1172:), and the Greek ship operator Enterprises Shipping and Trading SA to investigate the practical maritime applications for small modular reactors. The research intended to produce a concept tanker-ship design, based on a 70 MWt reactor such as Hyperion's. In response to its members' interest in nuclear propulsion, Lloyd's Register has also re-written its 'rules' for nuclear ships, which concern the integration of a reactor certified by a land-based regulator with the rest of the ship. The overall rationale of the rule-making process assumes that in contrast to the current marine industry practice where the designer/builder typically demonstrates compliance with regulatory requirements, in the future the nuclear regulators will wish to ensure that it is the operator of the nuclear plant that demonstrates safety in operation, in addition to the safety through design and construction. Nuclear ships are currently the responsibility of their own countries, but none are involved in international trade. As a result of this work in 2014 two papers on commercial nuclear marine propulsion were published by Lloyd's Register and the other members of this consortium. These publications review past and recent work in the area of marine nuclear propulsion and describe a preliminary concept design study for a 155,000
349:
210:, at sea tight space limits dictate that a marine reactor must be physically small, so it must generate higher power per unit of space. This means its components are subject to greater stresses than those of a land-based reactor. Its mechanical systems must operate flawlessly under the adverse conditions encountered at sea, including vibration and the pitching and rolling of a ship operating in rough seas. Reactor shutdown mechanisms cannot rely on gravity to drop control rods into place as in a land-based reactor that always remains upright. Salt water corrosion is an additional problem that complicates maintenance.
593:
733:
937:
2734:
214:
1177:
reactor using lead–bismuth eutectic cooling and able to operate for ten full-power years before refueling, and in service last for a 25-year operational life of the vessel. They conclude that the concept is feasible, but further maturity of nuclear technology and the development and harmonisation of the regulatory framework would be necessary before the concept would be viable.
31:
394:
1101:
206:(SMR) are similar to marine propulsion reactors in capacity and some design considerations and thus nuclear marine propulsion (whether civilian or military) is sometimes proposed as an additional market niche for SMRs. Unlike for land-based applications where hundreds of hectares can be occupied by installations like
336:, developed in 1962, would have made signatory national governments liable for accidents caused by nuclear vessels under their flag but was never ratified owing to disagreement on the inclusion of warships under the convention. Nuclear reactors under United States jurisdiction are insured by the provisions of the
265:" in the fuel elements, which is slowly depleted as the fuel elements age and become less reactive. The gradual dissipation of the "nuclear poison" increases the reactivity of the core to compensate for the lessening reactivity of the aging fuel elements, thereby extending the usable life of the fuel. The compact
228:
As the core of a seagoing reactor is much smaller than a power reactor, the probability of a neutron intersecting with a fissionable nucleus before it escapes into the shielding is much lower. As such, the fuel is typically more highly enriched (i.e., contains a higher concentration of U vs. U) than
137:
In the turbine, the steam expands and reduces its pressure as it imparts energy to the rotating blades of the turbine. There may be many stages of rotating blades and fixed guide vanes. The output shaft of the turbine may be connected to a gearbox to reduce rotation speed, then a shaft connects to
248:
A marine nuclear propulsion plant must be designed to be highly reliable and self-sufficient, requiring minimal maintenance and repairs, which might have to be undertaken many thousands of miles from its home port. One of the technical difficulties in designing fuel elements for a seagoing nuclear
1176:
Suezmax tanker that is based on a conventional hull form with alternative arrangements for accommodating a 70 MWt nuclear propulsion plant delivering up to 23.5 MW shaft power at maximum continuous rating (average: 9.75 MW). The Gen4Energy power module is considered. This is a small fast-neutron
84:
Compared to oil- or coal-fuelled ships, nuclear propulsion offers the advantage of very long intervals of operation before refueling. All the fuel is contained within the nuclear reactor, so no cargo or supplies space is taken up by fuel, nor is space taken up by exhaust stacks or combustion air
449:
Nuclear power revolutionized the submarine, finally making it a true "underwater" vessel, rather than a "submersible" craft, which could only stay underwater for limited periods. It gave the submarine the ability to operate submerged at high speeds, comparable to those of surface vessels, for
1130:, completed in 1962, was primarily a demonstration of civil nuclear power and was too small and expensive to operate economically as a merchant ship. The design was too much of a compromise, being neither an efficient freighter nor a viable passenger liner. The German-built
241:, in which the resulting smaller core is quieter in operation (a big advantage to a submarine). Using more-highly enriched fuel also increases the reactor's power density and extends the usable life of the nuclear fuel load, but is more expensive and a greater risk to
331:
Insurance of nuclear vessels is not like the insurance of conventional ships. The consequences of an accident could span national boundaries, and the magnitude of possible damage is beyond the capacity of private insurers. A special international agreement, the
1136:, completed in 1968, a cargo ship and research facility, sailed some 650,000 nautical miles (1,200,000 km) on 126 voyages over 10 years without any technical problems. It proved too expensive to operate and was converted to diesel. The Japanese
281:
Decommissioning nuclear-powered submarines has become a major task for U.S. and
Russian navies. After defuelling, U.S. practice is to cut the reactor section from the vessel for disposal in shallow land burial as low-level waste (see the
1734:
Hirdaris, Spyros; Cheng, YF; Shallcross, P; Bonafoux, J; Carlson, D; Prince, B; Sarris, GA (15 March 2014). "Considerations on the potential use of
Nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology for merchant marine propulsion".
