Nuclear terrorism - Knowledge (XXG)

5920: 2387:. The goal was to strengthen international cooperation to prevent nuclear terrorism. President Obama, along with nearly fifty world leaders, discussed the threat of nuclear terrorism, what steps needed to be taken to mitigate illicit nuclear trafficking, and how to secure nuclear material. The Summit was successful in that it produced a consensus delineating nuclear terrorism as a serious threat to all nations. Finally, the Summit produced over four-dozen specific actions embodied in commitments by individual countries and the Joint Work Plan. However, world leaders at the Summit failed to agree on baseline protections for weapons-usable material, and no agreement was reached on ending the use of 2281:, stating the wide availability of nuclear weapons makes deterrence “decreasingly effective and increasingly hazardous.” Preventive strategies, which advocate the elimination of an enemy before it is able to mount an attack, are risky and controversial, therefore difficult to implement. Gallucci believes that “the United States should instead consider a policy of expanded deterrence, which focuses not on the would-be nuclear terrorists but on those states that may deliberately transfer or inadvertently lead nuclear weapons and materials to them. By threatening retaliation against those states, the United States may be able to deter that which it cannot physically prevent.”. 1273: 1503:, have consistently stated they seek nuclear weapons and have tried to acquire them. Al-Qaeda has sought nuclear weapons for almost two decades by attempting to purchase stolen nuclear material and weapons and has sought nuclear expertise on numerous occasions. Osama bin Laden stated that the acquisition of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction is a “religious duty.” While pressure from a wide range of counter-terrorist activity has hampered Al-Qaeda's ability to manage such a complex project, there is no sign that it has jettisoned its goals of acquiring 1327:(GICNT) is an international partnership of 88 nations and 5 official observers working to improve capacity on a national and international level for prevention, detection, and response to a nuclear terrorist event. Partners join the GICNT by endorsing the Statement of Principles, a set of broad nuclear security objectives. GICNT partner nations organize and host workshops, conferences, and exercises to share best practices for implementing the Statement of Principles. The GICNT also holds Plenary meetings to discuss improvements and changes to the partnership. 1762:, a political analyst, said that the nuclear link was "absolute nonsense". All three attacks were suicide and appeared to aim at causing maximum damage and not seizing weapons. In January 2010, it was revealed that the US army was training a specialised unit "to seal off and snatch back" Pakistani nuclear weapons in the event that militants would obtain a nuclear device or materials that could make one. Pakistan supposedly possesses about 160+ nuclear warheads. US officials refused to speak on the record about the American safety plans. 2336:

between attack fatalities and the attribution of the attack, and Lieber and Press assert that "neither a terror group nor a state sponsor would remain anonymous after a nuclear terror attack." About 75 percent of attacks with 100 or more fatalities were traced to the culprits; also, 97 percent of attacks on U.S. soil or that of a major ally (resulting in 10 or more deaths) were attributed to the guilty party. Lieber and Press conclude that the lack of anonymity would deter a state from providing terrorist groups with nuclear weapons.

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analysis. By identifying unique attributes of the fissile material, including its impurities and contaminants, one could trace the path back to its origin.” The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by fingerprints. “The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their own weapons; second, to give every leader the incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials.”

4007:, a top al-Qaeda official in U.S. custody, led U.S. authorities to Al Muhajir—possibly to try to sow fear in the United States by showing that al-Qaeda had recruited an American. Al Muhajir met Zubaydah in Afghanistan last year and then traveled to Pakistan, where he studied how to assemble a radioactive bomb at an al-Qaeda safe house in Lahore, a senior U.S. law enforcement official said. Weeks later, Al Muhajir met with senior al-Qaeda leaders in Karachi. 770: 2303:, is a prominent nuclear skeptic. He makes three claims: (1) the nuclear intent and capability of terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda has been “fundamentally exaggerated;” (2) “the likelihood a terrorist group will come up with an atomic bomb seems to be vanishingly small;” and (3) policymakers are guilty of an “atomic obsession” that has led to “substantively counterproductive” policies premised on “worst case fantasies.” In his book 5829: 4349: 5716: 4047:. Although Padilla's role was not known at the time, U.S. and Pakistani officials raided the Lahore safe house where he had stayed as well as suspected Al Qaeda compounds in several other cities March 28. Abu Zubeida , Al Qaeda's operations chief, and several of his senior aides were captured after a shootout that night at a house in Faisalabad. 1636:(IAEA) shows "a persistent problem with the illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials, thefts, losses and other unauthorized activities". The IAEA Illicit Nuclear Trafficking Database notes 1,266 incidents reported by 99 countries over the last 12 years, including 18 incidents involving HEU or plutonium trafficking: 1998:, estimated that, “it is more likely than not that al-Qaeda or one of its affiliates will detonate a nuclear weapon in a U.S. city within the next five to ten years." Despite a number of claims, there is no credible evidence that any terrorist group has yet succeeded in obtaining a nuclear bomb or the materials needed to make one. 1218:

