44:
763:
778:
73:
3083:
430:, six (A, B, C, W135, X, and Y) account for most disease cases worldwide. Type A has been the most prevalent in Africa and Asia, but is rare/practically absent in North America. In the United States, serogroup B is the predominant cause of disease and mortality, followed by serogroup C. The multiple subtypes have hindered development of a universal vaccine for meningococcal disease.
662:) than in other annotated gene groups. The over-representation of DUS in DNA repair and recombination genes may reflect the benefit of maintaining the integrity of the DNA repair and recombination machinery by preferentially taking up genome maintenance genes, that could replace their damaged counterparts in the recipient cell.
588:
is 2.18 Mb, and encodes 2,480 open reading frames (ORFs), compared to 2.27 Mb and 2,465 ORFs for MC58. Both strains have a GC content of 51.5%. A comparison with MC58 showed that four genes are uniquely present in H44/76 and nine genes are only present in MC58. Of all ORFs in H44/76, 2,317 (93%) show
470:
and aids in evasion of the host immune response. Adhesion is another key virulence strategy to successfully invade host cell. There are several known proteins that are involved in adhesion and invasion, or mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors. These include the Type IV pilin adhesin
749:
acquired an 8-kb prophage, the meningococcal disease-associated island (MDAΦ), previously associated with hyper-invasiveness; and the full serogroup C capsule operon, thus becoming a hypervirulent strain. This illustrates how hypervirulent strains can arise from non-pathgenic strains due to the high
1139:
of meningococcal disease is highest among infants (children younger than one year old) whose immune system is relatively immature. In industrialized countries there is a second peak of incidence in young adults, who are congregating closely, living in dormitories or smoking. Vaccine development is
1086:
infection should be hospitalized immediately for treatment with antibiotics. Because meningococcal disease can disseminate very rapidly, a single dose of intramuscular antibiotic is often given at the earliest possible opportunity, even before hospitalization, if disease symptoms look suspicious
280:
occur in about 50% of cases. Chance of survival is highly correlated with blood cortisol levels, with lower levels prior to steroid administration corresponding with increased patient mortality. Symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are easily confused with those caused by other bacteria, such as
901:
All recent contacts of the infected patient over the seven days before onset should receive medication to prevent them from contracting the infection. This especially includes young children and their child caregivers or nursery-school contacts, as well as anyone who had direct exposure to the
947:
A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) has been available since the 1970s and is the only meningococcal vaccine licensed for people older than 55. MPSV4 may be used in people 2–55 years old if the MCV4 vaccines are not available or contraindicated. Two meningococcal
878:
for growing the organism, and up to a week more for serotyping. Growth can and often does fail, either because antibiotics have been given preemptively, or because specimens have been inappropriately transported, as the organism is extremely susceptible to antibiotics and
952:(MCV4) are licensed for use in the U.S. The first conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2005, the second in 2010. Conjugate vaccines are the preferred vaccine for people 2 through 55 years of age. It is indicated in those with impaired immunity, such as
522:, and is, therefore, important as a potential vaccine candidate. Porins are also an important factor for complement inhibition for both pathogenic and commensal species. Porins are important for nutrient acquisition. Porins are also recognized by
906:. Anyone who frequently ate, slept or stayed at the patient's home during the seven days before the onset of symptom, or those who sat beside the patient on an airplane flight or classroom for eight hours or longer, should also receive
482:
Pathogenic meningococci that have invaded into the bloodstream must be able to survive in the new niche, this is facilitated by acquisition and utilisation of iron (FetA and Hmbr), resisting intracellular oxidative killing by producing
1126:
is a major cause of illness, developmental impairment and death during childhood in industrialized countries and has been responsible for epidemics in Africa and in Asia. Every year, about 2,500 to 3,500 people become infected with
596:(serogroup A) consists of one circular chromosome with a size of 2,188,020 bp, and the average GC content is 51.5%. The chromosome is predicted to possess 4 rRNA operons, 163 insertion elements (IS), 59 tRNAs, and 2,462 ORFs.
1422:
Riordan FA, Thomson AP, Ratcliffe JM, Sills JA, Diver MJ, Hart CA (October 1999). "Admission cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels in children with meningococcal disease: evidence of adrenal insufficiency?".
1574:
401:
of up to 8–25% of adults. It colonizes and infects only humans, and has never been isolated from other animals. This is thought to result from the bacterium's inability to get iron from sources other than human
1115:(CSF) for laboratory testing cannot first be performed. Antibiotic treatment may affect the results of microbiology tests, but a diagnosis may be made on the basis of blood-cultures and clinical examination.
