Nuclear energy policy of the United States

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would continue to spin and power the pumps (to continue cooling the reactor) even after the power to the pumps had been cut. However, before the test, xenon had accumulated in the fuel rods, reducing power. Xenon is a "reactor poison," which absorbs neutrons and slows down fission chain reactions. Operators tried to increase power for the purpose of the test by withdrawing the control rods. Control rods also absorb neutrons, so withdrawing them increases power (heat) output. Water then started forming steam bubbles in the reactor. Steam absorbs fewer neutrons than the same volume of water, so this caused the heat output to increase further. When the operators then tried to reduce heat output by reinserting the control rods, heat output increased (contrary to the operator's expectations). This happened because of a design flaw in the controls rods; the control rods were tipped with graphite, a "moderator" which slows neutrons, increasing their ability to fission uranium. So inserting the graphite ends of the control rods into the core increased power output (and reactor temperature) when it needed to be reduced. The first explosion then occurred; it was a steam explosion caused by water in the core becoming high-temperature, high-pressure steam. The second explosion, less than a minute later, was probably a hydrogen gas explosion. Explosive hydrogen gas can form when high-temperature steam reacts with zirconium (in the cladding of the uranium fuel rods).

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accident in the United States. In Pennsylvania, "dozens" reportedly turned out for the 32nd anniversary of the Three Mile Island event. In contrast to the apparently reinvigorated protests in Europe, California and New England, the dozens of protesters gathering at the gates of the TMI plant received and in the coverage received, organizers referred only obliquely to the Fukushima incident. "Plants age, we knew that profit motives rather than safety motives meant there was going to be another accident”, said Gene Stilp, the organizer of the Three Mile Island protest and No Nukes Pennsylvania member, to the German Press Agency DPA. He urged the United States to discontinue producing nuclear energy, expressing doubt in U.S. nuclear power plants’ preparedness for unforeseen natural disasters. "You can't control mother nature," he reasoned."

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agencies decide to subsidize by forcing taxpayers to assume the risk for the reactors and mandating that ratepayers pay for construction in advance". On February 9, 2012, according to a Southern Company press release, the NRC voted and approved for the full issuance of the Combined Construction and Operating License for Plant Vogtle units 3 and 4. These two units, if completed, would be the first two new reactors to be built in American in almost 30 years. According to Southern Company, they plan on utilizing $ 1 billion in benefits from the Department of Energy loan guarantees, production tax credits and recovering financing costs during construction. If construction proceeds on schedule, Georgia Power expects Unit 3 to begin operating in 2016 and Unit 4 in 2017.

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long-haul trucks, carbon capture and other technologies, emphasizing that Europe and China may be surpassing the US in clean energy and roboticized manufacturing. The power point presentation, and a video of the presentation, are available online. The US is in the lead of venture capital financing, technology adaptation and deployment but in many areas is neck and neck with China. Many of his comments seem broadly applicable to nuclear policy, such as that "just because we've lost a lead doesn't mean we can't recover it." ARPA-E is Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, a relatively new United States government agency set up to promote and fund research and development.

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energy-related work. Regulatory work, excluding regulation of defense nuclear facilities, it assigned to the NRC. The Act of 1974 gave the NRC its collegial structure and established its major offices. The later amendment to the act also provided protections for employees who raise nuclear safety concerns. Applications for new plants are filed with the NRC and usually take between three and five years to be approved. They require detailed reports on all reactor operations, transportation of fuels, enrichment, waste storage, mining of

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nuclear energy in their state. In 1976, California passed legislation which prevented new nuclear power plants from being built until an approved means of disposing of fuel-rod waste was approved. This legislation, which was also renewed in 2005, effectively put a moratorium on nuclear power plants in California, since no fuel-rod waste measure was ever approved. Soon afterwards, other states passed similar laws limiting nuclear energy influence in their state. This California legislation was reaffirmed by the

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consumers, and can either grant or deny any federal funds or loans appropriated for nuclear companies' construction in the state. They also have veto power over where nuclear waste is stored (unless overridden by Congress), such as in the case of the Yucca Mountain Waste Storage Facility. Finally, states are allowed to levy taxes on nuclear companies, which grants them power to prevent facilities from operating or encouraging new growth through tax breaks.

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approved in the United States. Work on it has just begun in Georgia, and already "there are conflicts between the utility, Southern Company and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission". Moreover, this project is going forward only because it is in one of the few regions of the United States (the Southeast) where electricity markets were not deregulated. That means "the utility, operating on cost-plus basis, can pass on to rate-payers all its expense over-runs".

1161:, advised the evacuation "of pregnant women and pre-school age children...within a five-mile radius of the Three Mile Island facility." The evacuation zone was extended to a 20-mile radius on Friday March 30. Within days, 140,000 people had left the area. More than half of the 663,500 population within the 20 mile radius remained in that area. According to a survey conducted in April 1979, 98% of the evacuees had returned to their homes within 3 weeks. 856:, and other advanced nuclear reactors, and enables an additional $ 3.2 billion through 2027. In particular, through the Civil Nuclear Credit Program established under the law, operators and owners of nuclear reactors may apply for certification to bid on loans to finance the operation of nuclear plants. Applicants must demonstrate that a nuclear reactor is scheduled to shut down for economic reasons in order to qualify for credits under the program. 477: 462: 1524:. Speaking on CNBC in March, Buffet said that the "United States was poised to move ahead with nuclear plans here, but the events in Japan derailed that". "Radiation terrifies people", Buffett told CNBC. "It's unseen, there's no way to quantify sort of the limits of what might happen from it so I would say that I would be very surprised if there's any nuclear facilities built in the United States for a long time." Moreover, Japan's government and 195:, amended the earlier act and ushered in the first nuclear age in the U.S. This amendment allowed the private sector to use certain government information about nuclear technology and establish private energy facilities. However, these facilities would have to abide by government rules and regulations and work closely with the government regarding the plant safety, mining, storage, transportation, and the use of weapons-grade byproducts. 438: 38: 161: 1004: 1532:, Chairman of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, broke with ordinary protocols by overruling the Japanese with regard to the public exclusion zone. As a result of the harshly criticized Japanese handling of the crisis, there has been a scramble by the EU to reform nuclear policy. Some commentators expect that US will have a greater influence on nuclear policy worldwide. 1299:

population over the many errors in the daily operations of nuclear energy plants, causing them to be constantly shut down, and exposing the ineffectiveness in their energy production. By this point, in the late 1980s, most U.S. plants were either at or close to completion, so the Chernobyl incident did not prevent plants from coming online. However, after 1986,

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1956 and the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974. Typically, they received forty-year licenses, which means most plants' licenses were set to expire between approximately 1996–2014. However, many of these plants were extended by twenty years and often received power up-grades, which allowed them to run at 120% their originally intended capacity.

1116:, in the United States alone, there were over 52 different incidents from 1959 to 2010, ranging from leaks, cooling rod malfunctions, explosions, cracks in the core, electrocutions, core overheating and other issues. These incidents led to the deaths of seven individuals and to costs estimated at $ 8.56 billion (inflation adjusted to 2006). 872:(which will strengthen the financial argument for renewed licenses and continued operation of those facilities), the legislation provides numerous credits aimed at low- or zero-carbon energy sources, including nuclear. These include credits centered on the creation of clean electricity (such as future new-build nuclear power initiatives), 1449:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials had already planned to conduct a series of public meetings in January, February and March 2011 as public attention in San Luis Obispo County turned towards the question of whether the plant should be re-licensed subsequent to public disclosure of a third major 1322:

After Chernobyl, with popular fear and distrust of nuclear power, and most energy companies preferring coal-fired plants, the U.S. nuclear industry went dormant for many years, although legislation continued until 1992. Although nuclear plants were still quite active and even improving production and

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A number of factors have led to increased pressure on the economic viability of the current fleet of nuclear power plants. The age of the existing 104 nuclear power plants means that the licenses of most need to be extended. Most of the nation's first wave of nuclear power plants came on-line between

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in 1983 when it ruled that, "It did not conflict with federal authority because it addressed legitimate state issues of economic and electricity reliability concerns, and not safety." Moreover, individual states also are allowed to have a public service commission that regulates electricity sales to

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to cut regulatory costs as well as help expand nuclear energy scientific progress and research from academia, national laboratories, and the private/civilian sector. The bill also directs the DOE to develop a fast test reactor for neutron sources for advanced reactors fuels and materials that did not

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has ended construction of the two largest proposed nuclear plants in South Texas. NRG claims that they will write off the $ 331 million investment as a loss and according to David Crane NRG's CEO, that unless the situation changes, the chance of continuing is “extremely daunting and at this point not

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sought to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. Among other things, it established criteria governing U.S. nuclear exports licensed by the NRC and took steps to strengthen the international safeguards system. This helped ensure the security of the United States. Countries that signed the international

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In 2022, nuclear energy accounted for 18% of all energy generation in the United States, this was an essential contribution to USA's surpassing a record of 40% energy generation coming from carbon-free sources. While nuclear energy remains a polarizing issue amongst Americans, two-thirds of US states

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The article continued to quote the U.S. Nuclear Energy Foundation to the effect that too much stock is being put into the fear surrounding Fukushima power plant. On a policy level, United States officials were wary. U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu told Congress that the Obama administration intends

