Nuclear power phase-out

1473: 2074: 2066: 265:

Olkiluoto 3 reaches full output, around 90% of Finland's electricity generation will come from clean, low-carbon electricity sources, with nuclear generation supplying around half of that." In addition, China has 11 units under construction and there are also new reactors being built in Bangladesh, Belarus, Brazil, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United States of America. At least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10–15 years".

981: 3723: 594: 1914: 1867:. Even so, in comparing the fatalities for major accidents alone in the energy sector, it is still found that the risks associated with nuclear power are extremely small relative to those associated with coal, oil, gas and hydroelectric. For the operation of a 1000-MWe nuclear power plant, the complete nuclear fuel cycle, from mining to reactor operation to waste disposal, the radiation dose is cited as 136 person-rem/year. The dose is 490 person-rem/year for an equivalent coal-fired power plant. 2118:. This trend has been augmented by diversifying electricity generation and allowing homes and businesses with solar panels on their rooftops to sell electricity to the grid. In the future this could "lead to a majority of our energy coming from decentralized solar panels and wind turbines scattered across the country" rather than large power plants. The final goal of German proponents of a nuclear power phase-out is the abolishment of coal and other non-renewable energy sources. 570: 790:) ruled that the nuclear plant operators affected by the accelerated phase-out of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster are eligible for "adequate" compensation. The court found that the nuclear exit was essentially constitutional but that the utilities are entitled to damages for the "good faith" investments they made in 2010. The utilities can now sue the German government under civil law. E.ON, RWE, and Vattenfall are expected to seek a total of €19 1453: 1637:

the related industries, public consensus of needs to reduce carbon footprint and the decrease of popularity due to other political and economic failures. Surveys from 2021 show that the support for nuclear phase out has drastically reduced, although the details differ from majority support to majority disapproval depending on the survey. President Moon reversed his government's nuclear phaseout policy just before the election in February 2022.

1827: 154: 586: 1178:

ten years, and additionally a condition to stop the present reactors after 40 years of operation. To extend the 40 years by ten more years, another referendum would have to be held (at high administrative costs). The rejection of the Moratorium Plus had come as a surprise to many, as opinion polls before the referendum had showed acceptance. Reasons for the rejections in both cases were seen as the worsened economic situation.

300: 829: 7256: 1174:. It was rejected by 67% to 31%. On 18 May 2003, there were two referendums: "Electricity without Nuclear", asking for a decision on a nuclear power phase-out, and "Moratorium Plus", for an extension of the earlier-decided moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants. Both were turned down. The results were: Moratorium Plus: 41.6% Yes, 58.4% No; Electricity without Nuclear: 33.7% Yes, 66.3% No. 2058: 652:. By tightening safety regulations and increasing taxation, a faster end to nuclear power could have been forced. A gradual closing of nuclear power plants had come along with concessions in questions of safety for the population with transport of nuclear waste throughout Germany. This latter point has been disagreed with by the Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 33: 7246: 2145: 1633:. Such decision, however, was met with widespread criticism regarding its political transparency and various doubts regarding its process. This was especially highlighted when the construction of Shin Gori units 5 and 6 were unilaterally stopped by the government. Being faced with stark criticism, the construction of Shin Gori units 5 and 6 were eventually restarted. 1036: 1020: 1054: 1004: 988: 2049:. This leads to on average of one serious accident happening every eight years worldwide. Despite these accidents and public opinion, the safety record of nuclear power, in terms of lives lost (ignoring nonfatal illnesses) per unit of electricity delivered, is better than every other major source of power in the world, and on par with solar and wind. 1090: 1083: 470:, it makes up more than 50% of the electricity provided to households and businesses. This was one of the major reasons to extend the earlier phase-out, since it was difficult to provide more than 50% of the electricity by 'alternative' energy-production, and a revert to the classical coal-driven electricity would mean inability to adhere to the 167: 1696:, and long-lived radioisotope burn-up. For instance, spent nuclear fuel in the United States could extend nuclear power generation by hundreds of years because more than 90% of spent fuel can be reprocessed. The operational safety record in the Western world is excellent when compared to the other major kinds of power plants. 1561:. By 2009, about 30 new reactors were planned, and a large number of existing reactors had applied for upgrades to increase their output. In total, 39 reactors had their licences renewed, three Early Site Permits had been applied for, and three consortiums had applied for Combined Construction-Operating Licences under the 1785:

long-established projects are struggling to find finance, notably Belene in Bulgaria and the additional reactors at Cernavoda in Romania, and some potential backers have pulled out. Where cheap natural gas is available and its future supply relatively secure, this also poses a major problem for nuclear projects.

1640:

In the 2022 election, candidate Yoon Seok-Yeol promised to cancel the phase out if elected and continue running all plants as long as they safely could be operated, develop new technology and become a global export powerhouse. Yoon went on to win a close election in what was seen as a big win for the

1574:

However, by 2012 the vast majority of these plans were cancelled, and several additional cancellations followed in 2013. Currently only three new reactors are under construction, and one, at Watts Bar, was originally planned in the 1970s and only under construction now. Construction of the new AP1000

1898:

In May 2023, the Washington Post wrote, "Had Germany kept its nuclear plants running from 2010, it could have slashed its use of coal for electricity to 13 percent by now. Today’s figure is 31 percent... Already more lives might have been lost just in Germany because of air pollution from coal power

1149:

has warned that Switzerland's phased withdrawal from nuclear power presents challenges for maintaining its electricity security. They caution that Switzerland will be increasingly relying on imports from its European neighbours to meet electricity demand, especially during the winter months when low

797:

A scientific paper released in 2019 found that the German nuclear shutdown led to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions around 36.2 megatons per year, and killed 1100 people a year through increased air pollution. As they shut down nuclear power, Germany made heavy investments in renewable energy,

1500:

over earthquake and tsunami fears, and said he would freeze plans to build new reactors. In July 2011, Kan said that "Japan should reduce and eventually eliminate its dependence on nuclear energy ... saying that the Fukushima accident had demonstrated the dangers of the technology". In August 2011,

1401:

at Kumho were under construction until that was suspended in November 2003. On 19 September 2005, North Korea pledged to stop building nuclear weapons and agreed to international inspections in return for energy aid, which may include one or more light water reactors – the agreement said "The other

1636:

Later into the administrative period, the Moon Jae-in government and its nuclear phase-out policy is facing heavier criticism than before, from both the opposing parties as well as general public due to lack of realistic alternative, consequential increase in electricity price, negative effects on

1177:

The program of the "Electricity without Nuclear" petition was to shut down all nuclear power stations by 2033, starting with Unit 1 and 2 of Beznau nuclear power stations, Mühleberg in 2005, Gösgen in 2009, and Leibstadt in 2014. "Moratorium Plus" was for an extension of the moratorium for another

840:

In 2022, of the 17 nuclear power plants Germany had at its peak, three remained in operation: Isar 2, Emsland and Neckarwestheim 2, which were operated by German energy firms E.ON (EONGn.DE), RWE (RWEG.DE) and EnBW (EBKG.DE), respectively. According to federal legislation, these operators lost the

1505:

sources. A 2011 Japanese Cabinet energy white paper says "public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and called for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power. As of August 2011, the crippled Fukushima nuclear plant was leaking low

1553:

The United States is, as of 2013, was undergoing a practical phase-out independent of stated goals and continued official support. This was not due to concerns about the source or anti-nuclear groups, but due to the rapidly falling prices of natural gas and the reluctance of investors to provide

1509:

By March 2012, one year after the disaster, all but two of Japan's nuclear reactors were shut down; some were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The following year, the last two were taken off-line. Authority to restart the others after scheduled maintenance throughout the year was given to local

821:

the debate about whether to extend the life of the three remaining reactors or whether to restart operation in the three reactors shut down at the end of 2021 (whose dismantling hasn't started yet) once more came to the forefront and operators said that it would be possible to extend the life of

362:

voted unanimously to maintain the country's anti-nuclear policy. The built but never used reactor was converted into a museum and has also been used as a movie set and to train people involved in various aspects of nuclear power and safety. It is uniquely suitable for this purpose as it includes

1687:

if its use supplants a dependence on imported fuels. Proponents cite scientific studies affirming the consensus that nuclear power produces virtually no air pollution, in contrast to the chief dispatchable alternative of fossil fuel. Proponents also believe that nuclear power is the only viable

1894:

remains in effect. Subsequent scientific assessment of the health impacts of radiation has shown that these evacuations were more damaging than the radiation could have been, and recommend that the population be advised to remain in place in all but the most severe radiological release events.

2012:

Although there is no way to guarantee that a reactor will always be designed, built and operated safely, the nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed safer reactor designs, though many of these designs have yet to be tested at industrial or

264:

New reactors under construction in Finland and France, which were meant to lead a nuclear new build, have been substantially delayed and are running over-budget. Despite these delays the Olkiluoto reactor is now online and delivering low-emissions power to the grid as of 12 March 2022. "When

1862:

However, there is a "catastrophic risk" potential if containment fails, which in nuclear reactors can be brought about by over-heated fuels melting and releasing large quantities of fission products into the environment. The public is sensitive to these risks and there has been considerable

1760:

typically have high capital costs for building the plant, but low direct fuel costs (with, however, much of the costs of fuel extraction, processing, use and long term storage externalised). Therefore, comparison with other power generation methods is strongly dependent on assumptions about

1219:

in County Wexford. The plan called for first one, then ultimately four plants to be built at the site, but it was dropped after strong opposition from environmental groups, and Ireland has remained without nuclear power since. Despite opposing nuclear power (and nuclear fuel reprocessing at

1161:

for nuclear safety, which was rejected. In 1984, there was a vote on an initiative "for a future without further nuclear power stations" with the result being a 55% to 45% vote against. On 23 September 1990, Switzerland had two more referendums about nuclear power. The initiative "stop the

1784:

In recent years there has been a slowdown of electricity demand growth and financing has become more difficult, which affects large projects such as nuclear reactors, with very large upfront costs and long project cycles which carry a large variety of risks. In Eastern Europe, a number of

1271:

in 1989, a moratorium on the use of nuclear energy was in established. Later, the law prohibited the use of nuclear energy. To this day, the Directorate for Nuclear and Radiation Safety (Srbatom) is strongly opposed to any kind of nuclear energy use in Serbia or neighbouring countries.