1142:, completed in 1972, was dogged by technical and political problems. Its reactor had significant radiation leakage and fishermen protested against the vessel's operation. All of these three ships used low-enriched uranium.
1163:
was expensive to operate since it was the only vessel using its specialized nuclear shore staff and servicing facility. A larger fleet could share fixed costs among more operating vessels, reducing operating costs.
114:
in the primary water is confined. Water is circulated by pumps; at lower power levels, reactors designed for submarines may rely on natural circulation of the water to reduce noise generated by the pumps.
1167:
Despite this, there is still interest in nuclear propulsion. In
November 2010 British Maritime Technology and Lloyd's Register embarked upon a two-year study with U.S.-based Hyperion Power Generation (now
249:
reactor is the creation of fuel elements that will withstand a large amount of radiation damage. Fuel elements may crack over time and gas bubbles may form. The fuel used in marine reactors is a metal-
138:
the vessel's propellers. In another form of drive system, the turbine turns an electrical generator, and the electric power produced is fed to one or more drive motors for the vessel's propellers. The
229:
that used in a land-based nuclear power plant, which increases the probability of fission to the level where a sustained reaction can occur. Some marine reactors run on relatively low-enriched
2231:
2205:
1311:
was the world's first nuclear-powered surface vessel in 1959 and remained in service for 30 years (new reactors were fitted in 1970). It led to a series of larger icebreakers, the 23,500
2768:
1765:
Hirdaris, Spyros; Cheng, YF; Shallcross, P; Bonafoux, J; Carlson, D; Prince, B; Sarris, GA (March 2014). "Concept Design for a
Suezmax Tanker Powered by a 70 MW Small Modular Reactor".
337:
312:(with refueling every four years). Some Russian naval vessels have been used to supply electricity for domestic and industrial use in remote far eastern and Siberian towns.
817:
130:
cooled by seawater and returns to liquid form. The water is pumped back to the steam generator and continues the cycle. Any water lost in the process can be made up by
261:) often used in land-based reactors. Marine reactors are designed for long core life, enabled by the relatively high enrichment of the uranium and by incorporating a "
507:
had 26 operational nuclear submarines and another 30 under construction. Nuclear power had revolutionized the Navy. The United States shared its technology with the
1991:
348:
2429:
2402:
85:
intakes. The low fuel cost is offset by high operating costs and investment in infrastructure, however, so nearly all nuclear-powered vessels are military.
356:
By 1990, there were more nuclear reactors powering ships (mostly military) than there were generating electric power in commercial power plants worldwide.
110:; this water is kept under pressure so it does not boil. This circuit operates at a temperature of around 250 to 300 °C (482 to 572 °F). Any
2773:
627:
614:
597:
1016:
carried only light defensive weapons. These were two AK-176 76 mm guns, four AK-630 30 mm guns, and four quadruple Igla missile mounts.
2185:
1560:
1814:
301:
1940:
678:: in service 1962–2012, powered by eight reactor units, is still the only aircraft carrier to house more than two nuclear reactors, with each
2353:
2264:
1923:
1898:
1514:
706:
1301:. Nuclear-fuelled ships operate for years without refueling, and the vessels have powerful engines, well-suited to the task of icebreaking.
2597:
1479:
1249:
1025:
118:
The hot water from the reactor heats a separate water circuit in the steam generator. That water is converted to steam and passes through
2014:
102:
type, with the exception of a few attempts at using liquid sodium-cooled reactors. A primary water circuit transfers heat generated from
150:
navies rely on direct steam turbine propulsion, while French and
Chinese ships use the turbine to generate electricity for propulsion (
2500:
1840:
1874:
1322:
948:
535:
2395:
2334:
ITAR-TASS, 11 November 1998; in "Russian
Nuclear Subs Supply Electricity to Town in Far East," FBIS-SOV-98-316, 12 November 1998.
284:
207:
1543:. Vol. 1. National Academies, for Maritime Transportation Research Board, National Research Council (U.S.). pp. 29–36.
1271:, making it a first thorium-powered container ship and, if completed, the largest nuclear-powered container ship in the world.