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close to the plant. Protest leaders contend that there is no safe way to store spent reactor fuel, but other community leaders such as the mayor of a nearby town dispute that contention. In a review of current trends, state Sen. Sam Blakeslee (R-San Luis Obispo), who holds a doctorate in geophysics,

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in Missouri. If all the sites come online, 28,800 MWe per year would be added to the power grid. These companies requested loan guarantees totaling far more than the budgeted $ 18.5 billion. In total, they requested and additional $ 122 billion, which would bring the overall projected

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The implementation of funding, loan guarantees, and more advanced research is the sole responsibly of the DOE. In 2008, the DOE began accepting applications from utility companies for the funding of construction promised in the 2005 legislation. Originally, the loan guarantees totaled $ 18.5 billion

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into law shortly after it passed in the Senate by a 74–26 margin and in the House by a 275–156 margin. Its focus was to provide funding and tax breaks to producers and consumers alike. Although it provided many incentives to individual consumers and green energy technology, nuclear energy gained the

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In addition to supplying countries with nuclear technology and materials, the U.S. would aid countries in their effort to identify domestic sources of alternative energy, consistent with economic and material resources, and in compliance with environmental standards within that country. In this way,

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broadcast. "It's unlikely they will be exposed to danger." As the ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit 2011 Keynote Presentation, he skirted the nuclear issue and argued for a "longer term more measured approach". He emphasized lithium-ion batteries, high-speed rail, computerized design for streamlining

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activism and 75 people held a State House rally on April 6, 2011, to "protest the region’s aging nuclear plants and the increasing stockpile of radioactive spent fuel rods at them". The protest was held shortly before a State House hearing where legislators were scheduled to hear representatives of

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While new plants are subject to stricter standards, these older plants often do not have to adhere to them. Considering the expensive modifications necessary (sometimes in the billions of dollars) to make many of these older nuclear plants adhere to current safety standards, many believe that these

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in the report entitled "A Roadmap to Deploy New Nuclear Power Plants in the United States by 2010." In other sections, the Secretary was required to work with the Director of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology in the Department of Energy. This legislation jump-started the nuclear industry again

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into law, which prohibited the dissemination of nuclear technology or information to other entities, both domestic and abroad. This act represented the fear that foreign nations, including allies, would gain the technology and use it against the U.S. As time went on, this fear subsided and interest

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The United States has more active nuclear power plants than any other country in the world, with 104 plants out of the total 441 active sites and another 62 under construction worldwide. This is nearly twice as many sites as the next two countries, France (58) and Japan (55), combined. Construction

1379:, PhD, "This unprecedented support for nuclear energy is being driven largely by people's concerns for meeting future energy demand and environmental goals, but it coincides with statements by President Obama and other national leaders who have voiced strong support for more nuclear power plants." 818:

that even if the project is resurrected, “it will have to be fueled by somebody else's financial resources.” The halting of construction of these reactors marks the "second of the four to die; Calvert Cliffs 3, in Maryland, seems unlikely at this point, because Constellation Energy could not reach

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In essence, the government is promising to protect lenders against 80% of their potential loss, and legitimatizes the investment by first having the DOE review their applications. Moreover, because they are only guarantees, they are not considered government appropriations; no taxpayer dollars are

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Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. Reflecting America's postwar optimism, Congress declared that atomic energy should be employed not only in

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in 2009, 59% of the public favored the use of nuclear energy, including 27% who strongly favored it, an increase from 49% since 2001. Moreover, in 2009, the Gallup poll showed 56% people believed nuclear energy was safe versus 42% who believed it was unsafe. Other polls showed an even larger gap;

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As the west began to learn about the Chernobyl incident, fear and anxiety about nuclear energy swelled in U.S. public opinion. Even as early as 1975, anti-nuclear movement coalitions were making strides in reducing the power of the nuclear industry. The coalitions were able to instill fear in the

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is generally considered to be the worst nuclear disaster, to date. In the early hours of 26 April 1986, the crew at Chernobyl conducted a test of a safety feature. They turned off power to the water pumps which circulated coolant through the reactor. They wanted to determine how long the turbines

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on two new nuclear units has begun, and they are expected to be delivering commercial power by 2016 and 2017. But, looking ahead, experts see continuing challenges that will make it very difficult for the nuclear power industry to expand beyond a small handful of reactor projects that "government

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Generation III reactors are safer than older reactors like the GE MAC 1 at Fukushima, Vermont Yankee and other plants around the world. But after a decade in which the federal government did all it could to boost this new version of nuclear power, only one Generation III+ reactor project has been

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Merged), 17 of which have been approved or accepted for approval by the NRC. Of these NRC approvals, there are 14 newly proposed nuclear power plants, and 21 new reactor cores to be installed in existing facilities, using five different designs (as of 2011). Furthermore, the DOE also received two

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had a provision under Section 801, which directed the EPA to promulgate radiation protection standards for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository in Nevada. The Yucca Mountain site was then designated by the federal government to serve as the permanent disposal site for used nuclear fuel and

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as well as the development and safety regulation of the civilian uses of nuclear materials. The Act of 1974 split these functions, assigning to one new agency, the Department of Energy, the responsibility for the development and production of nuclear weapons, promotion of nuclear power, and other

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was passed in 2005 which aimed to jump-start the nuclear industry through financial loan-guarantees for expansion and re-outfitting of nuclear plants. The success of this legislation is still undetermined since all 17 companies that applied for funding are still in the planning phases on their 26

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Most states have been complicit with the utility companies' installation of nuclear plants, but some states have not. Although the federal government has the foremost control over nuclear energy regulations, safety and funding, each state government has some say about whether or not to implement

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Advanced nuclear reactors also benefit from the legislation thanks to the Clean Electricity Production Tax Credit, a technology-agnostic production credit that can be applied to emissions-free electricity production that comes online after 2025. Through 2026, the bill allocates $ 700 million for

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Under the Act, the DOE established the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project to monitor the cleanup of uranium mill tailings. The UMTRCA gave the NRC regulatory authority over the cleanup and licensing of mill tailing facilities at sites under NRC license. The EPA had the task of

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Additionally, an AP investigation published on June 27, 2011, found that older nuclear power plants were also often built in areas that at the time the plants were built were located outside of urban areas but are now in close proximity to metropolitan cities and their suburban sprawl. The twin

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Currently, there still are many remaining concerns as to where the storage of nuclear waste should be stored or even if a central location is required. On May 24, 2011, the Institute for Policy Studies came out with a new report ranking various spent fuel sites and contending that spent nuclear

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There were two phases in U.S. nuclear policy. The first phase lasted from approximately 1954 to 1992. By the end of the 1980s, new plants were being built, and after 1992, there was a period of 13 years without any substantial nuclear legislation. The United States was not the first nation to

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It was the anniversary of the US Three Mile Island nuclear incident which was the occasion of a substantial rally in South Korea in March 2011. South Korean environmental activists staged an anti-nuclear rally on Monday, marking the 32nd anniversary of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant

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of 1980 strengthened the executive and administrative roles of the NRC chairman, particularly in emergencies, transferring to the chairman "all the functions vested in the Commission pertaining to an emergency concerning a particular facility or materials ... regulated by the Commission." This

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after Chernobyl. Citizen pressure forced the NRC to address many issues alarming the public, resulting in "improved reactor safety, reporting abnormal occurrences at power plants, revised radiation standards, protecting nuclear plants from sabotage, safeguarding nuclear materials from theft,

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Following the explosion, hundreds of tons of water per hour were poured into the reactor to douse the fires which were releasing radioactive smoke. However, this was quickly abandoned after half a day, to prevent water from flooding units 1 and 2. For the next eight days, "Some 5000 tons of

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for proposed new reactors have been suspended or cancelled. As of October 2011, plans for about 30 new reactors in the United States have been "whittled down to just four, despite the promise of large subsidies and President Barack Obama’s support of nuclear power, which he reaffirmed after

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brushed aside such remarks with the contention that transport to a central site increases risks. "Leave it on-site where it is," he said last year. "You don't have to worry about transporting it. Saves the country billions and billions of dollars. Currently, Congress nor the NRC or DOE have

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gives to states the responsibility to dispose of low-level radioactive waste generated within their borders and allows them to form compacts to locate facilities to serve a group of states. The Act provides that the facilities will be regulated by the NRC or by states that have entered into

888:. This is important since HALEU fuel is necessary to operate the advanced, next-generation nuclear reactors that american companies are now developing. Additionally, the IRA includes $ 150 million for the Office of Nuclear Energy to be invested in its network of National Laboratories for 1164:

Although some debate remains, "several health studies found there were no long-term adverse effects on the health of the population living around Three Mile Island." "Even though there was a release of radiation, the radiation dose to people living within 10 miles of the plant was eight

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Because of the enormous costs involved, the nuclear industry requested more loan guarantees from the government, totaling $ 100 billion. In February 2010, President Obama, who ran on a pro-nuclear platform, negotiated with the companies and added $ 36 billion to the budgeted $

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in the following weeks. Soon after, 336,000 people were evacuated after the explosion and fire. Eradiated ash, dust, and smoke traveled across much of Europe including Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. There is a heated debate over the official number of deaths, illnesses and subsequent

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of power, and later up to 200 MW, was the first full-scale nuclear power plant in the U.S. and the world. In the coming years, more and more plants were built by regulated utility companies, often state-based. These companies would "put the capital cost into their rate base and

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In the United States, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates the nuclear energy industry more strictly than most other industries. The NRC and the Department of Energy (DOE), work together to ensure plant safety, building and operational permits, movement and storage of

728:(R-Tex.) even inserted a $ 250,000 provision for research into using radiation to refine oil...The bill also included $ 2 billion for "risk insurance" in case new nuclear plants run into construction and licensing delays. And nuclear utilities will be eligible for taxpayer-backed 813:

NRG notes that there is a surplus in Texas of Natural Gas utilities and the nuclear incident in Japan has led to further funding problems for the facilities. Although NRG still plans on paying the full licensing costs to the NRC for the two proposed facilities, Crane told to the

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found that public approval for building new nuclear plants dropped from 69% to 49% and opposition increased from 21% to 41%. Similarly, after the Chernobyl incident, a CBS news poll showed that 55% of those questioned believed a similar meltdown was likely to happen in the U.S.