122:

Nuclear shut-downs after Fukushima have significantly set back emissions reductions goals in several countries. A 2019 study of the impacts of the German and Japan closures concludes that by continuing to operate their nuclear plants "these two countries could have prevented 28,000 air

518:

was for all nuclear power stations to shut down by 2025. Although intermediate deadlines have been missed or pushed back, on 30 March 2018 the Belgian Council of Ministers confirmed the 2025 phase-out date and stated draft legislation would be brought forward later in the year.

1703:. Some 40 million procedures per year, accounting for about 80% of all nuclear medicine procedures and 85% of diagnostic scans in nuclear medicine worldwide. The main radioisotopes such as Tc-99m cannot effectively be produced without reactors. Most smoke detectors use 1131:—all located in the German speaking part of the country. Nuclear power accounted for 36.4% of the national electricity generation, while 57.9% came from hydroelectricity. The remaining 5.7% was generated by other conventional and non-hydro renewable power stations. 1804:

where these risks, and the risk of cheaper competitors emerging before capital costs are recovered, are borne by plant suppliers and operators rather than consumers, which leads to a significantly different evaluation of the economics of new nuclear power plants.

233:(1978), Sweden (1980) and Italy (1987) voted in referendums to oppose or phase out nuclear power, while opposition in Ireland prevented a nuclear program there. Countries that have no nuclear plants and have restricted new plant constructions comprise Australia, 1517:'s government, reelected on a platform of restarting nuclear power, plans to have nuclear power account for 20 to 22 per cent of the country's total electricity supply by 2030, compared with roughly 30 per cent before the disaster at the Fukushima complex. 746:

A 2016 study shows that during the nuclear phaseout, the security of electricity supply in Germany stayed at the same high level compared to other European countries and even improved in 2014. The study was conducted near the halfway point of the phaseout,

1609:, was shut down. Environmental groups celebrated the decision to close the plant, while critics pointed to the sites generation being replaced by two gas fired power plants resulting in an increase of fossil fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. 688:

protests and, on 29 May 2011, Angela Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by December 2022. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors.

3366: 1374:

emissions and meet the European Union goals for responding to climate change. Part of this preparation is the launch of a feasibility study, looking at the advantages and disadvantages of the use of nuclear power to respond to climate change.

841:

right to operate their plants on 31 December 2022, the effective end-date for the stations. Germany's network regulator (part of the Economy Ministry), could decide that they are critical to the security of power supply (both electricity and

526:

decided to allow Doel 4 and Tihange 3 to continue operating until 2035 to allow the country to "strengthen its independence of fossil fuels in turbulent geopolitical times". Belgium's two newest nuclear plants are operated by French utility

2028:

An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 to 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period. To date, there have been five serious accidents

1947:

has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants. Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and 57% (56 out of 99) of all nuclear-related accidents have occurred in the USA. Serious

1309:

were shut down between 1999 and 2005. In October 2015, corporations running the nuclear plants decided to phase out two reactors at Oskarshamn and two at Ringhals, reducing the number of remaining reactors from 12 in 1999 to 6 in 2020.

683:

is a fundamental shift in public perception with regard to how a nation prioritizes and values its population's health, safety, security, and natural environment when determining its current and future energy pathways". There were many

3336: 1423:

design has encountered public opposition and a host of delays, and in April 2014 the government decided to halt construction. Construction will be halted from July 2015 to 2017 to allow time for a referendum to be held. The

6685: 6793: 415:

to close after 40 years of operation with no new reactors built subsequently. When the law was being passed, it was speculated it would be overturned again as soon as an administration without the Greens was in power.

1437:

had developed detailed plans for 2 nuclear power plants with 8 reactors, but in November 2016 decided to abandon nuclear power plans as they were "not economically viable because of other cheaper sources of power."

531:

and account for almost half of the country's electricity production. "This extension should allow to strengthen our country's independence from fossil fuels in a chaotic geopolitical context", the government said.

1185:, proposed lifting the nuclear power plant construction ban that had been in place since 2017. Citing concerns over energy security and fossil fuel phase-out, the government seeks to amend the Nuclear Energy Act ( 1799:

monopolies where many of the risks associated with construction costs, operating performance, fuel price, and other factors were borne by consumers rather than suppliers. Many countries have now liberalised the

1402:

parties expressed their respect and agreed to discuss at an appropriate time the subject of the provision of light-water reactor" . North Korea has since continued with its nuclear weapons development program.

1357:'s report on sustainable energy. Other coalition parties then conceded. In 2006 the government decided that Borssele will remain open until 2033, if it can comply with the highest safety standards. The owners, 647:

Anti-nuclear activists have argued the German government had been supportive of nuclear power by providing financial guarantees for energy providers. Also, there were, as yet, no plans for the final storage of

3452: 1365:

will invest 500 million euros in sustainable energy, together with the government, money which the government claims otherwise should have been paid to the plants owners as compensation. In December 2021, the

663:

emissions would increase tremendously (with the use of oil and fossils). Energy would have to be imported from France's nuclear power facilities or Russian natural gas. Numerous factors, including progress in

1582:

Some smaller reactors operating in deregulated markets have become uneconomic to operate and maintain, due to competition from generators using low priced natural gas, and may be retired early. The 556 MWe

770:

billion in damages. The German government has called the action "inadmissible and unfounded". These proceedings were ongoing in December 2016, despite Vattenfall commencing civil litigation within Germany.

1324:

Since then, public support of nuclear energy has grown, with a majority of people in favour of nuclear power in 2019. Those in favour of decommissioning nuclear has dropped to a record low of 11 per cent.

272:

must find alternatives for electricity generation; otherwise, they are forced to become dependent on imports. Therefore, the discussion of a future for nuclear energy is intertwined with discussions about

1878:, along with high construction costs, ended the rapid growth of global nuclear power capacity. A further disastrous release of radioactive materials followed the 2011 Japanese tsunami which damaged the 127:

emissions between 2011 and 2017. By sharply reducing nuclear instead of coal and gas after Fukushima, both countries lost the chance to prevent very large amounts of air pollution-induced deaths and CO

36:

Eight German nuclear power reactors (sBiblis A and B, Brunsbüttel, Isar 1, Krümmel, Neckarwestheim 1, Philippsburg 1 and Unterweser) were permanently shut down on 6 August 2011, following the Japanese

2897: 3289: 1263:. Previously, the Vinča Institute had two active reactors: RA and RB. In a 1958 nuclear incident, six workers received a critical amount of radiation and one of them died. These workers received the 1672:

for civilian purposes. The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, when it "reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies", in some countries.

3535: 739:, the Russian state-controlled nuclear power company, in the construction of dozens of nuclear plants throughout Russia over the coming two decades". Also in September 2011, IAEA Director General 447:

but without the Green parties. In September 2005, the government partially overturned the previous decision, extending the phase-out period for another 20 years, with possible further extensions.

6620: 1294:

was held. It led to the Swedish parliament deciding that no further nuclear power plants should be built, and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the

692:

Galvanised by the Fukushima nuclear disaster, first anniversary anti-nuclear demonstrations were held in Germany in March 2012. Organisers say more than 50,000 people in six regions took part.

6786: 3736: 1480:

complex in Tokyo. Sixty thousand people marched chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, calling on Japan's government to abandon nuclear power, following the Fukushima disaster.

6321: 3762: 763: 1321:

reached an agreement on Swedish nuclear power. The agreement is to phase out the output tax on nuclear power, and allow ten new replacement reactors to be built at current nuclear plants.

644:

of primary energy demand, which corresponded to 5% of the total electricity demand. By 2010, the German government wanted to reach 10%; in fact, 17% were reached (2011: 20%, 2015: 30%).

6552: 5656: 1235:) is scheduled to be closed by 2023, and there are no plans to build further nuclear plants. The debate on whether and when to close the Krško plant was somewhat intensified after the 2017:

in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilise the reactor after the earthquake. According to

6779: 1812:, costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats. 1890:

event. The large-scale release of radioactivity resulted in people being evacuated from a 20 km exclusion zone set up around the power plant, similar to the 30 km radius

134:

Several countries formerly opposed to opening nuclear programs or planning phaseouts have reversed course in recent years due to climate concerns and energy independence including

5074: 6849: 4257: 1166:

on the construction of new nuclear power plants, was passed with 54.5% to 45.5%. The initiative for a phase-out was rejected with by 53% to 47.1%. In 2000, there was a vote on a

7110: 6810: 6802: 6344: 2009:

as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.

1313:

An opinion poll in April 2016 showed that about half of Swedes want to phase out nuclear power, 30 per cent want its use continued, and 20 per cent are undecided. Prior to the

3509: 6854: 1557:

Through the 2000s, a number of factors led to greatly increased interest in new nuclear reactors, including rising demand, new lower-cost reactor designs, and concerns about

1788:

Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account who bears the risks of future uncertainties. To date, all operating nuclear power plants were developed by

1415:

has 3 active plants and 6 reactors. Active seismic faults run across the island, and some environmentalists argue Taiwan is unsuited for nuclear plants. Construction of the

3987: 2744: 2571: 3258: 2025:

have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear energy safety. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.

1856:

from nuclear fission power are small relative to those associated with coal, oil, gas, and biomass. They are about equal to those associated with wind and hydroelectric.

6894: 1539:

In 2023, Japan's Cabinet approved a policy to allow new nuclear power reactors to be constructed and operation of existing reactors to be extended from 40 to 60 years.

