2871:. Bibl.u-szeged.hu.
2834:www.encyclopedia.com
2638:"January record low"
2498:. February 2, 2008.
2274:Taylor & Francis
1992:, Russia; since 2000
1979:, France; since 1980
1727:Chad National Museum
1047:Record high °C (°F)
595:Amédée-François Lamy
589:by French commander
346: • Density
30:Capital city in Chad
3603:Prefectures of Chad
3598:Departments of Chad
3394:Air West Flight 612
3274:Wellsprings Academy
3075:on 3 September 2011
3042:. Railway Gazette.
2737:10.1038/nature00879
2126:on 11 January 2013.
1885:, and is linked to
1467:Average rainy days
1327:Record low °C (°F)
1187:Daily mean °C (°F)
894: /
854:Battle of N'Djamena
702:
634:François Tombalbaye
260: /
4437:Capitals in Africa
3174:earth-info.nga.mil
2781:on August 26, 2009
2359:"N'Djamena (Chad)"
2336:Arizona Daily Star
2313:2012-03-23 at the
1879:
1846:
1801:
1765:
1723:
1687:
989:evapotranspiration
903:12.11000; 15.05000
599:Battle of Kousséri
583:
314: • Metro
269:12.10528; 15.04472
235:Show map of Africa
232:N'Djamena (Africa)
4419:
4418:
4061:Equatorial Guinea
3796:Rep. of the Congo
3616:
3615:
3497:Logone Occidental
3402:
3401:
3164:Best travel guide
2944:978-1-85743-183-4
2731:(6894): 145–151.
2459:R. Buijtenhuijs,
2283:978-0-415-23479-5
2236:978-1-57505-956-3
2120:"World Gazetteer"
2056:
2003:Nathalie Beasnael
1828:Plymouth Brethren
1814:. There are also
1805:places of worship
1788:Places of worship
1697:, as well as the
1669:
1668:
1516:relative humidity
930:commercial centre
830:
829:
671:Chadian Civil War
629:On 6 April 1973,
557:with the city of
424:
423:
16:(Redirected from
4474:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3588:
3569:Former regions:
3517:Mayo-Kebbi Ouest
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3240:
3223:
3222:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3154:Map of N'Djamena
3143:
3141:
3140:
3116:
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3113:
3112:
3091:
3085:
3084:
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3061:
3055:
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3052:
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3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
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3012:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
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2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2900:. Archived from
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:Official website
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2807:. Archived from
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2694:. Archived from
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2665:. Archived from
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2568:on March 4, 2016
2558:
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2249:
2248:
2226:Chad in Pictures
2220:
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2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:. Archived from
2163:
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2154:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2122:. Archived from
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2097:. Archived from
2087:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2020:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1956:The city has no
1901:location in the
1707:medical services
1660:(precipitation)
1470:
995:
968:N'Djamena has a
909:
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906:
905:
904:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
716:
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703:
694:Goukouni Oueddei
606:Second World War
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472:
465:
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375:West Africa Time
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202:Show map of Chad
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94:
66:
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52:
44:
33:
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4467:Regions of Chad
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4382:
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4289:
4270:
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3589:
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3502:Logone Oriental
3438:
3436:Regions of Chad
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2408:Samuel Decalo,
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2315:Wayback Machine
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2276:. p. 379.
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2146:Merriam-Webster
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2017:
2012:
1999:
1982:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1938:
1923:
1899:Central African
1871:
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1824:Catholic Church
1790:
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1061:
1056:
1051:
979:) with a short
966:
958:
902:
900:
896:
893:
888:
885:
883:
881:
880:
877:
834:Muammar Gaddafi
575:
567:Logone-et-Chari
504:arrondissements
497:. It is also a
479:
469:
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431:
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382:
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53:
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38:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3512:Mayo-Kebbi Est
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Chari-Baguirmi
3459:
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3161:
3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3099:(in Russian).
3086:
3056:
3038:DVV Media UK.