enriched uranium (HEU) - was so enormous that the strict financial accountability of the private contractors who dealt with it would be enough to protect it from falling into the wrong hands. But it has since been revealed that the physical safeguarding of bomb-grade material against theft was almost scandalously neglected."

4345: 1231:, a television dramatization of a nuclear terrorist attack on the United States. In 1986 a private panel of experts known as the International Task Force on the Prevention of Terrorism released a report urging all nuclear-armed states to beware the dangers of terrorism and work on equipping their nuclear arsenals with 1921:". The attack caused significant damage to the plant, including a fire breaking out near Unit 1, which was under maintenance at the time. The fire was contained in the following morning. The attack was condemned by many within the international community, including being described as nuclear terrorism by 2009:

The Obama administration claimed to focus on reducing the risk of high-consequence, non-traditional nuclear threats. Nuclear security was thought to be strengthened by enhancing "nuclear detection architecture and ensuring that our own nuclear materials are secure," and by "establishing well-planned,

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is another strategy being pursued to counter terrorism. Led by the National Technical Nuclear Forensics Center, attribution would allow the government to determine the likely source of nuclear material used in the event of a nuclear attack. This would prevent terrorist groups, and any states willing

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Detonation of a nuclear weapon in a major U.S. city could kill more than 500,000 people and cause more than a trillion dollars in damage. Hundreds of thousands could die from fallout, the resulting fires and collapsing buildings. In this scenario, uncontrolled fires would burn for days and emergency

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both agreed that the most serious danger facing the United States is the possibility that terrorists could obtain a nuclear bomb. Most nuclear-weapon analysts agree that "building such a device would pose few technological challenges to reasonably competent terrorists". The main barrier is acquiring

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Keir Lieber and Daryl Press argue that despite the prominent U.S. focus on nuclear terrorism, "the fear of terrorist transfer seems greatly exaggerated... the dangers of a state giving nuclear weapons to terrorists have been overstated." A decade of terrorism statistics show a strong correlation

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and plutonium is not a hypothetical worry, it is an ongoing reality." Almost all of the stolen HEU and plutonium that has been seized over the years had never been missed before it was seized. The IAEA Illicit Nuclear Trafficking Database notes 1,266 incidents reported by 99 countries over the last

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that sought to sell radioactive material to ISIS and other Middle Eastern extremists. The last reported case came in February 2015 when a smuggler with a large amount of radioactive caesium specifically sought a buyer from ISIS. Because of poor relations between Russia and the West, it is difficult

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Nuclear weapons may be acquired by non-state organisations such as terrorist groups via purchase or theft, either in whole or in part, from state entities. State involvement may be either intentional—as an act of policy—or inadvertent—through failure to exercise sovereignty within

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terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally "uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a

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and began searching for non-natural radiation, but found nothing. No one ever responded despite the elaborate instructions given, or made any attempt to claim the (fake) money which was kept under surveillance. Within days, the incident was deemed a hoax, though the case was never solved. To avoid

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and author of "Peddling Peril" has also expressed concerns that Pakistan's stockpile may not be secure despite assurances by both Pakistan and U.S. government. He stated that Pakistan "has had many leaks from its program of classified information and sensitive nuclear equipment, and so you have to

