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474:, with, for example, cooler-water species unable to maintain populations, and non-local, warmer-water species, colonizing the vicinity. While power plants may instigate such environmental transformations, the thermal plumes caused by the warmed-water discharge are narrow, so their effect is geographically restricted. Winter shutdown of the plant may result in
342:
The floating nuclear power station is a non-self propelled vessel. It has length of 144.4 metres (474 ft), width of 30 metres (98 ft), height of 10 metres (33 ft), and draught of 5.6 metres (18 ft). The vessel has a displacement of 21,500 tonnes and a crew of 69 people.
448:
Environmental concerns around the health and safety of the project have arisen. Radioactive steam may be produced, negatively impacting people living nearby. Earthquake activity is common in the area and there are fears that a tsunami wave could damage the facility and release radioactive substances
419:
The floating power stations need to be refueled every three years while saving up to 200,000 metric tons of coal and 100,000 tons of fuel oil a year. The reactors are supposed to have a lifespan of 40 years. Every 12 years, the whole plant will be towed home and overhauled at the
369:
917 MW thermal or 325 MWe and the slightly larger RITM-200 55 MWe reactors have both been considered as a potential energy source for these floating nuclear power stations. The station also incorporates a floating unit (FPU), waterworks, guaranteeing solid establishment, separation FPU and
378:
The primary goal of the venture is to give increasing energy needs of the area, effective energy investigation and advancement of gold and rest of the different fields in Chaun-Bilibino energy arrangement of the industrial group, guaranteeing adjustment of taxes for electric and heat energy for the
333:
On 31 December 2021 Rosatom announced that these four new floating plants will carry a new, slightly improved version of RITM-200 cores, named RITM-200S, currently in development. TVEL has been charged with development of new fuel assemblies for its improved core. Each barge will produce 106 MWe of
428:
The safety systems of the KLT-40S are designed according to the reactor design itself, physical successive systems of protection and containment, self-activating active and passive safety systems, self-diagnostic automatic systems, reliable diagnostics relating to equipment and systems status, and
357:, enough for a city with a population of 200,000 people. Because of its ability to float and be assembled in extreme weather conditions, it can provide heat and power to areas that do not have easy access to these amenities because of their geographic location. It could also be modified as a
255:
funded a three-year research study of offshore floating nuclear power generation. The
Rosatom project is the first floating nuclear power plant intended for mass production. The initial plan was to manufacture at least seven of the vessels by 2015. On 14 September 2019, Russia’s first-floating
432:
Environmental groups and citizens are concerned that floating plants will be more vulnerable to accidents, natural disasters specific to oceans, and terrorism than land-based stations. They point to a history of naval and nuclear accidents in Russia and the former Soviet Union, including the
420:
wharf where it was constructed. The manufacturer will arrange for the disposal of the nuclear waste and maintenance is provided by the infrastructure of the
Russian nuclear industry. Thus, virtually no radiation traces are expected at the place where the power station produced its energy.
465:
that is an advantageous environment for some marine life forms, there are potential negative effects on animal and plant life near-shore (for coastal plants) or further offshore (with deep-water floating plants). Intrusion of marine organisms into power station systems during water
545:
According to
Rosatom, 15 countries, including China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria, Sudan, Namibia, Cape Verde, and Argentina, have shown interest in hiring such a device. It has been estimated that 75% of the world's population live within 100 miles of a port city.
478:
from the thermal shock. However, this can be mitigated in stations with multiple units, by avoiding simultaneous shutdowns. By sequentially turning off only one unit at a time, the water temperature variation is minimized. These problems are shared by all
317:
On 27 July 2021 Rosatom signed an agreement with GDK Baimskaya LLC for energy delivery for
Baimskaya copper mining operations. Rosatom suggests delivering up to three new floating power plants (with fourth being in reserve), all using the latest
445:, 1957, and Taymyr, 2011) involving radioactive leaking from such vessels also contribute to safety concerns for FNPPs. Commercialization of floating nuclear power plants in the United States have failed due to high costs and safety concerns.
361:
plant producing 240,000 cubic meters of fresh water a day. Smaller modification of the plant can be fitted with two ABV-6M reactors with the electrical power around 18 MWe (megawatts of electricity).