944:(CDC) recommends all teenagers receive MenACWY vaccine and booster, with optional MenB. MenACWY and MenB are also recommended for people of other ages with various medical conditions and social risk factors.
301:(infection of the blood) is suspected, intravenous antibiotics should be given and the ill person admitted to the hospital. This means that laboratory tests may be less likely to confirm the presence of
2531:
1233:
has been engineered to allow covalent coupling between proteins, because it generates a reactive anhydride when exposed to calcium. The bacterium also expresses unique enzymes able to cleave
324:") and does not cause the classical symptoms of meningitis. This means the condition may be ignored by those not aware of the significance of the rash. Septicaemia carries an approximate 50%
305:
as the antibiotics will dramatically lower the number of bacteria in the body. The UK guidance is based on the idea that the reduced ability to identify the bacteria is outweighed by reduced
2481:
2452:
1321:
921:
before traveling to a country in the "meningitis belt" or having a booster meningitis vaccine, normally five years apart could prevent someone from getting an infection from the pathogen.
495:
mediated killing (fHbp). Meningococci produce an IgA protease, an enzyme that cleaves IgA class antibodies and thus allows the bacteria to evade a subclass of the humoral immune system.
3237:
893:(PCR) tests where available, mostly in industrialized countries, have been increasingly used; PCR can rapidly identify the organism, and works even after antibiotics have been given.
234:
is spread through saliva and respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, chewing on toys and through sharing a source of fresh water. It has also been reported to be
1549:
542:(complement factor 4b-binding protein)). Cooperation with pili for CR3-mediated internalization is another function of porins. Ability to translocate into host cells and modulate
733:
species, and it is the main mechanism of acquiring new traits. This is facilitated by the natural competence of the meningococci to take up foreign DNA. The commensal species of
1733:
Griffiss JM, Schneider H, Mandrell RE, Yamasaki R, Jarvis GA, Kim JJ, et al. (1988). "Lipooligosaccharides: the principal glycolipids of the neisserial outer membrane".
316:
has received much less public attention than meningococcal meningitis even though septicaemia has been linked to infant deaths. Meningococcal septicaemia typically causes a
1345:"Notes from the Field: Increase in Neisseria meningitidis-Associated Urethritis Among Men at Two Sentinel Clinics - Columbus, Ohio, and Oakland County, Michigan, 2015"
224:. As an exclusively human pathogen, it causes developmental impairment and death in about 10% of cases. It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur
2638:
Valles J, Ferrer R, Fernández-Viladrich P (2005). "Bloodstream
Infections Including Endocarditis and Meningitis". In van Saene HK, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA (eds.).
3211:
2667:
Coant PN, Kornberg AE, Duffy LC, Dryja DM, Hassan SM (August 1992). "Blood culture results as determinants in the organism identification of bacterial meningitis".
737:
can act as a reservoir of genes that can be acquired; for example, this is how capsule switching can occur as a means of hiding from the immune system. An invasive
514:. fHbp protects meningococci from complement-mediated death in human serum experiments, but has also been shown to protect meningococci from antimicrobial peptides
1131:
in the US, with a frequency of about 1 in 100,000. Children younger than five years are at greatest risk, followed by teenagers of high school age. Rates in the
3311:
3250:
2554:
1930:"Role of factor H binding protein in Neisseria meningitidis virulence and its potential as a vaccine candidate to broadly protect against meningococcal disease"
1143:
It is spread through saliva and other respiratory secretions during coughing, sneezing, kissing, and chewing on toys. Inhalation of respiratory droplets from a
940:
A number of vaccines are available in the U.S. to prevent meningococcal disease. Some of the vaccines cover serogroup B, while others cover A, C, W, and Y. The
2527:
941:
2580:
2499:
573:
found. Two encode proteins involved in pathogenicity. The third island only codes for hypothetical proteins. They also found more genes that undergo
3185:
762:
3224:
1172:
622:
is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into the recipient's genome by
344:
2832:"Meningococcal disease: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility and prevention"
2711:
2098:"Complete Genome Sequence of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A Strain NMA510612, Isolated from a Patient with Bacterial Meningitis in China"
1810:
1785:
1476:
1406:
479:, surface-exposed Opa and Opc proteins which mediate interactions with specific host cell receptors, and NadA which is involved in adhesion.
332:
1885:
Caugant DA, Brynildsrud OB (February 2020). "Neisseria meningitidis: using genomics to understand diversity, evolution and pathogenesis".
297:
and immediate medical assessment is recommended. Current guidance in the United
Kingdom is that if a case of meningococcal meningitis or
3321:
1538:
1099:) should be used to treat a suspected or culture-proven meningococcal infection before antibiotic susceptibility results are available.