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warned that "You can make a bomb with a few pounds of plutonium. By the mid-1980s the power stations may easily be turning out 200,000 lb of the stuff each year. And each year, unless present methods are drastically changed, many thousands of pounds of it will be transferred from one plant to

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makes a similar case, arguing that the key to expanded deterrence is coming up with ways of tracing nuclear material to the country that forged the fissile material. “After a nuclear bomb detonates, nuclear forensic cops would collect debris samples and send them to a laboratory for radiological

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said that the US has confidence that Pakistan is "well aware of the range of potential threats to its nuclear arsenal". He added that the US is "confident that Pakistan has a professional and dedicated security force that understands the importance and the high priority that the world places on

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depending on the material used. There are other radiological weapons called radiological exposure devices where an explosive is not necessary. A radiological weapon may be very appealing to terrorist groups as it is highly successful in instilling fear and panic among a population (particularly

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Denial of access to nuclear materials is thus the approach taken by interested nations. Techniques include import and export restrictions, physical security at nuclear facilities to prevent theft, and consolidation or elimination of stockpiles to reduce the security perimeter. The United States

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in mid-1972. Until that time, no one in the United States Government had thought seriously about the menace of organized, international terrorism, much less nuclear terrorism. There was a perception in Washington that the value of what is called 'special nuclear material' - plutonium or highly

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U.S. officials say that Padilla, who used the Muslim name Abdullah al Muhajir, studied bomb-making early this year at an Al Qaeda safe house in Lahore, met with senior Al Qaeda officials in March at another safe house in Karachi and traveled elsewhere in the country. Pakistani police arrested

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are to continue to, “assess the progress made since the Washington Summit and propose additional cooperation measures to (1) Combat the threat of nuclear terrorism, (2) protect nuclear materials and related facilities, and (3) prevent illicit trafficking in nuclear materials."

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Dr. Oppenheimer: If you hired me to walk through the cellars of Washington to see whether there were atomic bombs, I think my most important tool would be a screwdriver to open the crates and look. I think that just walking by, swinging a little gadget would not give me the

2247:." The project has been hailed as "a nonproliferation success story" with the "potential to inform broader 'global cleanout' efforts to address one of the weakest links in the nuclear nonproliferation chain: insufficiently secured civilian nuclear research facilities." 1058:) is something which is known of within U.S. culture, and at times previously discussed within the political settings of the U.S. It is considered plausible that terrorists could acquire a nuclear weapon. Nonetheless, despite thefts and trafficking of small amounts of 2262:(LEU) fuels, which has prevented their use in making a nuclear bomb within a short amount of time. HEU that has not been converted to LEU has been shipped back to secure sites, while amplified security measures have taken hold around vulnerable nuclear facilities. 2062:, the N.R.C. appeared to have based its revised rules "on what the industry considered reasonable and feasible to defend against rather than on an assessment of the terrorist threat itself". If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a 1993:

stated: "I wouldn't be at all surprised if nuclear weapons are used over the next 15 or 20 years, first and foremost by a terrorist group that gets its hands on a Russian nuclear weapon or a Pakistani nuclear weapon". In 2006, Robert Galluccii, Dean of the

1507:. Statements made as recently as 2008 indicate that Al-Qaeda's nuclear ambitions are still very strong. The Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism issued a report that al-Qaeda would attempt to use. 1824:

titled 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons', noted that Pakistan's "initiatives, such as strengthened export control laws, improved personnel security, and international nuclear security cooperation programs, have improved Pakistan's nuclear security".

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have said that if nuclear power use is to expand significantly, nuclear facilities will have to be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of

1817:, former US Ambassador to Pakistan, expressed confidence in the capabilities of the Pakistani security forces to control and secure its nuclear weapons. He added that Islamabad has "specifically taken into account the insider threat". 2002:

services and hospitals would be completely overwhelmed. The likely socio-economic consequences in the United States outside the immediate vicinity of an attack, and possibly in other countries, would also likely be far-reaching. A

4237: 1989:, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense during the Clinton administration, wrote that “on the current path, a nuclear terrorist attack on America in the decade ahead is more likely than not". In 2004, Bruce Blair, president of the 1048: 3681: 2473:- allegations of theft of HEU from the US' NUMEC facility by Israel; losses later recovered from pipes in facility and additional large amounts were lost after alleged theft was discovered and security enhanced. 3655: 3565: 2010:

well-rehearsed, plans for co-ordinated response." According to senior Pentagon officials, the United States will make "thwarting nuclear-armed terrorists a central aim of American strategic nuclear planning."