107:
1967:
2763:
1595:
1474:
398:
1705:
923:
in 1980. Ultimately, all these ships proved to be too costly to maintain and they were all retired between 1993 and 1999.
685:
2331:
AFP, 11 November 1998; in "Nuclear
Submarines Provide Electricity for Siberian Town," FBIS-SOV-98-315, 11 November 1998.
1509:
1397:
2737:
2633:
2388:
1609:
1469:
1265:
1253:
1066:
569:
288:). In Russia, whole vessels, or sealed reactor sections, typically remain stored afloat, although a new facility near
180:
151:
2138:
438:
The Soviet Union also developed nuclear submarines. The first types developed were the
Project 627, NATO-designated
2758:
1464:
1336:
1305:
1286:
1280:
572:, between 1969 and 2008, which was not a combat vessel but was the smallest nuclear-powered submarine at 400 tons.
432:
194:
While land-based reactors in nuclear power plants produce up to around 1600 megawatts of net electrical power (the
319:
was investigating the possibility of civilian nuclear marine propulsion and rewriting draft rules (see text under
2474:
1433:
1405:
1381:
1365:
992:
744:
475:(PWR), led to the parallel development of other submarines like a unique liquid metal cooled (sodium) reactor in
472:
376:
176:
127:
111:
99:
2232:"Chinese shipyard unveils plans for world's first nuclear container powered by cutting-edge molten salt reactor"
1321:
of six vessels, launched beginning in 1975. These vessels have two reactors and are used in deep Arctic waters.
2617:
2567:
2469:
2235:
1767:
Transactions of the Royal
Institution of Naval Architects Part A: International Journal of Maritime Engineering
1494:
1389:
1315:
908:
653:
439:
224:. The element contains four bundles of 41 fuel rods. The uranium oxide is enriched to 4.2 and 4.6 percent U-235
73:
or through an electric generator and motor. Nuclear propulsion is used primarily within naval warships such as
70:
35:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2439:
1441:
1373:
1357:
846:
781:
732:
672:
649:
558:
234:
165:
592:
352:
In addition to nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, the United States once operated nuclear-powered cruisers.
2479:
2375:
1916:
Proving the
Principle: A History of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949–1999
1193:
885:
834:
761:
534:-class vessels, U.S. submarines were powered by a series of standardized, single-reactor designs built by
494:
424:
372:
1639:
413:
2557:
1504:
1156:
since it was commissioned in 1988. As of 2021, it is the only nuclear-powered merchant ship in service.
1123:
Nuclear-powered civil merchant ships have not developed beyond a few experimental ships. The U.S.-built
916:
892:
562:
487:
476:
451:
242:
203:
199:
158:
2714:
2348:. NATO Science Partnership Subseries 1: Disarmament Technologies. Vol. 24. Dordrecht: Springer.
2206:"Shipping industry should consider nuclear option for decarbonizing: experts | S&P Global Platts"
1499:
691:: ten 101,000-ton, 1,092 ft long fleet carriers, the first of which was commissioned in 1975. A
1941:"Is Small Really Beautiful?The Future Role of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) In The Military"
191:
Marine-type reactors differ from land-based commercial electric power reactors in several respects.
2484:
2306:"Nuclear-powered icebreaker Ural of Project 22220 leaves Murmansk for the first operational voyage"
1268:
1237:
1149:
1070:
1047:
971:
963:
641:
462:
316:
292:
is to provide storage in a concrete-floored facility on land for some submarines in the far north.
2520:
2411:
2160:
2120:
1413:
1260:— known as the KUN-24AP — at Marintec China 2023, a premier maritime industry exhibition held in
1181:
1173:
1153:
1006:, missile tracking, space tracking, and communications relay roles. Due to high operating costs,
900:
823:
713:
504:
195:
143:
74:
2105:
796:. The Soviet classification of the ship-type is "heavy nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser" (
2679:
2349:
2260:
2006:
1919:
1894:
1591:
1449:
1245:
1092:, and twice its maximum theoretical yield) against an enemy's naval ports and coastal cities.
842:
785:
773:
420:
388:
364:
58:
2346:
Analysis of Risks Associated with Nuclear Submarine Decommissioning, Dismantling and Disposal
2674:
2669:
2536:
2510:
2190:
2036:
1774:
1744:
1214:
1131:
1058:
1035:
936:
870:
797:
777:
645:
610:
581:
539:
458:
367:, the design, development and production of nuclear marine propulsion plants started in the
1847:
202:), a typical marine propulsion reactor produces no more than a few hundred megawatts. Some
157:
Some nuclear submarines have a single reactor, but Russian submarines have two, and so had
2337:
827:
784:) in operation in the world. Among modern warships, they are second in size only to large
758:
696:
637:
551:
543:
258:
172:
103:
62:
2638:
2434:
1484:
1257:
874:
508:
305:
266:
262:
1353:
All nuclear-powered icebreakers have been commissioned by the Soviet Union or Russia.
