93:
1732:) satellite used for geodetic surveying. The SECOR system included three ground-based transmitters from known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals to fix its location precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969. Decades later, during the early years of GPS, civilian surveying became one of the first fields to make use of the new technology, because surveyors could reap benefits of signals from the less-than-complete GPS constellation years before it was declared operational. GPS can be thought of as an evolution of the SECOR system where the ground-based transmitters have been migrated into orbit.
1721:. A follow-on study, Project 57, was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born". That same year, the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS" and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs. Updates from the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation. The Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock into orbit.
1346:
36:
636:
127:
897:
1007:(MIRV). Advances in technology have enabled a single missile to launch a payload containing several warheads; the number of which depended on the missile's and payload bus' design. MIRVs has a number of advantages over a missile with a single warhead. With few additional costs, it allows a single missile to strike multiple targets, or to inflict maximum damage on a single target by attacking it with multiple warheads. It makes
4291:
1186:
4279:
812:. These early nuclear-armed SSGs served for a few decades until there were enough SSBNs put in service, after which they were retired. Their spiritual successors, armed with larger amounts of more modern, smaller cruise missiles continue to serve to this day serving in a tactical strike role, although they could be rearmed with nuclear cruise-missiles if need be.
4303:
543:(IFI) cores, being inserted or assembled by the air crew during flight. They had to meet safety conditions, to prevent accidental detonation or dropping. A variety of types also had to have a fuse to initiate detonation. US nuclear weapons that met these criteria are designated by the letter "B" followed, without a hyphen, by the sequential number of the "
1198:
486:
995:-range yield. Because of the limited accuracy of the missiles, this kind of high yield was considered necessary in order to ensure a particular target's destruction. Since the 1970s modern ballistic weapons have seen the development of far more accurate targeting technologies, particularly due to improvements in
2017:
The Titan II ICBM was converted into the Titan/Gemini space launch vehicle (SLV) by man-rating critical systems. It served as a significant stepping stone in the evolution of the US human spaceflight program using expendable launch vehicles, culminating in the Apollo program. Twelve successful
1705:
to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs. The USAF, with two-thirds of the nuclear triad, also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was
1670:
While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those was seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research, development, deployment, and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites. During the
538:
Gravity bombs are designed to be dropped from planes, which requires that the weapon be able to withstand vibrations and changes in air temperature and pressure during the course of a flight. Early weapons often had a removable core for safety, known as
1667:, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.
92:
1022:
as the B61 gravity bomb described above, but it would have different environmental requirements, and different safety requirements since it would not be crew-tended after launch and remain atop a missile for a great length of time.
2470:
3054:
521:. In the years leading up to the development and deployment of nuclear-armed missiles, nuclear bombs represented the most practical means of nuclear weapons delivery; even today, and especially with the
1062:
carried their SLBMs in their sails, but these pioneering designs had to surface to launch their ballistic missiles. The
Americans responded with the first "modern design" of ballistic missile subs; the
1678:, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. The
946:. Ballistic missiles aren't always nuclear armed, but the conspicuous and alarming nature of their launch often precludes arming ICBMs and SLBMs, the most capable classes of ballistic missiles,
863:
also allowed for surface ships to be armed with nuclear-armed cruise missiles while concealing their true payload. In 2018, the first operational nuclear-powered strategic cruise missile, the
1655:, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the US Navy developed the
3242:
460:(SLBMs). The purpose of having a three-branched nuclear capability is to significantly reduce the possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nation's nuclear forces in a
736:
Cruise missiles, even with their lower payload, speed, and thus readiness, have a number of advantages over ballistic missiles for the purposes of delivering nuclear strikes:
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1900:
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259:
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material capable of withstanding a thermal shock (sudden temperature change) of up to 450 °C (840 °F). It evolved from materials originally developed for a US
1004:
965:(FOBS) that served a similar purpose—it was just deliberately designed to deorbit before completing a full circle—was phased out in January 1983 in compliance with the
3945:
1511:
from rust and corrosion. These stainless steel fuel tanks were so thin that, when empty, they had to be kept inflated with nitrogen gas to prevent their collapse.
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265:
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early in the Cold War, but both concluded that it was impractical with the technology of the time. Nuclear-powered aircraft were considered due to the nascent
3071:
2502:
326:
1551:
to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs, this spurred development of triangulation methods that ultimately culminated in
587:. The next generation of weapons were still so big and heavy that they could only be carried by bombers such as the six/ten-engined, seventy-meter wingspan
315:
2837:
2183:
1931:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
336:
855:
had advanced far enough that it was feasible to create both reliable long-ranged cruise missiles and the strategic bombers able to launch them. Another
1321:, between 1940 and 1996, the US spent $ 11.3 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons programs. 57 percent of which was spent on building
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2110:
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506:
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from friendly forces) to make them harder to detect or intercept. Cruise missiles can carry a nuclear warhead. They have a shorter range and smaller
942:), they can reach distances of nearly tens of thousands of kilometers. Most ballistic missiles exit the Earth's atmosphere and re-enter it in their
720:
651:
310:
1717:
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (MObile System for
Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D
2328:
1635:
from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45°N, changes with time. GPS was initially developed to increase
Ballistic Missile
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280:
270:
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296:
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essentially the same problem. To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms (such as
Russian
1683:
935:
778:
457:
200:
3503:
1966:
57:
1624:
3579:
3049:
3014:
1273:
1269:
1162:
331:
249:
4201:
3785:
2256:
1826:
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1555:. The motivation for having accurate launch position fixes, and missile velocities, is twofold. It results in a tighter target impact
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453:
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1222:
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with 10 MIRVs each. After the Cold War, SSBN and subsequently SLBM development have slowed, but nascent nuclear powers are building
1064:
716:
612:
79:
1987:
1907:
1951:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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programs respectively, which are regarded as stepping stones in the evolution of US human spaceflight. The Atlas vehicle sent
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There is no letter change in the US arsenal to distinguish the warheads of cruise missiles from those for ballistic missiles.