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he argues that: "anxieties about terrorists obtaining nuclear weapons are essentially baseless: a host of practical and organizational difficulties make their likelihood of success almost vanishingly small".

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Sen. Millikin: We... have mine-detecting devices, which are rather effective... I was wondering if anything of that kind might be available to use as a defense against that particular type of use of atomic

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by Charles Meade & Roger C. Molander p 9, Retrieved March 11, 2013 - this report uses smuggled nuclear weapons in container ships at a US port as an example, so speculates an exodus from coastal cities

1379:. A dirty bomb is made of any radioactive source and a conventional explosive. There would be no nuclear blast and likely no fatalities, but the radioactive material is dispersed and can cause extensive 4407: 4493: 4323: 1519:(ISIS) has demonstrated ambition to use weapons of mass destruction. Although the chances of them obtaining a nuclear bomb are small, the group has been trying/suspected of trying to obtain a nuclear 1929: 5919: 5454: 5676: 5428: 3625: 1773:

titled "Securing the Bomb 2010," found that Pakistan's stockpile "faces a greater threat from Islamic terror groups seeking nuclear weapons than any other nuclear stockpile on earth." In 2016,

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Efforts to secure nuclear materials are also made by threatening to punish any country that uses, sells, or gives away nuclear weapons or materials. One example of this is when U.S. President

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The use of HEU and plutonium in satellites has raised the concern that a sufficiently motivated rogue state could retrieve materials from a satellite crash (notably on land as occurred with

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threat claiming it would explode radioactive containers of water all over the city unless paid $ 500,000 ($ 2,700,000 today). Presumably, the radioactive containers had been stolen from the

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In July 2010 medical personnel from the U.S. Army practiced the techniques they would use to treat people injured by an atomic blast. The exercises were carried out at a training center in

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Intelligence officials have pushed back, testifying before Congress that the inability to recognize the shifting modus operandi of terrorist groups was part of the reason why members of

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British academic Shaun Gregory alleged in 2009 that terrorists had attacked Pakistani nuclear facilities three times; twice in 2007 and once in 2008. However, the then Director General

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in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. The region has more violent extremists than any other, the country is unstable, and its arsenal of nuclear weapons is expanding." In 2015,

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Bunn, Matthew, Colonel Yuri Morozov, Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Simon Saradzhyan, William Tobey, Colonel General (ret.) Viktor I. Yesin, and Major General (ret.) Pavel S. Zolotarev (2011).

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As early as December 1945, politicians worried about the possibility of smuggling nuclear weapons into the United States, though this was still in the context of a battle between the

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for him to use a nuclear device against civilians if it were the only course of action available to him in a situation of defending Muslims against the actions of the U.S. military.

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material, there is no credible evidence that any terrorist group has ever obtained or produced nuclear materials of sufficient quantity or purity to produce a viable nuclear weapon.

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policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government's most dangerous military material".

5695: 3370: 2644: 2403: 2208: 1766: 1621: 1101: 179: 2211:, this law is a major reason why not a single nuclear weapon has been discovered outside the control of Russia's nuclear custodians. The Belfer Center is itself running the 2058:, in revising its security rules, decided not to require that plants be able to defend themselves against groups carrying sophisticated weapons. According to a study by the 4714: 5052: 2775: 902: 3406: 2146:

is tasked with investigating the "illegal use of nuclear materials within the United States, including terrorist threats involving the use of special nuclear materials".

1264:) capabilities". Litwak therefore stated that the United States's primary strategy had been to curtail ISIS's territorial gains to deny them the capabilities of a state. 5181: 2391:(HEU) in civil nuclear functions. Many of the shortcomings of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit were addressed at the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit in March 2012. 5613: 5503: 5268: 3647: 3557: 3342: 2815: 2800: 1249: 1388:) and would contaminate the immediate area for some period of time, disrupting attempts to repair the damage and subsequently inflicting significant economic losses. 3025: 2083:, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years. 3503: 3346: 1910:

on March 3, 2022. Units 2 and 3 were put into an emergency safe mode, while Unit 4 remained in operation due to being the furthest from the artillery firing range.