1472: 6475: 6269: 4999: 3870: 1692:

for most Western countries. They emphasise that the risks of storing spent fuel are small and can be further reduced by using the latest technology in newer reactors,

466:

for 1%. Electricity amounts to 16% of total energy use, and while nuclear-powered electricity amounts to 9% of use in Belgium, in many parts of Belgium, especially in

6165: 1699:

Over 10,000 hospitals worldwide use radioisotopes in medicine, and about 90% of the procedures are for diagnosis. The radioisotope most commonly used in diagnosis is

5535: 5488: 3327: 2273: 215: 4096: 3422: 119:

never completed the construction of their first nuclear plants due to financial, political and technical reasons. Spain and Switzerland plan nuclear phase-outs.

6844: 889:

were closed, the last in 1990. A moratorium on the construction of new plants, originally in effect from 1987 until 1993, has since been extended indefinitely.

5968: 5212: 6248:"Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" 5335: 3480: 6909: 6889: 6879: 6573: 5777: 5607: 3962: 3298: 3288:

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi); Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (28 September 2010).

2894: 1859:

The routine health risks from nuclear fission power are very small relative to those associated with coal, oil, gas, solar, biomass, wind and hydroelectric.

3402: 6971: 6916: 3454:

The consequences so far of Germany's nuclear phaseout on the security of energy supply — A brief analysis commissioned by Green Planet Energy eG in Germany

2014: 5186: 4812: 4231: 1722:

management. They also contend that reactors themselves are enormously complex machines where many things can and do go wrong, and there have been serious

655:

In 2005, critics of a phase-out in Germany argued that the power output from the nuclear power stations will not be adequately compensated and predict an

504: 7259: 6933: 5966:

Economic Analysis of Various Options of Electricity Generation – Taking into Account Health and Environmental Effects, based on EU ExterneE Project data

5231: 4859: 1548: 980: 5834: 5794: 1756:

is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views on the topic, and multi-billion dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source.

1353:

to 2013. In 2005 the decision was reversed and research in expanding nuclear power has been initiated. Reversal was preceded by the publication of the

7139: 7116: 7036: 2394: 6977: 6680: 5944: 3740: 2991: 1710:

Opponents say that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These threats include health risks and environmental damage from

936: 758:

began litigation against the German government for its 2011 decision to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power. Hearings are taking place at the

716:

On 6 June 2011, following the Fukushima disaster, the government removed the use of nuclear power as a bridging technology as part of their policy.

261:, Germany, Spain, and Sweden decided not to build new plants or intend to phase out nuclear power, although still mostly relying on nuclear energy. 219: 6477:

Langfristszenarien und Strategien für den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung in Europa und global

6448: 6329: 3936: 1738:

which indicated in 2014 that nuclear energy was a low carbon energy production technology, comparable to wind and lower than solar in that regard.

7176: 6869: 6824: 4827: 1264: 577:'s coalition announced on 30 May 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's 187: 5462: 5075:"New York's Indian Point nuclear power plant closes after 59 years of operation – Today in Energy – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 2806: 5867: 4607: 6874: 6864: 6696: 1260: 540: 355: 5716: 3703: 1409:, but later changed its mind. The official launch ceremony took place in April 2015, and the first unit was expected to be completed in 2020. 6899: 6652: 6433: 5895: 1821: 1726:. Critics do not believe that these risks can be reduced through new technology. They argue that when all the energy-intensive stages of the 1598:

As a result of these changes, after reaching peak production in 2007, US nuclear capacity has been undergoing constant reduction every year.

1291: 1071: 396: 87:

As of 2023, only two countries have permanently closed all of their formerly functioning nuclear plants: Italy by 1990, and Germany by 2023.

4892: 4541: 3302: 3182: 3025: 497: 7171: 6142: 3852: 3777: 2590: 1447: 1106: 432: 4003: 6351: 2719: 2376: 896:

has been investing in reactors in both France and Slovakia to provide this electricity in the future, and also in the development of the

5927: 4559: 2122: 1592: 1076: 625: 412: 4582: 4404: 4261: 7149: 7144: 6999: 6904: 6839: 6526: 6387:"Dr. MacKay "Sustainable Energy without the hot air" page 168. Data from studies by the Paul Scherrer Institute including non EU data" 2954: 2208: 2126: 2042: 1984: 1953: 1809: 1618: 1338: 1314: 857: 578: 511: 282: 5052: 4519: 4066: 1224:), Ireland is to open an interconnector to the mainland UK to buy electricity, which is, in some part, the product of nuclear power. 7293: 7165: 7134: 6994: 6923: 6744: 6726: 6629: 6613: 6482:

Long-term Scenarios and Strategies for the Development of Renewable Energy in Germany Considering Development in Europe and Globally

5903: 5636: 5313: 5249: 3798: 3610: 2516: 1887: 1747: 203: 3098: 485:, which runs nuclear power stations. At the end of 2005, Suez had some 98.5% of all Electrabel shares. Beginning in 2006, Suez and 6217: 4426: 817:, rejected calls to keep the plants in operation beyond their scheduled shutdowns at the end of 2022. However, in reaction to the 7026: 6966: 4917: 4036: 3984: 2936: 2839: 2188: 1576: 1306: 1139: 1128: 1043: 818: 798:

but those same investments could have "cut much deeper into fossil fuel energy" if the nuclear generation had still been online.

560: 507:

negotiations, the phase-out was emphasised again, with concrete plans to shut off three of the country's seven reactors by 2015.

338: 5447: 5053:""Crystal River Nuclear Plant to be retired; company evaluating sites for potential new gas-fueled generation". 5 February 2013" 3266: 2430: 2073: 2065: 6928: 3080: 2914: 2133:

offsets many of the benefits compared to other alternative power sources such as hydroelectric, geothermal, and nuclear power.

2002: 1908: 1879: 1606: 1212:

was enacted by the socialist government in 1983 and in 2006 plans for a phase-out of seven reactors were being discussed anew.

343: 223: 7226: 6076: 6072: 3561: 2412: 743:

said the Japanese nuclear disaster "caused deep public anxiety throughout the world and damaged confidence in nuclear power".

6771: 4748: 4356: 3888: 2627: 2548: 2456: 1420: 1203: 380: 6489: 6277: 5003: 4382: 621:

were turned off on 14 November 2003, and 11 May 2005, respectively. The plants' dismantling was scheduled to begin in 2007.

6192: 3834: 3816: 3636: 1243:

claimed Slovenian government officials internally proposed adding a new 1000 MW block into Krško after the year 2020.

6859: 6411: 6024:"J-value assessment of relocation measures following the nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi" 5377: 4503: 3340: 2492: 2022: 1883: 1457: 1135: 1124: 1120: 1026: 1010: 863:

In April 2024, there was a controversy related to the decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Germany. German magazine

618: 493: 420: 4140: 3906: 3583: 2069:

Parabolic trough power plant for electricity production, near the town of Kramer Junction in the California Mojave Desert

873:

had misled the public in 2022 and ignored the advice of experts who said nuclear facilities were still safe to operate.

7020: 4166: 1630: 1622: 1529: 1425: 1317:

in 2011, "a clear majority of Swedes" had been in favour of nuclear power. In June 2016, the opposition parties and the

1102: 897: 779: 112: 5134: 4841: 2675: 194:. Anti-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity. The 1979 7283: 6954: 1996: 1497: 1416: 1354: 1146: 849: 825:

In July 2022, faced with a looming energy crisis, the German parliament voted to reactivate closed coal power plants.

640:

reduction target by the year 2005 compared to 1990 of 25%. In 1998, the use of renewables in Germany reached 284

392: 5433: 4118: 2528: 731:

in Japan, and said that it would no longer build nuclear power plants anywhere in the world. The company's chairman,

5965: 5100: 2748: 2643: 2568: 7032: 6960: 6675: 4767: 3407: 2034: 1961: 1871: 1602: 1563: 1533: 1521: 1493: 1406: 1287: 1236: 1116: 1061: 994: 966: 728: 629: 610: 523: 515: 195: 175: 81: 69: 37: 5604: 5571: 5343: 3970: 2788: 892:

In recent years, Italy has been an importer of nuclear-generated electricity, and its largest electricity utility

7278: 7250: 7186: 7095: 6643: 6580: 4197: 2198: 2150: 1734:, nuclear power is not a low-carbon electricity source. This criticism has however been partially quelled by the 1568: 1525: 1434: 1398: 1350: 1341:

voted to phase out nuclear power generation after a discussion of nuclear waste management. The power station at

794:

billion under separate suits. Six cases were registered with courts in Germany, as of 7 December 2016.

614: 602: 440: 53: 4730: 1761:

construction timescales and capital financing for nuclear plants. Cost estimates also need to take into account

1298:

effectively ended the phase-out policy. In 2010, Parliament approved for new reactors to replace existing ones.

1138:

decided on a slow phase-out by not extending running times or building new power plants. The first power plant,

7288: 6108: 4286: 4235: 2598: 1891: 1778: 1112: 924: 886: 853: 833: 564: 444: 229:

Several countries, especially European countries, have abandoned the construction of new nuclear power plants.

116: 6710: 6009: 5842: 5791: 4943: 1250: 7211: 5811: 5675: 2845: 2805:

Ruffles, Philip; Michael Burdekin; Charles Curtis; Brian Eyre; Geoff Hewitt; William Wilkinson (July 2003).

2203: 2115: 2061:

Photovoltaic array and wind turbines at the Schneebergerhof wind farm in the German state of Rheinland-Pfalz

1853: 1770: 1762: 1731: 1412: 1281: 946: 451: 6247: 5589: 4527: 4327: 3722: 1830:

Nuclear power activities involving the environment; mining, enrichment, generation and geological disposal.