712:
may be the maintenance of the recombination and repair machinery of the cell that removes oxidative DNA damages such as those caused by
348:
2485:
815:
by growth from a sterile body fluid, which could be CSF or blood. Diagnosis is confirmed when the organism has grown, most often on a
1155:. Other risk factors include a weakened general or local immune response, such as a recent upper respiratory infection, smoking, and
2651:
2460:
1301:
356:
3301:
2399:"Acquisition of virulence genes by a carrier strain gave rise to the ongoing epidemics of meningococcal disease in West Africa"
655:
511:
235:
3229:
1582:
2513:
1329:
3073:
3306:
1074:. The vaccination campaign has resulted in near-elimination of serogroup A meningitis from the participating countries.
964:
903:
868:
546:
production and apoptosis is made possible by porins, as well. Strains of the same species can express different porins.
51:
2507:
1100:
2546:
835:. Gram negative diplococci that are oxidase and catalase positive are then tested for fermentation of the following
3137:
999:
742:
604:
72:
43:
2255:
Dyet K, Moir J (February 2006). "Effect of combined oxidative and nitrosative stress on
Neisseria meningitidis".
890:
705:
619:
3255:
3043:
741:
strain of serogroup C broke out in
Nigeria in 2013 – the strain was a new sequence type, ST-10217 determined by
347:. Not all instances of a purpura-like rash are due to meningococcal septicaemia; other possible causes, such as
1136:
1011:
983:
type b (Hib). It was the first meningococcal vaccine that could be given to infants as young as six weeks old.
724:
570:
447:
289:
2576:
2783:"Biology and pathogenesis of the evolutionarily successful, obligate human bacterium Neisseria meningitidis"
1148:
1132:
1007:
713:
543:
190:
2502:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19.
820:
462:
and hemorrhage due to the destruction of red blood cells. Other virulence factors include a polysaccharide
426:
capsule. Serotype distribution varies markedly around the world. Among the 13 identified capsular types of
3099:
2307:
2045:, et al. (March 2000). "Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58".
1986:
Piet JR, Huis in 't Veld RA, van Schaik BD, van Kampen AH, Baas F, van de Beek D, et al. (May 2011).
1612:
1225:
968:
777:
635:
569:(ORFs). Of these, a biological function was predicted for 1158 (53.7%). There were three major islands of
463:
283:
1288:
Hitchcock PJ, Robinson Jr EN, McGee ZA, Koomey JM (1993). "Neisseriae: Gonococcus and
Meningococcus". In
3316:
1264:
1258:
1196:
1156:
972:
930:
651:
623:
340:
259:
198:
157:
720:
by facilitating repair of DNA damages produced by the oxidative defenses of the host during infection.
3265:
3172:
2943:
2884:
2873:"Efficient genome engineering in human pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 from Neisseria meningitidis"
2577:"Meningitis A nearly eliminated in Africa through vaccination, reaching more than 235 million people"
2158:
2054:
1144:
808:
488:
379:
2312:
1617:
2729:"Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease"
1246:
1220:
1112:
1104:
792:(CSF) is sent to the laboratory as soon as possible for analysis. The diagnosis is suspected, when
789:
566:
539:
443:
2145:
Cehovin A, Simpson PJ, McDowell MA, Brown DR, Noschese R, Pallett M, et al. (February 2013).
1343:
Bazan JA, Peterson AS, Kirkcaldy RD, Briere EC, Maierhofer C, Turner AN, et al. (June 2016).
1203:
isolated the bacterium from the CSF of patients with bacterial meningitis. He named the bacterium
804:. The microscopic identification takes around 1–2 hours after specimen arrival in the laboratory.
577:
than any pathogen then known. Phase variation is a mechanism that helps the pathogen to evade the
2932:"NeissLock provides an inducible protein anhydride for covalent targeting of endogenous proteins"
2280:
2070:
1910:
1750:
1638:
1603:, Brandtzaeg P (June 2007). "Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis".
1289:
1252:
1223:
because the enzyme is small and has distinct targeting features to the commonly used enzyme from
1200:
1188:
1168:
953:
771:
321:
104:
67:
3216:
2298:
Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".
3273:
3159:
3022:
2969:
2912:
2853:
2812:
2760:
2707:
2684:
2647:
2620:
2597:
Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, Kaufman BA, Roos KL, Scheld WM, Whitley RJ (November 2004).