1207:, Japan (1970–1992); never carried commercial cargo, rebuilt as diesel engine powered
2752:
2704:
2699:
2648:
2515:
2449:
1421:
1078:
989:
884:
The last nuclear-powered cruisers the Americans would produce would be the four-ship
878:
805:
700:
368:
123:
65:. The power plant heats water to produce steam for a turbine used to turn the ship's
42:
1350:. They were built to conform to international safety standards for nuclear vessels.
450:
unlimited periods, dependent only on the endurance of its crew. To demonstrate this
213:
2719:
2709:
2592:
2444:
1748:
1489:
1290:
1115:
that are or were in commercial or civilian use and have nuclear marine propulsion.
789:
769:
516:
139:
131:
78:
2056:
1778:
371:
in the 1940s. The first prototype naval reactor was constructed and tested at the
273:
shield, which reduces the damage to the steel from constant neutron bombardment.
2643:
1222:
1199:; United States tanker, converted to conventional power while under construction
1184:
of marine shipping, which accounts for 3–4% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
1169:
1159:
Civilian nuclear ships suffer from the costs of specialized infrastructure. The
1124:
1081:
978:
765:
679:
603:
218:
119:
1792:
2280:
1329:
1089:
974:
793:
657:
547:
309:
304:
for its far eastern territories. The design has two 35 MWe units based on the
179:
type, although the U.S. and Soviet navies have designed warships powered with
147:
47:
1285:
Nuclear propulsion has proven both technically and economically feasible for
682:
taking the place of one of the conventional boilers in earlier constructions.
1992:"Le programme du porte-avions qui remplacera le Charles-de-Gaulle est lancé"
1232:
1144:
1100:
1085:
866:
754:
568:
attack submarines. The U.S. Navy operated an unarmed nuclear submarine, the
409:
360:
289:
250:
238:
66:
17:
1659:
1617:
712:, one 110,000-ton, 1,106 ft long fleet carrier. The lead of the class
30:
808:
by Western defence commentators due to their size and general appearance.
393:
2057:"Speed Thrills III — Max speed of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers"
1261:
1202:
1137:
1074:
1043:
830:
633:
1088:(four times as powerful as the most powerful device ever detonated, the
636:
of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of
2552:
1539:
Wirt, John G (1979). "A Federal Demonstration Project: N.S. Savannah".
1346:
and then fitted with their single-reactor nuclear propulsion system in
1343:
1335:
For use in shallow waters such as estuaries and rivers, shallow-draft,
1312:
862:
623:
557:
The largest nuclear submarines ever built are the 26,500 tonne Russian
550:
submarines, eventually developing a modified version of their own, the
435:
for U.S. submarines, while SSN denoted the first "nuclear" submarine).
270:
230:
2305:
2186:"Russian media: nuclear torpedo can destroy the US, Europe, the world"
81:. A small number of experimental civil nuclear ships have been built.
2653:
2380:
1660:"Ending the Production of Highly Enriched Uranium for Naval Reactors"
1347:
1298:
1294:
512:
405:
1815:"Brussels Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships"
561:. The smallest nuclear warships to date are the 2,700 tonne French
164:. Most American aircraft carriers are powered by two reactors, but
27:
Propulsion system for marine vessels utilizing a nuclear powerplant
2505:
1003:
935:
841:. Commissioned in 1961, she was the world's first nuclear-powered
731:
668:
The United States Navy operates 11 carriers, all nuclear-powered:
591:
524:
520:
392:
347:
334:
Brussels Convention on the Liability of Operators of Nuclear Ships
212:
29:
2090:
375:
at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho (now called the
2370:
1112:
2384:
2562:
1613:
1610:"Global Submarine Proliferation: Emerging Trends and Problems"
1152:
with icebreaking capability, has operated successfully on the
1219:, Germany (1968–1979); re-powered with diesel engine in 1979
46:
was put into service in 2007, it became the world's largest
2344:
Sarkisov, Ashot A.; Tournyol du Clos, Alain, eds. (1999).
1236:, Russia (1988–present), ice-strengthened nuclear-powered
1180:
Nuclear propulsion has been proposed again on the wave of
1846:. International Atomic Energy Association. Archived from
1077:. According to Russian state TV, it is able to deliver a
442:
with two water-cooled reactors, the first of which, K-3
233:, which requires more frequent refueling. Others run on
1561:"The Future Role of Nuclear Propulsion in the Military"
718:, came into service in 2017, with another nine planned.
493:
submarines, powered by single reactors, and a cruiser,
1073:, capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear
237:, varying from 20% U, to the over 96% U found in U.S.