3030:
3018:
2986:
2961:
2943:
2923:
2914:
2885:
2860:
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2821:
2792:
2766:
2708:
2679:
2650:
2629:
2604:
2579:
2553:
2542:. Météo Climat
2531:
2513:
2487:
2480:. 2006-04-14.
2465:
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2427:
2414:
2401:
2380:
2350:
2319:
2300:
2282:
2253:
2235:
2212:
2199:
2187:
2184:on 2022-01-26.
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2067:
2066:
2063:
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2041:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:Notable people
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1994:
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1980:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:Chari-Baguirmi
1835:
1832:
1789:
1786:
1756:
1753:
1740:Sahelanthropus
1733:, and several
1714:
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1625:
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1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:sunshine hours
1606:
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1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:sunshine hours
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1028:
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1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
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1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
983:and a lengthy
965:
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876:
873:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
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813:
810:
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739:
736:
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729:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
712:
707:
652:Africanization
613:Heinkel He 111
574:
571:
422:
421:
410:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
391:(Not Observed)
389:
379:
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368:
362:
361:
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351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
332:
331:
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107:
100:
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84:
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80:
75:
72:
71:
68:
39:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4479:
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4307:
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4112:
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4098:
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4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
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3974:
3970:
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3923:
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3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3785:Guinea-Bissau
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3749:
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3731:
3727:
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3609:
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3599:
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3587:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:Bahr el Gazel
3445:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2904:on 2016-11-14
2903:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2811:on 2016-10-29
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2698:on 2016-11-14
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2669:on 2016-11-14
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2526:www.iqair.com
2523:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2463:, pp. 177–225
2462:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2101:on 2018-09-23
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:Mean monthly
1560:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:
971:
963:
961:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:
927:Nassara Strip
923:
921:
917:
913:
907:
874:
872:
870:
869:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
840:
835:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
719:
713:
708:
705:
704:
698:
695:
691:
690:Félix Malloum
687:
686:Hissène Habré
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
614:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
471:
464:
428:
420:
411:
408:
400:
398:
390:
386:
376:
372:
369:
367:
359:
357:
354: •
348:
340:
338:
335: •
324:
316:
308:
306:
303: •
293:
282:
273:
245:Coordinates:
214:
199:
195:
174:
154:
141:
129:
122:
111:
104:
93:
78:
73:
64:
50:
43:
34:
19:
18:N'Jamena
4452:Logone River
4385:
4376:(economic),
4371:
4363:Yamoussoukro
4361:
4347:
4336:
4325:
4314:
4303:
4292:
4285:South Africa
4276:Bloemfontein
4274:
4260:
4246:
4232:
4221:
4210:
4206:Burkina Faso
4199:
4188:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4144:
4133:
4122:
4104:
4090:
4076:
4065:
4054:
4043:
4032:
4021:
4010:
3999:
3988:
3977:
3966:
3955:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3896:
3885:
3881:Sierra Leone
3874:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3833:
3822:
3811:
3800:
3789:
3778:
3767:
3756:
3745:
3734:
3725:Antananarivo
3723:
3712:
3701:
3690:
3679:
3667:
3561:
3557:
3556:The city of
3482:Hadjer-Lamis
3472:Ennedi-Ouest
3288:Universities
3214:
3137:. Retrieved
3133:
3109:. Retrieved
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3073:the original
3068:
3059:
3048:. Retrieved
3033:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2953:. Retrieved
2933:
2926:
2917:
2906:. Retrieved
2902:the original
2898:InterNations
2897:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2863:
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2804:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2769:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2691:
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2663:InterNations
2662:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2490:
2477:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2390:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2339:. p. 91
2334:
2322:
2303:
2292:. Retrieved
2268:
2245:. Retrieved
2225:
2207:
2202:
2190:
2182:the original
2170:
2161:
2151:17 September
2149:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2124:the original
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2094:
2085:
2018:
1955:
1939:
1936:River travel
1924:
1880:
1847:
1802:
1766:
1738:
1724:
1688:
976:
967:
959:
924:
878:
865:
847:
843:
831:
683:
668:
647:authenticité
645:
641:
628:
621:
603:
591:Émile Gentil
586:
584:
553:, forming a
547:Logone River
544:
509:
502:
491:largest city
426:
425:
337:Capital city
305:Capital city
192:Location in
157:Coat of arms
77:Capital city
4378:Ivory Coast
4366:(political)
4267:legislative
4201:Ouagadougou
4111:legislative
3951:South Sudan
3867:(factual),
3791:Brazzaville
3703:Addis Ababa
3522:Moyen-Chari
3079:30 November
3069:Adequations
2692:Afrotourism
2622:January 26,
2597:October 19,
2572:October 19,
2506:February 3,
2373:29 November
2167:"N'Djamena"
1964:Twin cities
1907:road bridge
1887:East Africa
1778:Félix Éboué
1609:Mean daily
956:Environment
942:Paris Congo
901: /
839:Idriss Déby
675:Chari River
650:program of
604:During the
551:Chari River
267: /
4426:Categories
4343:Seychelles
4239:Cape Verde
4223:Porto-Novo
4212:Port Louis
4195:Mauritania
4190:Nouakchott
4072:Mozambique
4001:Libreville
3995:D.R. Congo
3926:Somaliland
3861:(claimed)/
3730:Madagascar
3467:Ennedi-Est
3353:Gazelle FC
3139:2016-10-28
3111:2009-07-23
3050:2017-11-06
2979:1 December
2955:2015-11-15
2908:2016-11-13
2879:2013-03-26
2839:2016-10-28
2815:2016-10-28
2805:Our Africa
2785:1 December
2702:2016-11-13
2673:2016-11-12
2546:15 October
2446:2019-04-10
2294:2015-11-15
2247:2015-11-15
2105:2018-09-13
2072:References
2034:pronounced
1834:Government
1803:Among the
1695:World Bank
1469:(≥ 0.1 mm)
985:dry season
981:wet season
912:confluence
889:15°03′00″E
886:12°06′36″N
330:Population
255:15°02′41″E
252:12°06′19″N
4432:N'Djamena
4262:Cape Town
4253:executive
4217:Mauritius
4168:N'Djamena
4124:Mogadishu
4097:executive
3934:Jamestown
3558:N'Djamena
3552:Wadi Fira
3320:Landmarks
3304:Transport
3215:N'Djamena
2745:0028-0836
2077:Citations
2053:romanized
2030:N'Djaména
1930:IATA code
1864:Transport
1816:Christian
1755:Education
1751:in 2009.
1691:livestock
910:, on the
875:Geography
864:rebels. (
823:1,360,000
812:1,092,066
631:President
587:Fort-Lamy
549:with the
528:livestock
485:) is the
432:English:
427:N'Djamena
397:Area code
371:UTC+01:00
366:Time zone
360:1,605,696
322:Elevation
226:N'Djamena
186:N'Djamena
69:Fort-Lamy
42:N'Djaména
37:N'Djamena
4392:Cameroon
4349:Windhoek
4338:Victoria
4305:São Tomé
4281:judicial
4248:Pretoria
4135:Monrovia
4115:Eswatini
4012:Lilongwe
3990:Kinshasa
3968:Khartoum
3921:Hargeisa
3914:Zimbabwe
3892:Botswana
3887:Gaborone
3876:Freetown
3864:Tifariti
3858:El Aaiún
3851:Tanzania
3840:Djibouti
3835:Djibouti
3708:Ethiopia
3650:Capitals
3542:Tandjilé
3105:Archived
3044:Archived
3002:Archived
2949:Archived
2873:Archived
2753:12110880
2500:Archived
2482:Archived
2478:BBC News
2440:Archived
2367:Archived
2365:. 2009.