326:. These are to be docked at Cape Nagloynyn, Chaunskaya Bay port and connected to the Baimskaya mine by 400 km long 110 kV line through Bilibino. According to Rosatom, production of the first new reactors by
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314:
was launched on 1 July 2010, at an estimated cost of 6 billion rubles (232 m$ ). In 2015 construction of a second vessel starting in 2019 was announced by Russia's state nuclear corporation
Rosatom.
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has already started. In August 2022, construction of the first hull started in China, planned to be delivered to Russia in 2023 for installation of reactors and equipment.
2597:
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1616:
1538:
1008:[Floating Nuclear Power Stations. Russia overcame America. New project by Russian Nuclear Scientists] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 16 April 2006. Archived from
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transmitting created power and heat on the banks, inland offices for accepting and transmitting the produced power to outside systems for circulation to purchasers.
878:
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could reduce species variety and number of individual organisms. The thermal impact of water discharge from stations may permanently change the area's
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302:, started on 15 April 2007 at the Sevmash Submarine-Building Plant in Severodvinsk. In August 2008 construction works were transferred to the
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provisioned methods regarding accident control. Additionally, the safety systems on board operate independently of the plant’s power supply.
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Both coastal and floating nuclear powerplants may result in similar consequences for the ocean environments. Although the surrounding
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1319:
Shuman, Mackenzie (25 March 2022). "How
California's last remaining nuclear power plant transformed marine life off the coast".
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280:
The project for a floating nuclear power station began in 2000, when the
Ministry for Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation (
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populace and modern customers, and the making of a solid energy base for monetary and social improvement of the locale.
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together providing up to 70 MW of electricity or 300 MW of heat, or cogeneration of electricity and heat for
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1159:. XIII International Youth Scientific and Practical Conference: "FUTURE OF ATOMIC ENERGY - AtomFuture 2017".
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and assembled by
Nizhniy Novgorod Research and Development Institute Atomenergoproekt (both part of
1988:
1393:
Floating
Nuclear Power Plants in Russia: A Threat to the Arctic, World Oceans and Non-Proliferation
1156:
The
Construction of Floating Nuclear Power Station in Pevek as Innovation in the Electricity market
948:"Rosatom begins development of nuclear fuel for upgraded FNPPs - Nuclear Engineering International"
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and waste. Being on the water exposes it to natural forces, according to environmental groups.
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that are also used for scientific and Arctic tourism expeditions. However earlier incidents (
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2019:
2014:
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nuclear reactors (icebreaker type) producing 70 MW electric or 300 MW heat power
55:
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2004:
1968:
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1911:
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was appointed as general contractor. Construction of the first power station, the
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in the United States, which was built in the 1960s into the hull of a World War II
237:
1434:
1373:
A survey of unique technical features of the floating nuclear power plant concept
1221:"Floating Nuclear Power Plants and Associated Technologies in the Northern Areas"
879:"Russia announces second floating nuclear plant as new problems plague its first"
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facilities and then tow them to ports near locations that require electricity.
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to build a floating plant for its northern parts, using smaller ABV reactors.
1037:. MOS news. 9 September 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2005
685:
498:
Floating nuclear power stations are planned to be used mainly in the Russian
2320:
2315:
1035:"Russia to Build World's First Floating Nuclear Power Station for $ 200,000"
571:
475:
1169:
770:
1594:
1370:
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Directorate of Licensing (1 January 1974).
1282:. CAPS In Focus: 1 – via Forum for National Security Studies (FNSS).
2009:
1938:
1336:"The effects of entrainment on plankton at Koeberg nuclear power station"
366:
319:
1220:
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1945:
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775:
515:
503:
458:
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222:
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65:
771:"Floating power generating plant of nuclear station of small capacity"
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of 1986. Russia does have 50 years of experience operating a fleet of
2409:
2285:
1738:
506:
for offshore oil and gas field development and for operations on the
499:
347:
310:, which is also responsible for the construction of future vessels.
226:
1273:"Akademik Lomonosv: Floating Chernobyl or the Floating Light Bearer"
1153:
Anisimova, A. I.; Kopin, M. R.; Allenykh, M. A. (21 February 2018).
2056:
1243:"Floating nuclear power stations raise spectre of Chernobyl at sea"
232:
nuclear energy corporation. They are self-contained, low-capacity,
1926:
1553:
712:"Russia's first sea-borne nuclear power plant arrives to its base"
531:
244:
221:(CHP) low-power nuclear power plant') are vessels designed by
123:
41:
Model of the Project 20870 (back) with a desalination unit (front)
2357:
1933:
1921:
1769:
1493:
United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Agreement
1005:Плавучая АЭС обогнала Америку. Новый проект российских атомщиков
2060:
1598:
1438:
1424:"Infinite heat sink: US floating nuclear design makes a splash"
1408:"Floating Nuclear Plants: A 'Reasonable Use' of the High Seas?"
208:плавучая атомная теплоэлектростанция малой мощности, ПАТЭС ММ
926:"China begins construction of hull for Russian floating NPP"
1127:. World Nuclear Association. December 2008. Archived from
1294:"Akademik Lomonosov Floating Nuclear Co-generation Plant"
2702:
Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors
1400:
Akademik Lomonosov Floating Nuclear Co-generation Plant
809:"Russia relocates construction of floating power plant"
2583:
International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
1230:. Strålevern Rapport 2008:15: 31–32. 31 December 2008.
928:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 September 2022
663:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 September 2022
251:, which was followed on much later in 2022 when the
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1997:
1981:
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1506:
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2521:Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!
387:The hull and sections of vessels are built by the
861:"World Nuclear Association - World Nuclear News"
538:. In 2007, Rosatom signed an agreement with the
236:. Rosatom plans to mass-produce the stations at
920:
918:
1189:
1187:
2072:
1610:
1450:
1334:Huggett, J. A.; Cook, P. A. (December 1991).
1163:. Vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 189–200.
243:The work on such a concept dates back to the
8:
1412:California Western International Law Journal
661:"US begins study of floating nuclear plants"
266:. It started operation on 19 December 2019.
2573:2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
1071:"Floating a nuclear power plant in Yakutia"
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
635:"Floating Nuclear Plant Sturgis Dismantled"
262:, arrived to its permanent location in the
2529:Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
2404:
2079:
2065:
2057:
1901:
1656:
1617:
1603:
1595:
1457:
1443:
1435:
1271:Fathima, Zoya Akthar (17 September 2019).
973:"Two floating nuclear plants for Chukotka"
502:. Five of these are planned to be used by
346:Each vessel of this type has two modified
1351:
1168:
897:"Russia commits to further floating NPPs"
765:
763:
761:
759:
680:
678:
1097:"Status report 66 - VBER-300 (VBER-300)"
738:"Russia connects floating plant to grid"
688:Russia will build series of floating NPS
1365:
1363:
1340:South African Journal of Marine Science
1148:
1146:
998:
996:
994:
626:
403:). The reactor vessels are produced by
2255:Russian floating nuclear power station
1544:Russian floating nuclear power station
1048:
322:55 MWe reactors, currently serving on
31:
1266:
1264:
1029:
1027:
686:"Россия построит серию плавучих АЭС (
7:
2399:Russia in the European energy sector
692:(in Russian). Vzglyad. 15 April 2007
514:peninsulas. Other locations include
2433:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
1280:Centre for Air Power Studies (CAPS)
1195:"Reactors ready for floating plant"
2423:2007 Russian North Pole expedition
2276:Electric power companies of Russia
1390:Vladimir Kuznetsov et al. (2004),
834:Stolyarova, Galina (1 July 2010).
486:The breakwater will constitute an
253:United States Department of Energy
25:
2481:2006 Russia–Georgia energy crisis
1487:Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
1376:. University of Michigan Library.
2722:Science and technology in Russia
2697:Nuclear power stations in Russia
2663:
2651:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2438:Territorial claims in the Arctic
2041:
2040:
584:
570:
556:
35:
2692:Floating nuclear power stations
836:"Nuclear Power Vessel Launched"
411:supplies the turbo-generators.
200:Floating nuclear power stations
2556:2021–2023 global energy crisis
1241:Halpin, Tony (17 April 2007).
1:
2578:2024 Lukoil transit sanctions
2363:Russia–Saudi Arabia relations
2168:Gas Exporting Countries Forum
1498:Next Generation Nuclear Plant
234:floating nuclear power plants
600:Atlantic Nuclear Power Plant
2500:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
439:nuclear-powered icebreakers
395:. Reactors are designed by
18:Nuclear power station barge
2743:
1406:Blake, Marlowe J. (1978).
1353:10.2989/025776191784287484
1321:The Tribune – The Cambrian
865:www.world-nuclear-news.org
292:as the construction site,
273:
141:144.4 m (474 ft)
2727:Service vessels of Russia
2623:
2613:Unfriendly countries list
2561:2021–2023 inflation surge
2038:
1632:
1507:Specialized plant designs
1125:"Nuclear Power in Russia"
1055:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
605:Nuclear marine propulsion
592:Nuclear technology portal
351:naval propulsion reactors
338:Technical characteristics
324:Project 22220 icebreakers
207:
111:
46:
34:
2382:Germany–Russia relations
2122:Greenhouse gas emissions
1004:
840:The St. Petersburg Times
83:19 December 2019-present
2670:Renewable energy portal
2418:Arctic policy of Russia
2346:Energy policy of Russia
2333: and disputes
2238:Electric power industry
1637:Energy policy of Russia
1626:Nuclear power in Russia
219:combined heat and power
165:5.6 m (18 ft)
112:General characteristics
2370:China–Russia relations
2260:Thermal power stations
2250:List of power stations
2231:Electricity generation
1957:and prototype reactors
1955:Research, experimental
1170:10.18502/keg.v3i3.1619
639:The Maritime Executive
610:Offshore Power Systems
157:10 m (33 ft)
149:30 m (98 ft)
2707:Nuclear-powered ships
2566:2022–2023 food crises
615:Soviet naval reactors
490:of appreciable size.
453:Environmental impacts
256:nuclear power plant,
121:Nuclear power station
1905:Power plant reactors
1402:, Russian Federation
1396:. Green Cross Russia
481:thermal power plants
409:Kaluga Turbine Plant
2588:during the invasion
1989:Kurchatov Institute
952:www.neimagazine.com
718:. 14 September 2019
528:Kamchatka Peninsula
2717:Russian inventions
2712:Nuclear technology
2598:2023 oil sanctions
2593:2022 oil sanctions
2408:Disputes over the
2243:in Imperial Russia
2200:Barents Sea fields
2190:Petroleum industry
2127:Ministry of Energy
1982:Research locations
1748:Under construction
1668:Akademik Lomonosov
1228:Statens Strålevern
1199:World Nuclear News
1075:World Nuclear News
977:World Nuclear News
901:World Nuclear News
813:World Nuclear News
744:. 19 December 2019
742:World Nuclear News
435:Chernobyl disaster
312:Akademik Lomonosov
299:Akademik Lomonosov
290:Arkhangelsk Oblast
276:Akademik Lomonosov
259:Akademik Lomonosov
133:21,500 tonnes
2679:
2678:
2537:
2536:
2428:Continental shelf
2117:Energy superpower
2107:Economy of Russia
2054:
2053:
1977:
1976:
1893:
1892:
1592:
1591:
1579:Transatomic Power
1131:on 19 August 2011
1077:. 30 October 2007
885:. 26 August 2015.
536:Chukchi Peninsula
488:artificial island
461:could provide an
405:Izhorskiye Zavody
216:
197:
196:
16:(Redirected from
2734:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2543:Ukraine invasion
2405:
2375:Power of Siberia
2269:Energy companies
2212:Renewable energy
2088:Energy in Russia
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2044:
2043:
1902:
1657:
1642:Energy in Russia
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1428:Power Technology
1419:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1298:Power Technology
1290:
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1283:
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1150:
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1022:
1021:
1019:
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1000:
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988:
986:
984:
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960:
958:
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913:
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875:
869:
868:
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
831:
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824:
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815:. 11 August 2008
805:
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631:
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589:
588:
587:
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575:
574:
566:
561:
560:
559:
520:Taymyr Peninsula
472:marine ecosystem
393:Saint Petersburg
365:The much larger
355:district heating
308:Saint Petersburg
211:
209:
39:
32:
21:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2619:
2545:
2533:
2485:
2466:
2442:
2403:
2334:
2325:
2311:Sakhalin Energy
2264:
2226:
2131:
2112:Energy security
2090:
2085:
2055:
2050:
2034:
2020:OKBM Afrikantov
2015:Atomstroyexport
1993:
1973:
1956:
1950:
1889:
1868:
1800:
1774:
1743:
1724:Novovoronezh II
1646:
1628:
1623:
1593:
1588:
1502:
1474:
1463:
1430:. 13 July 2014.
1422:
1405:
1387:
1385:Further reading
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1202:
1201:. 7 August 2009
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1161:KnE Engineering
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1123:
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1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1012:on 20 June 2006
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641:. 16 March 2019
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632:
628:
623:
590:
585:
583:
576:
569:
562:
557:
555:
552:
496:
463:artificial reef
455:
426:
417:
397:OKBM Afrikantov
389:Baltic Shipyard
385:
376:
340:
304:Baltic Shipyard
278:
272:
264:Chukotka region
56:Baltic Shipyard
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2684:
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2534:
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2526:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2496:
2494:
2490:Disputes with
2487:
2486:
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2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:Disputes with
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2447:Disputes with
2444:
2443:
2441:
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2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
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2202:
2197:
2187:
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2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Climate change
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:OKB Gidropress
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2005:Atomenergomash
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
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1841:
1836:
1831:
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1814:
1808:
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1801:
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1793:
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1776:
1775:
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1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
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1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:B&W mPower
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
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1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1346:(1): 211–226.
1326:
1311:
1285:
1260:
1233:
1212:
1183:
1142:
1116:
1088:
1062:
1023:
990:
979:. 5 April 2007
964:
939:
914:
903:. 27 July 2021
888:
870:
852:
826:
789:
755:
729:
703:
674:
652:
625:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
595:
581:
567:
551:
548:
540:Sakha Republic
495:
492:
454:
451:
425:
422:
416:
413:
401:Atomenergoprom
384:
381:
375:
372:
339:
336:
328:Atomenergomash
271:
268:
217:'floating
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
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131:
127:
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118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
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101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
47:Class overview
44:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2739:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:Energy portal
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:Russia portal
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:gas price cap
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
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2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2463:
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2454:
2452:
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2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:Nord Stream 2
2390:
2388:
2387:Nord Stream 1
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:2022 invasion
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Barents Basin
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Hydroelectric
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:Reactor types
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
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1827:
1825:
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1820:
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1815:
1813:
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1807:
1803:
1797:
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1777:
1771:
1768:
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1758:
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1707:
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1697:
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1677:
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1670:
1669:
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1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1582:
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1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:nuclear power
1467:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:(2): 191–227.
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1267:
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1261:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1104:aris.iaea.org
1098:
1092:
1089:
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1072:
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1063:
1058:
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1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
991:
978:
974:
968:
965:
953:
949:
943:
940:
927:
921:
919:
915:
902:
898:
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889:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
862:
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841:
837:
830:
827:
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804:
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790:
778:
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772:
766:
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743:
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717:
713:
707:
704:
691:
689:
681:
679:
675:
662:
656:
653:
640:
636:
630:
627:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
582:
579:
578:Energy portal
573:
568:
565:
564:Russia portal
554:
549:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
473:
469:
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460:
452:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
430:
423:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
373:
371:
368:
363:
360:
356:
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349:
344:
337:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
260:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
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231:
228:
224:
220:
214:
205:
201:
192:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2519:
2515:Kharkiv Pact
2351:Soviet Union
2254:
2205:West Siberia
2185:Oil reserves
2180:Oil industry
2158:LNG industry
2045:
1849:Tatar (Kama)
1816:
1755:Leningrad II
1719:Novovoronezh
1714:Leningrad II
1689:Dimitrovgrad
1666:
1543:
1485:
1479:Partnerships
1427:
1415:
1411:
1391:
1372:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1279:
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1227:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1174:. Retrieved
1160:
1155:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1039:. Retrieved
1014:. Retrieved
1010:the original
981:. Retrieved
976:
967:
955:. Retrieved
951:
942:
930:. Retrieved
905:. Retrieved
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
843:. Retrieved
839:
829:
817:. Retrieved
812:
780:. Retrieved
774:
746:. Retrieved
741:
732:
722:15 September
720:. Retrieved
715:
706:
694:. Retrieved
687:
665:. Retrieved
655:
643:. Retrieved
638:
629:
544:
497:
485:
456:
447:
431:
427:
418:
386:
377:
364:
359:desalination
345:
341:
332:
316:
311:
297:
286:Severodvinsk
279:
257:
249:Liberty Ship
242:
238:shipbuilding
199:
198:
130:Displacement
29:
27:Type of ship
2306:Rosneftegaz
2163:Natural gas
1880:Smolensk II
1829:Kaliningrad
1564:Gen4 Energy
1135:30 December
1081:30 December
983:30 December
957:31 December
932:2 September
883:Bellona.org
819:30 December
748:20 December
667:2 September
524:Vilyuchinsk
468:entrainment
383:Contractors
230:state-owned
189:2 modified
2686:Categories
2505:of 2005–06
2148:Geothermal
1844:South Ural
1574:TerraPower
1549:Toshiba 4S
1253:8 November
1041:8 November
696:8 November
621:References
476:fish kills
374:Objectives
274:See also:
170:Propulsion
91:at least 7
80:In service
2548:sanctions
2321:Yamal LNG
2316:Transneft
1998:Companies
1859:Volgograd
1834:Krasnodar
1765:BREST-300
1709:Leningrad
1679:Beloyarsk
1247:The Times
1051:cite news
907:13 August
494:Locations
320:RITM-200M
96:Completed
75:2007-2018
62:Operators
2634:Category
2335:(before
2331:Politics
2047:Category
2010:Atommash
1939:VVER-TOI
1864:Voronezh
1839:Primorsk
1805:Canceled
1791:Siberian
1760:Kursk II
1734:Smolensk
1684:Bilibino
1674:Balakovo
1652:Reactors
1514:Fuji MSR
1466:Emerging
1304:25 April
1249:. London
1176:20 April
645:17 March
550:See also
367:VBER-300
284:) chose
52:Builders
2510:of 2009
2492:Ukraine
2473:Georgia
2462:of 2007
2457:of 2004
2449:Belarus
2301:Rosneft
2296:Rosatom
2291:Novatek
2281:Gazprom
2175:Nuclear
2136:Sources
2030:Rosatom
1946:KLT-40S
1885:BN-1200
1873:Planned
1818:Crimean
1812:Bashkir
1796:Troitsk
1786:Obninsk
1694:Kalinin
1584:Thorcon
1559:NuScale
1524:SC-HTGR
1472:markets
1109:17 June
776:Sevmash
716:Reuters
534:on the
526:on the
518:on the
516:Dudinka
504:Gazprom
459:seawall
415:Fueling
334:power.
294:Sevmash
282:Rosatom
270:History
227:Russian
223:Rosatom
215:
204:Russian
191:KLT-40S
162:Draught
88:Planned
66:Rosatom
2608:CAATSA
2410:Arctic
2286:Lukoil
2095:Topics
1964:GT-MHR
1917:BN-800
1912:BN-600
1779:Closed
1739:BOR-60
1729:Rostov
1660:Active
1534:SmAHTR
1300:. 2020
1016:6 July
845:6 July
782:6 July
500:Arctic
424:Safety
348:KLT-40
225:, the
154:Height
138:Length
104:Active
2217:Solar
1927:EGP-6
1824:Gorky
1704:Kursk
1554:CAREM
1539:SSTAR
1519:PRISM
1276:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1205:1 May
1100:(PDF)
532:Pevek
512:Yamal
443:Lenin
245:MH-1A
186:Notes
124:barge
72:Built
2546:and
2358:OPEC
2222:Wind
2143:Coal
1969:T-15
1934:VVER
1922:RBMK
1854:Tver
1770:MBIR
1699:Kola
1529:IRIS
1306:2020
1255:2008
1207:2010
1178:2020
1137:2008
1111:2019
1083:2008
1057:link
1043:2008
1018:2010
985:2008
959:2021
934:2022
909:2021
847:2010
821:2008
784:2010
750:2019
724:2019
698:2008
669:2022
647:2019
530:and
510:and
508:Kola
213:lit.
178:Crew
173:none
146:Beam
117:Type
1348:doi
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