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developing cleanup strategies and recording standards for mills. The UMTRA used on-site disposal methods for eleven of the mills, while excavating and disposing of the wastes found at the remaining thirteen sites to remote off-site disposal locations owned by the DOE.

626:, which made significant changes in nuclear policy and funding options for nuclear energy. Congress hoped this act would help encourage utility companies to install more reactors and build more nuclear plants to meet the demands of the country's growing energy needs. 346:

The Nuclear Non-proliferation Act amended the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 by establishing new criteria governing U.S. nuclear exports licensed by the NRC. Congress directed the DOE to initiate and plan the design, construction, and operation activities for expansion of

1418:) suggest that Japan's nuclear crisis may rekindle an interest in the movement in the United States. The aim, they say, is "not just to block the Obama administration’s push for new nuclear construction, but to convince Americans that existing plants pose dangers". 141:

the Nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. Later legislation enacted by Congress split the AEC into our current Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

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particularly likely.”. Even though "The plan was for the South Texas Project 3 and 4 reactors, and was identified more than two years ago by the Energy Department as one of the four candidates for loan guarantees that were authorized by the 2005 Energy Act,"

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This also gave the DOE the responsibility of stabilizing, disposing, and controlling uranium mill tailings and other contaminated material at twenty-four uranium mill processing sites located across ten states and at approximately 5,200 associated properties.

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Highway Patrol Officers conduct radiological surveys and mechanical inspections on the first Nevada Test Site transuranic waste shipment at the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex located on the Nevada Test Site. The shipment is destined for the

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In the United States, there have been numerous legislative actions and policies implemented on a federal and state level to both regulate atomic energy and promote its expansion. The growth of nuclear power in the US ended in the 1980s, however, the

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mined in the United States. After uranium mining came under federal control, companies abandoned their mill operations, leaving behind materials with potential long-term health hazards. These mills contained low-level radioactive wastes and other

3933: 591:). Although Obama has asked the NRC to devise another long-term solution to waste storage of spent fuel rods from nuclear reactors, as yet, none have been proposed, and all radioactive waste is still being stored on-site at nuclear power plants. 1374:

group, found that "A record-high 74 percent of Americans surveyed in a new national poll support nuclear energy and a similar majority of 70 percent says the United States should 'definitely build more' nuclear energy facilities ." According to

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create a nuclear power plant. Both Russia and England managed to establish small, limited power plants before the U.S. Although developments were taking place in the U.S. private sector before the 1954 act, it was not until mid-1956 that the

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production cost to $ 188 billion. The uranium enriched power plants only requested a total of $ 4 billion, which was later accepted by both the NRC and DOE. The provided loan guarantees encourage private lenders to fund these companies.

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safety practices, construction of new plants ended in the late 1980s. This was acceptable to many utility companies, because most of the plants were licensed to operate on 20–40 year contracts, despite an unfavorable

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In total, over almost $ 5 billion, as well as extensive tax breaks, were originally designated for nuclear funding, but far more would be put forth to back the loan guarantees. Within the actual legislation, the

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for nuclear power plants, and two billion on uranium enriched plants. To provide the funding to nuclear companies, their proposed plants would first need to be approved by the NRC for the initial construction.

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18.5 billion, bringing the total of $ 54.5 billion to the Presidential 2011 Budget for the DOE loans. The DOE also sought another $ 9 billion though other legislation for the utility companies,

2390: 4387: 5598: 982:, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed". 128:, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed". 236:. These members of the scientific community "by expressing their concern over nuclear power, played a crucial role in demystifying the issue for other citizens", and nuclear power became an issue of 519:, and public participation in the planning and development of permanent repositories. Amendments to the Act focused the federal government's efforts, through the DOE, on studying a possible site at 4596: 3887: 1308:

licensing the export of nuclear equipment and fuel, authorizing steps to use plutonium as fuel for nuclear power, and other matters." Shortly after the 1979 Three Mile Island incident, a poll by

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in New Hampshire—talk about the safety of their reactors in the light of the Japanese nuclear crisis. Vermont Yankee and Pilgrim have designs similar to the crippled Japanese nuclear plant.

2303: 4606: 4430: 3875: 48:, which was designed to promote US nuclear reactor construction, through incentives and subsidies, including cost-overrun support up to a total of $ 2 billion for six new nuclear plants. 703:

by firmly establishing it as the alternate energy source that politicians wanted. Moreover, it provided financial backing for building, tax incentives, risk insurance, and repealed the

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in 1979, according to a CBS News poll. A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the

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includes a number of important provisions that support a wide range of recent and ongoing nuclear industry activities. In addition to granting new production tax credits for existing

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in 1979, according to a CBS News poll. A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the

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and whether they are operated safely", said. "With what's unfolding in Japan, why would anyone approve a permit for these plants to keep operating until every question is answered?"

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of 2021, also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which was passed in 2021, provides new federal incentives for nuclear energy. The legislation allocates $ 6 billion to the

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was charged with carrying out the legislation. In the matter of new funding for next-generation reactors, the Secretary's decision should be in line with the recommendations of the

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financial terms with the Energy Department. The department has granted a conditional loan guarantee to one project in Georgia and may give another to a project in South Carolina."

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capacity, sufficient for domestic and foreign needs. The act specified that the nuclear non-proliferation controls would not expire annually, eliminating the need for extensions.

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to improve its assessments of new nuclear technology and fuels, cuts regulatory approval costs for advanced reactor designs, creates a grant prize competition for deployment of

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Over the years, public opinion about the nuclear industry, both in the United States and worldwide, soured significantly after several nuclear-related incidents. According to

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to subsidize nuclear plants that are economically threatened by early closure due to flawed markets. The law also appropriates $ 2.4 billion in key funding for microreactors,

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critically analyzed the legislation and found that the nuclear industry received serious concessions from the government in the Environmental Policy Act of 2005. It wrote:

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into the environment. Title II of the act gives the NRC regulatory and licensing authority over mill tailing at sites under NRC license on or after January 1, 1978.

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reorganization plan also provided that all policy formulation, policy-related rulemaking, and orders and adjudications would remain vested with the full Commission.

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projected almost 17 gigawatts of new nuclear power reactors by 2030, but in its 2011 projections, it "scaled back the 2030 projection to just five". Following the

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projected almost 17 gigawatts of new nuclear power reactors by 2030, but in its 2011 projections, it "scaled back the 2030 projection to just five". Following the

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to hold the course on underwriting new nuclear power plants. "The people in the United States, U.S. territories, are in no danger”, Chu said during a

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In the early days of nuclear energy, the United States government did not allow for any private sector use of nuclear technology. In 1946, President

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nuclear plant. The demonstration was held to show support for the thousands of Japanese people who are endangered by possible radiation from the

339:(NPT) committed to preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in return for U.S. knowledge and materials in the form of nuclear reactors and fuel. 2857: 1278:

report puts this figure at 200,000 or more. According to WHO, by mid-2005, only about 50 deaths could be directly associated with the disaster.

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of U.S. nuclear facilities peaked between the 1970s and 1980s, during which time, these facilities were granted 20–40 year operational permits.

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older nuclear power plants open may not be financially viable when compared to sustainable energy alternatives, such as wind and solar energy.

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passed legislation to back Obama's decision, although the site is still active and being funded by the government ($ 196.8 million in the

252:. Under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, a single agency, the Atomic Energy Commission, had responsibility for the development and production of 2569: 1336: 544:

agreements with the NRC under section 274 of the Atomic Energy Act. The Act also requires the NRC to establish standards for determining when

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established both the federal government's responsibility to provide a place for the permanent disposal of high-level radioactive waste and

1407:

said they would approve building new power plants in the United States. This represents a decline from a high of 57 percent in July 2008.