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is the basis of contemporary rocket- and missilery, it never carried a nuclear warhead. The first ICBM ever designed was the
1597:. It was at this meeting that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was named
1291:, have been developed, although the difficulty to combine sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility.
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3059:
2987:
360:
178:
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1958:
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are a novel form of warhead to arm ballistic missiles. These maneuverable devices threaten to obsolate current forms of
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1694:(ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear-deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a
1138:
1041:
939:
740:
Launch of a cruise missile is difficult to detect early from satellites and other long-range means, contributing to a
705:
341:
2229:
414:, nowadays the former have much larger yield than the latter, even though it is not a rule. The bombs that destroyed
50:
44:
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2191:
4344:
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3142:
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678:
461:
426:) were weaker than many of today's tactical weapons, yet they achieved the desired effect when used strategically.
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in the early 1990s. Russia updated its nuclear armed Soviet era anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system, known as the
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1334:
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981:
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851:, which limited the range and use cases of strategic bombers and cruise missiles. Later on in the Cold War both
61:
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4055:
3955:
3867:
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2067:
1757:
1345:
1337:, and 7 percent of the total, $ 795 billion was spent on the manufacturing of nuclear weapons themselves.
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1141:
1128:
996:
980:, and also flying at a much higher altitude, and therefore more difficult to defend against. ICBMs can also be
910:
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Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States military. In 1964, the
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3257:
3180:
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Annotated bibliography for nuclear weapon delivery systems from the Alsos
Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1746:
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for nuclear weapons. 6.3 percent of the total, $ 709 billion in present-day terms, was spent on weapon
1116:
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943:
798:
701:
407:
195:
161:
101:
2114:
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Strictly speaking however not all this 57 percent was spent solely on "weapons programs" delivery systems.
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815:
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which can carry 20 missiles. Thus the cruise missiles themselves can be compared with MIRV warheads. The
1659:
satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology required by the latter
1593:
weekend in 1973, a meeting of about twelve military officers at the
Pentagon discussed the creation of a
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1264:. The United States have largely taken nuclear air-defense weapons out of service with the fall of the
531:, aerial bombing remains the primary means of offensive nuclear weapons delivery, and the majority of
4155:
4129:
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3232:
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1202:
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947:
411:
183:
171:
635:
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2701:
2534:
1648:
1613:
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592:
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arsenal are indicated by the letter "W"; for example, the W61 missile warhead would have the same
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3970:
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3734:
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3195:
3165:
3149:
3132:
2776:
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1230:
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674:
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technology of the time, especially when considering the temperamental and inefficient nature of
599:, but by the mid-1950s smaller weapons had been developed that could be carried and deployed by
1949:
1929:
1608:
missile, a requirement to accurately know the submarine's location was needed to ensure a high
577:) of the United States could only be carried, during the era of their creation, by the special
3302:
3095:
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2852:
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2691:
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2529:
1778:
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1326:
1253:
1214:
1147:
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such as destroying specific military, communications, or infrastructure targets, are known as
395:
230:
215:
210:
205:
141:
104:
770:, or an integrated air-defence system comprising both CAP and ground-based elements, such as
719:
is capable of carrying nuclear warheads, but all nuclear warheads were removed following the
4150:
3205:
3170:
2927:
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2805:
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2634:
2629:
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2008:
1945:
1925:
1768:
1695:
1426:
686:
548:
449:
97:
3790:
3630:
3569:
1830:
1074:. The subsequent arms-race culminated in some of the largest submarines ever designed; the
603:. Modern nuclear gravity bombs are so small that they can be carried by (relatively) small
4118:
4048:
4008:
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3290:
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3200:
3175:
3021:
2814:
2706:
2671:
2549:
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2274:
1390:
1260:. Further developments of this concept, some with much larger warheads, led to the early
1234:
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954:
896:
794:
741:
588:
544:
510:
151:
108:
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2049:
747:
That, coupled with the ability to actively maneuver in flight, allows for penetration of
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1993:
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4003:
3998:
3993:
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3650:
3619:
3601:
3125:
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2977:
2942:
2875:
2822:
2676:
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2554:
2544:
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and therefore by extension, reduces the need for the earlier generation of heavy multi-
1507:
to protect the outer skin, and more importantly, the paper thin "balloon tanks" of the
1437:
1410:
1394:
1382:
1354:
1071:
992:
875:
760:
659:
639:
624:
600:
419:
384:
240:
188:
118:
1276:, will dispense with nuclear interception warheads and instead rely on a conventional
1244:
In the 1950s the US developed small nuclear warheads for air defense use, such as the
535:
nuclear warheads are represented in bombs, although some are in the form of missiles.