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will detonate a "weapon of mass destruction" in a "secret location" in Europe, and promised it would be "a nuclear hellstorm". No such attack occurred after the

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leading the Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control to suspect that ISIS was planning on abducting the official to obtain nuclear materials for a dirty bomb.

1463:, he and al-Zawahiri claimed that al-Qaeda possessed readily usable chemical and nuclear weapons. However it is generally believed, including by the interviewer 4854: 2274: 1324: 908: 589: 4404: 4656: 4485: 2648: 1592:, these groups’ activities have been hampered by counter-terrorism activity; nevertheless they remain committed to launching such a devastating attack within 1588:. They have also engaged in reconnaissance activities on nuclear storage facilities and have repeatedly threatened to sabotage nuclear facilities. Similar to 1235:. "The probability of nuclear terrorism," the experts warned, "is increasing and the consequences for urban and industrial societies could be catastrophic." 5777: 969: 4976: 3275: 2705: 2180: 6310: 1543:

spokeswoman Gill Tudor said that the seized materials were "low grade and would not present a significant safety, security or nuclear proliferation risk".

958: 674: 6171: 5861: 5450: 3705: 979: 253: 5424: 3374: 1732:; however, he was never charged with such conduct. He was instead convicted of charges that he conspired to "murder, kidnap and maim" people overseas. 4774: 3617: 2541: 1071: 1035: 1010: 4315: 3810: 3764: 1834: 3469: 2095: 1966: 1491:

can produce radiological weapons, after sourcing nuclear material and recruiting rogue scientists to build "dirty bombs". Al-Qaeda, along with some

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Unlike state-level use of nuclear weapons, retaliation is not likely to deter terrorist groups from the use of nuclear weapons, so the doctrine of

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another as it proceeds through the fuel cycle. The dangers of robbery in transit are evident.... Vigorous co-operation between governments and the

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said that Pakistan "continues to take steps to improve its nuclear security, and is aware of the threat presented by extremists to its program".

1467:, that they were bluffing and that it would have been extremely unlikely for al-Qaeda to have procured weapons of mass destruction at that time. 3534: 6266: 5894: 5366: 4558: 3947: 3077: 2846: 2127: 923: 913: 707: 644: 210: 3991: 5665: 5637: 5549: 5155: 3307: 3138: 1911: 1862: 939: 928: 918: 5212: 3104: 1949:

published a comment warning that "accidents can happen at European nuclear plants too", which was widely interpreted as a concealed threat.

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natural or legal person, an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act", according to the 2005 United Nations

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with radioactive polonium "represents an ominous landmark: the beginning of an era of nuclear terrorism," according to Andrew J. Patterson.

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The use of a crude explosive device built by terrorists or by nuclear scientists who the terrorist organization has furtively recruited

6226: 6207: 2351:) and then use these to supplement the yield of an already working nuclear device. This has been discussed recently in the UN and the 1789: 1633: 1540: 1334: 1305: 1281: 1277: 1200: 624: 2363:

about satellite re-entries that may have contained such materials. As yet no parts were verifiably recovered from Mars 96 but recent

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but their radiation detection gear arrived at a different airport. Federal officials then rented a fleet of vans to carry concealed

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have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated, and the groups actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at

2075: 1888: 1878: 1859: 1441: 599: 5391: 1260:'s control over much of Syria and Iraq, and therefore much of their infrastructure, could lead to them developing "state-like WMD ( 4711: 4612: 4208: 3048: 2277:, argues that traditional deterrence is not an effective approach toward terrorist groups bent on causing a nuclear catastrophe. 1555:

to ascertain if smugglers succeeded in selling radioactive material originating from Russia to Islamist terrorists and elsewhere.

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by Russian state agents in 2006 using the radioactive polonium was described as the beginning of an era of nuclear terrorism.