1264:. The container ship is reported to be powered by a
2692:
2662:
2626:
2606:
2580:
2545:
2529:
2493:
2418:
1760:
1758:
1729:
1727:
134:sea water added to the steam generator feed water.
818:Nuclear powered cruisers of the United States Navy
619:, commissioned in 2001 (a successor is planned).
1667:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
753:class, Soviet designation 'Project 1144 Orlan' (
580:The United States and France have built nuclear
2769:Nuclear-powered ships of the United States Navy
2281:"На ледоколе 'Арктика' поднят российский флаг"
833:as part of its fleet. The first such ship was
2430:Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
2396:
2259:. Vol. 1–6. Elsevier. pp. 336–340.
2154:
2152:
1695:Sarkisov and Tournyol du Clos (1999), p. 3-4.
1252:officially released a design of a 24000
865:, though at that time the Navy was using the
126:. Spent steam at low pressure runs through a
8:
457:was the first vessel to execute a submerged
446:, was underway under nuclear power in 1958.
1686:Sarkisov and Tournyol du Clos (1999), p. 3.
431:, put to sea in 1955 (SS was a traditional
2610:
2422:
2403:
2389:
2381:
1889:Groves, Leslie R.; Teller, Edward (1983).
1328:was the first surface vessel to reach the
1065:), is a nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed
217:A nuclear fuel element for the cargo ship
94:Basic operation of naval ship or submarine
1948:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
1568:NATO Energy Security Centre of Excellence
1099:
1053:), previously known by Russian codename
1706:"Full steam ahead for nuclear shipping"
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
940:Command and communications ship SSV-33
98:Most naval nuclear reactors are of the
2139:"Nuclear power for surface combatants"
899:was commissioned in 1976, followed by
804:). The ships are often referred to as
2017:from the original on 10 November 2015
1515:United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion
857:was designed and built as a cruiser,
624:equipped with catapults and arresters
61:or submarine with heat provided by a
7:
2598:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
2376:Naval Nuclear Power Training Command
1640:"Silence is highly enriched uranium"
1480:List of United States Naval reactors
1250:China State Shipbuilding Corporation
1026:Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System
988:s hull was derived from that of the
656:, as well as modern electronics and
500:, in 1961, powered by two reactors.
2634:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program
1588:DK Eyewitness Books: Transportation
1541:Innovation in the maritime industry
845:. She was followed a year later by
1968:"First submarine circumnavigation"
1638:Acton, James (December 13, 2007).
527:development proceeded separately.
187:Differences from land power plants
171:had eight. The majority of marine
25:
2255:Cleveland, Cutler J, ed. (2004).
1875:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
949:Soviet communications ship SSV-33
695:-class carrier is powered by two
2774:Nuclear technology-related lists
2733:
2732:
1608:Moltz, James Clay (March 2006).
1586:Viren Chopra, Rob Houston (ed),
998:with nuclear marine propulsion.
802:тяжёлый атомный ракетный крейсер
285:ship-submarine recycling program
253:alloy rather than the ceramic UO
245:than less-highly enriched fuel.
208:Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
932:Communication and command ships
1793:"Liability for Nuclear Damage"
1749:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.10.015
1475:Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
1:
2371:The World Nuclear Association
2059:. Navweaps.com. 29 April 1999
1779:10.3940/rina.ijme.2014.a1.276
1148:, a Soviet and later Russian
269:is provided with an internal
2230:Chen, Stephen (2023-12-05).
2080:, De Agostini, Novara, 1985.
1510:United States naval reactors
302:floating nuclear power plant
181:liquid metal cooled reactors
2308:. PortNews. 2 December 2022
1795:. World Nuclear Association
1470:Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
1402:(1989–2014; decommissioned)
1386:(1985–2013; decommissioned)
1370:(1975–2008; decommissioned)
1287:nuclear-powered icebreakers
1228:, United States (1962–1972)
1067:unmanned underwater vehicle
772:, the largest and heaviest
570:NR-1 Deep Submergence Craft
152:turbo-electric transmission
2790:
1872:"Nuclear Weapons at Sea".
1821:. Public International Law
1465:Air-independent propulsion
1281:Nuclear-powered icebreaker
1278:
1023:
946:
815:
742:
632:has 42,000 tonnes, is the
433:hull classification symbol
386:
2728:
2670:Tupolev Tu-95LAL / Tu-119
2613:
2588:Nuclear marine propulsion
2475:Nuclear salt-water rocket
2425:
2121:"CGN 25 Bainbridge class"
1244:In December 5, 2023, the
1062:
1039:
801:
788:, and of similar size to
745:Kirov-class battlecruiser
473:pressurized water reactor
377:Idaho National Laboratory
112:radioactive contamination
55:Nuclear marine propulsion
34:When the nuclear-powered
2618:Nuclear-powered aircraft
2470:Nuclear pulse propulsion
2287:(in Russian). 2020-10-21
2236:South China Morning Post
2091:"USS Long Beach (CGN 9)"
1878:: 48–49. September 1990.
1495:Nuclear-powered aircraft
1362:(1959–1989; museum ship)
1104:Engineer epaulette from
699:providing steam to four
654:combat search and rescue
609:The sole French nuclear
546:built similar units for
363:Captain (later Admiral)
2465:Nuclear photonic rocket
2460:Nuclear electric rocket
2455:Gas core reactor rocket
2440:Fission-fragment rocket
2037:"Naval Vessel Register"
1004:electronic intelligence
782:amphibious assault ship
762:guided-missile cruisers
723:Destroyers and cruisers
359:Under the direction of
267:reactor pressure vessel
235:highly enriched uranium
2480:Nuclear thermal rocket
2257:Encyclopedia of Energy
1972:Guinness World Records
1939:Trakimavičius, Lukas.
1559:Trakimavičius, Lukas.
1108:
1096:Civilian nuclear ships
944:
776:warships (i.e. not an
740:
622:The French carrier is
606:
416:
399:French submarine
397:The nuclear-propelled
373:Naval Reactor Facility
353:
344:Military nuclear ships
225:
204:small modular reactors
51:
2764:Nuclear-powered ships
2558:TOPAZ nuclear reactor
2161:"SSV-33 Project 1941"
2143:Defense media network
1914:Stacy, Susan (2000).
1505:Soviet naval reactors
1378:(1977–1992; scrapped)
1103:
1069:under development by
996:-class battlecruisers
939:
736:The Russian flagship
735:
596:The aircraft carrier
595:
482:, or two reactors in
465:), doing so in 1960.
396:
387:Further information:
351:
243:nuclear proliferation
216:
33:
2715:Ford Seattle-ite XXI
2338:Harold Wilson's plan
1853:on December 17, 2010
1500:Nuclear Power School
1188:Merchant cargo ships
927:Other military ships
915:in 1978 and finally
59:propulsion of a ship
2485:Radioisotope rocket
2007:"Charles de Gaulle"
1269:molten salt reactor
1238:lighter aboard ship
1071:Rubin Design Bureau
1048:NATO reporting name
1020:Nuclear-powered UUV
972:command and control
964:NATO reporting name
463:Operation Sandblast
2521:Project Prometheus
2412:Nuclear propulsion
2165:GlobalSecurity.org
2106:"CGN-9 Long Beach"
1994:. 23 October 2018.
1891:Now it can be told
1712:, 18 November 2010
1710:World Nuclear News
1340:-class icebreakers
1306:Soviet icebreaker
1154:Northern Sea Route
1111:The following are
1109:
945:
824:United States Navy
812:United States Navy
741:
664:United States Navy
607:
505:United States Navy
417:
354:
338:Price–Anderson Act
226:
196:nameplate capacity
122:on its way to the
75:nuclear submarines
52:
2759:Marine propulsion
2746:
2745:
2688:
2687:
2680:9M730 Burevestnik
2576:
2575:
2355:978-0-7923-5598-4
2285:sudostroenie.info
2266:978-0-12-176480-7
1925:978-0-16-059185-3
1900:978-0-306-80189-1
1819:International Law
1737:Ocean Engineering
1590:, Penguin, 2012,
1246:Jiangnan Shipyard
1196:American Explorer
843:surface combatant
786:aircraft carriers
774:surface combatant
757:), is a class of
638:Dassault Rafale M
629:Charles de Gaulle
616:Charles de Gaulle
599:Charles de Gaulle
582:aircraft carriers
576:Aircraft carriers
444:Leninsky Komsomol
421:nuclear submarine
389:Nuclear submarine
365:Hyman G. Rickover
177:pressurized water
106:in the fuel to a
100:pressurized water
16:(Redirected from
2781:
2736:
2735:
2675:Myasishchev M-60
2611:
2537:Project Daedalus
2511:Project Longshot
2423:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2359:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:www.spglobal.com
2202:
2196:
2195:
2191:Business Insider
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1616:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1064:
1041:
987:
977:operated by the
871:destroyer leader
861:began life as a
826:at one time had
803:
778:aircraft carrier
697:nuclear reactors
652:helicopters for
611:aircraft carrier
540:General Electric
459:circumnavigation
414:Mission Héraclès
317:Lloyd's Register
21:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2724:
2684:
2658:
2622:
2602:
2572:
2541:
2525:
2489:
2414:
2409:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:Global security
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:Global security
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:. p. 388.
1888:
1887:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1773:(A1): A37–A60.