4323:
4188:
3479:
2885:
2726:
1679:
1528:
1508:
1485:
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in 1995. It is believed that the, in development successor to the nuclear A-135, the
1245:
1090:
1015:
977:
806:
667:
532:
465:
435:
391:, on or near its target. Several methods have been developed to carry out this task.
859:
began which produced contemporary post-Cold War cruise missiles and launch systems;
3754:
2890:
2832:
2759:
2711:
2581:
1714:) and so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
1640:
1572:
1489:
1477:
1433:
1406:
1402:
1330:
1265:
1226:
1034:
1031:
836:
827:
555:
514:
498:
403:
399:
505:
Historically the first method of nuclear weapons delivery, and the method used in
1825:
Office for the Deputy
Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters.
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3812:
3402:
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1465:
1308:
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697:
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modes, intended to give the dropping aircraft time to escape the ensuing blast.
17:
2113:(Securities and Exchange Commission filing). WKI. 13 April 2001. Archived from
1623:
1185:
1398:
1374:
1300:
1027:
907:
900:
663:
570:
490:
388:
2446:
1011:
defense even more difficult, and even less economically viable, than before.
4160:
3523:
3513:
2641:
2594:
2559:
2355:
2143:
1989:
Estimated
Minimum Incurred Costs of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Programs, 1940–1996
1702:
1675:
1590:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1461:
1430:
1414:
1218:
1206:
1174:
1158:
1045:
856:
559:
528:
4018:
2238:
1631:
constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the number of
1575:, giving a higher number of separate targets that can be hit per missile.
930:
over the horizon; in the case of the most capable of these, classified as
693:
than ballistic missiles, so their warheads are smaller and less powerful.
4249:
4043:
3892:
3887:
3827:
3496:
3424:
3407:
3392:
3367:
3110:
2599:
2237:. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from
1803:
1672:
1656:
1378:
1241:
was also fielded, designed to be used against large formations of tanks.
1193:
artillery shell is the smallest known nuclear weapon developed by the US.
1171:
1112:
878:. It is under development and is slated to enter service sometime in the
596:
525:
2071:
4218:
4170:
4033:
4013:
3412:
3387:
2827:
2716:
2658:
2646:
2624:
2589:
1504:
1457:
1135:
1000:
988:
966:
927:
919:
749:
strategic anti-missile systems aimed at intercepting ballistic missiles
690:
670:
574:
563:
522:
494:
423:
126:
1248:. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the United States and Canada fielded a
1197:
394:
Strategic nuclear weapons are used primarily as part of a doctrine of
3822:
3817:
3797:
3777:
3762:
3645:
3382:
3362:
3330:
2480:
2359:
1535:
program, and Stookey's research involved heat-resistant material for
1283:
Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (erroneously referred to as
973:
518:
1798:
551:", for example, was the primary bomb in the US arsenal for decades.
3372:
1567:
to ensure the target is destroyed. With increased target accuracy,
751:, which typically fly on a ballistic arc without complex maneuvers.
485:
4239:
4196:
3859:
3715:
3518:
3508:
1729:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1617:
1500:
1344:
1312:
1196:
1184:
1165:
1157:
defences, thus various nascent and established nuclear powers are
1094:
895:
879:
833:
634:
484:
91:
2167:"The Future of the U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Force"
3720:
3609:
3419:
3377:
1568:
1473:
1469:
903:
643:
4115:
3287:
3274:
2484:
1472:(intermediate ballistic missile) deployed by the US Air Force (
781:, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted their first
3693:
3557:
2018:
Gemini launches occurred between April 1964 and November 1966.
1628:
1564:
1552:
787:
submarines armed with very large nuclear-armed cruise missiles
29:
2215:
Where good ideas come from, the natural history of innovation
999:. This set the stage for smaller warheads in the hundreds-of-
1901:"Current Developments in Russia's Ballistic Missile Defense"
1421:
in history was accomplished on a derivative of the R-7, the
677:
at low altitude using an automated guidance system (usually
1205:
was an early US thermonuclear weapon and weighed around 21
1523:
of the Corning Research and Development Division invented
1436:. A modernized version of the R-7 is still in use as the
2293:"Counterforce issues for the US strategic nuclear forces"
2134:
2132:
774:, can be used to defend against a cruise missile attack.
583:
limited production (65 airframes by 1947) version of the
2384:. The Aerospace Corporation. Summer 2002. Archived from
1612:
warhead target accuracy. This led the US to develop the
1123:(N)s, while the established powers, all members of the
464:
attack; this, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a
2311:"Strategic uses for China's Bei Dou satellite system"
1413:
that placed the first artificial satellite in space,
4227:
4179:
4136:
4078:
3979:
3909:
3858:
3849:
3776:
3742:
3733:
3692:
3685:
3665:
3618:
3600:
3556:
3461:
3443:
3311:
3225:
3158:
3103:
3094:
3042:
2950:
2941:
2908:
2851:
2813:
2804:
2725:
2657:
2580:
2522:
755:However, cruise missiles are vulnerable to typical
3243:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2231:Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research
2094:John S. Barry, Main Force Behind WD-40, Dies at 84
1480:'s first fully operational weather satellite, the
1401:, the first American into orbit. Similarly in the
1005:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
448:which consists of three components, traditionally
1728:orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range (
1604:During the development of the submarine-launched
1601:, or Navigation System Using Timing and Ranging.
554:Various air-dropping techniques exist, including
2140:"Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?"