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authorities working with the FBI had stopped four attempts from 2010 to 2015 by gangs with suspected connections to Russia's

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The possibility of terrorist organizations using nuclear weapons (including those of a small size, such as those contained

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Gallucci, Robert (September 2006). "Averting Nuclear Catastrophe: Contemplating Extreme Responses to U.S. Vulnerability".

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In 2004, the U.S. Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) was established in order to consolidate nuclear stockpiles of

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The Atomic Terrorist: Assessing the Likelihood, prepared for presentation at the Program on International Security Policy

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around the city but forgot to bring the tools they needed to install the equipment. The incident was later found to be a

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report speculates that there may be an exodus from other urban centers by populations fearful of another nuclear attack.

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In March 2016, it was reported that a senior Belgian nuclear official was being monitored by ISIS suspects linked to the

6114: 5751: 5078: 4115: 3268:"Julian Borger on what has happened to all the radioactive material that has gone missing since the end of the cold war" 2476: 1841: 1658:

said the claims were "factually incorrect", adding that the sites were "military facilities, not nuclear installations".

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said that the materials had been kept at the university and "can be used in manufacturing weapons of mass destruction".

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is an organization which seeks to prevent nuclear terrorism and improve world nuclear security. It works alongside the

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called nuclear terrorism "the single most important national security threat that we face". In his first speech to the

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Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It

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Averting Catastrophe: Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It

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are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a

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The use of an explosive device constructed by terrorists and their accomplices using their own fissile material

996: 809: 3845: 3702: 4020: 3435:"All Stocks of Weapons-Usable Nuclear Materials Worldwide Must be Protected Against Global Terrorist Threats" 1573:

security chiefs warned that ISIS was plotting to carry out nuclear attacks on the United Kingdom and Europe.

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is a co-principal investigator of the project, Martin B. Malin is its executive director (circa. 2014).

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wanting $ 200,000 ($ 1,200,000 today) after claiming that a nuclear weapon had been placed somewhere in

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were planning on using nuclear weapons against cities in the United Kingdom by obtaining the bombs via

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International Project - Forum «Nuclear Security – Counteraction Measures to Acts of Nuclear Terrorism»

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The Al Qaeda Connection : International Terrorism, Organized Crime, and the Coming Apocalypse

1754:'s nuclear sites had been attacked by al-Qaeda and the Taliban at least three times. However, the 6150: 6020: 5701: 5607: 5340: 5240: 5221: 5128: 4415: 3336: 3235: 3156: 2963: 2399: 2320: 2258:, and assemble nuclear weapons at fewer locations. Additionally, the GTRI converted HEU fuels to 2204: 2131: 1918: 1903: 1778: 1770: 1617: 1401: 1205: 1192:

Discussions of non-state nuclear terrorism among experts go back at least to the 1970s. In 1975

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releases suggest that one of the "cells" may have been recovered by mountain climbers in Chile.

5397:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. 2012. Archived from 3207: 1424:

declaring that it was his religious duty to acquire and use nuclear weapons. Al-Qaeda defector

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the new Shura Council held internal discussions on the matter of nuclear weapons, and in 1998

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businessman claimed bin Laden offered to buy fissile material from him in a meeting near the

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to help them, from being able to pull off a covert attack without assurance of retaliation.

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Philipp C. Bleek, "Project Vinca: Lessons for Securing Civil Nuclear Material Stockpiles,"

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had a military subcommittee on nuclear weapons and tried to purchase fissile material from

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subsidizes security for nuclear materials and dismantlement of nuclear weapons through the

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The New York Times (March 22, 1983) C15; Aljean Harmetz, "NBC Film on Terror Wins Prize,"

2709: 2683: 2584: 2526: 2445: 2319:, for example, were “not on anybody’s radar screen.” Matthew Bunn, associate professor at 2278: 2270: 2161:, less than 150 miles to the southwest. Immediately, NEST flew in a support aircraft from 2091: 1946: 1925: 1456: 1417: 1365: 1090: 794: 579: 490: 470: 248: 170: 3361: 5398: 6060: 6015: 5971: 4609: 4517: 4205: 2607:"International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism - Article 1" 2536: 2395: 2284: 2200: 1970: 1917:

had warned that potential damage from a Russian attack would be "ten times larger than

1809: 1703: 1581: 1566: 1492: 1357: 1312: 1189:

This sparked further work on the question of smuggled atomic devices during the 1950s.