2430:
2376:
2325:
2272:
2237:
2186:
2127:
2078:
2019:
1961:
1902:
1860:
1806:
1781:
1758:
1715:
1630:
1520:
1472:
1440:
1402:
1376:
1297:
1160:
949:
801:
685:
492:
294:
269:
247:
565:(serogroup B) has 2,272,351 base pairs. When sequenced in 2000, it was found to contain 2158
3278:
3012:
3004:
2959:
2951:
2902:
2892:
2843:
2802:
2794:
2750:
2740:
2676:
2639:
2610:
2500:"FDA approves new combination vaccine that protects children against two bacterial diseases"
2477:
2420:
2410:
2366:
2356:
2317:
2264:
2227:
2217:
2176:
2166:
2117:
2109:
2062:
2009:
1999:
1951:
1941:
1928:
McNeil LK, Zagursky RJ, Lin SL, Murphy E, Zlotnick GW, Hoiseth SK, et al. (June 2013).
1894:
1850:
1842:
1831:"Cellular and molecular biology of Neisseria meningitidis colonization and invasive disease"
1742:
1705:
1697:
1622:
1464:
1432:
1366:
1356:
907:
824:
701:
472:
2871:
Hou Z, Zhang Y, Propson NE, Howden SE, Chu LF, Sontheimer EJ, Thomson JA (September 2013).
2448:
2038:
1600:
1108:
875:
669:
659:
574:
202:
1657:
630:, DNA transformation requires the presence of short DNA sequences (9–10 mers residing in
608:
2947:
2888:
2162:
2058:
986:
In
October 2014 the FDA approved the first vaccine effective against serogroup B, named
3087:
3017:
2988:
2964:
2931:
2907:
2872:
2807:
2782:
2755:
2728:
2640:
2425:
2398:
2181:
2146:
2122:
2097:
2042:
2014:
1987:
1956:
1929:
1855:
1830:
1746:
1710:
1685:
1465:
1371:
1344:
816:
716:. This is consistent with the more general idea that transformation benefits bacterial
423:
325:
306:
273:
242:
in men. It infects its host cells by sticking to them with long thin extensions called
94:
3242:
2848:
2831:
2371:
2344:
2232:
2205:
1626:
394:
268:
and other forms of meningococcal disease. It initially produces general symptoms like
3295:
2680:
2579:(Press release). Ministerial Conference on Immunization in Africa. 22 February 2016.
1914:
1436:
1135:
were as high as 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 100 before introduction of a vaccine in 2010. The
1088:
967:(FDA) approved a combination vaccine against two types of meningococcal diseases and
836:
793:
631:
578:
375:
371:
124:
114:
2284:
1642:
498:
A hypervirulent strain was discovered in China. Its impact is yet to be determined.
228:, mainly in Africa and Asia. It occurs worldwide in both epidemic and endemic form.
3164:
1192:
1176:
1015:
467:
459:
3008:
2798:
2066:
2321:
1570:
727:
while in the nasophanrynx. Gene transfer can occur within and between genomes of
3198:
3131:
2397:
Brynildsrud OB, Eldholm V, Bohlin J, Uadiale K, Obaro S, Caugant DA (May 2018).
1317:
1152:
1096:
1031:
957:
407:
403:
398:
378:
in between. It is 0.6–1.0 micrometers in size. It tests positive for the enzyme
221:
214:
3082:
2955:
2877:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2403:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2151:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
823:. To differentiate any bacterial growth from other species a small amount of a
17:
2206:"Biased distribution of DNA uptake sequences towards genome maintenance genes"
1898:
1092:
1051:
1003:
911:
880:
797:
677:
673:
647:
336:
265:
239:
194:
3122:
2745:
2113:
1524:
335:, a massive, usually bilateral, hemorrhage into the adrenal glands caused by
2993:
IgA1-specific serine protease exhibits novel cleavage activity against IgG3"
2897:
2528:"First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease"
2415:
2171:
902:
patient through kissing, sharing utensils, or medical interventions such as
729:
455:
134:
3026:
2973:
2916:
2857:
2816:
2764:
2624:
2434:
2380:
2329:
2276:
2241:
2190:
2131:
2082:
2023:
1965:
1906:
1864:
1719:
1634:
1444:
1380:
1361:
723:
Meningococci population is extensively diverse genetically, this is due to
374:
diplococcus since it has an outer and inner membranes with a thin layer of
2688:
2361:
1946:
1762:
1539:"Guidance for public health management of meningococcal disease in the UK"
1219:
are being harnessed in biotechnology. Its Cas9 enzyme is a useful tool in
1147:
which may be someone who is themselves in the early stages of disease can
3116:
2222:
2204:
Davidsen T, Rødland EA, Lagesen K, Seeberg E, Rognes T, Tønjum T (2004).