1571:of lighter, multi-kiloton range warheads can be
1003:-range yield, and consequently for ICBMs having
1440:for the Russian Federation, in the form of the
2412:A Guide to the Global Positioning System (GPS)
1906:. George C. Marshall Institute. Archived from
1701:Precise navigation would enable United States
1547:Precise navigation would enable United States
822:nuclear-armed cruise missiles (sometimes even
383:is the technology and systems used to place a
3946:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2496:
1349:Edward White during the first US "Spacewalk"
361:
8:
2382:"Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation"
961:as early as 1967. Also, the eventual Soviet
2329:"Circular Error Probable (CEP) mathematics"
972:An ICBM is more than 20 times as fast as a
404:meant for use in limited military maneuvers
4112:
3923:
3855:
3739:
3689:
3682:
3458:
3284:
3271:
3100:
2947:
2810:
2519:
2503:
2489:
2481:
2190:, Air force, May–June 1981, archived from
1829:. US Department of Defense. Archived from
1595:Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS)
987:Early ballistic missiles carried a single
777:Prior to the development of nuclear-armed
726:Cruise missiles may also be launched from
368:
354:
125:
114:
1329:management, for example, cleaning up the
400:threatening large targets, such as cities
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1622:
1620:in 1972) also played a role in Transit.
721:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
43:This article includes a list of general
1992:, Brookings Institution, archived from
1967:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1789:
1647:The first satellite navigation system,
1639:accuracy, accuracy which is vital in a
1028:first modern ballistic missile designed
248:
133:
117:
3873:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1682:consisted of the United States Navy's
3878:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
2228:Worth, Helen E; Warren, Mame (2009).
1965:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1799:"Do We Still Need a Nuclear 'Triad'?"
1684:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
1484:was launched on 26 March 1969 on the
963:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
953:Placement of nuclear missiles on the
936:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
779:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
458:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
7:
4302:
2255:Alexandrow, Catherine (April 2008).
2142:. Trimble Navigation. Archived from
976:and more than 10 times as fast as a
569:The earliest gravity nuclear bombs (
497:" devices were large and cumbersome
3883:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1859:. 23 September 1985. Archived from
1692:intercontinental ballistic missiles
1627:A visual example of a 24 satellite
1417:, on 4 October 1957, and the first
1270:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
1060:-class ballistic missile submarines
984:in the event of a surprise attack.
932:intercontinental ballistic missiles
681:, sometimes supplemented by either
454:intercontinental ballistic missiles
2843:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
1663:. In the 1970s, the ground-based
1464:launch vehicle in April 1960. The
1289:Special Atomic Demolition Munition
1280:capability to destroy its target.
768:combat flights of fighter aircraft
708:. The ALCM is only carried on the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2866:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2765:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1389:, both were used in the civilian
1223:Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
717:submarine-launched cruise missile
4301:
4290:
4289:
4277:
3966:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1213:Other delivery methods included
468:, and thus increases a nation's
34:
3055:Historical stockpiles and tests
1899:Honkova, Jana (13 April 2013).
1797:John Barry (12 December 2009).
1616:system. In 1959, ARPA (renamed
1125:United Nations Security Council
3956:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2838:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
2275:"50 Years of Bridging the Gap"
1563:nuclear warheads, such as the
1543:Satellite assisted positioning
1144:ballistic missile submarines.
728:mobile launchers on the ground
595:, and jet-powered British RAF
1:
4284:Nuclear technology portal
2445:. Astronautix. Archived from
2414:. Radio Shack. Archived from
1853:"Toning Up the Nuclear Triad"
1690:(USAF) strategic bombers and
1317:According to an audit by the
607:, such as the single-engined
4146:Field-reversed configuration
3756:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
2331:. Earth link. Archived from
2184:"MX Deployment Reconsidered"
2165:Caston, Lauren; et al.
1959:American Antiquarian Society
1939:American Antiquarian Society
1381:, were re-purposed as human
4103:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
3050:States with nuclear weapons
2217:, New York: Riverhead Books
797:, and the Soviets operated
706:air-launched cruise missile
652:not nuclear capable anymore
4361:
3941:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
3065:Tests in the United States
1752:Mutual assured destruction
1742:History of nuclear weapons
1582:
1468:was the first operational
1298:
948:with conventional warheads
938:(SLBMs) if transported by
889:
791:diesel-electric submarines
789:; The US operated various
772:surface-air missiles (SAM)
642:have a shorter range than
628:
622:
605:multirole fighter aircraft
433:
4271:
4126:
4066:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3961:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3926:
3768:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
3298:
3283:
3270:
2518:
2443:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1661:Global Positioning System
1585:Global Positioning System
1579:Global positioning system
1573:packed on a given missile
1305:Global Positioning System
997:inertial guidance systems
865:SSC-X-9 "Skyfall" (9М730
783:at-sea deterrence patrols
742:surprise factor of attack
704:'s current nuclear-armed
446:strategic nuclear arsenal
3971:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3587:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2923:Electron-beam processing
2213:Johnson, Steven (2010),
1758:National missile defense
1014:Missile warheads in the
759:as they are essentially
730:, and from naval ships.