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could, even at this late stage, make the looming perils loom a good deal smaller."

6025: 5007:"Managing the Atom - Harvard - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs" 4126: 4004: 3805: 3587: 3070: 2935: 2481: 2453: 2376: 2296: 2230: 2215: 2196: 2158: 1958: 1801: 1759: 1670: 1405: 1361: 1342: 1126: 495: 420: 4587: 4486:"'Accidents can happen at European nuclear plants too,' Russian ex-president says" 4182: 2951: 2054:

were to be prepared for an attack by a large, well-armed terrorist group. But the

1315:

threatened North Korea with consequences if they were to engage in such behavior.

5291: 3678:"Nato raises 'justified concern' that Isil is plotting nuclear attack on Britain" 1673:. The burglars escaped without acquiring any of the uranium held at the facility. 1112:

The use of a nuclear weapon that has been stolen or purchased on the black market

17: 5805: 5541: 3896: 2348: 2234: 2153:

on November 23, 1976. An unknown group called the "Days of Omega" had mailed an

2111: 1797: 1655: 1532: 1133:, President Obama stated that "Just one nuclear weapon exploded in a city—be it 408: 403: 307: 5727: 3299:

Manhunt : the ten-year search for Bin Laden : from 9/11 to Abbottabad

2149:

One of its first responses by the Nuclear Emergency Search/Support Team was in

6140: 6055: 4388: 4044: 3223: 2981: 2340: 2087: 2067: 1974: 1520: 1372: 1166: 1084: 1039: 455: 450: 413: 5124: 4370:"Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism", by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, 3968:"Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism," by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, 3317: 3231: 3148: 2993: 2959: 2195:

a direct stake in securing loose fissile material inside the since-dissolved

5870: 3987: 2531: 2429: 2364: 2356: 2255: 2154: 2119: 1922: 1662: 1645: 1464: 1338: 1244:

their territory over nuclear weapons or materials with which to build them.

1031: 65: 5788: 5051:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. 4977:"Washington Can Work: Celebrating Twenty Years With Zero Nuclear Terrorism" 4147: 3648:"Brussels attacks: Belgium fears Isis seeking to make 'dirty' nuclear bomb" 3440:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. 2774:. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University. 2581:

Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

2179:

The Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR), which is also known as the

1714:, along with three Georgian accomplices, with 79.5 grams of 89 percent HEU. 5715: 5392:"2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit Q&A with Professor Graham Allison" 4537:

Preventing a nuclear 9/11 : First, secure the highly enriched uranium

4316:"Azerbaijan Threatens Chernobyl-Style 'Catastrophe' In Caucasus Drone War" 3297: 3128: 2897:(March 17, 1983) B13; Sally Bedell, "NBC Nuclear Terror Show Criticized," 6030: 5335: 5318: 2332:

12 years, including 18 incidents involving HEU or plutonium trafficking.

2184: 1751: 1728:

was arrested for allegedly planning a radiological attack on the city of

1692: 1666: 1589: 1488: 1445: 1437: 1397: 1170: 1049:

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism

388: 98: 38: 4290:""Modern missile systems of Azerbaijan enable us to blast Metsamor NPP"" 3208:"Does Intent equal Capability? Al-Qaeda and Weapons of Mass Destruction" 4116:

Pakistan nuclear weapons at risk of theft by terrorists, US study warns

2676: 2344: 2026: 2019: 1729: 1584:

terrorists have attempted to seize a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed

1547: 1380: 1146: 1059: 769: 440: 378: 4206:

Official: Terrorists seek nuclear material, but lack ability to use it

3729:"Securing the Bomb 2010: Securing All Nuclear Materials in Four Years" 1038:

and/or the detonation of a radiological device, colloquially termed a

6045: 5793: 5626:

The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture

2123: 2039: 2034:

discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the

1707: 1593: 1500: 1481: 1337:. WINS was formed in 2008, less than a year after a break-in at the 1285: 1221:

This discussion took on a larger public character in the 1980s after

1150: 1138: 475: 5762: 1965:... pose a serious and increasing national security risk". In their 1961:

reviewed Homeland Security policy and concluded that "attacks using

3835: 3527:"Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says" 1661:

In November 2007, burglars with unknown intentions infiltrated the

1096:

Attacking or taking over a nuclear-armed submarine, plane, or base.