593: 7206: 7007: 5709: 4973: 4306: 4193: 2090: 1913: 1584: 908: 108: 4793: 4019: 2999: 7064: 6732: 6452: 3940: 2972: 2859: 2193: 2183: 2178: 2163: 2046: 1930: 1864: 1715: 1558: 1189:) to allow the construction of new nuclear plants and extend the operational life of the existing ones. 916: 842: 544: 359: 294: 5858: 4638: 4383:"2003-05-22 Nucleons week 22 May 2003; Borssele's political lifetime extended to 2013 by new coalition" 1826: 6386: 5628:

Social protest and policy change: ecology, antinuclear, and peace movements in comparative perspective

4707: 3562:"The thirteenth amendment to the Atomic Energy Act is for the most part compatible with the Basic Law" 2813: 2286: 1941:

remains, and "there have been many accidents with varying effects as well near misses and incidents".

7196: 7058: 6829: 6691: 6058: 6035: 5684: 5670: 4615: 2336: 2121:

Issues exist that currently prevent a shift to 100% renewable technologies. There is debate over the

2111: 2094: 2006: 1944: 1693: 1655: 1367: 1362: 1295: 1215:

In Ireland, a nuclear power plant was first proposed in 1968. It was to be built during the 1970s at

376: 207: 57: 6506: 5267:

MacKenzie, James J. (December 1977). "Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy by Arthur W. Murphy".

3423:"Supply security is even more stable despite nuclear phaseout — fossil reserve power is replaceable" 2305: 569: 7181: 6983: 5713: 4335: 4037:"IEA warns of challenges from Swiss nuclear phase-out : Nuclear Policies – World Nuclear News" 3817:"Germany has shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and some climate scientists are aghast" 3429: 3329:

The Federal Government's energy concept of 2010 and the transformation of the energy system of 2011

2325:"Implications of energy and CO2 emission changes in Japan and Germany after the Fukushima accident" 2168: 2158: 2130: 1949: 1757: 1689: 1318: 424: 269: 5738: 4545: 2937:"Extended operation of two Belgian reactors approved : Nuclear Policies – World Nuclear News" 2274:

Dealing with nuclear waste is so difficult that phasing out nuclear power would be the best option

1431:

India has 20 reactors operating, 6 reactors under construction, and is planning an additional 24.

1249:

operates only a single small nuclear reactor in the Greek National Physics Research Laboratory in

659:. They also predicted that only coal-powered plants could compensate for nuclear power and that CO 7089: 7052: 6989: 5400: 5284: 3684: 3202: 3032: 2354: 2173: 1973: 1969: 1957: 1875: 1842: 1801: 1727: 1707:, meaning every American home uses these common radioisotopes to improve their safety from fire. 1676: 1428:

was won by a government with stated policies that included phasing out nuclear power generation.

1370:

stated that it wants to prepare for the construction of two new nuclear power plants to reduce CO

1268: 1158: 965:, Asian countries, China and Russia. She also made public plans to convert the (never completed) 954: 882: 710: 680: 384: 199: 73: 6150: 3150:"Russia's Nord Stream 2 Natural Gas Pipeline to Germany Halted [Updated March 10, 2022]" 2587: 6128:

Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia

6093:. Nuclear Power: Economic, Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues of Near-Term Technologies, 5673:(2008). "The costs of failure: A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907–2007". 3763:"Werden stillgelegte Atomkraftwerke reaktiviert? Energieversorgung wegen Ukraine-Krieg bedroht" 1452: 7191: 7154: 6740: 6722: 6648: 6625: 6609: 6184: 6176: 5899: 5632: 5309: 5108: 4867: 2556: 2512: 2103: 2086: 1846: 1723: 920: 865: 706: 633: 613:, officially announced its intention to phase out the use of nuclear energy. The power plants 278: 5626: 5364: 5339: 4089:"Rösti setzt sich bei seinem Kernthema durch – der Bundesrat will das AKW-Bauverbot aufheben" 1595:

in Florida closed, as it could not recover the costs needed to fix its containment building.

1405:

In July 2000, the Turkish government decided not to build four reactors at the controversial

7077: 6834: 6702: 6604: 6585: 6561: 6369: 6053: 6043: 5945:"Comparison of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Various Electricity Generation Sources" 5753: 5692: 5392: 5361: 5276: 4412: 3674: 3194: 3012: 2344: 2107: 1796: 1793: 1680: 1554:

funding for long-term projects when short term profitability of turbine power is available.

1502: 1461: 1383: 1209: 1163: 958: 732: 724: 548: 463: 95:

have shut down their only nuclear plants, but plan to build new ones to replace them, while

65: 2610: 1899:

than from all of the world’s nuclear accidents to date, Fukushima and Chernobyl included."

6671: 6568: 6547: 6415: 5989: 5972: 5798: 5772: 5720: 5651: 5611: 5160: 5060: 4507: 4216: 4074: 3991: 3102: 3084: 2901: 2594: 2575: 2552: 1977: 1926: 1684: 1665: 1302: 1167: 805:

climate talks, the operators of Germany's six remaining nuclear power stations, utilities

436: 5378:"Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies" 1506:

levels of radioactivity and areas surrounding it could remain uninhabitable for decades.

1182: 597:

Nuclear energy generation and added non-hydro renewable generation in Germany (2002–2017)

68:. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the discontinuation of nuclear power: the 1979 6488:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU). Archived from 6039: 5688: 5026: 4663: 4053: 3233: 3095: 2340: 1972:, no nuclear workers or members of the public have ever died as a result of exposure to 7216: 7083: 7048: 7042: 6221: 5356: 5330: 4860:"Kyushu restarts second reactor at Sendai plant under tighter Fukushima-inspired rules" 4789: 4434: 4291: 3237: 2493:

Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies

2098: 1933:. Some technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimise the amount of 1925:

The effect of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate practically since the first

1918: 1711: 1216: 637: 585: 471: 153: 3115: 953:. She wanted to increase indigenous oil and gas reserves through exploration, develop 828: 299: 7272: 5404: 3835:"After scrapping nuclear reactors, Germany to spend billions on new gas power plants" 3688: 3206: 3066: 2358: 1934: 1837: 1766: 1719: 1704: 1700: 1514: 950: 912: 870: 702: 676: 669: 656: 649: 574: 486: 191: 49: 4448: 3077: 7159: 7105: 7100: 6638: 6599: 6562:

Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought

3853:"German greens accused of lying over nuclear power safety to force plant shutdowns" 3782: 2877: 1669: 1489: 1477: 1342: 1171: 962: 740: 697: 685: 665: 400: 274: 183: 61: 5553: 3291:

Energy concept for an environmentally sound, reliable and affordable energy supply

3210: 2676:"Finnish EPR starts supplying electricity : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News" 2545: 2057: 1349:

operating licence, at the end of 2003. In 2003 the shut-down was postponed by the

5514: 5303: 4390: 1937:

released to the environment have been adopted. Despite the use of such measures,

17: 7231: 6634: 6090: 6022:

Waddington, I.; Thomas, P. J.; Taylor, R. H.; Vaughan, G. J. (1 November 2017).

5696: 2659: 2349: 2324: 2269: 2030: 1938: 1789: 1626: 1588: 1465: 1394: 1334: 942: 459: 347: 147: 139: 6586:

Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future?

6408: 6295: 6048: 6023: 5602:

Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007).

4499: 3384: 957:

resources, enforce the development of natural gas as a fuel and coco diesel as

7221: 6686:

German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety

5396: 4144: 3914: 3564:(Press release). Karlsruhe, Germany: Bundesverfassungsgericht. 6 December 2016 2213: 2140: 1774: 1387: 1221: 1154: 759: 755: 482: 211: 202:

played a key role in stopping new plant construction in many countries. Major

92: 32: 6180: 5232:"South Korea's nuclear power at inflection point as advocate wins presidency" 5112: 4871: 4689: 4170: 3871:"German Green's minister Robert Habeck under fire over 2022 nuclear shutdown" 3337:

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety

3198: 3133:

Belkin, Paul; Ratner, Michael; Welt, Cory; Taylor, Beryl E. (18 March 2019).

7013: 5758: 4813:"Japan Spurs Solar, Wind Energy With Subsidies, in Shift From Nuclear Power" 4311: 4004:«Mutiger Entscheid» bis «Kurzschlusshandlung» (Politik, Schweiz, NZZ Online) 3163: 2693: 2038: 1485: 1464:

that eventually led to hydrogen explosions, which released large amounts of

462:

generate 90% of Belgian energy use, while nuclear power accounts for 9% and

455: 388: 157:

Timeline of commissioned and decommissioned nuclear capacity since the 1950s

88: 6188: 6010:

https://www.ornl.gov/sites/default/files/ORNL%20Review%20v26n3-4%201993.pdf

5354:

In July 2010 the nuclear power debate again played out on the pages of the

4664:"Editorial: Taiwan bows to public opinion in pulling plug on nuclear power" 3704:"German nuclear power operators reject calls to keep running plants longer" 3152:. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service – via hsdl.org. 3137:. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service – via hsdl.org. 1587:

is being closed 20 years before licence expiry for these economic reasons.

6803:

Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

4475:"Dit weten we van de miljardenplannen van het aanstaande kabinet-Rutte IV" 4020:

Schweiz plant Atomausstieg – Schweiz – derStandard.at › International

3737:"FDP spricht über Reaktivierung stillgelegter Atomkraftwerke – hamburg.de" 3149: 3134: 2251: 6884: 6644:

The Clean Tech Revolution: The Next Big Growth and Investment Opportunity

6542:

ROADMAP TO NOWHERE The Myth of Powering the Nation With Renewable Energy.