2311:Archived
2288:Archived
2241:Archived
2059:Injamīnā
1977:Toulouse
1915:Cameroon
1911:Kousséri
1604:3,205.5
1514:Average
1147:(100.8)
1142:(106.2)
1137:(107.6)
1132:(103.8)
1112:(115.9)
1107:(104.9)
1102:(107.6)
1097:(107.2)
1092:(105.4)
1087:(100.8)
1082:(107.6)
1077:(112.1)
1072:(115.5)
1067:(115.9)
1062:(114.8)
1057:(111.0)
1052:(106.7)
922:rivers.
679:Kousséri
642:Niǧāmīnā
563:Cameroon
559:Kousséri
4387:Yaoundé
4373:Abidjan
4354:Namibia
4332:Tunisia
4316:Tripoli
4299:Morocco
4157:Nairobi
4151:Comoros
4140:Liberia
4129:Somalia
4106:Lobamba
4092:Mbabane
4083:Lesotho
3957:Kampala
3903:Burundi
3829:Senegal
3813:Conakry
3741:Eritrea
3719:Algeria
3714:Algiers
3686:Nigeria
3668:italics
3666:are in
3547:Tibesti
3532:Salamat
3527:Ouaddaï
3507:Mandoul
3367:History
3346:Culture
3229:Schools
3178:Archive
3168:Archive
3158:Archive
3123:Sources
3011:Apr 10,
2761:1316969
2055::
2048:انجمينا
1990:Stupino
1958:railway
1952:Railway
1921:Airport
1812:mosques
1735:mosques
1713:Culture
1685:in 2010
1673:Economy
1462:(20.1)
1452:(0.00)
1447:(0.80)
1442:(3.32)
1437:(6.87)
1432:(5.66)
1427:(2.01)
1422:(1.02)
1417:(0.41)
1412:(0.01)
1392:(43.7)
1387:(50.0)
1382:(56.1)
1377:(61.2)
1372:(65.3)
1367:(65.3)
1362:(66.9)
1357:(68.5)
1352:(69.1)
1347:(65.1)
1342:(58.3)
1337:(50.0)
1332:(43.7)
1322:(71.4)
1317:(60.1)
1312:(66.7)
1307:(73.2)
1302:(74.1)
1297:(73.2)
1292:(74.7)
1287:(78.3)
1282:(80.6)
1277:(79.0)
1272:(72.9)
1267:(63.9)
1262:(58.6)
1252:(84.6)
1247:(75.9)
1242:(82.6)
1237:(86.2)
1232:(83.5)
1227:(81.1)
1222:(83.8)
1217:(89.4)
1212:(93.6)
1207:(93.4)
1202:(88.0)
1197:(80.2)
1192:(74.5)
1182:(97.7)
1177:(92.8)
1172:(98.8)
1167:(99.7)
1162:(93.2)
1157:(89.2)
1152:(93.4)
1127:(97.0)
1122:(90.9)
964:Climate
946:Moursal
938:Chagoua
934:Mbololo
914:of the
801:951,418
790:728,000
782:+308.4%
779:530,965
771:+116.7%
768:130,000
760:+226.5%
615:of the
573:History
487:capital
478:ən-jah-
341:807,000
280:Country
56:انجمينا
4368:
4271:
4257:
4179:Niamey
4146:Moroni
4101:
4078:Maseru
4067:Maputo
4056:Malabo
4050:Zambia
4045:Lusaka
4039:Angola
4034:Luanda
4017:Malawi
3984:Rwanda
3979:Kigali
3962:Uganda
3909:Harare
3898:Gitega
3846:Dodoma
3818:Guinea
3780:Bissau
3774:Gambia
3769:Banjul
3758:Bangui
3747:Bamako
3736:Asmara
3576:Ennedi
3457:Borkou
2941:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2725:Nature
2643:3 July
2343:31 May
2280:
2233:
2172:Lexico
2044:Arabic
2026:French
1946:Logone
1893:. The
1854:region
1809:Muslim
1745:sunset
1601:303.8
1598:300.0
1595:285.2
1592:228.0
1589:201.5
1586:213.9
1583:258.0
1580:285.2
1577:273.0
1574:282.1
1571:277.2
1568:297.6
1457:(0.0)
1407:(0.0)
1402:(0.0)
1003:Month
974:Köppen
920:Logone
826:+24.5%
815:+14.8%
804:+30.7%
793:+37.1%
757:60,000
749:+46.4%
746:18,375
738:+25.8%