631:Cruise-missile submarine
591:, the eight jet-engined
562:-retarded delivery, and
476:Main delivery mechanisms
408:tactical nuclear weapons
381:Nuclear weapons delivery
4086:Organic nuclear reactor
3258:Nuclear power phase-out
3181:Nuclear decommissioning
3121:Reactor-grade plutonium
2871:Targeted alpha-particle
2750:Accidents and incidents
2259:. Darpa. Archived from
2172:. The RAND corporation.
2070:. WD-40. Archived from
2013:Military launch program
1747:List of nuclear weapons
1688:United States Air Force
1665:Omega Navigation System
1637:Circular Error Probable
1610:circular error probable
1557:circular error probable
1351:Extravehicular activity
1262:anti-ballistic missiles
1085:armed with 24 x 8 MIRV
1042:SLBM-carrying submarine
957:has been banned by the
944:sub-orbital spaceflight
102:United States Air Force
100:being transported to a
64:more precise citations.
1644:
1488:, a derivative of the
1369:For example, two such
1358:
1210:
1194:
1181:Other delivery systems
1148:Hypersonically-Gliding
1055:and the mass-produced
1009:anti-ballistic missile
916:
655:
502:
416:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
112:
27:Type of explosive arms
4340:Nuclear weapon design
3248:Anti-nuclear movement
2111:"Annual Report: 10-K"
1774:Nuclear weapon design
1626:
1348:
1319:Brookings Institution
1200:
1188:
1070:, which launched the
1044:was also Soviet; the
926:trajectory deliver a
899:
766:; strategies such as
675:flies aerodynamically
638:
629:Further information:
488:
95:
4156:Reversed field pinch
3951:Traveling-wave (TWR)
3435:Supercritical (SCWR)
2933:Gemstone irradiation
2244:on 1 September 2019.
2117:on 30 September 2007
1760:of the United States
1460:was launched on the
1341:Technology spin-offs
714:BGM/UGM-109 Tomahawk
547:" it contains. The "
250:Nuclear-armed states
3321:Aqueous homogeneous
3116:Reprocessed uranium
2789:Safety and security
2418:on 13 February 2010
2281:, DARPA, April 2008
1996:on 21 November 2008
1827:"Nuclear Stockpile"
1686:(SLBMs) along with
1371:delivery mechanisms
1333:with environmental
1323:delivery mechanisms
1231:nuclear depth bombs
1127:, are plotting the
1091:battlecruiser-sized
710:B-52 Stratofortress
679:inertial navigation
648:U/RGM-109E Tomahawk
593:B-52 Stratofortress
541:in flight insertion
387:at the position of
4235:Dense plasma focus
3150:Actinide chemistry
2615:Isotope separation
2512:Nuclear technology
2449:on 16 January 2010
2439:"SECOR Chronology"
2388:on 19 January 2012
2309:Forden, Geoffrey.
2257:"The Story of GPS"
2146:on 18 October 2007
2098:The New York Times
2092:Martin, Douglas. "
1726:United States Army
1653:United States Navy
1645:
1633:satellites in view
1503:was first used by
1448:Weather satellites
1359:
1211:
1195:
959:Outer Space Treaty
917:
687:mid-course updates
656:
585:B-29 Superfortress
513:in history, was a
507:the twin instances
503:
470:nuclear deterrence
422:between 15 and 22
113:
4345:Missile operation
4317:
4316:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4214:Magnetized-target
4111:
4110:
4074:
4073:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3845:
3844:
3729:
3728:
3661:
3660:
3266:
3265:
3221:
3220:
3090:
3089:
3077:Weapon-free zones
2904:
2903:
2896:Radiopharmacology
2335:on 2 January 2015
1913:on 26 April 2014.
1779:Nuclear terrorism
1764:Nuclear explosion
1533:ballistic missile
1521:S. Donald Stookey
1515:Thermal isolation
1454:weather satellite
1419:human spaceflight
1387:human spaceflight
1254:air-to-air rocket
1235:nuclear torpedoes
1215:nuclear artillery
1209:(19,000 kg).
1066:George Washington
892:Ballistic missile
886:Ballistic missile
873:Russian President
849:early jet engines
764:unmanned aircraft
757:air-defence means
450:strategic bombers
378:
377:
142:Nuclear explosion
105:F-100 Super Sabre
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4352:
4335:Nuclear missiles
4305:
4304:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4192:
4151:Levitated dipole
4121:
4113:
4061:Helium gas (GFR)
3924:
3919:
3856:
3740:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3293:
3285:
3277:Nuclear reactors
3272:
3171:High-level (HLW)
3101:
2948:
2928:Food irradiation
2918:Atomic gardening
2811:
2794:Nuclear meltdown
2620:Nuclear material
2610:Fissile material
2605:Fertile material
2520:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2482:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:on 29 June 2011.
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2048:Darling, David,
2045:
2039:
2037:
2035:Space flight now
2027:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1769:Nuclear strategy
1696:force multiplier
1569:a greater number
1442:Soyuz spacecraft
1239:'Atomic Bazooka'
1111:, armed with 20
1109:-class submarine
1087:Trident missiles
1083:-class submarine
914:-class submarine
871:was revealed by
668:rocket-propelled
412:explosive yields
370:
363:
356:
307:
201:Target selection
129:
115:
98:B28 nuclear bomb
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Nuclear missiles
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4330:Nuclear weapons
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4278:
4276:
4259:
4223:
4190:
4175:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4070:
3975:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3897:
3841:
3772:
3747:
3725:
3697:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3657:
3623:
3614:
3596:
3561:
3552:
3466:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3353:Natural fission
3307:
3306:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3262:
3238:Nuclear weapons
3217:
3176:Low-level (LLW)
3154:
3086:
3038:
2937:
2900:
2847:
2800:
2721:
2653:
2576:
2514:
2509:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
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2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2308:
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2303:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2194:on 16 June 2013
2182:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:, 22 July 2009.