5417: 5328:

In February 2010 the nuclear power debate played out on the pages of the

4775: 1228: 1142:, was shut down on 20 December 2019, the last will stop running in 2034. 478: 467: 3663: 3096:'Nuclear phase-out in Germany and the Challenges for Nuclear Regulation' 1664:

is about the controversy which has surrounded the deployment and use of

6175:. New York, New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers: 27–34. 5288: 2807:"An Essential Programme to Underpin Government Policy on Nuclear Power" 2106:

is the shift by several countries to sustainable economies by means of

1346: 1232: 904: 881:

Nuclear power phase-out commenced in Italy in 1987, one year after the

736: 720: 375:

Belgium's nuclear phase-out legislation was agreed in July 1999 by the

351: 258: 238: 234: 230: 135: 100: 96: 77: 6666:

Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy

6296:"Fukushima: Consequences of Systemic Problems in Nuclear Plant Design" 4211: 2474: 2013:

commercial scales. Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at

1089: 1082: 6073:

Data on the German retreat from nuclear energy tell a cautionary tale

2233: 1510:

governments, and in all cases local opposition prevented restarting.

1358: 1256: 1246: 536: 404: 254: 250: 246: 242: 143: 4768:"Fukushima women against nuclear power: finding a voice from Tohoku" 3613:[Nuclear exit: corporations sue further – for information]. 3536:"German utilities eligible for "adequate" nuclear exit compensation" 2531:, article from anti-nuclear organization (WISE), dated 29 June 2001. 2395:"Philippines approves revival of nuclear power to help replace coal" 1501:

the Japanese government passed a bill to subsidise electricity from

6748: 6541: 5889: 5280: 4893:"Japan allows 1st restarts of nuclear reactors older than 40 years" 3679: 3662:

Jarvis, Stephen; Deschenes, Olivier; Jha, Akshaya (December 2019).

3637:"The cost of Germany turning off nuclear power: Thousands of lives" 1579:. Plans for additional reactors in Florida were cancelled in 2013. 1162:

construction of nuclear power stations", which proposed a ten-year

535:

Belgium continues to be active in nuclear research and is building

166: 6322:"Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says" 4951: 4828:"Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima" 3778:"Germany to reactivate coal power plants as Russia curbs gas flow" 2509:

Nuclear Power is Not the Answer to Global Warming or Anything Else

2078: 2072: 2064: 2056: 1912: 1825: 1471: 1451: 827: 802: 641: 592: 584: 568: 528: 428: 408: 298: 165: 152: 31: 2377:"Belgian Greens make U-turn to consider nuclear plants extension" 1781:, may favour the economics of nuclear power versus fossil fuels. 713:, environmentally sound, reliable, and affordable energy supply. 632:

in support of renewable energy. The German government, declaring

7070: 2895:

Addicted to nuclear energy? < Belgian news | Expatica Belgium

2001:

Nuclear safety and security covers the actions taken to prevent

1965: 1735: 893: 814: 806: 766:(ICSID) in Washington, DC and Vattenfall is claiming almost €4.7 431:, got only 3.06% of the votes, so ECOLO obtained no seat in the 171: 104: 99:

shut down its only nuclear plant but subsequently restarted it.

6775: 4974:"Some merchant nuclear plants could face early retirement: UBS" 4287:"30 years after Chernobyl: Half of Swedes oppose nuclear power" 3664:"The Private and External Costs of Germany's Nuclear Phase-Out" 3451:

Huneke, Fabian; Lizzi, Philipp; Lenck, Thorsten (August 2016).

3013:

German nuclear energy phase-out begins with first plant closure

2955:"Belgium to Extend Life of Nuclear Reactors for Another Decade" 2077:

Global public support for energy sources, based on a survey by

27:

Discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production

6761: 5489:"Is the solution to the U.S. nuclear waste problem in France?" 5434:

U.S. Energy Legislation May Be `Renaissance' for Nuclear Power

4842:"Areas near Japan nuclear plant may be off limits for decades" 4690:"International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 4167:"Behauptung 1: Der Atomausstieg ist ein deutscher "Sonderweg"" 2770: 2018: 810: 606: 103:

never used its first nuclear plant that was completely built.

6766: 6711:

Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective

6534:

Shorting the Grid, The Hidden Fragility of Our Electric Grid,

6350:. National University of Singapore. p. 8. Archived from 5305:

Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective

2045:

in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of

1345:

was shut down in 1997. In 1997 the government decided to end

589:

Nuclear power is getting replaced with renewables in Germany.

6621:

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy

5101:"Indian Point Is Shutting Down. That Means More Fossil Fuel" 4067:"Swiss Referendum Says No to the Phase-Out of Nuclear Power" 3889:"German ministers quizzed over nuclear phase out 'deception" 2129:. Some argue that the pollution produced and requirement of 1617:

In 2017, responding to widespread public concerns after the

1259:

currently operates a single nuclear research reactor in the

1181:

In August 2024, the Federal Council, led by Energy Minister

751:

plants having been shut and a further 8 still in operation.

573:

Nuclear power plant at Grafenrheinfeld, Germany. Chancellor

427:

of 5% for the first time. Therefore, the Green parties, the

5988:

International Panel on Fissile Materials (September 2010).

5135:"Indian Point Is Closing, but Clean Energy Is Here to Stay" 4608:"Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant" 4474: 4357:"Swedish support for nuclear continues to grow, poll shows" 4088: 3799:"Explainer: Could Germany keep its nuclear plants running?" 3259:"Anti-nuclear demos across Europe on Fukushima anniversary" 3148:

Belkin, Paul; Welt, Cory; Ratner, Michael (10 March 2022).

3049: 1675:

Proponents of nuclear energy argue that nuclear power is a

1623:

2013 nuclear scandal involving the use of counterfeit parts

1575:

design is underway at one location in the United States in

3135:"Nord Stream 2: A Fait Accompli? [March 18, 2019]" 3015:. Terradaily.com (14 November 2003). Retrieved 2011-06-04. 2614: 2431:"New Swedish government seeks expansion of nuclear energy" 764:

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

186:

exists in the Western world, based on concerns about more

5781:, Australia: University of New South Wales Press, p. 252. 4258:"R1 and R2 in operation until 2020 and 2019 – Vattenfall" 4212:"Sweden to replace existing nuclear plants with new ones" 3183:"The implications of Fukushima: The European perspective" 2747:. WISE News Communique. 26 September 1997. Archived from 2413:"Greece, Bulgaria in talks for nuclear power supply deal" 1621:

in Japan, the high earthquake risk in South Korea, and a

1157:

on the topic of nuclear energy, beginning in 1979 with a

6719:

The Swedish Nuclear Dilemma – Energy and the Environment

6553:

In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age

6166:"Nuclear Energy: A Vital Component of Our Energy Future" 5792:

Is nuclear energy a possible solution to global warming?

5657:

In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age

5448:"UNECE: Nuclear is the Lowest Carbon Electricity Source" 5213:"Moon's turnaround on nuclear power leaves many stumped" 5000:"Dominion To Close, Decommission Kewaunee Power Station" 4500:

EIA – 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585

3584:"German utilities win compensation for nuclear phaseout" 3470:

This reference provides a good overview of the phaseout.

2992:"German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest" 735:, said that "Siemens was ending plans to cooperate with 5463:"Why Nuclear Power Must Be Part of the Energy Solution" 4826:

Inajima, Tsuyoshi & Okada, Yuji (28 October 2011).

4232:"OKG – Beslut fattat om förtida stängning av O1 och O2" 2578:, as summarised by an anti-nuclear organisation (WISE). 2323:

Kharecha, Pushker A.; Sato, Makiko (1 September 2019).

1476:

Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Rally on 19 September 2011 at

498:

political crisis began and lasted until the end of 2011

6737:

The Nuclear Energy Option: An Alternative for the 90's

6474:

Federal Ministry for the Environment (29 March 2012).

4639:"AEC approves plan to shutter fourth nuclear facility" 4560:"Ground broken for Turkey's first nuclear power plant" 3797:

Steitz, Christoph; Wacket, Markus (28 February 2022).

3050:"Statistiken & Infografiken: Energie & Umwelt" 2800: 2798: 2457:"New energy policy reverses Korea's nuclear phase-out" 1921:

with the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the distance

754:

In early-October 2016, Swedish electric power company

5605:

Energy Revolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook

4143:. World Nuclear Association. May 2006. Archived from 3611:"Atomausstieg: Konzerne klagen weiter – auf Auskunft" 1571:

contains incentives to further expand nuclear power.

4918:"Cabinet approves change in Japanese nuclear policy" 4710:. Deutsche Welle. Associated Press. 10 November 2016 3367:"The Year of Peril and Promise in Energy Production" 2860:"Big French Utility Offers a Full Buyout in Belgium" 2720:"Taking stock of nuclear renaissance that never was" 2529:

Netherlands: Court case on closure date Borssele NPP

2511:, Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 539:, the world's first large scale demonstration of an 7125: 6942: 6809: 4794:"Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power" 2841:

Quelle énergie pour un développement durable ?