5728:

Nuclear Terrorism Threat | Nuclear Weapons & Terrorist Threats

4736:"Legal Experts: Stuxnet Attack on Iran Was Illegal 'Act of Force'" 2407: 1609: 1476: 1421: 1271: 1154: 1142: 1043: 29: 5582:, with Amy Sands, Leonard S. Spector and Fred L. Wehling (2004). 1784:

According to Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, a former investigator with the

5360:"Planning for Success at the 2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit" 3558:"Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN" 2360: 2135: 2098:

has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action.

1570: 1257: 5843: 5504:"Al-Qaeda Hid Bomb in Europe – WikiLeaks Releases Secret Files" 5261:"Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda" 2703:

Nuclear terrorism — Is it real or the stuff of 9/11 nightmares?

2379:

initiated and hosted the first-ever nuclear security summit in

1624:, there is no evidence as of 2011 that they continue to do so. 1100:

Nuclear terrorism, according to a 2011 report published by the

5113:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4457:"Russia Accused of Nuclear Terrorism as World Looks on Aghast" 4259: 4216: 4193: 4065: 2769:"The U.S.-Russia Joint Threat Assessment on Nuclear Terrorism" 2115: 1688: 1222: 1368:

in a major city, with significant loss of life and property.

1177:, about the possibility of detecting a smuggled atomic bomb: 5839: 5677:

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy

3618:"FBI foils smugglers' plot to sell nuclear material to Isis" 2166:

panic, the public was not notified until a few years later.

5451:"'Nuclear hellstorm' if bin Laden caught - 9/11 mastermind" 4059:

Arena, Kelli; Terry Frieden; Phil Hirschkorn (2005-11-22).

3909:"Feds Hoped to Snag Bin Laden Nuke Expert in JFK Bomb Plot" 5477:"'Nuclear hellstorm' if bin Laden caught: 9/11 mastermind" 4653:

Considering the Effects of a Catastrophic Terrorist Attack

2042:

to attack the nuclear facilities of Iran and North Korea.

1093:, e.g., by disrupting critical inputs (e.g. water supply) 5571:

In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age

4712:

US Military Practices Medical Response to Nuclear Attack

4698:"U.S. Nuclear Detection and Counterterrorism, 1998-2009" 2577:"Nuclear Security Dossier: Nuclear Terrorism Fact Sheet" 1121:

The acquisition of fissile material from a nation-state.

5537:

Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe

5293:

Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe

3801:"Pakistan denies al-Qaida targeting nuclear facilities" 2936:"Recalibrating Deterrence to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism" 1813:

worry that it could be acquired in Pakistan". In 2015,

1173:. Congressmen quizzed the "father of the atomic bomb," 1108:, can be executed and distinguished via four pathways: 5757:

Use of nuclear and radiological weapons by terrorists?

5425:"WikiLeaks: Guantanamo Bay terrorist secrets revealed" 3130:

The looming tower : Al-Qaeda and the road to 9/11

5817: 5319:"Why States Won't Give Nuclear Weapons to Terrorists" 5106: 5104: 4795:

Daniel Hirsch et al. The NRC's Dirty Little Secret,

4019:

Bob Drogin; Josh Meyer; Eric Lichtblau (2002-06-16).

2375:

On April 12–13, 2010, President of the United States

2066:

at a nuclear power plant, and/or sufficiently damage

1371:

It is feared that a terrorist group could detonate a

5077:

Wier, Anthony and Matthew Bunn (November 19, 2006).

4428:"What We Know About Ukraine's Shelled Nuclear Plant" 4346:"سپاه حفاظت و امنیت هسته ای به ساختار سپاه اضافه شد" 3133:(First Vintage books edition, ed.). New York. 2502:

Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents

6216: 6190: 6159: 6133: 6097: 6076: 6005: 5927: 5877: 5697:

The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger

3371: