893:
1074:
1138:
419:
1122:
1106:
1090:
691:
48:
1006:(Kearny fallout meters) and the knowledge to operate them; at least a 2-week supply of compact, nonperishable food; an efficient portable stove; wooden matches in a waterproof container; essential containers and utensils for storing, transporting, and cooking food; a hose-vented 20 litres (5 US gal) can, with heavy plastic bags for liners, for use as a toilet; tampons; insect screen and fly bait; any special medications needed by family members; pure
82:
901:
1348:
63:
5037:
633:
786:
5590:
1211:. Gamma rays are better absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers and high density, although neither effect is important compared to the total mass per area in the path of the gamma ray. Thus, lead is only modestly better as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another shielding material such as aluminum, concrete, water or soil.
830:
declared that, as of 1986, "Switzerland has the best civil defense system, one that already includes blast shelters for over 85% of all its citizens." As of 2006, there were about 300,000 shelters built in private residences, institutions and hospitals, as well as 5,100 public shelters for a total of
816:
built an extensive network of fallout shelters, not only through extra hardening of government buildings such as schools, but also through a building regulation requiring nuclear shelters in residential buildings since the 1960s (the first legal basis in this sense dates from 4 October 1963). Later,
1470:
of computer games depicts the remains of human civilization after an immensely destructive global nuclear war; the United States of
America had built underground fallout shelters known as vaults, that were advertised to protect the population against a nuclear attack, but almost all of them were in
933:
Dry earth is a reasonably good thermal insulator, but over several weeks of habitation, a shelter will become dangerously hot. The simplest form of effective fan to cool a shelter is a wide, heavy frame with flaps that swing in the shelter's doorway and can be swung from hinges on the ceiling. The
917:
of any quantity of material capable of cutting gamma ray exposure in half. Shields that reduce gamma ray intensity by 50% (1/2) include 1 centimetre (0.4 in) of lead, 6 cm (2.4 in) of concrete, 9 cm (3.5 in) of packed earth or 150 metres (500 ft) of air. When multiple
1057:
Inhabitants should plan to remain sheltered for at least two weeks (with an hour out at the end of the first week – see Swiss Civil
Defense guidelines), then work outside for gradually increasing amounts of time, to four hours a day at three weeks. The normal work is to sweep or wash fallout
945:
Unfiltered air is safe, since the most dangerous fallout has the consistency of sand or finely ground pumice. Such large particles are not easily ingested into the soft tissues of the body, so extensive filters are not required. Any exposure to fine dust is far less hazardous than exposure to the
2615:
The 3-foot thickness of earth shown (or a 2-foot thickness of concrete) will provide an effective barrier, attenuating (absorbing) about 99.9%, of all gamma rays from fallout." "A right-angle turn, either from a vertical or horizontal entry, causes a reduction of about 90%." "...a large piece of
764:. The underground facility was lined with semicircular concrete shields, arranged every 10 km (6.2 mi), to cushion the impact of incoming strike. The complex included an underground water source, power generators, crew quarters, and other strategic military facilities. It also housed a
958:
Effective public shelters can be the middle floors of some tall buildings or parking structures, or below ground level in most buildings with more than 10 floors. The thickness of the upper floors must form an effective shield, and the windows of the sheltered area must not view fallout-covered
921:
Usually, an expedient purpose-built fallout shelter is a trench; with a strong roof buried by 1 m (3 ft) of earth. The two ends of the trench have ramps or entrances at right angles to the trench, so that gamma rays cannot enter (they can travel only in straight lines). To make the
1214:
Some gamma radiation from fallout will penetrate into even the best shelters. However, the radiation dose received while inside a shelter can be significantly reduced with proper shielding. Ten halving thicknesses of a given material can reduce gamma exposure to less than
997:
includes the following supplies in a list of "Minimum Pre-Crisis
Preparations": one or more shovels, a pick, a bow-saw with an extra blade, a hammer, and 0.1 mm (4 mils) polyethylene film (also any necessary nails, wire, etc.); a homemade shelter-ventilating pump (a
1291:, on entry. Fallout particles will cease to be radioactive enough to cause beta burns within a few days following a nuclear explosion. The danger of gamma radiation will persist for far longer than the threat of beta burns in areas with heavy fallout exposure.
1163:
blasts, the threat due to beta and gamma emitters is greater than that posed by the alpha emitters in the fallout. Alpha particles are identical to a helium-4 nucleus (two protons and two neutrons), and travel at speeds in excess of 5% of the speed of light.
491:
768:
that could feed 1,000 people simultaneously, along with stores of food, fuel and arms sufficient to last 30 days. Fuel was supplied by a 20 km (12 mi) underground pipe network connected to a military warehouse on Pokoj Hill near
536:
The United States ended federal funding for the shelters in the 1970s. In 2017, New York City began removing the yellow signs since members of the public are unlikely to find edible food and usable medicine inside those rooms.
592:
and other
Eastern Bloc countries often designed their underground mass-transit and subway tunnels to serve as bomb and fallout shelters in the event of an attack. Currently, the deepest subway line in the world is situated in
1065:
at the rate of 130 mg/day per adult (65 mg/day per child) as an additional measure to protect the thyroid gland from the uptake of dangerous radioactive iodine, a component of most fallout and reactor waste.
1496:
features a subplot revolving around Reese and Dewey discovering a previously unknown fallout shelter in their backyard and trapping their father Hal in it, who soon becomes smitten with the shelter's 1960s decor.
1747:
680:
2182:
1337:
Nearby trees can be removed to reduce the dose due to fallout which is on the branches and leaves. It has been suggested by the US government that a fallout shelter should not be dug close to trees for this
959:
ground that is closer than 1.5 km (1 mi). One of
Switzerland's solutions is to use road tunnels passing through the mountains, with some of these shelters being able to protect tens of thousands.
1010:, a 60 mL (2 US fl oz) bottle, and a medicine dropper; a first-aid kit and a tube of antibiotic ointment; long-burning candles (with small wicks) sufficient for at least 14 nights; an
744:
in the US. The complex contained tunnels in total length of 3.5 km (2.2 mi), and the bunker with four entrances protected by 100-ton pressurized doors, three of which were customized for use by
5074:
834:
In
Switzerland, most residential shelters are no longer stocked with the food and water required for prolonged habitation and a large number have been converted by the owners to other uses (e.g.,
2511:
2092:
4431:
1334:
Earth (or other dense material) can be heaped up against the exposed walls of the building; this forces the gamma rays to pass through a thicker layer of shielding before entering the house.
2009:
986:. Also, only 110 of 3,000 existing Emergency Operating Centers had been protected against EMP effects. The Emergency Broadcast System has since been supplanted in the United States by the
1017:
Inhabitants should have water on hand, 4–8 litres (1–2 US gal) per person per day. Water stored in bulk containers requires less space than water stored in smaller bottles.
918:
thicknesses are built, the shielding multiplies. Thus, a practical fallout shield is ten halving-thicknesses of packed earth, reducing gamma rays by approximately 1024 times (2).
817:
the law ensured that all residential buildings built after 1978 contained a nuclear shelter able to withstand a blast from a 12-megaton explosion at a distance of 700 metres. The
1196:
can result from contact with highly radioactive particles on bare skin; ordinary clothing separating fresh fallout particles from the skin can provide significant shielding.
1179:
consists of particles (high-speed electrons) given off by some fallout. Most beta particles cannot penetrate more than about 3 metres (10 ft) of air or about 3 mm (
1189: in) of water, wood, or human body tissue; or a sheet of aluminum foil. Avoiding direct exposure with fallout particles will prevent most injuries from beta radiation.
529:
for an enormous network of concrete-lined underground fallout shelters throughout the United States sufficient to shelter millions of people to serve as a refuge in case of
2545:
2357:
1192:
The primary dangers associated with beta radiation are internal exposure from ingested fallout particles and beta burns from fallout particles no more than a few days old.
5067:
214:
1790:
1510:
depicts survivors' life in the subway systems below Moscow and Saint-Petersburg after a nuclear exchange between the
Russian Federation and the United States of America.
664:, the structure is made up of residential areas, conference rooms, offices, strategic planning rooms, and other areas. The bunker remained a state secret until after the
1960:
1937:
557:
and completed in 1962. The house was designed in response to the fear of nuclear war during the Cold War. The house was designed to be an "atomic-habitat" which met the
1757:
2186:
1058:
into shallow trenches to decontaminate the area. They should sleep in a shelter for several months. Evacuation at three weeks is recommended by official authorities.
1436:
947:
3072:
1331:
Gaps in the shielding can be blocked using containers of water. While water has a much lower density than that of lead, it is still able to shield some gamma rays.
1168:
have little penetrating power; most cannot penetrate through human skin. Avoiding direct exposure with fallout particles will prevent injury from alpha radiation.
824:
The Swiss authorities maintained large communal shelters (such as the
Sonnenberg Tunnel until 2006) stocked with over four months of food and fuel. The reference
5060:
672:
220:
913:
A basic fallout shelter consists of shields that reduce gamma ray exposure by a factor of 1000. The required shielding can be accomplished with 10 times the
281:
504:
magazine. From 1961 to 1963, home fallout shelter sales grew, but eventually there was a public backlash against the fallout shelter as a consumer product.
1299:
The gamma dose rate due to the contamination brought into the shelter on the clothing of a person is likely to be small (by wartime standards) compared to
684:
270:
1439:", aired in 1981, Derek Trotter buys a lead fallout shelter, then decides to construct it in fear of an impending nuclear war caused by the Soviet Union.
974:
A battery-powered radio may be helpful to get reports of fallout patterns and clearance. However, radio and other electronic equipment may be disabled by
291:
2504:
1542:
centers around a reclusive man whose main preoccupation is tending to his in-home fallout shelter and the conspiracy theories that could put it to use.
2100:
761:
322:
1207:
penetrates further through matter than alpha or beta radiation. Most of the design of a typical fallout shelter is intended to protect against gamma
3144:
1303:
that penetrates through the walls of the shelter. The following measures can be taken to reduce the amount of gamma radiation entering the shelter:
653:
265:
456:. Plans were made, however, to use existing buildings with sturdy below-ground-level basements as makeshift fallout shelters. These buildings were
2304:
2013:
1317:
Nearby roads can be rinsed and washed down to remove dust and debris; the fallout would collect in the sewers and gutters for easier disposal. In
1242:
561:
specifications. It was the first bunker-house to meet their specifications as a nuclear shelter. Swayze also built an underground house for the
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fallout outside the shelter. Dust fine enough to pass the entrance will probably pass through the shelter. Some shelters, however, incorporate
676:
235:
225:
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465:
251:
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52:
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4-mil-thick polyethylene was placed over the mound. This waterproof material served as a "buried roof" after it was covered with more earth.
358:
During a nuclear explosion, matter vaporized in the resulting fireball is exposed to neutrons from the explosion, absorbs them, and becomes
851:
381:
Much of this highly radioactive material falls to Earth, subjecting anything within the line of sight to radiation, becoming a significant
155:
2036:
1014:; a flashlight and extra batteries; and a transistor radio with extra batteries and a metal box to protect it from electromagnetic pulse.
922:
overburden waterproof (in case of rain), a plastic sheet may be buried a few inches below the surface and held down with rocks or bricks.
1837:
1037:, which does not require batteries or professional calibration, from properly-scaled plans with just a coffee can or pail, gypsum board,
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286:
204:
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While a person's home may not be a purpose-made shelter, it could be thought of as one if measures are taken to improve the degree of
2806:
2783:
1287:. As it is important to avoid bringing hot particles into the shelter, one option is to remove one's outer clothing, or follow other
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complex in London is intended to provide its inhabitants with fallout protection in the event of nuclear attack, as was the earlier
476:
453:
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2537:
753:, one reconnaissance squadron, and associated maintenance facilities. It was designed and built to sustain a direct hit from a 20-
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2354:
449:
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and used as exhibition space for project such as
Cultural Event of Europe with strong UNESCO support, and tourist attraction.
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5348:
962:
Fallout shelters are not always underground. Above ground buildings with walls and roofs dense enough to afford a meaningful
877:
2464:
Morris, Alec (1996). "UK Control & Reporting System from the End of WWII to ROTOR and Beyond". In Hunter, Sandy (ed.).
1720:
736:(SFRY), and one of the largest in Europe. The role of the facility was to establish, integrate and coordinate a nationwide
5645:
925:
Blast doors are designed to absorb the shock wave of a nuclear blast, bending and then returning to their original shape.
562:
315:
133:
5580:
1314:. This reduces the dose rate as the gamma rays have to pass through the topsoil before they can irradiate anything above.
1249:
yields of the different nuclides. From this data it is possible to calculate the isotopic mixture in the fallout (due to
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3137:
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1483:
2235:
2093:"Going underground: the cheapest, deepest, oldest subway systems in the world – but which is home to its own mosquito?"
444:, many countries built fallout shelters for high-ranking government officials and crucial military facilities, such as
385:. A fallout shelter is designed to allow its occupants to minimize exposure to harmful fallout until radioactivity has
5515:
4426:
3507:
1699:
1615:
1011:
873:
859:
826:
558:
487:. The NEAR civilian alarm device was engineered and tested but the program was not viable and was terminated in 1967.
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radioactive fallout, allowing them to survive for a period of time deemed sufficient to allow them to escape safely.
5610:
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5439:
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1444:
1366:
983:
641:
581:, which requires all buildings with area over 600 m to have an NBC (nuclear-biological-chemical) shelter, and
256:
101:
2538:"Inside Britain's secret underground city built during the Cold War to protect the government from nuclear attack"
1487:, a role-playing game, takes place in a city-sized fallout shelter, which has become ruled by an insane computer.
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5541:
4471:
4096:
3097:
2122:
1208:
1038:
904:
Large fire door, sealing a fallout and air raid shelter inside the basement parking garage of a hotel in
Germany.
382:
644:, also known as the Ark, was a Cold War-era nuclear bunker and military command centre located near the town of
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1605:
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479:(NEAR) program was developed in the United States in 1956 during the Cold War to supplement the existing siren
308:
121:
5615:
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5015:
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4411:
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4155:
4125:
3882:
3812:
3756:
3333:
3130:
2630:
150:
116:
35:
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1460:. They do not emerge until 35 years later, in 1997. The film shows their reaction to contemporary society.
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feature extensive fallout-style shelters that protect the inhabitants from an initially unknown disaster.
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987:
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362:. When this material condenses in the rain, it forms dust and light sandy materials that resemble ground
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1986:
1414:
script, deals with the consequences of actually using a shelter. Another episode of the series called "
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in contact with or close to the skin of a person. Also, swallowed or inhaled hot particles could cause
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1938:"Thinking the unthinkable: Don't rely on these historic fallout shelters in case of a nuclear attack"
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Windows can be bricked up, or the sill raised to reduce the hole in the shielding formed by the wall.
1262:
1034:
1003:
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914:
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445:
138:
126:
39:
436: U.S. gal) barrel issued by the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Civil Defense. 1963
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The top inch of soil in the area near the house can be either removed or dug up and mixed with the
750:
746:
737:
699:
180:
1838:"FALLOUT FEVER: Civil Defense shelters dotted area cities during the Cold War – My Web Times"
864:
In the United Kingdom, a network of fallout shelters were built across the country for use by the
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4526:
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4331:
4311:
4108:
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1921:
1883:""The Struggle to Sell Survival": Family Fallout Shelters and the Limits of Consumer Citizenship"
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1502:
1389:
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1322:
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in nuclear accident fallout is more long-lived than that in weapons fallout. A good table of the
1078:
842:), but a legal obligation to ensure that the shelters are properly maintained remains in effect.
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514:
509:
1121:
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still requires that every inhabitant should have a place in a shelter close to where they live.
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had been completed for only 125 of the approximately 2,771 radio stations in the United States
27:
Enclosed space designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion
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96:
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Bracing for the apocalypse : an ethnographic study of New York's 'prepper' subculture
1815:
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1423:
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1002:); large containers for water; a plastic bottle of sodium hypochlorite bleach; one or two
999:
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340:
339:
is an enclosed space specially designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris or
106:
56:
31:
1456:, his wife, and son that enter a well-equipped, spacious fallout shelter during the 1962
2069:
38:. For the Yugoslav hard rock band signed as Atomic Shelter on some of their albums, see
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939:
900:
733:
526:
484:
367:
195:
143:
73:
17:
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1041:, and aluminum foil. Plans are freely available in the public domain in the reference
494:, the federal government started the Community Fallout Shelter Program. A letter from
62:
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The international distinctive sign of civil defense personnel and infrastructures.
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in its nuclear reporting role. Other shelters were built for the purposes of the
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835:
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585:, which requires all buildings with an area over 1000 m to have a shelter.
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522:
401:
the mechanical and thermal effects of a nuclear explosion (or nuclear accident);
1029:
are expensive and require frequent calibration. It is possible to construct an
785:
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2209:"ARK – najveće atomsko sklonište bivše Jugoslavije (VIDEO) – Sandžačke novine"
1530:
1394:
554:
1908:
498:
advising the use of fallout shelters appeared in the September 1961 issue of
51:
A fallout shelter sign in the United States of America, designed in 1961 by
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10.1002/1097-4679(196607)22:3<344::aid-jclp2270220330>3.0.co;2-v
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flaps open in one direction and close in the other, pumping air. (This is a
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375:
2572:
The Compass DeRose Guide to Emergency Preparedness – Hardened Shelters
1141:
Calculated relative gamma dose rates from atomic bomb and Chernobyl fallout
2791:
2355:"Dans les entrailles du Sonnenberg, monstrueux témoin de la Guerre froide"
2297:"Underground Aircraft Dispersal Bihac Airfield, Yugoslavia 44-50N 015-47E"
1325:
a program of road washing was used to control the spread of radioactivity.
601:, with an average depth of 60 meters, while the deepest subway station is
513:
magazine, an article by Gilbert Burck appeared that outlined the plans of
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8.6 million places, a level of coverage equal to 114% of the population.
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754:
725:
706:
617:
613:
578:
461:
457:
81:
5326:
5275:
5204:
5108:
5103:
4942:
4296:
3862:
3800:
3744:
3722:
3699:
3692:
3568:
3551:
3383:
3215:
3197:
3167:
1640:
1572:
1307:
Roofs and gutters can be cleaned to lower the dose rate in the house.
645:
621:
598:
582:
363:
819:
Federal Law on the Protection of the Population and Civil Protection
3073:"Shelter - Doomsday Preppers Article - National Geographic Channel"
1513:
Fallout shelters are often featured on the reality television show
5174:
4983:
4927:
4671:
4196:
4027:
3867:
3188:
2865:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 111–117.
2749:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 133–134.
1961:"New York City To Remove Misleading Nuclear Fallout Shelter Signs"
1346:
1136:
1120:
1104:
1088:
1072:
899:
891:
869:
855:
784:
741:
631:
417:
61:
46:
34:. For the Island Records studio known as The Fallout Shelter, see
3122:
2838:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 95–100.
2481:
After the Bomb: Civil Defence and Nuclear War in Britain, 1945–68
1748:"Robert Blakeley, Who Created a Sign of the Cold War, Dies at 95"
5219:
5098:
3965:
3807:
3774:
3749:
3541:
3531:
3500:
3479:
3094:
One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture
2972:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 11–20.
2656:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 51–56.
2603:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 37–45.
2440:"Descend Into Great Britain's Network of Secret Nuclear Bunkers"
1318:
839:
606:
5056:
3126:
2417:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. pp. 6–10.
2814:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from
3002:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. p. 131.
2808:
The KFM, A Homemade Yet Accurate and Dependable Fallout Meter
2704:
Fallout Shelter: Designing for Civil Defense in the Cold War.
679:, guarded by a five-soldier detachment, but is designated by
660:
and up to 350 members of his inner circle in the event of an
397:
A fallout shelter is designed to protect its occupants from:
3117:
3029:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. p. 39.
2945:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. p. 44.
2915:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. p. 45.
2722:. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. p. 24.
1365:(Heinlein built a fairly extensive shelter near his home in
2258:"WONDERS OF NATURE WITH: DO KONJIC BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"
705:
situated on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina and
2370:, Monday 15 August 2016 (page visited on 15 August 2015).
1418:" featured a fallout shelter owned by a millionaire. The
612:
Germany has protected shelters for 3% of its population,
2770:
Hammes, JA (1966). "Fallout shelter survival research".
1816:"Civil Defense Museum-Community Shelter Tours Main Page"
3051:"site: Robert A. Heinlein - Archives - PM 6/52 Article"
896:
Door of a public fallout shelter in Switzerland (2014).
2230:
2228:
2226:
1632:, The UKs Gov. War Headquarters at Corsham, Wiltshire.
490:
In the U.S. in September 1961, under the direction of
468:
director of administrative logistics support function
55:
director of administrative logistics support function
5578:
1129:
where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.
1113:
where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.
1097:
where the source is the idealised Chernobyl fallout.
710:
5555:
5529:
5493:
5377:
5325:
5263:
5122:
5091:
4956:
4880:
4824:
4758:
4644:
4549:
4359:
4270:
3986:
3979:
3411:
3160:
2890:Note that this image was drawn using data from the
2634:. Episode 18. August 29, 2007. The History Channel.
978:. For example, even at the height of the Cold War,
2706:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011. Print.
2468:. Royal Air Force Historical Society. p. 104.
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:, 23 October 2009 (page visited on 5 August 2015).
2070:"FOR 1995-03-15 nr 254: Forskrift om tilfluktsrom"
1789:. Oregon Public Broadcasting. 2009. p. 11.
422:Fallout shelter water storage can: a 66 liters (
3394:
2123:"Why Sweden is home to 65,000 fallout shelters"
1989:. A Gray Media Group, Inc. KCBD. August 6, 2002
1150:Different types of radiation emitted by fallout
1077:Relative abilities of three different types of
671:The facility is now under the authority of the
66:Idealized American fallout shelter, around 1957
3956:
3902:
3720:
3566:
1721:"Un abri antiatomique au fond de votre jardin"
1159:In the vast majority of accidents, and in all
389:to a safer level, over a few weeks or months.
5068:
4611:
4341:
4170:
4146:
3763:
3754:
3711:
3435:
3231:
3222:
3138:
2010:"Atomitat House used in 1966 propaganda film"
316:
8:
4730:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4282:
4257:
4233:
4194:
4185:
4137:
4123:
4094:
4065:
4056:
4032:
3993:
3798:
3779:
3697:
3646:
3637:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3512:
3498:
3489:
3372:
3349:
1643:, UK's former national attack warning system
1355:Fallout shelters feature prominently in the
801:fallout shelter, designed to protect 20,000
685:National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3381:
3363:
3309:
3295:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
2346:
2344:
2305:National Photographic Interpretation Center
2236:"D-0 ARK Biennial (Bosnia and Herzegovina)"
2041:(1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
5075:
5061:
5053:
3983:
3145:
3131:
3123:
1926:magazine November 1961 Pages 112–115 et al
323:
309:
80:
69:
2568:"Halving-thickness for various materials"
1898:
577:Similar projects have been undertaken in
347:. Many such shelters were constructed as
2991:
2989:
2934:
2932:
2645:
2643:
2641:
734:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
689:
5585:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1796:from the original on September 21, 2013
1712:
1243:Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute
1229:Weapons versus nuclear accident fallout
805:in the eventuality of war or disaster (
483:and radio broadcasts in the event of a
203:
88:
72:
2438:Ravilious, Kate (September 11, 2018).
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
1780:"Episode 709, Story 3: N.E.A.R Device"
749:. capable in housing two full fighter
2677:Foulkes, Imogen (February 10, 2007).
2548:from the original on January 13, 2019
1959:Allen, Jonathan (December 27, 2017).
1746:McFadden, Robert (October 27, 2017).
1295:Measures to lower the gamma dose rate
1257:Other matters and simple improvements
466:United States Army Corps of Engineers
53:United States Army Corps of Engineers
7:
2679:"Swiss still braced for nuclear war"
2387:"Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters"
2185:. Visitmycountry.net. Archived from
1987:"Whatever Happened to the Atomitat?"
950:-filters for additional protection.
938:, or KAP, named after the inventor,
852:Royal Observer Corps monitoring post
694:Željava underground military airport
4537:Weapons Storage and Security System
1936:Bearman, Sophie (October 6, 2017).
1630:Central Government War Headquarters
1426:" that featured a fallout shelter.
1343:Fallout shelters in popular culture
1061:If available, inhabitants may take
882:Central Government War Headquarters
797:, was the world's largest civilian
624:for 81%, and Switzerland for 114%.
5460:Naples underground geothermal zone
2517:from the original on April 7, 2024
2012:. Plainview Herald. Archived from
2008:McDonough, Doug (April 27, 2012).
1125:The protection factor provided by
1109:The protection factor provided by
1093:The protection factor provided by
966:can be used as a fallout shelter.
636:Bosnia's Ark underground facility.
452:in the United States and Canada's
25:
2099:. SCMP Publishers. Archived from
1033:-type radiation meter called the
773:. Nowadays, they are popular for
477:National Emergency Alarm Repeater
460:with the orange-yellow and black
454:Emergency Government Headquarters
5588:
5036:
5035:
1840:. mywebtimes.com. Archived from
1127:30 cm of concrete shielding
1111:20 cm of concrete shielding
1095:10 cm of concrete shielding
760:, equivalent to that dropped on
698:Another underground facility is
675:and is managed by the country's
450:Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker
2385:Ball, Deborah (June 25, 2011).
2316:– via nsarchive2.gwu.edu.
1269:Measures to lower the beta dose
1241:, such as that provided by the
888:Details of shelter construction
5506:Forestiere Underground Gardens
5369:Underground mining (soft rock)
5364:Underground mining (hard rock)
5349:Subsurface utility engineering
2772:Journal of Clinical Psychology
2536:Colson, Thomas (May 8, 2017).
2483:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
2183:"Titov bunker ARK D0 - Konjic"
2091:Pile, Tim (January 29, 2021).
1506:book series by Russian author
1:
4432:British "hedgehog" road block
1727:(in French). January 27, 2017
30:For the 2015 video game, see
5359:Underground mine ventilation
2129:. thelocal.se. November 2017
1693:Survival Under Atomic Attack
809:function abandoned in 2006).
549:was an underground house in
5516:Underground House Las Vegas
4842:Cities with defensive walls
4427:Defensive fighting position
4342:
4147:
3957:
3903:
3764:
3755:
3721:
3712:
3567:
3118:Nuclear War Survival Skills
3026:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2999:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2969:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2942:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2912:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2862:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2835:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2746:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2719:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2653:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2600:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2414:Nuclear War Survival Skills
2035:Bounds, Anna Maria (2021).
1700:Nuclear War Survival Skills
1616:Vivos (underground shelter)
1420:1985 adaption of the series
1043:Nuclear War Survival Skills
995:Nuclear War Survival Skills
874:regional seat of government
860:Regional seat of government
827:Nuclear War Survival Skills
717:mountain, near the city of
673:Bosnian Ministry of Defense
559:United States Civil Defense
5667:
5511:Underground House Colorado
5440:Underground City, Montreal
5435:Underground City (Beijing)
3023:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2996:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2966:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2939:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2909:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2896:and the second edition of
2859:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2832:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2805:Kearny, Cresson H (1978).
2743:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2716:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2650:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2597:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
2411:Kearny, Cresson H (1986).
1289:decontamination procedures
1081:to penetrate solid matter.
984:Emergency Broadcast System
849:
642:Armijska Ratna Komanda D-0
563:1964 New York World's Fair
29:
5542:Hockerton Housing Project
5083:Man-made and man-related
5026:
4472:Hardened aircraft shelter
4447:Entry control point (ECP)
3098:New York University Press
1490:An episode of the sitcom
1039:monofilament fishing line
711:
5556:Earth shelters Australia
5336:underground construction
4969:Continuity of government
2898:The Radiochemical Manual
2466:Defending Northern Skies
2360:October 6, 2017, at the
2097:South China Morning Post
1818:. civildefensemuseum.com
1606:Continuity of government
1380:A Canticle for Leibowitz
1225:of unshielded exposure.
740:network in SFRY akin to
5636:Subterranea (geography)
5296:Missile launch facility
4791:Motte-and-bailey castle
4497:Missile launch facility
4492:Main line of resistance
3187:
2628:"Secret U.S. Bunkers".
2479:Grant, Matthew (2010).
2391:The Wall Street Journal
1887:Modern American History
1881:Bishop, Thomas (2019).
1437:The Russians are Coming
18:Nuclear fallout shelter
5521:Underground World Home
4867:Military installations
4731:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4612:
4283:
4258:
4234:
4224:Scarp and Counterscarp
4195:
4186:
4171:
4138:
4124:
4095:
4066:
4057:
4033:
3994:
3799:
3780:
3698:
3647:
3638:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3513:
3499:
3490:
3436:
3395:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3350:
3310:
3296:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3178:
3055:www.nitrosyncretic.com
2328:"Zeljava-jna_jedinice"
1448:was released. It is a
1352:
1142:
1130:
1114:
1098:
1082:
988:Emergency Alert System
905:
897:
810:
695:
650:Bosnia and Herzegovina
637:
567:Underground World Home
437:
67:
59:
5410:Kőbánya cellar system
5405:Houston tunnel system
5344:Rock-cut architecture
4636:Floating water castle
4367:Admiralty scaffolding
3660:Fortified buildings (
2683:BBC News, Switzerland
2238:. Biennial Foundation
2161:"Ă€ chacun son bunker"
1661:Retreat (survivalism)
1591:Collective protection
1553:Abo Elementary School
1493:Malcolm in the Middle
1477:human experimentation
1432:Only Fools and Horses
1350:
1140:
1124:
1108:
1092:
1076:
976:electromagnetic pulse
903:
895:
872:radar system and the
788:
721:. It was the largest
693:
666:breakup of Yugoslavia
635:
553:: it was designed by
507:In November 1961, in
421:
65:
50:
5646:Radiation protection
5485:Subterranean fiction
5480:Subterranean warfare
4979:Subterranean warfare
3932:Viking ring fortress
2353:Catherine Frammery,
2103:on September 6, 2021
1870:on November 7, 2009.
1708:Notes and references
1611:Project Greek Island
1458:Cuban Missile Crisis
1277:exposure comes from
1035:Kearny fallout meter
1021:Kearny fallout meter
866:Royal Observer Corps
565:: it was called the
446:Project Greek Island
366:. The fallout emits
351:measures during the
205:Nuclear-armed states
36:22 St Peter's Square
5475:Subterranean Toledo
5470:Subterranean London
5390:Caves of Maastricht
5354:Tunnel construction
5135:Burial vault (tomb)
4796:Quadrangular castle
4532:Weapon storage area
3888:Quadrangular castle
3061:on January 6, 2010.
2578:on January 22, 2018
1586:Life After Doomsday
1471:fact meant to lure
1445:Blast from the Past
1416:One More Pallbearer
1273:The main threat of
747:fixed-wing aircraft
738:early warning radar
652:. Built to protect
609:, at 105.5 meters.
5595:Nuclear technology
5430:Underground living
5312:Underground hangar
4527:Underground hangar
4312:Fire control tower
4109:Gunpowder magazine
3537:Butter-churn tower
3092:Rose, Kenneth D.,
2821:on March 25, 2004.
2260:. January 1, 2011.
1900:10.1017/mah.2019.8
1753:The New York Times
1686:Fallout Protection
1442:In 1999, the film
1362:Farnham's Freehold
1357:Robert A. Heinlein
1353:
1323:Chernobyl accident
1263:fallout protection
1253:in bomb fallout).
1143:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1079:ionizing radiation
1025:Commercially made
906:
898:
811:
696:
638:
515:Nelson Rockefeller
492:Steuart L. Pittman
470:Robert W. Blakeley
438:
68:
60:
57:Robert W. Blakeley
5611:Air raid shelters
5576:
5575:
5530:Earth shelters UK
5501:Bill Gates' house
5494:Earth shelters US
5264:Military features
5255:Ventilation shaft
5123:Civilian features
5050:
5049:
4974:Military urbanism
4908:Fortified gateway
4781:Concentric castle
4545:
4544:
4462:Fire support base
4302:Coastal artillery
4177:(Spanish America)
3771:
3613:Concentric castle
3079:on April 1, 2015.
2702:Monteyne, David.
2490:978-0-230-20542-0
2272:"Zeljava Airbase"
2159:Daniele Mariani,
2016:on March 10, 2022
1760:on August 5, 2018
1666:Sonnenberg Tunnel
1536:The 2019 US film
1516:Doomsday Preppers
1508:Dmitry Glukhovsky
1454:nuclear physicist
1422:had the episode "
1147:
1146:
964:protection factor
791:Sonnenberg Tunnel
775:urban exploration
730:military air base
496:President Kennedy
464:sign designed by
345:nuclear explosion
343:resulting from a
333:
332:
97:Nuclear explosion
40:Atomsko Sklonište
16:(Redirected from
5658:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5584:
5537:Underhill, Holme
5445:Mine exploration
5307:Underground base
5302:Scallywag bunker
5271:Air raid shelter
5250:Smuggling tunnel
5215:Underground city
5155:Dugout (shelter)
5092:Natural features
5077:
5070:
5063:
5054:
5039:
5038:
5032:
4923:National redoubt
4852:Fortified estate
4776:Circular rampart
4736:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4617:
4377:Anti-tank trench
4372:Air raid shelter
4347:
4307:Disappearing gun
4288:
4263:
4239:
4200:
4191:
4176:
4152:
4143:
4129:
4100:
4071:
4062:
4038:
3999:
3984:
3962:
3942:Bailey (or ward)
3908:
3813:Motte-and-bailey
3804:
3785:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3726:
3717:
3703:
3652:
3643:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3518:
3504:
3495:
3441:
3398:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3355:
3315:
3301:
3241:Circular rampart
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3081:
3080:
3075:. Archived from
3069:
3063:
3062:
3057:. Archived from
3047:
3041:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2888:
2877:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2713:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2574:. Archived from
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2542:Business Insider
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2371:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2232:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2127:The Local Sweden
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1866:. Archived from
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1844:on March 5, 2012
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1756:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1717:
1623:Nation specific:
1582:Fallout Survival
1578:Bruce D. Clayton
1539:The Tomorrow Man
1385:Walter M. Miller
1367:Colorado Springs
1251:fission products
1233:The bulk of the
1224:
1223:
1219:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1069:
1068:
1063:potassium iodide
1008:potassium iodide
716:
715:
700:Željava Air Base
551:Plainview, Texas
435:
434:
430:
427:
325:
318:
311:
262:
156:Target selection
84:
70:
21:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5651:Nuclear fallout
5621:Nuclear warfare
5601:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5568:Lightning Ridge
5551:
5525:
5489:
5373:
5334:
5321:
5291:Fallout shelter
5259:
5118:
5087:
5081:
5051:
5046:
5030:
5022:
4952:
4876:
4820:
4754:
4689:Imperial castle
4662:Coercion castle
4657:Coastal defence
4640:
4602:Promontory fort
4572:Hillside castle
4541:
4457:Fallout shelter
4422:Concertina wire
4402:Border security
4355:
4266:
3975:
3608:Coercion castle
3596:Cheval de frise
3578:Chemin de ronde
3426:Albarrana tower
3407:
3352:Schwedenschanze
3329:Promontory fort
3156:
3151:
3114:
3089:
3087:Further reading
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2880:
2873:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2362:Wayback Machine
2350:
2349:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2308:. June 17, 1968
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2189:on May 30, 2016
2181:
2180:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1965:Huffington Post
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1893:(02): 117–138.
1880:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1675:
1656:Fission product
1646:
1620:
1558:Ark Two Shelter
1548:
1529:of novellas by
1450:romantic comedy
1424:Shelter Skelter
1371:Pulling Through
1345:
1301:gamma radiation
1297:
1271:
1259:
1245:, includes the
1231:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1205:Gamma radiation
1202:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1166:Alpha particles
1157:
1152:
1055:
1027:Geiger counters
1023:
972:
956:
936:Kearny air pump
931:
929:Climate control
911:
890:
862:
850:Main articles:
848:
783:
662:atomic exchange
658:Josip Broz Tito
630:
575:
543:
481:warning systems
432:
428:
425:
423:
416:
411:
395:
337:fallout shelter
329:
280:
260:
250:
219:
74:Nuclear weapons
43:
32:Fallout Shelter
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:Cold War sites
5613:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5450:Mines of Paris
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5425:Trench warfare
5422:
5420:Tunnel network
5417:
5415:Tunnel warfare
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5378:Related topics
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Secret passage
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5008:
5006:Trench warfare
5003:
5001:Tunnel warfare
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Fortifications
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4667:Counter-castle
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Border barrier
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Lowland castle
4584:
4579:
4577:Hilltop castle
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Electric fence
4449:
4444:
4442:Dragon's teeth
4439:
4437:Czech hedgehog
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4351:Wire obstacles
4348:
4339:
4337:Polygonal fort
4334:
4329:
4327:Martello tower
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Border outpost
4289:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4166:Polygonal fort
4163:
4158:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4130:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3772:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3658:
3656:Flanking tower
3653:
3644:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3623:Counter-castle
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3413:Post-classical
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3403:Vitrified fort
3400:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3307:
3302:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Defensive wall
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:Fortifications
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3112:External links
3110:
3109:
3108:
3106:978-0814775233
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3064:
3042:
3035:
3015:
3008:
2985:
2978:
2958:
2951:
2928:
2921:
2901:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2844:
2824:
2797:
2778:(3): 154–159.
2762:
2755:
2735:
2728:
2708:
2695:
2669:
2662:
2637:
2620:
2609:
2589:
2559:
2528:
2496:
2489:
2471:
2456:
2430:
2423:
2403:
2372:
2340:
2319:
2288:
2263:
2249:
2222:
2211:. Sandzacke.rs
2200:
2169:
2140:
2114:
2083:
2061:
2048:978-0415788489
2047:
2027:
2000:
1978:
1951:
1928:
1914:
1873:
1855:
1829:
1807:
1771:
1738:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Command center
1593:
1588:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1475:for long-term
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1315:
1308:
1296:
1293:
1275:beta radiation
1270:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1230:
1227:
1201:
1198:
1177:Beta radiation
1173:
1170:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1054:
1051:
1047:Cresson Kearny
1022:
1019:
993:The reference
980:EMP protection
971:
968:
955:
952:
940:Cresson Kearny
930:
927:
910:
907:
889:
886:
847:
846:United Kingdom
844:
782:
779:
668:in the 1990s.
629:
626:
574:
571:
542:
539:
527:Chet Holifield
485:nuclear attack
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
394:
391:
372:beta particles
331:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
284:
274:
273:
268:
263:
254:
244:
243:
238:
233:
231:United Kingdom
228:
223:
208:
207:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
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141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
86:
85:
77:
76:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5663:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Radioactivity
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5596:
5586:
5582:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Civil defense
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Blast shelter
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Semi-basement
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Utility vault
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Rock-cut tomb
5193:
5191:
5190:Rapid transit
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Earth shelter
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5043:
5042:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:Urban warfare
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Civil defense
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4832:Bastion forts
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4816:Z-plan castle
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:L-plan castle
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Bridge castle
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Refuge castle
4738:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Military base
4719:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Hunting lodge
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Moated castle
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Island castle
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:By topography
4548:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Submarine pen
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Hesco bastion
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Blast shelter
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
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3794:Machicolation
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3789:L-plan castle
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3485:Bent entrance
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3470:Battery tower
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3421:Advanced work
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3404:
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3009:0-942487-01-X
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2444:Atlas Obscura
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2276:Atlas Obscura
2273:
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2065:
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2039:
2031:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1915:
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1848:September 14,
1843:
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1678:Publications:
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1563:Blast shelter
1561:
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1403:Twilight Zone
1398:
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1276:
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1235:radioactivity
1228:
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1199:
1197:
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1178:
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894:
887:
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867:
861:
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853:
845:
843:
841:
838:, ski rooms,
837:
832:
829:
828:
822:
820:
815:
808:
807:civil defense
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
780:
778:
776:
772:
767:
763:
759:
756:
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748:
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623:
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604:
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595:St Petersburg
591:
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580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
534:
532:
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524:
520:
519:Edward Teller
516:
512:
511:
505:
503:
502:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
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459:
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447:
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420:
414:North America
413:
408:
403:
400:
399:
398:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
374:, as well as
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
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350:
349:civil defense
346:
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326:
321:
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221:United States
218:
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212:
211:
210:
209:
206:
202:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Proliferation
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
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83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
64:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5631:Radiobiology
5385:Cave dweller
5290:
5245:Storm cellar
5034:
4989:Siege engine
4957:Other topics
4881:Related word
4847:Defense line
4811:Tower castle
4766:Bastion fort
4750:Urban castle
4678:Ganerbenburg
4676:
4631:Water castle
4607:Ridge castle
4592:Marsh castle
4456:
4407:Bomb shelter
4387:Belgian gate
4360:20th century
4271:19th century
4209:Retrenchment
4181:Punji sticks
4090:Entrenchment
4085:Device Forts
4052:Counterguard
3987:Early modern
3917:Tower castle
3853:Powder tower
3828:Outer bailey
3740:Inner bailey
3714:Gulyay-gorod
3682:Ganerbenburg
3680:
3676:Fujian tulou
3618:Corner tower
3557:Chamber gate
3527:Bridge tower
3375:Trou de loup
3093:
3077:the original
3067:
3059:the original
3054:
3045:
3025:
3018:
2998:
2968:
2961:
2941:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2861:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2816:the original
2807:
2800:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2745:
2738:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2652:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2599:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2571:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2541:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2499:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2396:December 18,
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2365:
2331:. Retrieved
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2303:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2266:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2213:. Retrieved
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2131:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2107:February 28,
2105:. Retrieved
2101:the original
2096:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2072:. Lovdata.no
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2037:
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:December 27,
1969:. Retrieved
1964:
1954:
1944:December 27,
1942:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1917:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1868:the original
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1786:
1783:(transcript)
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:the original
1751:
1741:
1731:December 31,
1729:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1648:
1647:
1636:Diefenbunker
1622:
1621:
1585:
1581:
1580:, author of
1568:Bomb shelter
1537:
1535:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1465:
1462:
1443:
1441:
1430:
1428:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1378:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1298:
1278:
1272:
1260:
1232:
1213:
1203:
1191:
1175:
1158:
1126:
1110:
1094:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1031:electrometer
1024:
1016:
994:
992:
973:
961:
957:
944:
932:
924:
920:
912:
884:in Corsham.
876:scheme. The
863:
836:wine cellars
833:
825:
823:
818:
812:
758:nuclear bomb
702:
697:
670:
639:
611:
590:Soviet Union
587:
576:
544:
535:
508:
506:
499:
489:
474:
439:
396:
380:
357:
336:
334:
282:South Africa
277:
261:(undeclared)
247:
213:
44:
5641:Survivalism
5563:Coober Pedy
5455:Mole people
5400:Coober Pedy
5317:Spider hole
5200:Root cellar
5085:subterranea
4888:Castle town
4745:Toll castle
4714:Lustschloss
4696:Kaiserpfalz
4626:Spur castle
4621:Rock castle
4562:Hill castle
4557:Cave castle
4517:Spider hole
4417:Bremer wall
4382:Barbed tape
4278:Barbed wire
3952:Witch tower
3922:Tower house
3912:Toll castle
3898:Shield wall
3818:Murder hole
3707:Guard tower
3324:Pincer gate
3271:Faussebraye
2893:OECD report
2631:Lost Worlds
2505:"T 640/384"
2449:January 17,
2351:(in French)
2242:October 21,
2215:October 21,
2193:October 21,
2157:(in French)
1671:Survivalism
1412:Rod Serling
1408:The Shelter
1161:atomic bomb
814:Switzerland
795:Switzerland
781:Switzerland
723:underground
588:The former
531:nuclear war
523:Herman Kahn
440:During the
360:radioactive
271:North Korea
181:Disarmament
5605:Categories
4913:Gatekeeper
4733:Ordensburg
4705:Landesburg
4512:Sentry gun
4467:Flak tower
4397:Blast wall
4317:Gun turret
4214:Sally port
4119:Kotta mara
4059:Couvreface
4023:Breastwork
4018:Blockhouse
3996:Abwurfdach
3947:Watchtower
3937:Wall tower
3893:Shell keep
3843:Portcullis
3838:Peel tower
3823:Neck ditch
3782:Landesburg
3730:Half tower
3688:Gate tower
3633:Drawbridge
3475:Battlement
3391:Wagon fort
3234:Chengqiang
2688:August 15,
2582:August 15,
2076:August 15,
1800:October 9,
1725:Capital.fr
1531:Hugh Howey
1503:Metro 2033
1410:", from a
1395:David Brin
1369:in 1963),
1321:after the
1285:beta burns
1194:Beta burns
713:Plješevica
709:under the
656:President
555:Jay Swayze
376:gamma rays
292:Kazakhstan
217:recognized
191:Opposition
89:Background
5331:quarrying
5225:Wine cave
5145:Catacombs
5016:Guerrilla
4759:By design
4507:Revetment
4322:Land mine
4253:Star fort
4080:Crownwork
4075:Covertway
4008:Barricade
3649:Embrasure
3562:Chartaque
3492:Bergfried
3450:Arrowslit
3276:Gatehouse
3246:City gate
3207:Castellum
3173:Acropolis
2333:April 27,
2281:April 27,
2165:Swissinfo
2054:April 24,
2020:April 26,
1993:April 26,
1967:. Reuters
1909:2515-0456
1864:"DOE.gov"
1764:August 8,
1435:episode "
1406:episode "
1400:The 1961
1200:Gamma (Îł)
1155:Alpha (α)
954:Locations
915:thickness
909:Shielding
803:civilians
766:mess hall
751:squadrons
620:for 70%,
616:for 30%,
603:Arsenalna
472:in 1961.
458:placarded
393:Principle
186:Terrorism
171:Espionage
166:Blackmail
161:Arms race
5286:Casemate
5240:Stepwell
5180:Hypogeum
5170:Erdstall
5160:Dry well
5140:Borehole
5130:Basement
5114:Sinkhole
5041:Category
5031:See also
4918:Loophole
4806:Ringwork
4801:Ringfort
4726:Obstacle
4567:Hillfort
4487:Loophole
4285:Barbette
4260:Tenaille
4243:Sea fort
4173:Presidio
4133:Magazine
4114:Hornwork
4047:Cavalier
4042:Casemate
4035:Caponier
3878:Ringwork
3766:Detinets
3735:Hoarding
3640:Enceinte
3515:Bretèche
3460:Bartizan
3455:Barbican
3431:Alcazaba
3359:Stockade
3339:Ringfort
3319:Palisade
3291:Landwehr
3286:Hillfort
3100:(2004),
2552:July 18,
2546:Archived
2521:April 7,
2512:Archived
2367:Le temps
2358:Archived
2312:July 28,
1791:Archived
1649:General:
1601:CONELRAD
1546:See also
1484:Paranoia
1473:subjects
1375:Dean Ing
1239:nuclides
1172:Beta (β)
1012:oil lamp
970:Contents
762:Nagasaki
677:military
654:Yugoslav
547:Atomitat
541:Atomitat
448:and the
442:Cold War
353:Cold War
287:Belarus
266:Pakistan
151:Arsenals
122:Delivery
5547:Malator
5465:Sapping
5185:Manhole
5150:Dungeon
4948:Vedette
4938:Schloss
4903:Festung
4898:Dungeon
4893:Château
4837:Castles
4645:By role
4502:Pillbox
4332:Outpost
4248:Station
4236:Schanze
4219:Sandbag
4204:Redoubt
4188:Ravelin
4156:Palanka
4140:Orillon
4126:Lunette
4068:Coupure
4013:Bastion
4003:Arsenal
3971:Zwinger
3883:Roundel
3873:Ricetto
3848:Postern
3833:Outwork
3757:Kremlin
3628:Curtain
3603:Citadel
3587:Chemise
3547:Caltrop
3465:Bastion
3438:Alcázar
3334:Rampart
3312:Oppidum
3305:Nuraghe
3251:Crannog
3225:Castros
3161:Ancient
2792:5917900
2133:June 1,
1923:Fortune
1787:pbs.com
1466:Fallout
1429:In the
1338:reason.
1312:subsoil
1247:fission
1220:⁄
1184:⁄
799:nuclear
755:kiloton
732:in the
726:airport
707:Croatia
618:Finland
614:Austria
579:Finland
510:Fortune
462:trefoil
431:⁄
409:History
387:decayed
341:fallout
297:Ukraine
139:Workers
134:Effects
117:Testing
107:Warfare
102:History
5581:Portal
5327:Mining
5298:(silo)
5276:Bunker
5205:Tunnel
5109:Grotto
5104:Cenote
4943:Trench
4933:Picket
4344:Sangar
4297:Bunker
4229:Sconce
4149:Ostrog
4097:Flèche
3980:Modern
3959:Yagura
3927:Turret
3863:Reduit
3801:Merlon
3745:Kasbah
3723:Gusuku
3700:Glacis
3693:Gabion
3662:church
3569:Chashi
3552:Castle
3396:Laager
3384:Vallum
3341:(Rath)
3216:Castra
3198:Burgus
3168:Abatis
3104:
3033:
3006:
2976:
2949:
2919:
2869:
2842:
2790:
2753:
2726:
2660:
2607:
2487:
2421:
2045:
1940:. CNBC
1907:
1641:HANDEL
1573:Bunker
1527:series
1468:series
1359:novel
878:Pindar
858:, and
646:Konjic
628:Bosnia
622:Sweden
599:Russia
583:Norway
573:Europe
525:, and
383:hazard
364:pumice
278:Former
259:
257:Israel
248:Others
236:France
226:Russia
196:Winter
144:Ethics
112:Design
5333:, and
5175:Fogou
4984:Siege
4928:Palas
4872:Walls
4862:Forts
4825:Lists
4672:Fence
4614:Rocca
4482:Kabal
4197:Redan
4104:Gorge
4028:Canal
3905:Shiro
3868:Ribat
3858:Qalat
3670:Dzong
3666:house
3366:Sudis
3298:Limes
3256:Ditch
3189:Broch
3180:Agger
2819:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2515:(PDF)
2508:(PDF)
2300:(PDF)
1794:(PDF)
1390:Earth
870:ROTOR
856:ROTOR
793:, in
771:Bihać
742:NORAD
719:Bihać
368:alpha
252:India
241:China
127:Yield
5220:Well
5099:Cave
4994:list
4412:Buoy
3966:Yett
3808:Moat
3775:Ksar
3750:Keep
3542:Caer
3532:Burh
3508:Boom
3501:Berm
3480:Bawn
3445:Amba
3281:Gord
3102:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2974:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2788:PMID
2751:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2690:2012
2658:ISBN
2605:ISBN
2584:2012
2554:2019
2523:2024
2485:ISBN
2451:2024
2419:ISBN
2398:2012
2335:2017
2314:2022
2283:2017
2244:2015
2217:2015
2195:2015
2135:2021
2109:2022
2078:2012
2056:2022
2043:ISBN
2022:2022
1995:2022
1973:2017
1946:2017
1905:ISSN
1850:2008
1824:2008
1802:2014
1766:2019
1733:2023
1584:and
1525:Silo
1522:The
1500:The
1463:The
1387:and
1319:Kyiv
1222:1000
1209:rays
1004:KFMs
840:gyms
789:The
728:and
681:KONS
640:The
607:Kyiv
545:The
501:Life
475:The
370:and
3266:Dun
2780:doi
1895:doi
1393:by
1383:by
1373:by
1053:Use
1045:by
1000:KAP
948:NBC
942:.)
683:as
648:in
605:in
597:in
215:NPT
5607::
5329:,
5033::
3668:,
3664:,
3096:,
3053:.
2988:^
2931:^
2881:^
2786:.
2776:22
2774:.
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2613:.
2570:.
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2389:.
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2163:,
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2125:.
2095:.
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1479:.
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1265:.
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517:,
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1997:.
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1911:.
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