735:12,552
638:Arabic
610:German
540:grains
538:, and
524:market
520:cotton
409:(2021)
289:
198:Africa
63:Arabic
59:
49:French
45:
4327:Tunis
4321:Libya
4294:Rabat
4234:Praia
4228:Benin
4184:Niger
4162:Kenya
4006:Gabon
3973:Sudan
3824:Dakar
3807:Egypt
3802:Cairo
3697:Ghana
3692:Accra
3681:Abuja
3487:Kanem
3477:Guéra
3452:Batha
3005:(PDF)
2998:(PDF)
2757:S2CID
2721:(PDF)
2010:Notes
1942:Chari
1645:10.0
1460:510.3
1435:174.4
1430:143.8
1042:Year
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724:9,976
656:Libya
536:dates
466:
412:0.432
356:Metro
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4028:Togo
4023:Lomé
3946:Juba
3752:Mali
3662:and
3537:Sila
3081:2009
3013:2019
2981:2009
2939:ISBN
2787:2009
2749:PMID
2741:ISSN
2645:2023
2624:2023
2599:2015
2574:2015
2548:2017
2508:2008
2375:2009
2345:2023
2278:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2153:2022
1944:and
1869:Road
1651:8.8
1648:9.8
1642:9.2
1639:7.6
1636:6.5
1633:6.9
1630:8.6
1627:9.2
1624:9.1
1621:9.1
1618:9.9
1615:9.6
1518:(%)
1445:20.3
1440:84.3
1425:51.0
1420:25.8
1415:10.3
1385:10.0
1380:13.4
1375:16.2
1370:18.5
1365:18.5
1360:19.4
1355:20.3
1350:20.6
1345:18.4
1340:14.6
1335:10.0
1320:21.9
1315:15.6
1310:19.3
1305:22.9
1300:23.4
1295:22.9
1290:23.7
1285:25.7
1280:27.0
1275:26.1
1270:22.7
1265:17.7
1260:14.8
1250:29.2
1245:24.4
1240:28.1
1235:30.1
1230:28.6
1225:27.3
1220:28.8
1215:31.9
1210:34.2
1205:34.1
1200:31.1
1195:26.8
1190:23.6
1180:36.5
1175:33.8
1170:37.1
1165:37.6
1160:34.0
1155:31.8
1150:34.1
1145:38.2
1140:41.2
1135:42.0
1130:39.9
1125:36.1
1120:32.7
1110:46.6
1105:40.5
1100:42.0
1095:41.8
1090:40.8
1085:38.2
1080:42.0
1075:44.5
1070:46.4
1065:46.6
1060:46.0
1055:43.9
1050:41.5
1039:Dec
1036:Nov
1033:Oct
1030:Sep
1027:Aug
1024:Jul
1021:Jun
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1015:Apr
1012:Mar
1009:Feb
1006:Jan
944:and
918:and
866:See
860:and
858:UFDD
820:2019
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798:2009
787:2000
776:1993
765:1970
754:1960
743:1947
732:1940
721:1937
710:Pop.
706:Year
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512:Meat
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292:Chad
196:and
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4283:),
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2733:doi
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1521:29
1509:60
1494:15
1491:13
1455:0.0
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1410:0.3
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1390:6.5
1330:6.5
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862:RFC
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482:-nə
480:MAY
419:1st
415:low
407:HDI
401:235
385:DST
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