164:, with the goal of making all 132 operating European reactors follow the same safety standards and have the same safety level for a list of possible catastrophical events (e.g. earthquake, flooding or plane crash). Most reactors proved well during the tests, with just 4 reactors in 2 countries having less than one hour for reactivating safety systems; however, most reactors will also have to undergo a program of safety upgrades. In 2012, the costs of additional safety improvements were estimated to be in the range of €30 million to €200 million per reactor unit. Thus, the total costs for the 132 reactors operating in the EU could be in the order of €10–25 billion for all NPP units in the EU over the coming years.
787:, its transition to renewable energy technologies, calling it a "project of the century" and saying Berlin's target of reaching 35% renewable energy sources by 2020 was feasible. Despite this, the phasing out of nuclear energy seems to be much more difficult and costly than expected. The transition is tending more towards polluting fossil fuel plants than clean renewable energies, sparking several critics. Actually, transition plans did not meet their short-term goals and will hardly meet their medium-term goals; fossil fuel prices and technology are still more efficient, cheaper and easier to implement than heavily state-subsidised solar and wind power generation.
531:
Decommissioning costs vary according to reactor type and size, location, the proximity and availability of disposal facilities, the intended future use of the site and the condition of the reactor at the time of decommissioning. Although decommissioning might gradually become cheaper, the cost of final waste depositories is largely unknown and costs could also grow, rather than shrink, over the many decades in question. The
European Commission declined to comment on an unpublished document and has not confirmed when the report will be officially published.
381:
732:(the vote was extensively interpreted by following governments as a total repeal of nuclear power plants, leading to the sudden shut down of all Italian operating reactors within few years), and in 2011 to keep their country non-nuclear. Switzerland and Spain have banned the construction of new reactors. Belgium is considering phasing out its nuclear plants. France, frequently heralded as a nuclear commercial model for the world, was as of 2011 locked in a national debate over a partial
32:
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480:"Some 7,000 cubic meters of high-level nuclear waste are produced across the EU each year. Most Member States store spent fuel and other highly radioactive wastes in above-ground storage facilities that need continuous maintenance and oversight and are at risk of accidents, such as airplane crashes, fires or earthquakes. Hungary and Bulgaria currently ship nuclear waste to Russia."
813:
202:. 112 units of these are located in eight of the western EU countries. Total nuclear energy generation from EU power plants increased by 25% from 1995 to 2005. The majority of this growth occurred in the 1990s. Installed capacities decreased by 2.6% since 1990 and relative contribution to the overall electricity mix decreased from 30.8% in 1990 to 30.2% in 2005.
545:
603:, have been delayed and are running over-budget. There has been a 15-year gap in building reactors, which has meant that there are difficulties in manufacturing the high quality parts required for a reactor. The new reactor also represents an advance over existing technologies, with better reliability and safety over
484:
Such a repository for highly radioactive waste is internationally defined to be a deep geological repository. At present, such deep geological repositories do not exist anywhere in the world nor is a repository in construction outside of the EU. It takes currently a minimum of 40 years to develop and build one."
483:
On 19 July 2011, the
European Commission adopted a Directive for regulating and handling nuclear waste in the EU. "Exports to countries outside the EU is allowed under very strict and binding conditions: The third country needs to have a final repository in operation, when the waste is being shipped.
139:
As of
November 2021, 5 member countries jointly urged the European Commission to keep nuclear power out of the EU's green finance taxonomy; namely the countries are Germany, Austria, Portugal, Denmark, Luxembourg. As they collectively comprise less than 19% of the member states & less than 25% of
530:
had the largest shortfall with only 23 billion euros of earmarked assets to cover 74 billion euros of expected costs, while a stress test carried out by
Germany's Economy Ministry late last year showed the provisions made by the country's utilities – E.ON, RWE, EnBW and Vattenfall – were adequate.
224:
usually provides up to 70% of electricity production. Corrosion in several French nuclear reactors, even the most modern type N4, led to long term shutdowns since
October 2021. As of early September 2022, 32 of France's 56 nuclear reactors were shut down due to maintenance or technical problems. In
644:
Nuclear Safety is an ongoing discussion in the EU. The
Western European Nuclear Regulators Association has members from 17 states or European countries. Nuclear safety faces many challenges. WENRA addresses these challenges and commits itself to objective reporting. An example of a report is the
525:
liabilities were seriously underfunded by about 118 billion euros, with only 150 billion euros of earmarked assets to cover 268 billion euros of expected decommissioning costs covering both dismantling of nuclear plants and storage of radioactive parts and waste. Among EU member states still
487:
The MAX project (2011 to August 2014), funded partly with an almost €3 million
European Commission contribution, embodied working on transmuting the waste into less toxic shorter-lived elements. The final report from August 2014 is available. It concludes that one milestone was not achieved.
245:
A small amount of uranium mining is conducted in the
European Union, however the majority of uranium is imported into the EU. Denmark, through Greenland, contains the majority of uranium deposits of any EU country but in 2021 most uranium mining was banned by Greenland's parliament due to
371:
The
European Commission is proposing a stress test for all nuclear power plants in Europe, to prove the nuclear fleet can withstand incidents like those in Fukushima. The European Commission is also proposing tests for countries near the EU that make use of nuclear power.
496:
By 2025, it is estimated that over a third of the EU's currently operational reactors will be at the end of their lifecycle and in need of shutdown. At the time of the accession to the EU, Bulgaria, Lithuania and
Slovakia agreed to shut down reactors at the sites of
736:. In the same time, however, Sweden embraced a nuclear phase-out policy as early as 1980, so preceding all these countries; but only the two oldest reactors, of twelve, were shut down at their end of life; while in 2010 Swedish Parliament repealed this policy.
509:
respectively: these programs are currently under way. Other decommissioning activities are under way for older reactors, phased out for political reasons (e.g. Italy, Germany) or simply because they reached their end-of-life (e.g. United Kingdom).
246:
environmental concerns. In a sign of increasing politicisation of uranium mining, Spain proposed a ban in 2020. Since 2001, France no longer has any uranium mines in operation, although continued to own a monopoly on uranium mines in Niger.
716:
Several countries, among the ones owning nuclear power plants, have anyway expanded their nuclear power generation capacity by just upgrading existing reactors. Such upgrades granted from 10% to 29% more power per unit.
712:
Power companies are building nuclear reactors in Finland and France and the French state continues to fund nuclear power, with a €1 billion added to help research for fourth-generation technology and nuclear safety.
772:
is believed to be able to compensate for much of the loss. In September 2011 Siemens, which had been responsible for constructing all 17 of Germany's existing nuclear power plants, announced that it would exit the
1047:
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the comprehensive risk and safety assessments ("stress tests") of nuclear power plants in the European Union and related activities
1966:
743:
Eight German nuclear power reactors (Biblis A and B, Brunsbuettel, Isar 1, Kruemmel, Neckarwestheim 1, Philippsburg 1 and Unterweser) were permanently shut down on 6 August 2011, following the Japanese
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had serious consequences for power plant cooling systems, as the drought reduced the amount of river water available for cooling. On 6 July 2022, Paris announced that it will nationalise the
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in 2006 – 45% of the EU's total. Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Austria, Poland and Portugal did not produce any nuclear energy.
1016:
1962:
1928:
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3 project (seen here in 2010) will be delayed until 2019, due to "both structural and economic reasons," and the project's total cost has climbed to EUR 11 billion in 2012.
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operating nuclear plants, only Britain's operators have enough dedicated assets to cover the expected costs, 63 billion euros, the commission's draft working paper finds.
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EU member states Austria, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovenia are working since January 2009 together in the
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724:, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its reactors and pledged to close the rest by 2022; but difficulties, costs and subsequent critics of planned
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alert system, which immediately notifies all national authorities of an impending nuclear hazard. This system was installed after the experience with the
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607:. Finally, they are "first-of-a-kind" industrial plants, having then all the kinds of problems and delays that should be avoided in following projects.
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1468:(in French) (2008 ed.), Gif-sur-Yvette, France: Institut de technico-économie des systèmes énergétiques; Direction de l'énergie nucléaire,
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government has issued an energy permit for building a new nuclear power plant in 2021. Additionally, a 20 years life extension of the existing
331:
or the market does not apply to issues in the nuclear field. Nuclear policy is mainly in the competence of the member states. In the EU level,
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In 2019 there were 106 operational reactors and production decreased by 16%, primarily due to the shutdown of a number of reactors in Germany.
234:
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from South Korea. The nuclear industry is regulated by governments and financing is often provided to private contractors who do the work.
249:
The Euratom Supply Agency aims to ensure access to nuclear energy materials for all countries within the European Atomic Energy Community.
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Nuclear safety in the EU: In the wake of the Fukushima disaster, there is renewed concern for nuclear safety in the EU - Library briefing
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It was the leading electric power source in Belgium, France, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovakia. France, where nuclear is also the largest
89:
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1008:
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new reactors under construction in Finland and France have been delayed and are running over-budget. Similar problems are for new
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109:
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2006:
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decided to shut down eight reactors immediately (6 August 2011) and to have the other nine off the grid by the end of 2022.
19:
This article is about nuclear power in the whole European Union. For nuclear energy policy in individual member states, see
1305:
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136:(a former member of the European Union with interconnected electricity links with the EU) also operates nuclear reactors.
346:
does not have authority in the field of nuclear policy other than the right to ask questions to the European Commission.
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provided the largest source (29.5%) of electricity with a production of 990 TWh, and an installed capacity of 134
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172:
The EU-27 in 2005 satisfied its primary energy consumption with 36.7% oil, 24.6% gas, 17.7% coal, 14.2% nuclear, 6.7%
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230:
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has led some European energy officials to re-think nuclear power generation, especially in Germany and Switzerland.
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1999:"World Nuclear Power Reactors | Uranium Requirements | Future Nuclear Power – World Nuclear Association"
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416:. The reprocessing is expected to continue in France. The countries that currently use this reprocessed fuel (
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148:'s recommendations to include both natural gas and nuclear power within the EU's green finance taxonomy.
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1932:
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804:
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611:
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365:
226:
2199:
656:
Currently, nine European countries are building new reactors, or seriously planning to build new ones:
1095:
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1457:
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777:
following the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent changes to German energy policy. Chief executive
413:
760:
has abandoned plans to replace its old nuclear reactors and will take the last one offline in 2034.
1288:
1041:
600:
518:
477:
ERDO was working early 2010 on a plan to store European nuclear waste somewhere in eastern Europe.
343:
145:
1691:"MAX and the MYRRHA | Article 4 | Issue 10 | Newsletters | News | EuCARD"
2225:
2172:
1273:
618:
is a Brussels-based trade organisation that bills itself as the "voice of the nuclear industry".
354:
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733:
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Advanced new reactors under construction in Finland and France, which were meant to lead a
444:, the plutonium extracted with reprocessing is not suitable for 'classic' nuclear weapons.
76:(EU) member countries vary significantly. As of February 2020, 13 out of 27 countries have
65:
accounted for approximately 26% of total electricity production in 2019 and nearly half of
1886:
1859:
1207:
1183:
587:
441:
400:, on 8 November 2008. The sign says, "Only the risk is certain. Atomic power? No, thanks!"
77:
566:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
45:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2244:
1535:
774:
324:
157:
133:
73:
1793:"Nuclear Decommissioning: Decommission nuclear facilities – World Nuclear Association"
1634:
3355:
177:
2053:
1116:. Directorate General for Energy and Transport: European Commission. Archived from
783:
209:
1664:
1431:
1233:"France's EDF plans to restart nation's entire nuclear fleet by early next year"
757:
262:
2335:
1373:
794:
739:
633:
are all partners in the European Nuclear Industry. Other partners may include
173:
1473:
1353:"Does France's emphasis on nuclear power guarantee its energy independence?"
437:
2360:
544:
2953:
1501:
436:. Reprocessing spent fuel significantly decreases its volume and extracts
1339:"Shock waves: what will a Spanish ban mean for uranium mining in Europe?"
1203:
1149:
688:
393:
181:
1289:"Europe's driest summer in 500 years threatens crops, energy production"
1906:
1323:
1074:
1053:, Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union, , archived from
630:
626:
615:
561:
514:
2084:"Plans for New Nuclear Reactors Worldwide – World Nuclear Association"
2309:
918:
350:
214:
As of 2019, nuclear power contributed over half of European Union's
856:"Nuclear power plants provide about a quarter of EU's electricity"
738:
586:
557:
379:
945:"Joint Declaration for a nuclear-free EU Taxonomy - BMUV-Meldung"
364:
mentions the "sustainable nuclear fission initiative" to develop
2456:
2399:
2149:"High Costs and Errors of German Transition to Renewable Energy"
1824:"EU short of 118 billion euros in nuclear decommissioning funds"
1580:"Eastern Europe, a nuclear dustbin? | Presseurop (English)"
1251:"EDF to restart all its nuclear reactors this winter - minister"
2957:
2364:
1967:"Stress tests" specifications: Proposal by the WENRA Task Force
647:"Stress tests" specifications: Proposal by the WENRA Task Force
702:
538:
417:
256:
192:
25:
1940:
349:
In case of a radiological emergency, the EU will trigger its
1319:"Greenland bans uranium mining, halting rare earths project"
944:
1963:
Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association Task Force
621:
Along with companies and trade organisations like Foratom,
1549:
728:
could potentially harm this policy. Italy voted twice, in
474:(ERDO) to address common issues on nuclear waste storage.
921:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 18 September 2010.
837:
European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
368:
as one of the research priorities of the European Union.
2115:"German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest"
1428:"Management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste"
1306:"France plans full nationalisation of power utility EDF"
440:
from it. Although plutonium is commonly associated with
404:
On average, the EU creates about 40,000 cubic meters of
1853:
EDF raises French EPR reactor cost to over $ 11 billion
1374:"Supply Agency of the European Atomic Energy Community"
976:"Five EU countries form anti-nuclear alliance at COP26"
2279:"Nuclear Energy in Sweden – World Nuclear Association"
2190:
2188:
1009:"EU moves to label gas and nuclear energy as 'green'"
1822:
Christoph Steitz, Barbara Lewis (16 February 2016).
1458:"ELECNUC: Les Centrales Nuclecléaires dans le Monde"
1430:. Europa. SCADPlus. 22 November 2007. Archived from
1111:"The future of nuclear energy in the European Union"
709:, Slovakia, which are anyway closing to completion.
610:
The European nuclear industry is working to develop
564:
struggling to make a profit in the nuclear industry.
3333:
3285:
3247:
2989:
2866:
2763:
2642:
2607:
2547:
2497:
2455:
2398:
2054:"France nuclear power funding gets 1bn euro boost"
1502:"Talk of nuclear revival rekindles waste concerns"
342:is the locus for intergovernmental decisions. The
1880:In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble
1269:"Heat and Drought in Europe Strain Energy Supply"
2196:"Three lessons from Germany's energy transition"
2147:SPIEGEL, SPIEGEL Staff, DER (4 September 2013).
1929:Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association
1088:"Primary energy consumption by fuel (%) in 2005"
764:intensified in Germany. In the following months
408:per year. Eighty percent of that is short-lived
730:1987 to make more difficult to build new plants
412:. France is currently the only EU country that
16:Overview of nuclear power in the European Union
2029:"Izdano energetsko dovoljenje za projekt JEK2"
1036:
1034:
781:has supported the German government's planned
327:. Therefore, regular EU policy on for example
2969:
2376:
2142:
2140:
335:is the main authority for EU nuclear issues.
8:
2177:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1629:
1627:
1460:[Nuclear power plants in the world]
1186:World Nuclear Association, Facts and Figures
889:"The role of nuclear in a low-carbon Europe"
472:European Repository Development Organisation
1466:Informations sur l'Énergie: Energy Handbook
323:European nuclear policy is governed by the
291:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2976:
2962:
2954:
2383:
2369:
2361:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1077:), official website of European Union law.
974:Kurmayer, Nikolaus J. (12 November 2021).
1639:European Commission – European Commission
1003:
1001:
827:Nuclear energy policy by country – Europe
311:Learn how and when to remove this message
1532:"Nuclear safety [EBRD – Sector]"
1763:"Decommissioning of nuclear facilities"
1454:Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA)
1197:"Gas and electricity market statistics"
1069:. Versions in multiple languages from
847:
233:(EDF) power utility as a result of the
156:Stress tests were developed within the
2170:
1747:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1740:
1483:from the original on 27 September 2011
591:EDF has said its third-generation EPR
200:nuclear reactors in the European Union
2316:from the original on 11 February 2012
2159:from the original on 7 September 2021
2064:from the original on 8 September 2019
1874:
1872:
1665:"(see section "Project information")"
1560:from the original on 31 December 2021
955:from the original on 20 February 2022
925:from the original on 11 February 2012
866:from the original on 19 February 2021
7:
3367:Electric power in the European Union
2094:from the original on 31 January 2016
1803:from the original on 24 January 2020
899:from the original on 16 January 2021
883:
881:
832:World Nuclear Industry Status Report
289:adding citations to reliable sources
176:and 0.1% industrial waste. In 2006,
144:, they would be unable to block the
2009:from the original on 8 October 2010
1645:from the original on 25 August 2020
1408:from the original on 6 October 2014
1019:from the original on 3 January 2022
986:from the original on 3 January 2022
184:(17.6% of all installed capacity).
80:. The countries with reactors are:
63:Nuclear power in the European Union
2336:"Siemens to quit nuclear industry"
2310:"Power Reactor Information System"
2222:"Italy Nuclear Referendum Results"
2113:Annika Breidthardt (30 May 2011).
919:"Power Reactor Information System"
14:
2346:from the original on 25 June 2021
2289:from the original on 25 June 2021
1773:from the original on 23 June 2021
1729:from the original on 21 July 2015
1671:from the original on 21 July 2015
1512:from the original on 5 March 2016
1206:. 26 October 2007. Archived from
1109:Fernanado Esteban (23 May 2002).
191:energy source, produced 450
69:energy production across the EU.
2933:Nuclear energy policy by country
2259:from the original on 25 May 2015
1606:"Environment News Service (ENS)"
1143:"EU ENERGY IN FIGURES 2007/2008"
811:
797:
543:
261:
30:
21:Nuclear energy policy by country
1092:EEA-European Environment Agency
705:reactors under construction in
198:As of June 2013 there were 131
2923:List of nuclear power stations
2224:. 13 June 2011. Archived from
1394:Stull, Graham (1 April 2011).
612:Generation IV nuclear reactors
1:
390:nuclear waste disposal centre
3362:Energy in the European Union
1767:Energy – European Commission
1073:(Doc ref 52012DC0571 – EN –
1933:"About Us: WENRA's mission"
770:Renewable energy in Germany
752:As said, the 2011 Japanese
410:low-level radioactive waste
384:Anti-nuclear protesters of
237:on the European continent.
72:The energy policies of the
3383:
2249:"Nuclear Power Goes Rogue"
754:Fukushima nuclear disaster
746:Fukushima nuclear disaster
722:Fukushima nuclear disaster
227:driest summer in 500 years
207:
162:Fukushima nuclear disaster
18:
2943:Nuclear technology portal
2918:
819:Nuclear technology portal
693:Krško Nuclear Power Plant
535:European nuclear industry
455:of old nuclear plants in
142:European Union population
39:This article needs to be
2392:Nuclear power by country
2033:www.energetika-portal.si
1972:(Report). Archived from
521:estimated that the EU's
235:escalating energy crisis
160:in the aftermath of the
2984:Nuclear power in Europe
893:energyfocus.the-eic.com
695:is currently underway.
523:nuclear decommissioning
492:Nuclear decommissioning
222:Nuclear power in France
3032:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1858:19 August 2017 at the
1550:"ERDO – Working Group"
1182:1 October 2017 at the
749:
605:Generation II reactors
596:
554:is missing information
401:
386:Alliance 90/The Greens
366:Generation IV reactors
2928:Nuclear energy policy
2342:. 18 September 2011.
2283:www.world-nuclear.org
2088:www.world-nuclear.org
2003:www.world-nuclear.org
1885:15 April 2016 at the
1797:www.world-nuclear.org
1308:Reuters. 6 July 2022.
805:European Union portal
762:Anti-nuclear movement
742:
590:
383:
231:Électricité de France
2247:(28 November 2011).
1903:"About us - FORATOM"
285:improve this section
3248:States with limited
2125:on 26 December 2019
1834:on 21 February 2016
1538:on 26 October 2010.
1508:. 20 January 2008.
1257:. 2 September 2022.
1239:. 4 September 2022.
1042:European Commission
601:nuclear renaissance
519:European Commission
344:European Parliament
146:European Commission
2202:on 20 October 2014
1943:on 15 January 2022
1866:, 3 December 2012.
1612:on 23 October 2011
1274:The New York Times
1159:on 3 December 2008
1123:on 5 February 2009
1060:on 21 October 2012
1044:(4 October 2012),
1015:. 1 January 2022.
750:
645:2011 publication,
597:
517:reported that the
402:
355:Chernobyl disaster
3349:
3348:
2951:
2950:
2938:Nuclear accidents
2906:
2893:
2880:
2228:on 25 March 2012.
1965:(12 April 2011).
1909:on 3 October 2011
1586:on 8 October 2011
1456:(December 2007),
1295:. 22 August 2022.
1277:. 18 August 2022.
734:nuclear phase-out
726:energy transition
585:
584:
451:is financing the
406:radioactive waste
360:The commission's
321:
320:
313:
241:Uranium resources
60:
59:
3374:
3286:Dependencies and
2990:Sovereign states
2978:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2192:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. 27 June 2011.
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1939:. Archived from
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1905:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1876:
1867:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1830:. Archived from
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:. 31 July 2014.
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:. Archived from
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:. Archived from
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1534:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1152:. Archived from
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1098:on 12 July 2012.
1094:. Archived from
1084:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:www.euractiv.com
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
895:. Energy Focus.
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
852:
821:
816:
815:
814:
807:
802:
801:
800:
623:General Electric
580:
577:
571:
547:
539:
398:northern Germany
340:European Council
316:
309:
305:
302:
296:
265:
257:
216:low-carbon power
78:nuclear reactors
55:
52:
46:
34:
33:
26:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3329:
3287:
3281:
3267:Northern Cyprus
3249:
3243:
3164:North Macedonia
2985:
2982:
2952:
2947:
2914:
2862:
2765:
2764:Abandoned plans
2759:
2638:
2611:
2603:
2551:
2543:
2501:
2493:
2460:
2451:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2233:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1979:on 28 July 2011
1976:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1887:Wayback Machine
1877:
1870:
1860:Wayback Machine
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:"Archived copy"
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1697:on 16 June 2015
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1554:www.erdo-wg.com
1548:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1184:Wayback Machine
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
973:
972:
968:
958:
956:
943:
942:
938:
928:
926:
917:
916:
912:
902:
900:
887:
886:
879:
869:
867:
854:
853:
849:
845:
817:
812:
810:
803:
798:
796:
793:
654:
637:from Japan and
581:
575:
572:
565:
548:
537:
494:
453:decommissioning
442:nuclear weapons
414:reprocess waste
378:
317:
306:
300:
297:
282:
266:
255:
253:EU-level policy
243:
225:2022, Europe's
212:
170:
154:
56:
50:
47:
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3341:European Union
3337:
3335:
3334:Other entities
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3288:other entities
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3239:United Kingdom
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Czech Republic
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2766:for new plants
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Czech Republic
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2489:United Kingdom
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2327:
2300:
2270:
2245:Henry Sokolski
2231:
2213:
2184:
2136:
2105:
2075:
2045:
2020:
1990:
1954:
1920:
1894:
1892:, 28 May 2009.
1890:New York Times
1878:James Kanter.
1868:
1845:
1814:
1784:
1754:
1708:
1682:
1656:
1635:"Press corner"
1623:
1597:
1571:
1541:
1523:
1493:
1445:
1434:on 15 May 2008
1419:
1386:
1365:
1344:
1330:
1310:
1298:
1280:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1213:on 13 May 2012
1188:
1170:
1134:
1101:
1079:
1030:
997:
966:
936:
910:
877:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
823:
822:
808:
792:
789:
775:nuclear sector
766:the government
720:Following the
686:
685:
682:
681:Czech Republic
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
653:
650:
583:
582:
551:
549:
542:
536:
533:
493:
490:
377:
374:
325:Euratom Treaty
319:
318:
269:
267:
260:
254:
251:
242:
239:
208:Main article:
178:nuclear energy
169:
166:
153:
150:
134:United Kingdom
90:Czech Republic
74:European Union
58:
57:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3379:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Faroe Islands
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:South Ossetia
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Liechtenstein
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2447:United States
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2308:IAEA (2011).
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1275:
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1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1049:
1048:
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2153:Der Spiegel
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903:19 February
870:19 February
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593:Flamanville
434:Switzerland
329:environment
301:August 2011
110:Netherlands
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3154:Montenegro
3134:Luxembourg
3114:Kazakhstan
3017:Azerbaijan
2783:Azerbaijan
2695:Kazakhstan
2660:Bangladesh
2206:16 October
1412:9 November
1401:(Report).
1163:17 October
843:References
420:) include
174:renewables
168:Energy mix
67:low-carbon
3305:Gibraltar
3129:Lithuania
2892:(already)
2879:(delayed)
2853:Venezuela
2838:Singapore
2813:Lithuania
2773:Australia
2740:Sri Lanka
2680:Indonesia
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2173:cite news
1913:5 October
1616:18 August
1474:1280-9039
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513:In 2016,
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438:plutonium
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457:Bulgaria
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362:SET plan
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2619:Armenia
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2163:11 July
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2013:11 July
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1864:Reuters
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949:bmuv.de
675:Romania
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663:Finland
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627:Hitachi
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2665:Chile
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