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2074:on 23 June 2014
2066:
2065:
2061:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2031:"Titan History"
2029:
2028:
2024:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1946:McCusker, J. J.
1944:
1934:
1926:McCusker, J. J.
1924:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1863:on 7 March 2008
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1738:
1587:
1581:
1545:
1517:
1498:
1452:The first true
1450:
1391:Project Mercury
1383:launch vehicles
1367:
1365:Launch vehicles
1343:
1315:
1297:
1287:), such as the
1274:A-235 Samolet-M
1183:
1139:nuclear-powered
1078:170 meter long
1020:physics package
955:low Earth orbit
894:
888:
824:nuclear-powered
820:Ground-launched
805:armed with the
795:Regulus missile
793:armed with the
785:using modified
640:Cruise missiles
633:
627:
621:
601:fighter-bombers
589:B-36 Peacemaker
545:physics package
523:decommissioning
511:nuclear warfare
483:
478:
438:
432:
420:TNT equivalents
374:
325:
305:
295:
264:
119:Nuclear weapons
109:Kadena Air Base
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4314:
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4311:
4299:
4287:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:Muon-catalyzed
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4185:
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4116:
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4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Integral (IFR)
3933:
3927:
3921:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
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3870:
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3800:
3795:
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3700:
3695:
3687:
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3666:
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3659:
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3656:
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3653:
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3643:
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3627:
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3506:
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3333:
3323:
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3309:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:Uranium mining
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
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3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3126:Minor actinide
3123:
3118:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2997:
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2990:
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2899:
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2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:Autoradiograph
2819:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
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2796:
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2785:
2784:
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2679:
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2663:
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2655:
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2652:
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2650:
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2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Atomic nucleus
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2477:External links
2475:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2429:
2408:"GPS Timeline"
2399:
2373:
2346:
2327:Scott, Logan.
2319:
2301:
2284:
2266:
2247:
2220:
2205:
2188:Air Chronicles
2175:
2157:
2128:
2102:
2085:
2059:
2040:
2022:
2000:
1979:
1963:1800–present:
1916:
1891:
1874:
1844:
1833:on 10 May 2010
1817:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1651:, used by the
1583:Main article:
1580:
1577:
1544:
1541:
1516:
1513:
1497:
1494:
1449:
1446:
1438:launch vehicle
1411:launch vehicle
1395:Project Gemini
1366:
1363:
1355:Project Gemini
1342:
1339:
1296:
1293:
1285:suitcase bombs
1252:nuclear armed
1225:and the novel
1182:
1179:
890:Main article:
887:
884:
876:Vladimir Putin
861:VLS technology
753:
752:
745:
660:cruise missile
625:Cruise missile
623:Main article:
620:
619:Cruise missile
617:
482:
479:
477:
474:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
418:in 1945 (with
410:. In terms of
385:nuclear weapon
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
347:
346:
345:
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334:
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276:United Kingdom
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88:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4357:
4346:
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4309:
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4270:
4256:
4253:
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4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
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4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:electrostatic
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
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4149:
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4125:
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4114:
4104:
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4097:
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4067:
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4037:
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4027:
4025:
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4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3981:Generation IV
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Breeder (FBR)
3929:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3908:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
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3809:
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3649:
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3644:
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3639:
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3608:
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3599:
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3590:
3588:
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3581:
3578:
3576:
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3568:
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3547:
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3539:
3537:
3534:
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3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Nuclear power
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3213:Transmutation
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:high-altitude
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Proliferation
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Brachytherapy
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Cross section
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2354:Proc, Jerry.
2350:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2068:"Our History"
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:nuclear triad
1677:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:glass-ceramic
1526:
1522:
1519:In 1953, Dr.
1514:
1512:
1510:
1509:Atlas missile
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:Vostok rocket
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:12 April 1961
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:nuclear waste
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Nike Hercules
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1191:Davy Crockett
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:nuclear-armed
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:novel classes
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:Trident-armed
1073:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
982:fired quickly
979:
978:fighter plane
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:(ICBMs) (and
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
893:
885:
883:
881:
877:
874:
870:
868:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
811:
810:
804:
802:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
750:
746:
743:
739:
738:
737:
734:
731:
729:
724:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
536:
534:
530:
527:
524:
520:
517:dropped by a
516:
512:
508:
500:
499:gravity bombs
496:
492:
487:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
466:second strike
463:
459:
456:(ICBMs), and
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:nuclear triad
437:
436:Nuclear triad
430:Nuclear triad
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
312:
309:
303:
300:
298:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:United States
263:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:
251:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Proliferation
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:November 2023
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4306:
4294:
4275:
4255:Pyroelectric
4209:Laser-driven
3989:Sodium (SFR)
3916:fast-neutron
3755:
3301:
3191:Reprocessing
3072:WMD treaties
2962:
2891:Radiosurgery
2861:Fast-neutron
2833:Scintigraphy
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2442:
2437:Wade, Mark.