3359: 2171: 5128: 4624: 4616: 4364: 3574: 3554: 2668: 2420: 828: 575:

activities. The costs for this project have reached $ 13.5 billion for this expected 25-year program. However, in 2009, President

5628: 5053: 4762: 4639: 4546: 4244: 4077: 4062: 4037: 4021: 4005: 3817: 3772: 3768: 1485: 1481: 1404: 1388: 971: 918: 849: 685:, capable of co-generating hydrogen. Overall, more than $ 2 billion was provided for hydrogen demonstration projects. Called the 619: 370: 272: 117: 106: 69: 1226:

According to World-Nuclear.org, "Two workers died as a result of the explosions. The graphite (of which, about a quarter of the 1200

5763: 5728: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5638: 5313: 4817: 4745: 4667: 4504: 3963: 3896: 3445:"NRC meets with local officials about Diablo Canyon | KSBY.com | San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, Santa Barbara, Paso Robles" 3190: 3001: 2987: 2075: 1043: 967: 249: 205: 113: 61: 1520:

Nevertheless, the nuclear disaster in Japan is likely to have major effects on US energy policy, according to billionaire investor

654:

Federal risk insurance of $ 2 billion to cover regulatory delays in full-power operation of the first six advanced new plants.

5738: 5073: 4415: 4092: 2694: 2349: 336: 2382: 974:, public support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropped to 43%, slightly lower than it was immediately after the 699: 120:, public support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropped to 43%, slightly lower than it was immediately after the 5702: 5675: 5343: 5318: 5038: 2248: 1392: 314: 306: 297: 3825: 2933: 1395:, with public support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropping slightly lower than it was immediately after the 5834: 5743: 5670: 5623: 5588: 5058: 4870: 3484: 3217:"Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident – 20 Years Later a UN Report Provides Definitive Answers and Ways to Repair Lives" 1025: 2493: 2468: 1989: 1270:

caused by the plant's meltdown. The estimated number of deaths potentially resulting from the accident vary enormously; the

3655: 3629: 2614: 531:

in the U.S. remains unlikely. Nine states have "explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges".

5733: 5665: 5278: 5243: 4652: 4290: 4067: 3998: 3466: 3050: 1874: 1469: 937: 901: 678: 584: 374: 65: 3337: 1762: 595:

reactor fuel needs to be moved en masse into safer dry cask storage rather than the current liquid pool system. However,

5748: 5723: 5488: 5323: 5223: 5183: 5033: 4995: 4812: 1525: 618:

of nuclear energy in America denotes the time period where political legislation was passed to promote the expansion of

588: 105:

proposed building applications. Some of the proposed sites have even scrapped their building plans, and many think the

5558: 5468: 5433: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5248: 4731: 2909:"ESouthern Company subsidiary receives historic license approval for new Vogtle units, full construction set to begin" 2031: 450: 3789: 3713: 3700: 2755: 876:(which can be produced by nuclear reactors), and investments in clean energy (including certain nuclear facilities). 778:

spent unless the loans fall through in a failed investment. Therefore, Congressional approval is thus easier to get.

466: 5697: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5493: 5198: 5113: 4945: 2915: 1396: 1143: 1137: 975: 686: 572: 548:

are present in waste streams in sufficiently low concentrations or quantities as to be "below regulatory concern."

121: 56:

began in 1954 and continued with the ongoing building of nuclear power plants, the enactment of numerous pieces of

3842: 3592: 2710: 2517: 1014: 343:

the U.S. sought to ensure control over all information, technology, and materials relevant to nuclear activities.

184:

from the public sector emerged, in the hope that nuclear power could provide a viable energy alternative to coal.

5788: 5753: 5378: 5233: 5228: 5103: 4772: 4767: 1446: 1271: 1146:

incident in Middleton, Pennsylvania in 1979. Believed today to have been caused mostly by human error, a partial-

832: 770: 682: 639: 623: 563: 302: 285: 214: 188: 180: 169: 101: 45: 3306: 2814: 92:

of nuclear energy in the United States have been shaped by scientific research, private industries' wishes, and

5768: 5553: 5478: 5473: 5368: 5328: 5288: 5193: 5168: 4950: 4750: 3919: 3518: 3444: 1367: 979: 504: 318: 125: 3028: 2593: 724:," small-particle accelerators and reprocessing nuclear waste, which would reverse current U.S. policy. Rep. 511:, and the generators' responsibility to bear the costs of permanent disposal. The Act provides for extensive 5563: 5528: 5443: 5308: 5258: 5238: 5213: 5203: 5188: 5178: 5163: 5143: 5118: 5108: 5098: 5000: 4915: 3676: 1355: 1340: 900:

In 2024, with overwhelming majorities Congress passed S. 870, containing the ADVANCE Act, which directs the

865: 469:. Seen here, workers attempted to remove 1500 cubic yards of soil contaminated with extremely low levels of 397:

mill sites, both active and inactive, in order to prevent or minimize, among other things, the diffusion of

220:

Some nuclear experts began to voice dissenting views about nuclear power in 1969. These scientists included

3084: 2792: 2638: 2149: 261:, and more. Moreover, the government often "promises to provide incentives for building new plants through 5778: 5548: 5503: 5483: 5458: 5448: 5438: 5428: 5418: 5398: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5333: 5303: 5208: 5148: 5123: 5093: 5083: 4955: 3866: 88:, and funding for nuclear companies, along with an increase in power plant building. Both legislation and 3220: 2219: 5648: 5568: 5543: 5453: 5403: 5358: 5263: 5218: 5158: 5133: 5088: 4975: 4860: 4588: 3426: 1350: 1113: 1085:

dangers of increased proximity and decrepit plants has raised alarm bells for concerned area residents.

905: 881: 853: 568: 365: 237: 1923: 600:

established a fixed plan for nuclear waste and is still being stored on site at each nuclear facility.

488: 269:," backs loans or even direct funding for building, and conducts atomic research to further the field. 3876:

Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective

1281: 579:

fulfilled his campaign promise to end the shipping of nuclear waste to the site. Soon after this, the

5508: 5463: 5413: 5388: 5353: 5293: 5173: 5138: 4940: 4850: 2861: 1673: 1328: 1174: 1105: 795: 765:

As of March 21, 2011 The NRC has expected two new applications to be filed in 2012 by two companies,

454: 281: 192: 165: 3104: 2494:"Nuclear-supporting infrastructure bill becomes US law : Nuclear Policies - World Nuclear News" 1555:– (see in relation to the Executive Branch – Military & DoD actions relating to Nuclear Weapons) 1119: 5533: 5423: 5393: 5298: 5253: 5153: 5005: 4980: 4925: 4910: 4755: 1169:, and no more than 100 millirem to any single individual. Eight millirem is about equal to a chest 956: 766: 758: 712: 615: 609: 528: 414: 17: 3404: 1303:

were reinforced by media pictures of deformed babies and other atrocities from the fallout in the

5538: 5498: 5408: 4965: 4930: 4920: 4890: 4855: 4845: 4787: 3141: 2982: 2836: 2759: 2319: 1689: 1615: 1541: 1399:

in 1979. Support had been at an all-time high of 69 percent in 1977, according to polling by the

1310: 1255: 1197: 951: 815: 508: 664:

for advanced nuclear reactors or other emission-free technologies up to 80% of the project cost.

132:

and the US Department of Energy plan to incorporate nuclear energy in their green energy goals.

3904:

Nuclear Power: Both Sides: The Best Arguments For and Against the Most Controversial Technology

1445:

Public opinion appears to have been aroused with regard to the re-licensing application of the

1421: 1214: 527:, but the project was canceled in 2009. Without a long-term solution to store nuclear waste, a 5010: 4990: 4895: 4865: 4782: 3959: 3892: 3849: 3735: 3363: 2546:

Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner - Inflation reduction act expands support for nuclear power plants

2442: 2175: 1529: 1324: 1286: 1065: 493: 476: 461: 389:

of 1978 (UMTRCA) was designed to establish programs for the stabilization and control of mill

225: 221: 146: 77: 1805: 1711:"Americans' Support for Nuclear Energy Holds at Majority Level 6 Months After Japan Accident" 4970: 4935: 4905: 4880: 4840: 3807: 3009: 1681: 1607: 1495: 1147: 986: 889: 787: 783: 348: 5783: 4985: 4885: 4115: 3091: 2733: 2717: 1450: 1363: 1154: 753:

Currently, there are 26 known applications from 17 different utility companies (18 Before

233: 3386: 3194: 2639:"US Senate passes legislation to speed nuclear deployment : Regulation & Safety" 1725:"Clean energy record: More than 40% of US electricity now comes from carbon-free sources" 1639: 1150:

occurred when a valve was left open, letting out substantial amounts of reactor coolant.

109:

will further dampen the success of the expansion of nuclear energy in the United States.

1677: 437: 4960: 4900: 4875: 4777: 4139: 3949: 3861: 2962: 1521: 1465: 1345: 1158: 873: 869: 729: 661: 635: 520: 497: 360: 262: 253: 150: 93: 85: 41: 37: 1595: 5818: 5802: 4135: 3990: 3728: 2244: 1693: 1619: 1235: 885: 798:, as well as three other plants for the installation of five proposed reactor cores. 721: 481: 470: 422: 310: 81: 73: 76:

companies. This includes, but is not limited to, regulations of nuclear facilities,

4130: 3882: 3799:

Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980

3080: 1751:

Alice Buck (1983). "The Atomic Energy Commission", U.S. Department of Energy, p. 1.

1739:"The U.S. is divided over whether nuclear power is part of the green energy future" 1589: 1587: 1476: 1458: 1410:

Activists who were involved in the U.S. anti-nuclear movement's emergence (such as

1376: 1304: 1267: 1231: 1124: 791: 576: 545: 176: 160: 3934:

Nuclear Implosions: The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System

3555:"Three Mile Island, Site of U.S. Nuclear Crisis, Draws Protesters, Christian News" 3536: 3492: 1661: 217:

it against power sales. Their consumers bore the risk and paid the capital cost."

3593:"ARPA-E Energy Innovation Summit 2011 Keynote Presentation: Secretary Steven Chu" 3164:"Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster - World Nuclear Association" 2934:"Opinion: California's San Onofre nuclear plant is a Chernobyl waiting to happen" 377:

on public roads traveling to an unknown final location, March 2010 (Photographer

4205: 4110: 3943:

The Realities of Nuclear Power: International Economic and Regulatory Experience

3781:

Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant

3749: 1457:"The fundamental question is whether these facilities should be located next to 1415: 1411: 1003: 580: 418: 409: 229: 89: 57: 3054: 2568:

Lighty, Ryan K.; Gibbs, Kirstin; Lighty, Ryan K.; Gibbs, Kirstin (2022-12-21).

1878: 1827: 1242:) of radioactivity was released, over half of it being from biologically-inert 4700: 4200: 2957: 1528:

response to the Fukushima Daiichi incident has been criticized worldwide, and

1500: 1434: 1275: 806: 754: 725: 596: 512: 445: 266: 258: 149:, management of weapons-grade byproducts of plants, radiation protection, and 96:, which has shifted over time and as a result of different nuclear disasters. 1685: 1611: 1574:"Reviving nuclear power debates is a distraction. We need to use less energy" 677:$ 1.25 billion was authorized for an advanced high-temperature reactor ( 4125: 1426: 1243: 1203: 946: 908:, and streamlines Energy Department export controls for nuclear technology. 3025:"The Accidental Century – Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 years" 1180: 4120: 2883:"Experts: Even higher costs and more headaches for nuclear power in 2012" 2774:"Team France in disarray: Unhappy attempts to revive a national industry" 2773: 1371: 1332: 1166: 390: 209: 1093: 1438: 1028: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 741: 643:

most concessions. The following are the incentives for nuclear energy:

394: 2115:"Presidential Commission Seeks Volunteers to Store U.S. Nuclear Waste" 1949:

Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy

3955:

Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978

3612: 1852: 1464:

In March 2011, 600 people gathered for a weekend protest outside the

941:

Fukushima". A reactor currently under construction in America, is at

524: 441: 208:

in Pennsylvania came online. This facility, which generated 60

64:, and the implementation of countless policies which have guided the 27:

Overview of the nuclear energy policy in the United States of America

3913:

The Politics of Nuclear Power: A History of the Shoreham Power Plant

2032:"Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978, United States" 1354:

found that 61% supported nuclear energy, while 30% opposed in 2010.

949:, was begun in 1973 and may be completed in 2012. Matthew Wald from 3984: 3810:: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought 2594:"The Inflation Reduction Act's Investment in Nuclear Energy | EMLF" 2542:"Inflation reduction act expands support for nuclear power plants" 1494: 1420: 1285:

A 1979 anti-nuclear protest in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania after the

1280: 1251: 1227: 1179: 1170: 1118: 1092: 1055: 487: 475: 460: 436: 398: 364: 36: 3925:

Nuclear power: technical and institutional options for the future

2469:"President Trump Signs Bill to Boost Advanced Nuclear in America" 1184:

Aerial photo of Chernobyl, taken from the Russian space station,

831:

was signed into law on September 28, 2018. This bill amended the

3575:

Three Mile Island, Site of U.S. Nuclear Crisis, Draws Protesters

1207: 651:

of new nuclear capacity in their first eight years of operation.

4704: 3994: 3519:"Anti-nuclear sentiment regains its voice at State House rally" 228:

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nobel laureate

1359: 1315: 1219: 1185: 997: 648: 3730:

Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective

647:

Production tax credit of 2.1 ¢/kWh from the first 6,000

3888:

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy

248:

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission was established under the

3362:. Environmental News Service. 30 March 2010. Archived from 2978:"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station to Remain Shuttered" 2669:"Will California be frozen out of Obama's Nuclear futures?" 2570:"A new era for nuclear energy post Inflation Reduction Act" 2443:"S.97 - Nuclear Energy Innovation Capabilities Act of 2017" 1239: 1234:

and started a number of fires, causing the main release of

3626:"Japan Disaster To Delay US Nuclear Energy Plans: Buffett" 3721:. Vol. 3. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2011b. 3708:. Vol. 1. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2011a. 1238:

into the environment. A total of about 14 EBq (14 x 1018

541:

Low-level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985

535:

Low-level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985

136:

History of the Nuclear energy policy of the United States

3467:"Calls heat up for reviews of California nuclear plants" 244:

Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 and NRC governing laws

3427:"Japan Crisis Could Rekindle U.S. Antinuclear Movement" 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2025: 2023: 3985:

List of known U.S. nuclear accidents from 1955 to 2000

3971:

Conservation Fallout: Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon

3677:"Forum: Fukushima Illustrates Need for Nuclear Policy" 3076: 3074: 3072: 2174:. World-Nuclear News. 27 February 2009. Archived from 2076:"Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, United States" 2069: 2067: 2065: 1972: 1970: 1855:. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 16 February 2011 1544:(see in relation to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 3138:"What Happened and What Didn't in the TMI-2 Accident" 2615:"What the climate bill does for the nuclear industry" 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1127:

leaving Three Mile Island, shortly after the accident

408:

In the 1950s and 1960s, private firms processed most

3946:

Cambridge Energy Study – Cambridge University Press.

2738:"After Fukushima, Does Nuclear Power Have a Future?" 2294:

Grunwald, Eilperin, Michael, Juliet (30 July 2005).

2247:. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 22 September 2010. 1230:

was estimated to have been ejected) and fuel became

884:(HALEU) fuel source research and development in the 5711: 5616: 5581: 5342: 5072: 5026: 5019: 4831: 4738: 4666: 4638: 4615: 4587: 4564: 4539: 4521: 4503: 4398: 4363: 4333: 4303: 4278: 4243: 4193: 4168: 4101: 3987:

lutins.org (June 22, 2010). Retrieved April 2, 2011

3796:Clarfield, Gerald H. and William M. Wiecek (1984). 3360:"Poll: Support for Nuclear Energy Hits Record High" 1808:. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 23 March 2011 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1596:"The implications of Fukushima: The US perspective" 1403:and CBS News. 43 percent of those polled after the 1173:, and 100 millirem is about a third of the average 732:

of as much as 80 percent the cost of their plants."

355:

Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978

3727: 3307:"Support for Nuclear Energy Inches Up to New High" 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 829:Nuclear Energy Innovation Capabilities Act of 2017 823:Nuclear Energy Innovation Capabilities Act of 2017 622:. This second age started with the passing of the 417:that eventually migrated to the surrounding soil, 3385:Cooper, Michael; Sussman, Dalia (22 March 2011). 3219:. World Health Organization. 2005. Archived from 3053:. World-Nuclear.org. January 2010. Archived from 3002:"AP: Populations around U.S. nuclear plants soar" 2296:"Energy Bill Raises Fears About Pollution, Fraud" 2289: 2287: 1383:2011 Fukushima accidents and public policy impact 745:Locations of new reactor cores and nuclear plants 3818:New Science: Costs and Benefits of Nuclear Power 3387:"Nuclear Power Loses Public Support in New Poll" 3185: 3183: 2417:"NRG ends project to build new nuclear reactors" 762:applications for uranium enriched power plants. 3512: 3510: 3193:. World-Nuclear.org. March 2010. Archived from 1922:. World-Nuclear.org. March 2011. Archived from 1877:. World-Nuclear.org. March 2011. Archived from 1261:Aside from the two initial deaths, officially, 1097:A clean-up crew working to remove radiation at 912:State response to nuclear expansion legislation 3465:Bensinger, Ken; Sarno, David (21 March 2011). 2815:"Nuclear Dead End: It's the Economics, Stupid" 2410: 2408: 2383:"NRG Abandons Project for 2 Reactors in Texas" 932:Prospective nuclear units in the United States 840:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 492:The United States originally planned to store 4716: 4006: 3834:Three Mile Island: Thirty Minutes to Meltdown 3751:Energy Policy Act of 2005 – PUBLIC LAW 109–58 2662: 2660: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2337: 2335: 2198:"U.S. at risk from used nuclear fuel -report" 2144: 2142: 2140: 1962:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 1705: 1703: 1475:The New England region has a long history of 1274:(WHO) suggested it could reach 4,000 while a 8: 2324:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2150:"Senate Passes Bill to Close Yucca Mountain" 1633: 1631: 1629: 1099:Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station 480:The current locations across the U.S. where 433:Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, as amended 369:A Nuclear Waste Container coming out of the 3826:Nuclear Energy: What Everyone Needs to Know 1847: 1845: 1763:"Steiner: Don't jump ship on nuclear power" 1655: 1653: 387:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 5023: 4723: 4709: 4701: 4536: 4395: 4330: 4275: 4190: 4098: 4013: 3999: 3991: 3140:. American Nuclear Society. Archived from 2808: 2806: 2518:"Biden signs infrastructure bill into law" 1990:"Duke Raises Cost estimates for Lee Plant" 1112:and a leading environmental researcher in 707:which allowed utility companies to merge. 705:Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 700:Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee 657:Rationalized tax on decommissioning funds. 168:ushered in the first nuclear age with the 54:nuclear energy policy of the United States 3336:. The Heartland Institute. Archived from 3300: 3298: 3085:Evacuation behavior and Three Mile Island 2756:Nuclear ‘Renaissance’ Is Short on Largess 1640:"Nuclear Power Loses Support in New Poll" 1044:Learn how and when to remove this message 936:Many license applications filed with the 571:from commercial nuclear power plants and 3591:US Department of Energy (4 March 2011). 3027:. U.S. Nuclear Accidents. Archived from 2220:"Senate OKs Yucca Mountain nuclear site" 1943: 1941: 1213: 994:Closure of existing nuclear power plants 740: 737:Implementation of the Energy Act of 2005 674:Support for advanced nuclear technology. 271: 159: 3581:. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011. 3537:"Three Mile Island anniversary protest" 3405:"THE COST OF GAS AND THE 2008 ELECTION" 2951:Parenti, Christian (19 November 2009). 2791:Matthew L. Wald. (September 23, 2010). 2563: 2561: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 1992:. World-Nuclear News. 7 November 2008. 1564: 1503:concentration in the air, 24 March 2011 558:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository 4808:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 3891:, Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975, 3654:. Cnbc.com. 2011-03-20. Archived from 3485:"Vermont Yankee: Countdown to closure" 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3132: 3130: 3105:"People & Events: Dick Thornburgh" 2343:"Expected Nuclear Power Plant Updates" 2317: 2251:from the original on 17 September 2008 1769:from the original on 25 September 2012 1548:Nuclear Engineering Student Delegation 1218:Chernobyl radiation map from the 1996 1177:received by U.S. residents in a year. 1108:, writer and professor at Singapore's 846:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 465:A waste removal project at the former 3958:, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2907:Southern Company (February 9, 2012). 1553:Nuclear weapons and the United States 1429:photo of the damaged reactors at the 1142:One of the largest accidents was the 985:As of December 2011, construction by 332:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 326:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 7: 3855:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 2813:Christian Parenti (April 18, 2011). 2754:Matthew L. Wald (December 7, 2010). 2348:. NRC. 21 March 2011. Archived from 2131: 2100: 2056: 2038:from the original on 11 October 2012 2014: 1976: 1830:. International Atomic Energy Agency 1387:What had been growing acceptance of 1110:Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy 1089:Public response to nuclear accidents 1026:adding citations to reliable sources 926:Construction plans and cancellations 505:The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 5830:Nuclear energy in the United States 3334:"Public Favors Nuclear Power: Poll" 3094:, Disasters, vol.6, 1982, p 116–124 2858:"Southern Nuclear – Nuclear Energy" 2695:Entergy says nuclear remains costly 2415:Souder, Elizabeth (19 April 2011). 2278: 2074:Kubiszewski, Ida (30 August 2006). 2030:Kubiszewski, Ida (28 August 2008). 667:Extension for 20 years of the 191:, also under the administration of 32:Nuclear policy of the United States 18:Nuclear Policy of the United States 5825:Energy policy of the United States 4022:Public policy of the United States 3773:List of films about nuclear issues 3769:List of books about nuclear issues 3734:. University of California Press. 3557:. Christianpost.com. 28 March 2011 3313:from the original on 22 March 2009 2860:. Southern Company. Archived from 2835:. Southern Company. Archived from 2613:Clifford, Catherine (2022-08-22). 2381:Wald, Matthew L. (19 April 2011). 2082:from the original on 11 April 2011 1828:"Power Reactor Information System" 1480:the region's three nuclear plants— 1389:nuclear power in the United States 972:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 620:nuclear power in the United States 280:was directed to set standards for 118:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 107:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 25: 3784:, University of Pittsburgh Press. 3517:Martin Finucane (April 6, 2011). 3425:Leslie Kaufman (March 18, 2011). 2932:Brown, Kate (November 19, 2019). 2675:from the original on 24 July 2011 2306:from the original on 2 April 2011 1964:, Oxford University Press, p. 95. 1666:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1638:Michael Cooper (March 22, 2011). 1600:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1391:was eroded sharply following the 968:Energy Information Administration 671:for nuclear liability protection. 250:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 206:Shippingport Atomic Power Station 114:Energy Information Administration 62:Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 3491:. March 21, 2011. Archived from 3332:Taylor, James (1 October 2006). 3305:Jones, Jeffery (20 March 2009). 2393:from the original on 25 May 2024 1996:from the original on 20 May 2011 1572:John Quiggin (8 November 2013). 1157:, on the advice of NRC Chairman 1002: 337:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 313:in 1970, which created the U.S. 72:in the regulation and growth of 3790:Energy for Today: Nuclear Power 2976:Gerhardt, Tina (23 July 2012). 2833:"Construction – Nuclear Energy" 2793:"Aid Sought for Nuclear Plants" 1761:Steiner, Alex (22 March 2011). 1393:2011 Japanese nuclear accidents 1132:1979 Three Mile Island accident 1013:needs additional citations for 860:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 467:Fort Greely Nuclear Power Plant 315:Environmental Protection Agency 298:Environmental Protection Agency 3858:, University of Arizona Press. 3715:Nuclear Regulatory Legislation 3702:Nuclear Regulatory Legislation 2711:AmerenUE pulls plug on project 2113:David Biello (July 29, 2011). 1713:. PR Newswire. 3 October 2011. 1662:"Nuclear power and the public" 1294:Public opinion after Chernobyl 1: 3974:, University of Nevada Press. 3937:, Cambridge University Press. 3910:McCafferty, David P. (1991). 3624:Becky Quick (20 March 2011). 2667:Sforza, Teri (2 March 2010). 2419:. Dallas News. Archived from 2204:. 25 May 2011. Archived from 1470:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 938:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 902:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 679:Next Generation Nuclear Plant 634:On August 8, 2005, President 375:Nevada National Security Site 66:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 4813:Renewable portfolio standard 3843:Nuclear power and the public 3824:Ferguson, Charles D. (2011) 3051:"Three Mile Island Incident" 2172:"Obama Dumps Yucca Mountain" 959:is looking small and slow". 836:exist in the US previously. 4732:Energy in the United States 4263:Low-level radioactive waste 3885:and Price, John H. (1975). 3023:Sovacool, Benjamin (2009). 1806:"Our Governing Legislation" 1405:Fukushima nuclear emergency 890:nuclear innovation research 496:at the south portal of the 451:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 5851: 5608:Vehicle emission standards 3766: 3726:Walker, J. Samuel (2004). 2671:. Orange County Register. 1875:"Nuclear Power in the USA" 1727:. USA Today. 3 March 2023. 1660:M. V. Ramana (July 2011). 1397:Three Mile Island accident 1195: 1138:Three Mile Island accident 1135: 976:Three Mile Island accident 929: 687:Nuclear Power 2010 Program 607: 573:U.S. Department of Defense 555: 358: 295: 122:Three Mile Island accident 29: 5797: 4028: 3940:Thomas, Steve D. (2010). 3920:National Resource Council 3879:, Rowman and Littlefield. 3828:, Oxford University Press 2078:. Encyclopedia of Earth. 2034:. Encyclopedia of Earth. 1920:"US Nuclear Power Policy" 1594:Mark Cooper (July 2011). 1447:Diablo Canyon Power Plant 1272:World Health Organization 850:U.S. Department of Energy 833:Energy Policy Act of 2005 696:Secretary of the Interior 683:Idaho National Laboratory 640:Energy Policy Act of 2005 630:Energy Policy Act of 2005 624:Energy Policy Act of 2005 564:Energy Policy Act of 1992 552:Energy Policy Act of 1992 425:, and emitted radon gas. 319:Reorganization Plan No. 1 303:Reorganization Plan No. 3 286:Reorganization Plan No. 3 232:and radiation specialist 189:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 181:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 170:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 102:Energy Policy Act of 2005 46:Energy Policy Act of 2005 5594:Greenhouse gas emissions 4803:Offshore drilling debate 4773:Energy Policy Act (2005) 4768:Energy Policy Act (1992) 2152:. CBS News. 30 July 2009 1686:10.1177/0096340211413358 1612:10.1177/0096340211414840 1368:Nuclear Energy Institute 980:Nuclear Energy Institute 710:Soon after its passage, 585:House of Representatives 126:Nuclear Energy Institute 90:bureaucratic regulations 3821:New Scientists Magazine 1947:Wolfgang Rudig (1990). 1741:. NPR. 18 January 2022. 1454:was quoted as stating: 1192:1986 Chernobyl disaster 955:has reported that "the 866:Inflation Reduction Act 5599:State and territory CO 3928:National Academy Press 3873:Giugni, Marco (2004). 3867:We Almost Lost Detroit 3840:Foreman, Harry (1970) 3805:Cragin, Susan (2007). 3628:. CNBC. Archived from 3447:. KSBY.com. 2010-01-13 2721:Columbia Daily Tribune 2498:world-nuclear-news.org 2208:on September 17, 2012. 1504: 1442: 1356:Bisconti Research Inc. 1290: 1223: 1188: 1128: 1101: 1073: 906:Generation IV reactors 854:small modular reactors 746: 734: 501: 485: 473: 458: 382: 288: 172: 164:The administration of 49: 5835:Nuclear energy policy 5617:Governmental agencies 4798:Nuclear energy policy 3931:Pope, Daniel (2008). 3901:Kaku, MIchio (1983). 3846:Copp Clark Publishing 3831:Ford, Daniel (1982). 3815:Dunster, John (1973) 3168:www.world-nuclear.org 3107:. Pbs.org. 1979-03-28 2921:on February 10, 2012. 2799:. The New York Times. 1498: 1433:facilities after the 1424: 1370:, a nuclear industry 1351:The Los Angeles Times 1339:wars. According to a 1301:anti-nuclear messages 1284: 1217: 1202:The 1986 disaster in 1183: 1122: 1114:nuclear energy policy 1096: 1059: 744: 718: 569:radioactive materials 491: 479: 464: 440: 368: 282:radioactive materials 275: 163: 80:, decommissioning of 40: 5582:Environmental issues 4531:Same-sex immigration 3968:Wills, John (2006). 3787:Benduhn, Tea (2009) 3679:. JURIST. 2011-04-10 3191:"Chernobyl Incident" 2953:"Zombie Nuke Plants" 2736:(October 10, 2011). 1366:commissioned by the 1329:September 11 attacks 1175:background radiation 1106:Benjamin K. Sovacool 1022:improve this article 455:Carlsbad, New Mexico 415:hazardous substances 371:Department of Energy 292:Reorganization plans 238:major public protest 193:Dwight D. Eisenhower 166:Dwight D. Eisenhower 70:Department of Energy 30:For other uses, see 4818:Secretary of Energy 4746:Energy independence 3870:, Reader's Digest. 3802:, Harper & Row. 3793:Weekly Reader Books 3778:Aron, Joan (1998). 3757:. EPA. August 2005. 2889:. 28 December 2011. 2780:. December 2, 2010. 2449:. 28 September 2018 2119:Scientific American 1765:. Yale Daily News. 1678:2011BuAtS..67d..43R 957:nuclear renaissance 896:ADVANCE Act of 2024 892:until 2027. 801:On April 19, 2011, 767:Blue Castle Project 713:The Washington Post 616:nuclear renaissance 610:Nuclear renaissance 604:Nuclear renaissance 529:nuclear renaissance 457:on January 4, 2004. 4788:Fossil fuels lobby 4073:Telecommunications 3950:Wellock, Thomas R. 3907:, Norton Paperback 3850:Fradkin, Philip L. 3632:on 15 October 2012 3579:The Christian Post 3391:The New York Times 3366:on 5 November 2011 3090:2011-07-18 at the 2983:Washington Monthly 2760:The New York Times 2716:2012-07-13 at the 2643:World Nuclear News 1644:The New York Times 1542:Regulatory capture 1505: 1443: 1364:market researchers 1311:The New York Times 1291: 1224: 1198:Chernobyl disaster 1189: 1129: 1102: 1074: 952:The New York Times 919:U.S. Supreme Court 882:enrichment uranium 803:The New York Times 747: 669:Price–Anderson Act 509:spent nuclear fuel 502: 486: 474: 459: 383: 349:uranium enrichment 289: 173: 50: 5812: 5811: 5577: 5576: 4823:Smart grid policy 4793:Hydropower policy 4783:Federal Power Act 4698: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4560: 4559: 4499: 4498: 4359: 4358: 4299: 4298: 4239: 4238: 3741:978-0-520-23940-1 3471:Los Angeles Times 3256:, pp. 11–17. 3031:on 21 August 2012 2938:Los Angeles Times 2723:, April 23, 2009. 1960:Jim Falk (1982). 1951:, Longman, p. 52. 1530:Gregory B. Jaczko 1325:political climate 1287:Three Mile Island 1144:Three Mile Island 1066:radioactive waste 1054: 1053: 1046: 224:from Pittsburgh, 222:Ernest Sternglass 199:First nuclear age 16:(Redirected from 5842: 5319:Washington, D.C. 5024: 4778:Energy subsidies 4739:Politics and law 4725: 4718: 4711: 4702: 4537: 4396: 4331: 4276: 4191: 4099: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3883:Lovins, Amory B. 3808:Nuclear Nebraska 3758: 3756: 3745: 3733: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3707: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3652:"News Headlines" 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595:. Slideshare.net 3588: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495:on March 9, 2012 3481: 3475: 3474: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3340:on 17 April 2009 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3309:. Gallop Polls. 3302: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3223:on 19 March 2011 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144:on 22 March 2011 3134: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3078: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2986:. Archived from 2973: 2967: 2966: 2961:. Archived from 2948: 2942: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2914:. 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Roosevelt 4394: 4355: 4329: 4295: 4274: 4235: 4189: 4164: 4097: 4024: 4019: 3981: 3862:Fuller, John G. 3775: 3765: 3763:Further reading 3754: 3748: 3742: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197:on 7 April 2011 3189: 3188: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3092:Wayback Machine 3079: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3057:on 2 April 2011 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3012:. 27 June 2011. 3000: 2999: 2995: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2753: 2749: 2734:Stephanie Cooke 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718:Wayback Machine 2708: 2704: 2700:, May 25, 2010. 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2645:. 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2022-01-01. 2943: 2924: 2892: 2874: 2849: 2824: 2802: 2783: 2765: 2747: 2742:New York Times 2725: 2702: 2686: 2656: 2630: 2605: 2585: 2557: 2533: 2509: 2485: 2460: 2434: 2404: 2387:New York Times 2366: 2331: 2283: 2262: 2245:"New Reactors" 2229: 2211: 2189: 2163: 2136: 2134:, p. 295. 2124: 2105: 2103:, p. 417. 2093: 2061: 2059:, p. 503. 2049: 2019: 2007: 1981: 1979:, p. 271. 1966: 1953: 1937: 1892: 1866: 1841: 1819: 1780: 1753: 1744: 1730: 1716: 1699: 1649: 1625: 1583: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1522:Warren Buffett 1486:Vermont Yankee 1466:Vermont Yankee 1401:New York Times 1384: 1381: 1295: 1292: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1159:Joseph Hendrie 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1090: 1087: 1068:are stored at 1052: 1051: 1010: 1008: 1001: 995: 992: 930:Main article: 927: 924: 913: 910: 897: 894: 874:clean hydrogen 870:nuclear plants 861: 858: 841: 838: 824: 821: 805:reported that 738: 735: 691: 690: 675: 672: 665: 658: 655: 652: 636:George W. Bush 631: 628: 605: 602: 589:federal budget 553: 550: 536: 533: 521:Yucca Mountain 498:Yucca Mountain 434: 431: 393:of uranium or 361:Uranium mining 356: 353: 327: 324: 293: 290: 245: 242: 240:in the 1970s. 200: 197: 137: 134: 94:public opinion 86:uranium mining 74:nuclear energy 42:George W. Bush 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5847: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5804: 5803:Energy portal 5800: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712:Organizations 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:West Virginia 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:New Hampshire 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434:Massachusetts 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324:West Virginia 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:New Hampshire 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:Massachusetts 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5049:Hydroelectric 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:West Virginia 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916:Massachusetts 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4763:Energy policy 4761: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540:By Presidency 4538: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:G. H. W. Bush 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441:L. B. Johnson 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399:By Presidency 4397: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334:By Presidency 4332: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4305:Environmental 4302: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279:By Presidency 4277: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194:By Presidency 4192: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136:Great Society 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3965: 3964:0-299-15850-0 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3897:0-88410-602-0 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3658:on 2012-10-15 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3271: 3268:, p. 37. 3267: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3244:, p. 11. 3243: 3238: 3235: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124:1975 estimate 3121: 3118: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2864:on 2011-12-10 2863: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2839:on 2010-09-28 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2778:The Economist 2775: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709:Terry Ganey. 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2606: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2037: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017:, p. 19. 2016: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1484:in Plymouth, 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1459:active faults 1455: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:birth defects 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:radioactivity 1233: 1229: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1058: 1048: 1045: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1011:This section 1009: 1005: 1000: 999: 993: 991: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 966:In 2008, the 964: 960: 958: 954: 953: 948: 944: 939: 933: 925: 923: 920: 911: 909: 907: 903: 895: 893: 891: 887: 886:United States 883: 877: 875: 871: 867: 859: 857: 855: 851: 847: 839: 837: 834: 830: 822: 820: 817: 811: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 775: 772: 768: 763: 760: 756: 751: 743: 736: 733: 731: 727: 723: 722:fusion energy 717: 715: 714: 708: 706: 701: 697: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 663: 659: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 644: 641: 637: 629: 627: 625: 621: 617: 611: 603: 601: 598: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 559: 551: 549: 547: 546:radionuclides 542: 534: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 499: 495: 494:nuclear waste 490: 483: 482:nuclear waste 478: 472: 471:nuclear waste 468: 463: 456: 453:located near 452: 447: 443: 439: 432: 430: 426: 424: 423:surface water 420: 416: 411: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 380: 376: 372: 367: 362: 354: 352: 350: 344: 340: 338: 333: 325: 323: 320: 316: 312: 311:Richard Nixon 309:by President 308: 304: 299: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 270: 268: 264: 260: 255: 251: 243: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:Henry Kendall 223: 218: 216: 211: 207: 198: 196: 194: 190: 185: 182: 178: 171: 167: 162: 158: 154: 152: 148: 147:nuclear waste 142: 135: 133: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112:In 2008, the 110: 108: 103: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:weapons-grade 79: 78:waste storage 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 5801: 5524:South Dakota 5519:Rhode Island 5514:Pennsylvania 5494:North Dakota 5284:South Dakota 5274:Rhode Island 5269:Pennsylvania 5249:North Dakota 4956:North Dakota 4834:or territory 4797: 4406:T. Roosevelt 4257: 4131:New Frontier 4033:Agricultural 3969: 3953: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3911: 3902: 3886: 3874: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3832: 3816: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3750: 3729: 3714: 3701: 3681:. Retrieved 3671: 3660:. Retrieved 3656:the original 3646: 3636:10 September 3634:. Retrieved 3630:the original 3619: 3608: 3597:. Retrieved 3586: 3578: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3497:. Retrieved 3493:the original 3488: 3479: 3470: 3460: 3449:. Retrieved 3439: 3430: 3420: 3411: 3399: 3390: 3380: 3368:. Retrieved 3364:the original 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3221:the original 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3195:the original 3171:. Retrieved 3167: 3158: 3146:. Retrieved 3142:the original 3120: 3109:. Retrieved 3099: 3083:and Barnes, 3081:Susan Cutter 3059:. Retrieved 3055:the original 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029:the original 3018: 3005: 2996: 2988:the original 2981: 2971: 2963:the original 2956: 2946: 2937: 2927: 2916:the original 2886: 2877: 2866:. Retrieved 2862:the original 2852: 2841:. Retrieved 2837:the original 2827: 2818: 2796: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2728: 2720: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2677:. Retrieved 2647:. Retrieved 2642: 2633: 2622:. Retrieved 2618: 2608: 2597:. Retrieved 2588: 2577:. Retrieved 2573: 2549:. Retrieved 2545: 2536: 2525:. Retrieved 2521: 2512: 2501:. Retrieved 2497: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2472: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2447:Congress.gov 2446: 2437: 2425:. Retrieved 2421:the original 2395:. Retrieved 2386: 2357:. Retrieved 2350:the original 2308:. Retrieved 2299: 2253:. Retrieved 2223: 2214: 2206:the original 2201: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2176:the original 2166: 2154:. Retrieved 2127: 2118: 2108: 2096: 2084:. Retrieved 2052: 2040:. Retrieved 2010: 1998:. Retrieved 1984: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1928:. Retrieved 1924:the original 1883:. 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Retrieved 1756: 1747: 1733: 1719: 1669: 1665: 1643: 1603: 1599: 1578:The Guardian 1577: 1567: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1477:anti-nuclear 1474: 1463: 1456: 1444: 1409: 1400: 1386: 1377:Ann Bisconti 1349: 1321: 1309: 1305:Soviet Union 1297: 1263:28 more died 1260: 1248: 1232:incandescent 1225: 1201: 1163: 1152: 1141: 1125:Jimmy Carter 1103: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1040: 1031: 1020:Please help 1015:verification 1012: 984: 965: 961: 950: 935: 915: 899: 878: 863: 843: 826: 812: 802: 800: 792:Plant Vogtle 780: 776: 769:in Utah and 764: 752: 748: 719: 711: 709: 692: 633: 613: 593: 577:Barack Obama 561: 538: 503: 427: 407: 403: 384: 379:Bill Ebbesen 378: 345: 341: 329: 301: 247: 219: 202: 186: 177:Harry Truman 174: 155: 143: 139: 130: 111: 98: 60:such as the 53: 51: 44:signing the 5379:Connecticut 5199:Mississippi 5114:Connecticut 4976:Puerto Rico 4861:Connecticut 4523:Immigration 4505:Gun control 4383:Middle East 4313:Solid waste 4116:New Freedom 4111:Square Deal 4088:Vaccination 3290:Walker 2004 3278:Walker 2004 3266:Walker 2004 3254:Walker 2004 3242:Walker 2004 2887:MarketWatch 2522:www.ans.org 1853:"About NRC" 1606:(4): 8–13. 1499:Calculated 1425:March 2011 1416:Paul Gunter 1412:Graham Nash 1341:Gallup poll 1337:Afghanistan 1244:noble gases 816:Dallas news 638:signed the 581:U.S. Senate 419:groundwater 410:uranium ore 267:tax credits 230:George Wald 179:signed the 84:materials, 58:legislation 5819:Categories 5554:Washington 5479:New Mexico 5474:New Jersey 5369:California 5314:Washington 5234:New Mexico 5229:New Jersey 5104:California 5044:Geothermal 4996:Washington 4941:New Mexico 4851:California 4751:Energy law 4476:G. W. Bush 4431:Eisenhower 4323:G. W. Bush 4270:Smart grid 4253:Hydropower 4216:G. W. Bush 4150:G. W. Bush 3767:See also: 3694:References 3683:2012-01-21 3662:2012-01-21 3599:2012-01-21 3561:2012-01-21 3523:Boston.com 3451:2012-01-21 3173:2021-02-11 3111:2012-01-21 2958:The Nation 2868:2012-01-21 2843:2012-01-21 2819:The Nation 2624:2023-07-09 2599:2023-07-09 2579:2023-07-09 2551:2023-07-08 2527:2023-07-08 2503:2023-07-08 2473:Energy.Gov 1501:cesium-137 1435:earthquake 1276:Greenpeace 1123:President 1070:San Onofre 1034:April 2022 807:NRG Energy 755:Duke Power 726:Ralph Hall 608:See also: 597:Harry Reid 556:See also: 446:California 359:See also: 296:See also: 259:yellowcake 5603:emissions 5564:Wisconsin 5529:Tennessee 5444:Minnesota 5329:Wisconsin 5289:Tennessee 5194:Minnesota 5169:Louisiana 5064:Renewable 5059:Petroleum 5006:Wisconsin 4981:Tennessee 4926:Minnesota 4911:Louisiana 4630:Stem cell 4378:Criticism 4126:Fair Deal 4058:Fireworks 4053:Education 3916:, Kluwer. 3812:, AMACOM. 3006:USA Today 2478:7 October 2453:7 October 2320:cite news 2132:NRC 2011a 2101:NRC 2011a 2057:NRC 2011a 2015:NRC 2011b 1977:NRC 2011a 1694:144321178 1672:(4): 44. 1620:146270304 1431:Fukushima 1427:satellite 1360:Gfk Roper 1346:Bloomberg 1204:Chernobyl 1153:Governor 947:Tennessee 943:Watts Bar 681:) at the 500:facility. 484:is stored 5549:Virginia 5504:Oklahoma 5484:New York 5459:Nebraska 5449:Missouri 5439:Michigan 5429:Maryland 5419:Kentucky 5399:Illinois 5384:Delaware 5374:Colorado 5364:Arkansas 5309:Virginia 5259:Oklahoma 5239:New York 5214:Nebraska 5204:Missouri 5189:Michigan 5179:Maryland 5164:Kentucky 5144:Illinois 5119:Delaware 5109:Colorado 5099:Arkansas 5074:Solar by 5027:Material 4966:Oklahoma 4946:New York 4931:Missouri 4921:Michigan 4891:Illinois 4856:Colorado 4846:Arkansas 4756:New York 4178:Monetary 4170:Economic 4121:New Deal 4103:Domestic 4068:Taxation 4043:Cultural 3952:(1998). 3864:(1975). 3852:(2004). 3613:w:ARPA-E 3541:CBS News 3499:April 7, 3412:CBS News 3370:31 March 3344:31 March 3317:31 March 3311:Archived 3227:31 March 3201:31 March 3148:31 March 3088:Archived 3061:31 March 3035:31 March 2714:Archived 2679:31 March 2673:Archived 2649:June 22, 2427:21 April 2397:21 April 2391:Archived 2310:31 March 2304:Archived 2279:EPA 2005 2255:31 March 2249:Archived 2182:30 March 2156:26 March 2086:28 March 2080:Archived 2042:28 March 2036:Archived 2000:30 March 1994:Archived 1930:30 March 1885:30 March 1859:26 March 1834:31 March 1812:30 March 1773:27 March 1767:Archived 1536:See also 1490:Seabrook 1372:lobbying 1331:and the 1289:incident 1256:dolomite 1222:Handbook 1167:millirem 1148:meltdown 1064:tons of 660:Federal 583:and the 391:tailings 215:amortize 68:and the 5569:Wyoming 5544:Vermont 5454:Montana 5404:Indiana 5359:Arizona 5344:Wind by 5334:Wyoming 5304:Vermont 5209:Montana 5149:Indiana 5129:Georgia 5124:Florida 5094:Arizona 5084:Alabama 5054:Nuclear 5034:Biofuel 5020:Sources 5011:Wyoming 4991:Vermont 4896:Indiana 4871:Georgia 4866:Florida 4625:Genetic 4617:Science 4513:Clinton 4471:Clinton 4436:Kennedy 4373:History 4365:Foreign 4211:Clinton 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