1929:were constructed. It has also been a key factor in 170:120,000 people attended an anti-nuclear protest in 6289: 6287: 6246:Jacobson, Mark Z. & Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). 5857: 5308:. University of California Press. pp. 10–11. 4731:"Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger" 4328:"Klart i dag: så blir den svenska energipolitiken" 3985:Electricity statistics 2013 (in French and German) 3067:http://www.pds-coesfeld.de/anti%20atom.gronau2.htm 2569:Anti-nuclear resolution of the Austrian Parliament 2287:"Difference Engine: The nuke that might have been" 1150:water levels impact production from hydro plants. 679:analysts concluded that "the global impact of the 672:, reduced the need for conventional alternatives. 565:Nuclear power in Germany § Phase-out decision 174:, West Germany, on 14 October 1979, following the 52:for energy production. Often initiated because of 5859:"Nuclear: New dawn now seems limited to the east" 5161:"[한국리서치] 문재인 정부 '탈원전 정책방향' '찬성56%-반대32%'" 2628:In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble 2541: 2539: 2537: 2252:"Germany: Nuclear power to be phased out by 2022" 5714:Nuclear Weapons and 'Fourth Generation' Reactors 4749:"Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo" 4449:"Nederland wil twee nieuwe kerncentrales bouwen" 2789:"Zwentendorf: Das Atomkraftwerk, das nie anlief" 1987:maintains a website reporting recent accidents. 1968:accident (1961). Stuart Arm states, "apart from 1605:, the last remaining nuclear power plant in the 6699:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy 4307:"Sweden strikes deal to continue nuclear power" 2234:"Power Reactor Information System – Highlights" 885:. Following a referendum in that year, Italy's 848:The last three nuclear power plants in Germany— 315: Operating reactors, considering phase-out 303:Global status of nuclear deployment as of 2017 216:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research 7049:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll 6678:, Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (August 2009). 6368:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). 5926:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2011). 5250:"Sunday Dialogue: Nuclear Energy, Pro and Con" 1769:storage costs. On the other hand, measures to 363:every aspect of an actual nuclear power plant 6850:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll 6845:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 6787: 6594:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 5422:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 3937:"Prospettive dell'energia nucleare in Italia" 3907:"Italy – National Energy Policy and Overview" 3504: 3502: 1884:hydrogen gas explosions and partial meltdowns 723:announced it will withdraw entirely from the 8: 6574:Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy 6143:"The Worst Nuclear Disasters – Photo Essays" 5983: 5981: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5778:Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy 5590:"Nuclear Energy is not a New Clear Resource" 5446:Review, Energy Industry (23 November 2021). 4583:"Vote Holds Fate of Nuclear Power in Taiwan" 4542:"N. Korea Agrees to Dismantle Nuke Programs" 4056:. Energie-schweiz.ch. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 3299:Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology 2915:"Belgium maintains nuclear phase-out policy" 2370: 2368: 2005:or to limit their consequences. This covers 1718:or sabotage, and the problem of radioactive 923:tried to implement a new nuclear plan but a 784: 719:In September 2011, German engineering giant 6972:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 6855:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country 6618:Lovins, Amory B. and John H. Price (1975). 6432:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFIpsos2011 ( 6132:, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393–400. 6028:Process Safety and Environmental Protection 5002:. Dominion. 22 October 2012. Archived from 4433:. World Nuclear Association. Archived from 3510:"Nuclear plant operators continue lawsuits" 56:, phase-outs usually include shutting down 6794: 6780: 6772: 6605:Soft Energy Paths: Towards a Durable Peace 6451:. EnPowered. 28 March 2016. Archived from 6241: 6239: 6124: 6122: 6095:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5631:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 44–. 5031:Nuclear Engineering International Magazine 4520:"Article Commentary: A Sustained Reaction" 4194:"Sweden Reverses Nuclear Phase-out Policy" 3403:"IAEA sees slow nuclear growth post Japan" 3234:"Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors" 2878:"Belgium plans to phase out nuclear power" 2306:"Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase-Out" 1549:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States 911:about the possibility of reviving Italian 454:published a new report, which stated that 289:Countries that have decided on a phase-out 70:Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown 7140:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 7117:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7037:Three Mile Island accident health effects 6507:"Advantages and Challenges of Wind Power" 6059:1983/f281150c-c2ab-4b06-8773-4aa2292f1991 6057: 6047: 5757: 5739:"Nuclear energy: assessing the emissions" 5592:. Theworldreporter.com. 2 September 2010. 4281: 4279: 3678: 3481:"Showdown in Germany's nuclear phase-out" 2973:"MYRRHA protons accelerated successfully" 2546:Nuclear Power in the World Energy Outlook 2348: 1484:Once a nuclear proponent, Prime Minister 1239:. In May 2006, the Ljubljana-based daily 836:was taken out of service on 15 April 2023 822:those reactors under certain conditions. 7135:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) 6978:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 6681:The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 5990:"The Uncertain Future of Nuclear Energy" 2694:"Nuclear power in a clean energy system" 2475:"The Database on Nuclear Power Reactors" 1714:, processing and transport, the risk of 937:Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines 220:Nuclear Information and Resource Service 123:pollution-induced deaths and 2400 Mt CO 7177:International Day against Nuclear Tests 6825:Crimes involving radioactive substances 6449:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation" 6294:Diaz Maurin, François (26 March 2011). 6086: 6084: 3600:Provides a history of the nuclear exit. 2611:Germany Starts Nuclear Energy Phase-Out 2224: 1931:public concern about nuclear facilities 1730:are considered, from uranium mining to 411:). The phase-out law calls for each of 6967:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 6697:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 6624:, Ballinger Publishing Company, 1975, 6608:, Friends of the Earth International, 6577:, University of New South Wales Press. 6539:Conley, Mike and Maloney, Tim (2017). 5928:"The Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle" 5027:"Why are North American plants dying?" 4502:. Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 4054:Bundesamt für Energie BFE – Startseite 3983:Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) 2904:. Expatica.com. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 541:accelerator-driven subcritical reactor 505:2010–2011 Belgian government formation 184:popular movement against nuclear power 6427: 6345:"Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" 6343:Benjamin K. Sovacool (January 2011). 5896:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5870:from the original on 11 December 2022 5302:Walker, J. Samuel (10 January 2006). 4708:"Vietnam ditches nuclear power plans" 2745:"Coalition of Nuclear-Free Countries" 1822:Environmental impact of nuclear power 1754:economics of new nuclear power plants 1292:1980 Swedish nuclear power referendum 869:claimed that German Economy Minister 257:stopped the construction of a plant. 7: 7172:History of the anti-nuclear movement 5385:British Journal of Political Science 5025:Peachey, Caroline (1 January 2013). 4811:Watanabe, Chisaki (26 August 2011). 4766:Slater, David H. (9 November 2011). 4192:Borgenäs, Johan (11 November 2009). 3673:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: w26598. 3671:National Bureau of Economic Research 2812:. Nuclear Task Force. Archived from 2644:Is the Nuclear Renaissance Fizzling? 2496:British Journal of Political Science 1496:. In May 2011, he closed the ageing 1448:Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan 1107:Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland 845:) and allow them to run for longer. 354:, but its start-up was prevented by 322: Civil nuclear power is illegal 6830:Criticality accidents and incidents 6751:contains the full text of the book. 6109:"The Nuclear Ups and Downs of 2011" 5554:"Medical Uses of Nuclear Materials" 5099:McGeehan, Patrick (12 April 2021). 5033:. Nuclear Engineering International 4562:. World Nuclear News. 15 April 2015 4121:. WISE News Communique. 24 May 1991 3460:. Berlin, Germany: Energy Brainpool 3428:(Press release). Hamburg, Germany: 3339:(BMU). October 2011. Archived from 2844:, Working Paper 14-05 (in French), 2718:Dittmar, Michael (17 August 2010). 2597:, article from the Web site of the 2123:environmental impact of solar power 1629:had decided to gradually phase out 1593:Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant 701:designates a significant change in 636:as a key policy issue, announced a 48:is the discontinuation of usage of 6934:Nuclear power accidents by country 6527:List of books about nuclear issues 6513:. United States. 12 February 2015. 6389:. England: University of Cambridge 6107:Wald, Matthew (29 February 2012). 5558:Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US) 5340:Revisiting Nuclear Power: A Debate 4581:Jacobs, Andrew (12 January 2012). 3542:. Berlin, Germany. 6 December 2016 3487:. Berlin, Germany. 10 October 2016 3385:"Siemens to quit nuclear industry" 2990:Annika Breidthardt (30 May 2011). 2917:. World Nuclear News. 4 April 2018 2209:Renewable energy commercialisation 2127:environmental impact of wind power 2033:) in the world since 1970 (one at 1985:International Atomic Energy Agency 1954:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 1865:public opposition to nuclear power 1810:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 1625:, the new government of President 1619:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 1315:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 1075:Switzerland nuclear power plants ( 860:—were shut down on 15 April 2023. 801:Aligning with the end of the 2021 705:from 2010. The term encompasses a 579:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 25: 7166:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6714:, University of California Press. 6274:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6268:Gusterson, Hugh (16 March 2011). 6075:, Washington Post, May 10, 2023, 5839:Nuclear Engineering International 5572:"Backgrounder on Smoke Detectors" 5365:Nuclear Energy: The Safety Issues 5336:A Reasonable Bet on Nuclear Power 5185:Lee, Jun-ki (13 September 2021). 4526:. 1 November 2005. Archived from 3516:. Berlin, German. 8 December 2016 3187:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3116:"Germany split over green energy" 1748:Economics of nuclear power plants 1111:As of 2013, the five operational 1035: 1019: 628:, passed in 2000, provided for a 268:Countries that wish to shut down 7255: 7254: 7244: 7027:Kramatorsk radiological accident 6409:Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors 5856:Crooks, Ed (12 September 2010). 5461:Rhodes, Richard (19 July 2018). 4095:. 28 August 2024. Archived from 3721: 3702:Meza, Edgar (12 November 2021). 3590:. Bonn, Germany. 5 December 2016 3365:Broder, John (10 October 2011). 3105:. Bmu.de. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 2858:Kanter, James (10 August 2005). 2375:Strauss, Marine (7 March 2022). 2189:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2143: 1845:, operation, and the effects of 1088: 1081: 1052: 1034: 1018: 1002: 986: 979: 819:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 561:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany 339:Anti-nuclear movement in Austria 6929:List of orphan source incidents 6303:Economic & Political Weekly 6149:. 28 March 2009. Archived from 5833:Kidd, Steve (21 January 2011). 5487:Ling, Katherine (18 May 2009). 5269:The Quarterly Review of Biology 4729:Fackler, Martin (1 June 2011). 4614:. 28 April 2014. Archived from 3265:. 11 March 2011. Archived from 2660:Nuclear dawn delayed in Finland 2003:nuclear and radiation accidents 1909:Nuclear and radiation accidents 1880:Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant 1607:New York City metropolitan area 443:. It was a continuation of the 72:in the United States, the 1986 5737:Kleiner, Kurt (October 2008). 5376:Kitschelt, Herbert P. (1986). 5133:Kennedy, Kit (28 April 2021). 4455:(in Flemish). 15 December 2021 4326:Juhlin, Johan (10 June 2016). 3776:Connolly, Kate (8 July 2022). 3181:Jorant, Caroline (July 2011). 2498:, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1986, p. 71. 1645:Pros and cons of nuclear power 1204:Anti-nuclear movement in Spain 1053: 1003: 987: 961:, and build partnerships with 346:was built during the 1970s at 305:(source: see file description) 1: 7251:Nuclear technology portal 6370:"The Future of Nuclear Power" 6173:Chemical Engineering Progress 5660:, Black Incorporated, p. 280. 5344:A Comeback for Nuclear Power? 4637:Lin, Sean (4 February 2015). 4544:. Yahoo! News. Archived from 4405:"NNI – No Nukes Inforesource" 3232:Knight, Ben (15 March 2011). 2838:Henry, Alain (12 July 2005), 2304:Kanter, James (25 May 2011). 2250:Duroyan Fertl (5 June 2011). 2023:Fukushima I nuclear accidents 1716:nuclear weapons proliferation 1668:to generate electricity from 1524:have been restarted. In 2016 1307:Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant 1265:first bone marrow transplants 969:into a gas-powered facility. 903:In October 2005, there was a 494:federal election in June 2007 358:in 1978. On 9 July 1997, the 7021:Andreev Bay nuclear accident 7008:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident 6320:James Paton (4 April 2011). 6164:Arm, Stuart T. (July 2010). 6130:Journal of Contemporary Asia 5835:"New reactors—more or less?" 5812:"IPCC Report 2014 Chapter 7" 5542:. World Nuclear Association. 5230:Lee, Joyce (11 March 2022). 5217:koreajoongangdaily.joins.com 4481:(in Dutch). 13 December 2021 3939:(in Italian). Archived from 3617:(in German). Berlin, Germany 2276:, Lfpress, 26 February 2016. 1631:nuclear power in South Korea 1237:2005/06 winter energy crisis 1103:Nuclear power in Switzerland 925:referendum held in June 2011 898:European Pressurized Reactor 780:Federal Constitutional Court 626:Renewable Energy Sources Act 549:high level radioactive waste 421:federal election in May 2003 224:Sortir du nucléaire (France) 54:concerns about nuclear power 6955:Nyonoksa radiation accident 6767:Fairewinds Energy Education 6407:World Nuclear Association. 6309:(13). Mumbai, India: 10–12. 5891:The Future of Nuclear Power 5697:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.040 5536:"Radioisotopes in Medicine" 5515:"The Nuclear Energy Option" 5187:"설득력 잃은 탈원전…국민 70% "원전 찬성"" 5159:Jung, Chan (28 July 2021). 4944:"US Nuclear Power Industry" 4169:(in German). Archived from 4119:"Spain halts nuclear power" 3963:"Why don?t we just nuke it" 2350:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.057 1997:Nuclear safety and security 1498:Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant 1417:Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant 1355:Christian Democratic Appeal 1227:Slovenian nuclear plant in 1153:There have been many Swiss 1147:International Energy Agency 481:offered to buy the Belgian 7310: 7227:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 7150:Films about nuclear issues 7145:Books about nuclear issues 7033:Three Mile Island accident 6961:Fukushima nuclear accident 6840:Military nuclear accidents 6835:Nuclear meltdown accidents 6708:Walker, J. Samuel (2004). 6596:, Oxford University Press. 6524: 6270:"The lessons of Fukushima" 6049:10.1016/j.psep.2017.03.012 5424:, Oxford University Press. 3408:United Press International 3164:"Renewable Energy Germany" 3078:Kommunikation Wissenschaft 2084: 1994: 1962:Three Mile Island accident 1906: 1872:Three Mile Island accident 1819: 1745: 1653: 1603:Indian Point Energy Center 1564:Nuclear Power 2010 Program 1546: 1534:Mihama Nuclear Power Plant 1522:Sendai Nuclear Power Plant 1494:Fukushima nuclear disaster 1445: 1407:Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant 1288:Three Mile Island accident 1279: 1201: 1100: 967:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 934: 729:Fukushima nuclear disaster 558: 512:Fukushima nuclear disaster 433:Chamber of Representatives 336: 310: 292: 196:Three Mile Island accident 176:Three Mile Island accident 82:Fukushima nuclear disaster 38:Fukushima nuclear disaster 7240: 7187:Nuclear-Free Future Award 7096:Totskoye nuclear exercise 6924:Sunken nuclear submarines 6532:Angwin, Meredith (2020). 5971:27 September 2007 at the 5727:, August 2009, pp. 18–21. 5397:10.1017/S000712340000380X 4198:Nuclear Threat Initiative 2724:The Sydney Morning Herald 2507:Helen Caldicott (2006). 2199:Nuclear power controversy 2151:Nuclear technology portal 1569:Energy Policy Act of 2005 1456:Three of the reactors at 887:four nuclear power plants 204:anti-nuclear power groups 7294:Technological phase-outs 6762:German Energy Transition 6749:Bernard Cohen's homepage 6664:Rudig, Wolfgang (1990). 6659:The Antinuclear Movement 4772:The Asia-Pacific Journal 4141:"Nuclear Power in Spain" 4026:. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 4010:. Retrieved 4 June 2011. 3765:(in German). March 2022. 3708:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3540:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3514:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3485:Clean Energy Wire (CLEW) 3199:10.1177/0096340211414842 2900:19 February 2006 at the 2599:European Nuclear Society 2588:Nuclear news from Poland 2574:23 February 2006 at the 1892:Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 1854:greenhouse gas emissions 1836:environmental impact of 1779:carbon emissions trading 1666:nuclear fission reactors 1520:In 2015 two reactors at 1193:Other significant places 834:Isar Nuclear Power Plant 786:Bundesverfassungsgericht 445:Verhofstadt I Government 413:Belgium's seven reactors 7202:Nuclear power phase-out 6414:4 February 2007 at the 5759:10.1038/climate.2008.99 5719:5 February 2013 at the 3083:22 January 2014 at the 2846:Federal Planning Bureau 2551:23 October 2012 at the 2239:(subscription required) 2204:Nuclear power in France 2116:sustainable development 1771:mitigate global warming 1732:nuclear decommissioning 1282:Nuclear power in Sweden 1253:for research purposes. 1251:Demokritus Laboratories 947:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 727:, as a response to the 611:Alliance '90/The Greens 543:that is to be used for 477:In August 2005, French 452:Federal Planning Bureau 344:A nuclear power station 46:nuclear power phase-out 7207:Nuclear weapons debate 6657:Price, Jerome (1982). 6559:Cragin, Susan (2007). 6536:Carnot Communications. 6326:Bloomberg Businessweek 5625:Giugni, Marco (2004). 4041:world-nuclear-news.org 3301:(BMWi). Archived from 2941:world-nuclear-news.org 2680:world-nuclear-news.org 2491:Herbert P. Kitschelt. 2082: 2070: 2062: 2047:generation II reactors 2041:in 1986; and three at 1952:accidents include the 1922: 1917:The abandoned city of 1831: 1585:Kewaunee Power Station 1536:unit 3 was restarted. 1528:restarted and in 2017 1481: 1469: 1113:Swiss nuclear reactors 837: 785: 603:First Schröder cabinet 598: 590: 582: 329: 179: 158: 41: 7065:K-19 nuclear accident 6860:Nuclear weapons tests 6733:Bernard Leonard Cohen 6717:William D. Nordhaus, 6692:Sovacool, Benjamin K. 5746:Nature Climate Change 5671:Sovacool, Benjamin K. 5610:6 August 2009 at the 4548:on 20 September 2005. 4530:on 28 September 2006. 4437:on 23 September 2006. 3038:on 13 September 2004. 2194:Nuclear energy policy 2184:List of energy topics 2179:Fossil fuel phase-out 2164:Anti-nuclear movement 2091:100% renewable energy 2076: 2068: 2060: 1916: 1829: 1763:plant decommissioning 1679:source which reduces 1559:global climate change 1475: 1455: 1267:in Europe. After the 945:, in 2004, President 927:stopped any project. 843:nuclear transmutation 831: 596: 588: 572: 545:nuclear transmutation 441:his second government 302: 295:Nuclear energy policy 169: 156: 35: 7197:Nuclear power debate 7059:Cuban Missile Crisis 6910:in the United States 6661:, Twayne Publishers. 6511:Department Of Energy 6198:on 28 September 2011 5845:on 12 December 2011. 5797:22 July 2012 at the 5467:Yale Environment 360 4778:on 14 February 2014. 4506:1 March 2008 at the 4427:"July – August 2005" 4393:on 23 February 2005. 4093:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 4077:on 13 December 2004. 4008:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 3990:29 July 2017 at the 3973:on 23 February 2006. 3411:. 23 September 2011. 3391:. 18 September 2011. 2819:on 23 September 2020 2593:16 July 2012 at the 2220:Notes and references 2095:nuclear power debate 2007:nuclear power plants 1976:due to a commercial 1945:Benjamin K. Sovacool 1758:Nuclear power plants 1662:nuclear power debate 1656:Nuclear power debate 1488:became increasingly 1460:overheated, causing 1390:, is gaining share. 1368:Fourth Rutte cabinet 1296:Government of Sweden 1159:citizens' initiative 1134:On 25 May 2011, the 1072:class=notpageimage| 605:, consisting of the 489:announced a merger. 270:nuclear power plants 208:Friends of the Earth 60:and looking towards 58:nuclear power plants 7182:Nuclear close calls 6739:. 1990. Hardcover. 6721:. 1997. Hardcover, 6495:on 27 October 2012. 6357:on 16 January 2013. 6224:on 23 November 2007 6218:"IAEA Publications" 6097:, 2009, 34, p. 136. 6040:2017PSEP..112...16W 5866:. London, England. 5689:2008EnPol..36.1802S 5256:. 25 February 2012. 5063:on 22 October 2013. 4866:. 15 October 2015. 4336:Sveriges Television 4264:on 23 November 2016 4238:on 23 November 2016 4173:on 18 February 2005 4147:on 22 February 2006 3917:on 6 September 2005 3588:Deutsche Welle (DW) 3430:Green Planet Energy 3297:. Berlin, Germany: 3122:. 25 February 2005. 3101:20 May 2005 at the 3002:on 26 January 2016. 2751:on 23 February 2006 2617:, 14 November 2003. 2341:2019EnPol.132..647K 2293:. 