1764:
1763:
1756:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1461:
1399:Sovetskiy Soyuz
1283:
1277:
1190:
1182:decarbonization
1121:
1098:
1028:
1022:
990:nuclear-powered
985:
951:
934:
929:
828:nuclear-powered
820:
814:
759:nuclear-powered
747:
730:
725:
666:
590:
578:
544:Rolls-Royce plc
486:, and then the
429: (SSN-571)
391:
385:
346:
329:
327:Civil liability
300:Russia built a
298:
279:
277:Decommissioning
263:burnable poison
259:uranium dioxide
256:
189:
108:steam generator
104:nuclear fission
96:
91:
63:nuclear reactor
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Convair NB-36H
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Bussard ramjet
2432:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2365:External links
2363:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2341:
2340:BBC News story
2335:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2297:
2272:
2265:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2177:
2148:
2130:
2111:
2096:
2082:
2078:Armi da guerra
2070:
2048:
2028:
1997:
1983:
1959:
1931:
1924:
1906:
1899:
1881:
1864:
1832:
1806:
1784:
1754:
1723:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1651:
1630:
1600:
1579:
1546:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Naval Reactors
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:(2022–present)
1447:
1446:(2021–present)
1439:
1438:(2020–present)
1431:
1430:(2007–present)
1419:
1418:(1992–present)
1411:
1410:(1990–present)
1403:
1395:
1394:(1989–present)
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1342:were built in
1279:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1258:container ship
1242:
1241:
1240:(LASH) carrier
1229:
1220:
1212:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1120:
1119:Merchant ships
1117:
1097:
1094:
1021:
1018:
933:
930:
928:
925:
921: (CGN-41)
913: (CGN-40)
905: (CGN-39)
897: (CGN-38)
875:guided missile
813:
810:
806:battlecruisers
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
715:Gerald R. Ford
708:Gerald R. Ford
704:
701:steam turbines
683:
665:
662:
589:
586:
577:
574:
509:United Kingdom
461:of the Earth (
440:November class
384:
381:
345:
342:
328:
325:
321:Merchant Ships
306:KLT-40 reactor
297:
296:Future designs
294:
278:
275:
254:
188:
185:
95:
92:
90:
87:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Ford FX-Atmos
2703:
2701:
2700:Chrysler TV-8
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Project Pluto
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Project Rover
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Project Orion
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Fusion rocket
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1672:September 25,
1668:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1620:on 2007-02-09
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:50 Let Pobedy
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:thorium-based
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:of up to 200
1083:
1080:
1079:thermonuclear
1076:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:was laid up.
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
924:
922:
920:
914:
912:
906:
904:
898:
896:
890:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
850:
844:
840:
838:
832:
829:
825:
819:
811:
809:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
746:
739:
734:
727:
722:
717:
716:
711:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
688:
684:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:
669:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:EC725 Caracal
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
625:
620:
618:
617:
612:
605:
601:
600:
594:
587:
585:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
565:
560:
559:Typhoon class
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:By 1962, the
501:
499:
498:
492:
490:
485:
481:
480:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
447:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
428:
422:
415:
411:
407:
404:returning to
403:
402:
395:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
369:United States
366:
362:
357:
350:
343:
341:
339:
335:
326:
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
295:
293:
291:
287:
286:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
223:
222:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
163:
162:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
124:steam turbine
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
88:
86:
82:
80:
79:supercarriers
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
44:
43:50 Let Pobedy
40:
38:
32:
19:
2720:Simca Fulgur
2710:Ford Nucleon
2593:Nuclear navy
2587:
2445:Fission sail
2345:
2310:. Retrieved
2300:
2289:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2256:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2225:
2214:. Retrieved
2212:. 2020-11-04
2209:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2099:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2040:. Retrieved
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2010:
2005:Pike, John.
2000:
1986:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1787:
1770:
1766:
1740:
1736:
1714:, retrieved
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1603:
1587:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1540:
1534:
1490:Nuclear navy
1450:
1442:
1434:
1427:
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1414:
1406:
1398:
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1179:
1166:
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1158:
1150:LASH carrier
1143:
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1110:
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1054:
1050:
1031:
1029:
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982:
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902:
894:
886:
883:
869:"DLGN" for "
858:
854:
848:
836:
821:
790:World War II
770:Russian Navy
750:
748:
738:Pyotr Veliky
737:
728:Russian Navy
714:
707:
692:
686:
674:
667:
650:AS532 Cougar
642:E‑2C Hawkeye
628:
621:
615:
608:
598:
579:
563:
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536:Westinghouse
531:
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167:
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156:
136:
120:steam driers
117:
97:
89:Power plants
83:
54:
53:
41:
36:
18:Nuclear ship
2663:USSR/Russia
2644:Convair X-6
2581:Sea vessels
2546:USSR/Russia
2119:John Pike.