1661:
1035:
1023:
987:
860:
856:
832:
717:
558:
strains have been determined which encode about 2,100 to 2,500 proteins.
535:
484:
352:
317:
277:
225:
84:
2004:
971:
disease for infants and children 6 weeks to 18 months old. The vaccine,
3190:
3151:
3146:
3058:
2268:
2074:
1846:
1754:
1686:"Epidemiological profile of meningococcal disease in the United States"
1059:
1055:
848:
844:
840:
828:
476:
419:
3203:
784:
in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) seen by Gram stain at 1000Ă— magnification
2530:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 29 October 2014.
2096:
Zhang Y, Yang J, Xu L, Zhu Y, Liu B, Shao Z, et al. (May 2014).
1988:"Genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain H44/76"
1575:
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral
Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
1269:
1071:
704:
during its life cycle. Consequently, an important benefit of genetic
320:
rash, that does not lose its color when pressed with a glass slide ("
298:
210:
206:
3093:
2930:
Scheu AH, Lim SY, Metzner FJ, Mohammed S, Howarth M (January 2021).
2615:
2598:
1701:
871:
purposes; this may often only be done in specialized laboratories.
638:. Specific recognition of these sequences is mediated by a type IV
1507:
Mola SJ, Nield LS, Weisse ME (2008). "Treatment and Prevention of
1063:
1047:
1039:
1019:
800:
of a centrifuged sample of CSF; sometimes they are located inside
776:
761:
646:
DUSs occur at a significantly higher density in genes involved in
639:
243:
59:
2547:"Tailor-made vaccine set to banish Africa's meningitis epidemics"
2484:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 July 2019.
2599:"Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis"
1803:
Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends
1296:(2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 231.
1067:
1043:
1027:
523:
3177:
3097:
62:(colorized in yellow). The scale bar corresponds to 1 µm.
1234:
1151:
the bacteria. Close contact with a carrier is the predominant
531:
527:
2646:(2nd ed.). Milan; New York: Springer. pp. 337–377.
1581:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 March 2017.
246:
and the surface-exposed proteins Opa and Opc and has several
1829:
Hill DJ, Griffiths NJ, Borodina E, Virji M (February 2010).
2987:
Spoerry C, Karlsson J, Aschtgen MS, Loh E (December 2021).
2459:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2019.
1666:(13th ed.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1663:
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
1355:(21). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 550–552.
1328:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2019.
220:
About 10% of adults are carriers of the bacteria in their
2482:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
2453:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
1401:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 329–333.
1322:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases
1163:
is short, from 2 to 10 days. In susceptible individuals,
518:. Factor H binding protein is key to the pathogenesis of
1018:
in 2010, it has been given to 215 million people across
510:
and some commensal species is the main inhibitor of the
418:
Disease-causing strains are classified according to the
2472:
2470:
2478:"Meningococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know"
2147:"Specific DNA recognition mediated by a type IV pilin"
3071:
1778:
Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends
1579:
Characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae and Related Species
506:
Factor H binding protein (fHbp) that is exhibited in
2037:
Tettelin H, Saunders NJ, Heidelberg J, Jeffries AC,
3106:
2392:
2390:
1014:and cost 50 U.S. cents per injection. Beginning in
471:which mediates attachment of the bacterium to the
272:, fever, and headache and can rapidly progress to
1195:first observed the bacterium inside cells in the
2776:
2774:
1594:
1592:
2830:Manchanda V, Gupta S, Bhalla P (January 2006).
2704:Neisseria: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
750:propensity of gene transfers and DNA uptake by
745:. It was determined that a commensal strain of
634:) of the donor DNA. These sequences are called
2592:
2590:
1458:
1456:
1454:
874:The above tests take a minimum of 48–72 hours
27:Species of bacterium that can cause meningitis
2345:"Fuzzy species among recombinogenic bacteria"
2343:Hanage WP, Fraser C, Spratt BG (March 2005).
1656:Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015).
1467:Meningococcal Vaccines: Methods and Protocols
990:, for use in 10- to 25-year-old individuals.
811:of diagnosis is microbiological isolation of
676:. Upon their activation, macrophages produce
213:because it is round, and more specifically a
8:
2642:Infection Control in the Intensive Care Unit
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1824:
1822:
975:, was designed to prevent disease caused by
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1349:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
855:will ferment glucose and maltose. Finally,
58:cell (colorized in blue) with its adhesive
3094:
1934:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1318:"Meningococcal Disease in Other Countries"
942:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
42:
31:
3016:
2963:
2906:
2896:
2847:
2806:
2754:
2744:
2614:
2424:
2414:
2370:
2360:
2311:
2231:
2221:
2180:
2170:
2121:
2013:
2003:
1955:
1945:
1854:
1709:
1616:
1392:
1390:
1370:
1360:
599:There is a public database available for
1205:Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis
3078:
1548:. Public Health England. 2019. GW-599.
1280:
1167:may invade the bloodstream and cause a
217:because of its tendency to form pairs.
3067:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
2836:Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
2505:
1173:disseminated intravascular coagulation
910:. The agent of choice is usually oral
345:disseminated intravascular coagulation
1229:. The cell-surface protein FrpC from
328:over a few hours from initial onset.
7:
3312:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
3266:baa82ec7-2df2-4565-8e7b-4419602fd533
1463:Pollard AJ, Maiden MC, eds. (2001).
1010:. It was made by generic drug maker
209:. The bacterium is referred to as a
349:idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
331:Other severe complications include
2702:Genco CA, Wetzler L, eds. (2010).
1292:, Medoff G, Eisenstein BI (eds.).
359:, also need prompt investigation.
276:, coma and death in 10% of cases.
25:
2300:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
589:more than 99% sequence identity.
3081:
2681:10.1097/00006565-199208000-00006
2583:from the original on 2017-02-02.
2534:from the original on 2021-01-22.
2488:from the original on 2021-01-23.
2463:from the original on 2020-10-30.
2257:Biochemical Society Transactions
1747:10.1093/cid/10.supplement_2.s287
1585:from the original on 2020-10-20.
1437:10.1097/00003246-199910000-00032
1332:from the original on 2020-10-30.
1175:, breakdown of circulation, and
887:and growth medium requirements.
592:The complete genome sequence of
526:, they bind complement factors (
333:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
71:
2557:from the original on 2019-12-18
1552:from the original on 2020-12-31
1294:Mechanisms of Microbial Disease
827:is Gram stained and tested for
554:At least 8 complete genomes of
293:. Suspicion of meningitis is a
1735:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1397:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
512:alternative complement pathway
1:
3009:10.1080/21505594.2021.1871822
2849:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02464-6
2799:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.070
2727:Baarda BI, Sikora AE (2015).
2067:10.1126/science.287.5459.1809
1627:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61016-2
668:colonizes the nasopharyngeal
2603:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2545:Kelland K (9 January 2015).
2322:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002
1887:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1690:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1471:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
1399:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1101:Clinical practice guidelines
1002:introduced a vaccine called
965:Food and Drug Administration
904:mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
869:epidemiological surveillance
446:(LOS) is a component of the
236:transmitted through oral sex
52:Scanning electron micrograph
636:DNA uptake sequences (DUSs)
185:, often referred to as the
3338:
3322:Bacteria described in 1901
2956:10.1038/s41467-021-20963-5
2706:. Caister Academic Press.
1805:. Caister Academic Press.
1780:. Caister Academic Press.
1684:Harrison LH (March 2010).
1000:Meningitis Vaccine Project
928:
743:multilocus sequence typing
605:Multilocus sequence typing
257:
2781:Stephens DS (June 2009).
2733:Frontiers in Microbiology
2512:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1899:10.1038/s41579-019-0282-6
1249:DNA taken up by Neisseria
1087:enough. Third-generation
891:Polymerase chain reaction
867:, which is important for
725:horizontal gene transfers
163:
156:
68:Scientific classification
66:
50:
41:
34:
2746:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01190
2669:Pediatric Emergency Care
2114:10.1128/genomeA.00360-14
1776:Jarrell KF, ed. (2009).
1571:"Neisseria meningitidis"
1012:Serum Institute of India
979:serogroups C and Y, and
917:Receiving a dose of the
656:restriction-modification
607:(cgMLST). Available at:
393:is a part of the normal
357:Henoch–Schönlein purpura
290:Streptococcus pneumoniae
264:Meningococcus can cause
173:Albrecht & Ghon 1901
2898:10.1073/pnas.1313587110
2416:10.1073/pnas.1802298115
2172:10.1073/pnas.1218832110
1992:Journal of Bacteriology
1801:Ullrich M, ed. (2009).
1658:"Meningococcal Disease"
1133:African meningitis belt
1082:Persons with confirmed
1008:African meningitis belt
963:In June 2012, the U.S.
796:diplococci are seen on
700:is likely to encounter
571:horizontal DNA transfer
544:reactive oxygen species
458:and is responsible for
191:Gram-negative bacterium
3302:Gram-negative bacteria
3243:neisseria-meningitidis
3138:Neisseria meningitidis
3108:Neisseria meningitidis
3061:Neisseria meningitidis
3046:Neisseria meningitidis
2991:Neisseria meningitidis
2210:Nucleic Acids Research
1741:(Suppl 2): S287–S295.
1513:Infections in Medicine
1425:Critical Care Medicine
1362:10.15585/mmwr.mm6521a5
1255:polysaccharide vaccine
1231:Neisseria meningitidis
1226:Streptococcus pyogenes
1217:Neisseria meningitidis
981:Haemophilus influenzae
977:Neisseria meningitidis
883:in its temperature, CO
785:
782:Neisseria meningitidis
774:
768:Neisseria meningitidis
614:Genetic transformation
556:Neisseria meningitidis
314:Neisseria meningitidis
312:Septicaemia caused by
303:Neisseria meningitidis
284:Haemophilus influenzae
182:Neisseria meningitidis
167:Neisseria meningitidis
36:Neisseria meningitidis
3052:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2936:Nature Communications
2457:Meningococcal Disease
2362:10.1186/1741-7007-3-6
1947:10.1128/MMBR.00056-12
1326:Meningococcal Disease
1265:Shwartzman phenomenon
1259:Sara Branham Matthews
1197:cerebral spinal fluid
1157:complement deficiency
931:Meningococcal vaccine
919:Meningococcal vaccine
780:
765:
502:Complement inhibition
491:and ability to avoid
341:adrenal insufficiency
260:Meningococcal disease
205:, a life-threatening
199:meningococcal disease
2793:(Suppl 2): B71–B77.
2102:Genome Announcements
1696:(Suppl 2): S37–S44.
489:superoxide dismutase
466:which prevents host
380:cytochrome c oxidase
149:N. meningitidis
56:N. meningitidis
3307:Pathogenic bacteria
2948:2021NatCo..12..717S
2889:2013PNAS..11015644H
2883:(39): 15644–15649.
2553:. Thomson Reuters.
2163:2013PNAS..110.3065C
2059:2000Sci...287.1809.
2053:(5459): 1809–1815.
2005:10.1128/JB.01331-10
1611:(9580): 2196–2210.
1247:DNA uptake sequence
1221:CRISPR gene editing
1113:cerebrospinal fluid
1105:empirical treatment
819:plate, but also on
790:cerebrospinal fluid
672:, which is rich in
584:The genome size of
567:open reading frames
444:Lipooligosaccharide
422:structure of their
197:and other forms of
2508:cite press release
2269:10.1042/BST0340197
2223:10.1093/nar/gkh255
1847:10.1042/CS20090513
1253:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1201:Anton Weichselbaum
1189:Ettore Marchiafava
1169:systemic infection
1091:antibiotics (i.e.
954:nephrotic syndrome
950:conjugate vaccines
821:Thayer–Martin agar
788:A small amount of
786:
775:
772:New York City agar
454:. This acts as an
254:Signs and symptoms
105:Betaproteobacteria
3289:
3288:
3274:Open Tree of Life
3100:Taxon identifiers
2713:978-1-904455-51-6
2409:(21): 5510–5515.
2263:(Pt 1): 197–199.
1812:978-1-904455-45-5
1787:978-1-904455-48-6
1478:978-0-89603-801-1
1431:(10): 2257–2261.
1408:978-0-8385-8529-0
1161:incubation period
802:white blood cells
686:hydrogen peroxide
339:meningococcemia,
295:medical emergency
248:virulence factors
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
3329:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3055:
3031:
3030:
3020:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2868:
2862:
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2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2748:
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2718:
2717:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2609:(9): 1267–1284.
2594:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2216:(3): 1050–1058.
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2157:(8): 3065–3070.
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2108:(3): e00360–14.
2093:
2087:
2086:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1998:(9): 2371–2372.
1983:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1835:Clinical Science
1826:
1817:
1816:
1798:
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1767:
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1713:
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1620:
1596:
1587:
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1504:
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1470:
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1419:
1413:
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1394:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1285:
1215:Components from
914:for a few days.
908:chemoprophylaxis
825:bacterial colony
702:oxidative stress
609:Neisseria typing
594:strain NMA510612
473:epithelial cells
169:
76:
75:
46:
32:
21:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
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3262:
3254:
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3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
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3176:
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3158:
3150:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3102:
3092:
3080:
3072:
3059:Type strain of
3042:
3039:
3034:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2829:
2828:
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2780:
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2772:
2726:
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2721:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2313:10.1.1.211.2248
2297:
2296:
2292:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1618:10.1.1.324.1736
1598:
1597:
1590:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1509:N. meningitidis
1506:
1505:
1486:
1479:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1243:
1213:
1199:(CSF). In 1887
1185:
1165:N. meningitidis
1129:N. meningitidis
1124:N. meningitidis
1121:
1109:lumbar puncture
1107:in the event a
1084:N. meningitidis
1080:
996:
938:
933:
927:
899:
886:
876:turnaround time
865:N. meningitidis
859:determines the
853:N. meningitidis
813:N. meningitidis
760:
752:N. meningitidis
747:N. meningitidis
739:N. meningitidis
714:reactive oxygen
710:N. meningitidis
698:N. meningitidis
695:
691:
683:
666:N. meningititis
654:(as well as in
644:N. meningitidis
628:N. meningitidis
616:
601:N. meningitidis
575:phase variation
552:
520:N. meningitidis
508:N. meningitidis
504:
452:N. meningitidis
441:
436:
428:N. meningitidis
416:
391:N. meningitidis
388:
368:N. meningitidis
365:
307:chance of death
262:
256:
232:N. meningitidis
203:meningococcemia
193:that can cause
174:
171:
165:
152:
70:
28:
23:
22:
18:N. meningitidis
15:
12:
11:
5:
3335:
3333:
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3319:
3314:
3309:
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3294:
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3104:
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3091:
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3038:
3037:External links
3035:
3033:
3032:
3003:(1): 389–403.
2979:
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2863:
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2770:
2719:
2712:
2694:
2675:(4): 200–205.
2659:
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2616:10.1086/425368
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2537:
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1940:(2): 234–252.
1920:
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1841:(9): 547–564.
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1702:10.1086/648963
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1261:microbiologist
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929:Main article:
926:
923:
898:
895:
884:
817:chocolate agar
766:The growth of
759:
756:
706:transformation
693:
689:
681:
632:coding regions
620:transformation
615:
612:
561:The genome of
551:
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503:
500:
448:outer membrane
440:
437:
435:
432:
424:polysaccharide
415:
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387:
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355:disorder) and
326:mortality rate
274:neck stiffness
258:Main article:
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1177:septic shock
1164:
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363:Microbiology
330:
313:
311:
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226:epidemically
219:
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115:Neisseriales
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54:of a single
35:
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3199:iNaturalist
3132:Wikispecies
2842:(1): 7–19.
2349:BMC Biology
1601:Greenwood B
1153:risk factor
1111:to collect
1097:ceftriaxone
1032:Ivory Coast
958:splenectomy
925:Vaccination
674:macrophages
660:replication
563:strain MC58
477:nasopharynx
408:lactoferrin
404:transferrin
399:nasopharynx
299:septicaemia
222:nasopharynx
215:diplococcus
3296:Categories
2942:(1): 717.
2561:31 January
1670:2021-01-31
1556:2021-01-31
1276:References
1171:, sepsis,
1093:cefotaxime
1052:Mauritania
1004:MenAfriVac
912:rifampicin
897:Prevention
881:fastidious
798:Gram stain
678:superoxide
648:DNA repair
493:complement
266:meningitis
240:urethritis
238:and cause
195:meningitis
2997:Virulence
2308:CiteSeerX
2039:Nelson KE
1915:207960642
1613:CiteSeerX
1525:0749-6524
1140:ongoing.
1137:incidence
1078:Treatment
973:Menhibrix
758:Diagnosis
735:Neisseria
730:Neisseria
718:pathogens
456:endotoxin
439:Virulence
420:antigenic
337:fulminant
278:Petechiae
143:Species:
136:Neisseria
3217:10528686
3117:Wikidata
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1966:23699256
1907:31705134
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1550:Archived
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1330:Archived
1241:See also
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1149:transmit
1103:endorse
1036:Ethiopia
1024:Cameroon
988:Trumenba
861:subgroup
857:serology
833:catalase
696:). Thus
618:Genetic
536:factor H
516:in vitro
485:catalase
414:Subtypes
353:platelet
351:(ITP; a
318:purpuric
201:such as
121:Family:
91:Phylum:
85:Bacteria
81:Domain:
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3147:BacDive
3123:Q154625
3088:Biology
3018:7834093
2965:7846742
2944:Bibcode
2908:3785731
2885:Bibcode
2808:2712446
2787:Vaccine
2756:4620152
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2159:Bibcode
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2055:Bibcode
2047:Science
2015:3133077
1957:3668674
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1183:History
1145:carrier
1060:Senegal
1056:Nigeria
1006:in the
863:of the
849:glucose
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841:maltose
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475:of the
464:capsule
386:Habitat
270:fatigue
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131:Genus:
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101:Class:
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207:sepsis
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640:pilin
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