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2411:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:the original
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2362:: Jerry Proc
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2322:
2304:
2298:. CBO. 1978.
2287:
2278:
2269:
2261:the original
2250:
2239:the original
2230:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2196:, retrieved
2192:the original
2187:
2178:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2105:
2097:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2062:
2054:Encyclopedia
2053:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1994:the original
1988:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1950:
1930:
1919:
1908:the original
1894:
1883:
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1856:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1802:
1792:
1723:
1716:
1700:
1669:
1646:
1641:counterforce
1632:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1546:
1518:
1499:
1478:Soviet Union
1451:
1434:Yuri Gagarin
1403:Soviet Union
1368:
1360:
1357:4, June 1965
1331:Hanford site
1316:
1282:
1277:
1266:Soviet Union
1243:
1227:Blue Peacock
1221:such as the
1212:
1146:
1106:
1102:
1080:
1072:Polaris SLBM
1065:
1057:
1050:
1039:
1025:
1013:
986:
971:
952:
918:
911:
906:launched by
866:
841:aeronautical
814:
808:
800:
776:
754:
735:
732:
725:
702:US Air Force
695:
657:
578:
568:
556:toss bombing
553:
537:
515:gravity bomb
504:
481:Gravity bomb
462:first-strike
444:refers to a
441:
439:
393:
380:
379:
327:South Africa
322:
306:(undeclared)
292:
258:
166:
76:
67:
48:
4166:Stellarator
4130:confinement
4024:Superphénix
3851:Molten-salt
3803:VHTR (HTGR)
3580:HW BLWR 250
3546:R4 Marviken
3475:Pressurized
3445:Heavy water
3429:many others
3358:Pressurized
3313:Light water
3015:underground
2973:Disarmament
2881:Tomotherapy
2876:Proton-beam
2740:Power plant
2702:Temperature
2535:Engineering
1972:29 February
1943:1700–1799:
1923:1634–1699:
1466:PGM-17 Thor
1405:it was the
1335:remediation
1309:CorningWare
1278:hit-to-kill
1258:AIR-2 Genie
991:, often of
867:Буревестник
853:disciplines
698:AGM-86 ALCM
580:Silverplate
493:" and the "
316:North Korea
226:Disarmament
62:introducing
4324:Categories
4191:(acoustic)
3808:PBR (PBMR)
3196:Spent fuel
3186:Repository
3166:Fuel cycle
3133:Activation
2910:Processing
2777:Propulsion
2735:by country
2667:Activation
2465:References
2453:19 January
2422:14 January
2392:14 January
2366:8 December
2150:13 January
1703:submarines
1549:submarines
1537:nose cones
1527:, a white
1496:Lubricants
1399:John Glenn
1375:Atlas ICBM
1301:Space Race
1299:See also:
1207:short tons
1133:generation
1089:, and the
1040:The first
1026:While the
908:Royal Navy
901:Trident II
828:considered
650:pictured (
571:Little Boy
526:of nuclear
491:Little Boy
402:. Weapons
396:deterrence
389:detonation
337:Kazakhstan
262:recognized
236:Opposition
134:Background
45:references
4161:Spheromak
3860:Fluorides
3524:IPHWR-700
3519:IPHWR-540
3514:IPHWR-220
3303:Moderator
2983:Explosion
2958:Arms race
2745:Economics
2697:Reflector
2692:Radiation
2687:Generator
2642:Plutonium
2595:Deuterium
2560:Radiation
2530:Chemistry
1867:8 October
1837:8 October
1810:8 October
1676:arms race
1591:Labor Day
1589:During a
1525:Pyroceram
1462:Thor-Able
1431:cosmonaut
1250:low-yield
1048:Modified
1046:prototype
940:submarine
924:ballistic
857:arms-race
799:Modified
597:V bombers
560:parachute
231:Terrorism
216:Espionage
211:Blackmail
206:Arms race
4296:Category
4250:Polywell
4181:Inertial
4138:Magnetic
3893:TMSR-LF1
3888:TMSR-500
3868:Fuji MSR
3828:THTR-300
3668:Graphite
3531:PHWR KWU
3497:ACR-1000
3425:IPWR-900
3408:ACPR1000
3403:HPR-1000
3393:CPR-1000
3368:APR-1400
3159:Disposal
3111:Actinide
3104:Products
2963:Delivery
2806:Medicine
2635:depleted
2630:enriched
2600:Helium-3
2565:ionizing
2121:26 March
1948:(1992).
1928:(1997).
1804:Newsweek
1754:doctrine
1736:See also
1673:Cold War
1657:Timation
1490:R-7 ICBM
1482:Meteor 1
1407:R-7 ICBM
1379:Titan II
1217:shells,
1166:examples
1151:Warheads
1016:American
1001:kilotons
969:treaty.
922:using a
920:Missiles
912:Vanguard
845:rocketry
691:payloads
529:missiles
424:kilotons
332:Belarus
311:Pakistan
196:Arsenals
167:Delivery
111:in Japan
4308:Commons
4219:Z-pinch
4189:Bubble
4171:Tokamak
4034:FBR-600
4014:CFR-600
4009:BN-1200
3675:coolant
3602:Organic
3487:CANDU 9
3484:CANDU 6
3452:coolant
3413:ACP1000
3388:CAP1400
3326:Boiling
3291:Fission
3138:Fission
3082:Weapons
3022:Warfare
3005:Testing
2995:History
2988:effects
2943:Weapons
2853:Therapy
2828:RadBall
2815:Imaging
2707:Thermal
2672:Capture
2659:Neutron
2647:Thorium
2625:Uranium
2590:Tritium
2570:braking
2550:Fission
2540:Physics
2523:Science
2356:"Omega"
2339:8 March
2279:History
2078:16 June
2050:"Tiros"
2015:, FAS,
2009:"Titan"
1884:Nav Air
1649:Transit
1643:attack.