2104:John Pike.
2021:15 November
1743:: 101–130.
1716:27 November
1426:, formerly
1275:Icebreakers
1170:Gen4 Energy
1082:cobalt bomb
979:Soviet Navy
960:ССВ-33 Урал
955:SSV-33 Ural
911:Mississippi
794:battleships
766:Soviet Navy
680:A2W reactor
613:example is
604:French Navy
588:French Navy
379:) in 1953.
310:icebreakers
175:are of the
132:desalinated
2753:Categories
2419:Spacecraft
2325:References
2312:4 December
2291:2021-02-07
2241:2023-12-07
2216:2020-11-06
2170:30 October
2042:2020-06-01
1977:2020-06-02
1953:2020-12-05
1645:2007-12-13
1624:2007-03-07
1596:1465408894
1573:2021-10-15
1330:North Pole
1248:under the
1090:Tsar Bomba
1086:megatonnes
1024:See also:
1002:served in
975:naval ship
947:See also:
859:Bainbridge
855:Long Beach
849:Bainbridge
837:Long Beach
816:See also:
743:See also:
675:Enterprise
660:missiles.
644:aircraft,
548:Royal Navy
530:After the
497:Long Beach
419:The first
383:Submarines
239:submarines
168:Enterprise
69:through a
48:icebreaker
2159:Pike, J.
1857:March 17,
1825:March 17,
1799:March 17,
1526:Citations
1233:Sevmorput
1216:Otto Hahn
1145:Sevmorput
1133:Otto Hahn
917:USS
909:USS
907:in 1977,
901:USS
893:USS
867:hull code
851:(DLGN-25)
755:sea eagle
673:USS
495:USS
477:USS
471:, with a
452:USS
425:USS
410:home port
361:U.S. Navy
315:In 2010,
290:Sayda Bay
251:zirconium
166:USS
159:USS
128:condenser
67:propeller
2738:Category
2607:Aircraft
2063:20 April
2015:Archived
1459:See also
1262:Shanghai
1225:Savannah
1223:NS
1209:RV Mirai
1161:Savannah
1127:Savannah
1125:NS
1106:Savannah
1075:payloads
1063:Статус-6
1055:Status-6
1044:Poseidon
1040:Посейдон
1032:Poseidon
970:) was a
919:Arkansas
895:Virginia
887:Virginia
853:. While
831:cruisers
634:flagship
511:, while
469:Nautilus
427:Nautilus
412:, after
308:used in
221:Savannah
219:NS
173:reactors
2553:RD-0410
1598:page 60
1435:Arktika
1407:Vaygach
1383:Rossiya
1367:Arktika
1344:Finland
1325:Arktika
1317:Arktika
1295:Russian
1289:in the
1256:-class
1211:in 1996
1059:Russian
1036:Russian
968:Kapusta
879:nuclear
863:frigate
839:(CGN-9)
798:Russian
764:of the
602:of the
525:Chinese
479:Seawolf
271:neutron
231:uranium
198:of the
148:British
140:Russian
71:gearbox
37:Arktika
2693:Ground
2654:WS-125
2352:
2263:
1922:
1897:
1594:
1391:Taymyr
1348:Russia
1338:Taymyr
1299:Arctic
1291:Soviet
1051:Kanyon
1014:SSV-33
1008:SSV-33
1000:SSV-33
983:SSV-33
693:Nimitz
687:Nimitz
626:. The
566:-class
521:Indian
517:Soviet
513:French
491:-class
484:Triton
454:Triton
408:, its
406:Toulon
401:Saphir
161:Triton
2506:NERVA
1944:(PDF)
1851:(PDF)
1844:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1564:(PDF)
1521:Notes
1443:Sibir
1415:Yamal
1375:Sibir
1359:Lenin
1319:class
1308:Lenin
1204:Mutsu
1194:USNS
1139:Mutsu
1113:ships
994:Kirov
986:'
903:Texas
889:class
751:Kirov
710:class
689:class
658:Aster
564:Rubis
532:Skate
489:Skate
39:class
2350:ISBN
2314:2022
2261:ISBN
2172:2015
2065:2013
2023:2015
1920:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1859:2011
1827:2011
1801:2011
1718:2010
1674:2008
1592:ISBN
1451:Ural
1428:Ural
1304:The
1030:The
942:Ural
881:".
847:USS
835:USS
822:The
792:era
768:and
749:The
648:and
640:and
552:PWR2
538:and
523:and
146:and
144:U.S.
77:and
2568:TEM
2563:TMK
1841:"?"
1775:doi
1771:156
1745:doi
1614:NTI
1323:NS
1313:ton
1254:TEU
1174:DWT
1046:",
1042:, "
780:or
323:).
200:EPR
154:).
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2530:UK
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