1614:Transit
1606:Polaris
1599:Navstar
1561:megaton
1505:Convair
1476:). The
1458:TIROS-1
1415:Sputnik
1353:(EVA),
1175:systems
1107:Typhoon
1098:Project
1093:48,000
993:megaton
989:warhead
967:SALT II
928:warhead
826:) were
809:Пятёрка
801:Whiskey
761:one-use
700:is the
671:missile
575:Fat Man
564:laydown
495:Fat Man
342:Ukraine
184:Workers
179:Effects
162:Testing
152:Warfare
147:History
58:improve
4119:Fusion
4079:Others
4019:Phénix
4004:BN-800
3999:BN-600
3994:BN-350
3823:HTR-PM
3818:HTR-10
3798:UHTREX
3763:Magnox
3758:(UNGG)
3651:Lucens
3646:KS 150
3383:ATMEA1
3363:AP1000
3346:Kerena
3226:Debate
2978:Ethics
2968:Design
2951:Topics
2782:rocket
2760:Fusion
2755:Policy
2717:Fusion
2677:Poison
2555:Fusion
2316:. MIT.
2198:7 June
1887:, Navy
1456:, the
1423:Vostok
1373:, the
1311:, and
1256:, the
1233:, and
1159:racing
1105:, the
1068:-class
1053:-class
1032:Soviet
974:bomber
803:-class
323:Former
304:
302:Israel
293:Others
281:France
271:Russia
241:Winter
189:Ethics
157:Design
47:, but
4240:Migma
4228:Other
4197:Fusor
4096:Piqua
4091:Arbus
4049:PRISM
3791:MHR-T
3786:GTMHR
3716:EGP-6
3711:AMB-X
3686:Water
3631:HWGCR
3570:HWLWR
3509:IPHWR
3480:CANDU
3341:ESBWR
3096:Waste
3060:Tests
3043:Lists
3027:Yield
2770:MMRTG
2727:Power
2314:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2242:(PDF)
2235:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1935:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1785:Notes
1730:SECOR
1719:LORAN
1712:SS-25
1708:SS-24
1618:DARPA
1501:WD-40
1429:, by
1425:, on
1313:WD-40
1295:Costs
1237:. An
1219:mines
1203:Mk-17
1163:field
1113:R-39s
1103:Акула
1095:tonne
880:2020s
837:sides
673:that
662:is a
644:ICBMs
519:plane
489:The "
297:India
286:China
172:Yield
4056:Lead
4039:CEFR
4029:PFBR
3911:None
3721:RBMK
3706:AM-1
3636:EL-4
3610:WR-1
3592:AHWR
3536:MZFR
3504:CVTR
3493:AFCR
3420:VVER
3378:APWR
3373:APR+
3336:ABWR
3206:cask
3201:pool
3143:LLFP
3032:TNTe
2712:Fast
2582:Fuel
2455:2010
2424:2010
2394:2010
2368:2009
2341:2014
2200:2013
2152:2010
2123:2007
2080:2013
1974:2024
1869:2010
1857:Time
1839:2010
1812:2010
1710:and
1474:USAF
1470:IRBM
1393:and
1385:for
1377:and
1201:The
1189:The
1172:such
1129:next
1101:941
1081:Ohio
1058:Golf
1051:Zulu
904:SLBM
843:and
834:both
816:Air-
807:P-5
696:The
664:jet-
613:F-35
611:and
609:F-16
573:and
4128:by
4044:PFR
3835:PMR
3813:AVR
3735:Gas
3673:by
3641:KKN
3575:ATR
3490:EC6
3450:by
3398:EPR
3331:BWR
2096:".
1629:GPS
1565:W53
1553:GPS
1161:to
1155:ABM
1121:SSB
1119:of
1035:R-7
818:or
685:or
683:GPS
666:or
549:B61
509:of
398:by
260:NPT
107:at
4326::
3778:He
3744:CO
3620:CO
3541:R3
2441:.
2410:.
2360:CA
2358:.
2277:,
2186:,
2131:^
2052:,
2033:,
2011:,
1957:.
1937:.
1855:.
1801:.
1698:.
1539:.
1492:.
1444:.
1307:,
1303:,
1229:,
1177:.
1169:of
1136:of
1037:.
950:.
882:.
831:by
723:.
658:A
654:).
646:.
615:.
558:,
533:US
472:.
452:,
440:A
96:A
3918:)
3914:(
3746:2
3698:O
3696:2
3694:H
3622:2
3562:O
3560:2
3558:H
3467:O
3465:2
3463:D
2504:e
2497:t
2490:v
2457:.
2426:.
2396:.
2370:.
2343:.
2203:.
2154:.
2125:.
2082:.
2057:.
2038:.
1998:.
1976:.
1961:.
1941:.
1889:.
1871:.
1841:.
1814:.
1409:/
1131:-
869:)
744:.
501:.
369:e
362:t
355:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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