11 November 2013. 2169:Energy conservation 2159:Nuclear renaissance 2131:rare-earth elements 1950:nuclear power plant 1808:Following the 2011 1690:energy independence 1567:. In addition, the 1532:restarted. In 2021 1468:gases into the air. 1086: Active plants 778:December 2016, the 522:In March 2022, the 425:electoral threshold 360:Austrian Parliament 190:and concerns about 7284:Nuclear technology 7090:Operation Plumbbob 7053:Operation Fishbowl 6990:Chernobyl disaster 6592:Falk, Jim (1982). 6113:The New York Times 5493:The New York Times 5254:The New York Times 5105:The New York Times 4924:. 10 February 2023 4922:World Nuclear News 4798:The New York Times 4735:The New York Times 4618:on 12 January 2016 4587:The New York Times 4363:. 26 November 2019 4361:World Nuclear News 3841:. 5 February 2024. 3432:. 5 September 2016 3371:The New York Times 2884:. 31 October 2011. 2864:The New York Times 2791:. 19 January 2022. 2631:The New York Times 2461:World Nuclear News 2435:World Nuclear News 2310:The New York Times 2268:Erika Simpson and 2174:Energy development 2083: 2071: 2063: 1958:Chernobyl disaster 1923: 1876:Chernobyl disaster 1843:nuclear fuel cycle 1832: 1802:electricity market 1728:nuclear fuel chain 1688:course to achieve 1677:sustainable energy 1650:The nuclear debate 1482: 1470: 1269:Chernobyl disaster 955:alternative energy 883:Chernobyl accident 838: 681:Fukushima accident 634:climate protection 599: 591: 583: 514:, the plan of the 450:In July 2005, the 330: 245:, Italy, Ireland, 200:Chernobyl disaster 180: 159: 74:Chernobyl disaster 42: 7266: 7265: 7192:Nuclear-free zone 7155:Anti-war movement 7111:Rocky Flats Plant 6653:978-0-06-089623-2 6153:on 28 March 2009. 5997:Research Report 9 5790:Mark Diesendorf. 5540:world-nuclear.org 4848:. 27 August 2011. 4830:. Bloomberg L. P. 4815:. Bloomberg L. P. 4755:. September 2011. 4670:. 31 October 2016 4668:The Asahi Shimbun 4431:world-nuclear.org 4099:on 28 August 2024 3710:. Berlin, Germany 3346:on 6 October 2016 3335:. Bonn, Germany: 3308:on 6 October 2016 2771:"AKW Zwentendorf" 2557:Uranium Institute 2437:. 17 October 2022 2112:energy efficiency 2104:Energy transition 2087:Energy transition 2053:Energy transition 2043:Fukushima-Daiichi 2035:Three Mile Island 1847:nuclear accidents 1841:results from the 1724:nuclear accidents 1683:and can increase 1286:A year after the 1187:Kernenergiegesetz 921:Silvio Berlusconi 907:sponsored by the 858:Neckarwestheim II 328: 327: 279:energy transition 188:nuclear accidents 76:in the USSR (now 18:Nuclear phase-out 16:(Redirected from 7301: 7279:Environmentalism 7258: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7078:Kyshtym disaster 7073:nuclear meltdown 7000:Related articles 6984:Goiânia accident 6796: 6789: 6782: 6773: 6703:World Scientific 6672:Schneider, Mycle 6600:Lovins, Amory B. 6569:Diesendorf, Mark 6548:Cooke, Stephanie 6515: 6514: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6487: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6425: 6419: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6328:. Archived from 6317: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6281: 6276:. Archived from 6265: 6259: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6220:. Archived from 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6197: 6191:. Archived from 6170: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6139: 6133: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6104: 6098: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6051: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5963: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5861: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5841:. Archived from 5830: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5788: 5782: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5743: 5734: 5728: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5667: 5661: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5622: 5616: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5513:Cohen, Bernard. 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5352: 5346: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5059:. Archived from 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4980:. 9 January 2013 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4950:. Archived from 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4792:(13 July 2011). 4786: 4780: 4779: 4774:. Archived from 4763: 4757: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4415:on 12 June 2007. 4411:. Archived from 4401: 4395: 4394: 4389:. Archived from 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4295:. 26 April 2016. 4283: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4260:. Archived from 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4234:. Archived from 4228: 4222: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4073:. Archived from 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4017: 4011: 4001: 3995: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3969:. Archived from 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3913:. Archived from 3903: 3897: 3896: 3895:. 26 April 2024. 3885: 3879: 3878: 3877:. 26 April 2024. 3867: 3861: 3860: 3859:. 26 April 2024. 3849: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3823:. 18 April 2023. 3813: 3807: 3806: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3739:. Archived from 3733: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3643:. 8 January 2020 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3615:Der Tagesspiegel 3607: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3427: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3269:on 15 April 2012 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3209:. Archived from 3178: 3172: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3093: 3087: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3031:. Archived from 3030: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2998:. Archived from 2987: 2981: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2961:. 19 March 2022. 2951: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2656: 2650: 2640: 2634: 2624: 2618: 2608: 2602: 2585: 2579: 2566: 2560: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2372: 2363: 2362: 2352: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2108:renewable energy 2037:in 1979; one at 1964:(1979), and the 1927:nuclear reactors 1886:classified as a 1681:carbon emissions 1641:nuclear sector. 1503:renewable energy 1384:Renewable energy 1339:Dutch parliament 1303:nuclear reactors 1092: 1085: 1056: 1055: 1038: 1037: 1022: 1021: 1006: 1005: 990: 989: 983: 959:alternative fuel 793: 788: 777: 769: 750: 725:nuclear industry 709:by Germany to a 464:renewable energy 435:. In July 2003, 323: 321: 316: 314: 308: 307: 283:renewable energy 80:), and the 2011 66:renewable energy 21: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7289:Nuclear history 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7245: 7243: 7236: 7212:Peace activists 7127: 7121: 6946: 6944: 6938: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6758: 6529: 6523: 6521:Further reading 6518: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6485: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6455:on 7 April 2017 6447: 6446: 6442: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6416:Wayback Machine 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6332:on 15 May 2011. 6319: 6318: 6314: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6285: 6280:on 6 June 2013. 6267: 6266: 6262: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6120: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6089: 6082: 6071: 6067: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5973:Wayback Machine 5964: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5864:Financial Times 5855: 5854: 5850: 5832: 5831: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5799:Wayback Machine 5789: 5785: 5773:Mark Diesendorf 5771: 5767: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721:Wayback Machine 5708: 5704: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5652:Stephanie Cooke 5650: 5646: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5612:Wayback Machine 5601: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5362:We’re Not Ready 5353: 5349: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5219:. 1 March 2022. 5211: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4864:The Japan Times 4858: 4857: 4853: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4790:Tabuchi, Hiroko 4788: 4787: 4783: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4508:Wayback Machine 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4387:kerncentrale.nl 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4315:. 10 June 2016. 4305: 4304: 4300: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4220:. 18 June 2010. 4217:BBC News Online 4210: 4209: 4205: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4018: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3992:Wayback Machine 3982: 3978: 3967:manilatimes.net 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3943:on 4 March 2016 3935: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3743:on 3 March 2022 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3294: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3103:Wayback Machine 3094: 3090: 3085:Wayback Machine 3076: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2902:Wayback Machine 2893: 2889: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2775:zwentendorf.com 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2637: 2625: 2621: 2613:, article from 2609: 2605: 2595:Wayback Machine 2586: 2582: 2576:Wayback Machine 2567: 2563: 2553:Wayback Machine 2544: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2401:. 3 March 2022. 2393: 2392: 2388: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2101: 2055: 1999: 1993: 1978:nuclear reactor 1911: 1905: 1882:, resulting in 1824: 1818: 1750: 1744: 1685:energy security 1658: 1652: 1647: 1615: 1551: 1545: 1513:Prime Minister 1450: 1444: 1381: 1373: 1337:, in 1994, the 1331: 1329:The Netherlands 1284: 1278: 1261:Vinča Institute 1231:(co-owned with 1206: 1200: 1195: 1170:for support of 1136:Federal Council 1109: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1007: 999: 998: 997: 991: 975: 939: 933: 879: 791: 775: 767: 748: 668:technology and 662: 567: 557: 437:Guy Verhofstadt 423:, there was an 373: 367:the radiation. 341: 335: 319: 318: 317: 312: 311: 297: 291: 164: 130: 126: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7307: 7305: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Peace movement 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7084:Windscale fire 7080: 7074: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7045: 7043:Lucens reactor 7039: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6900:United Kingdom 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6819: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6756:External links 6754: 6753: 6752: 6730: 6715: 6706: 6689: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6632: 6616: 6597: 6590: 6581:Elliott, David 6578: 6566: 6557: 6545: 6537: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6498: 6466: 6440: 6420: 6400: 6378: 6360: 6335: 6312: 6283: 6260: 6235: 6209: 6156: 6134: 6118: 6099: 6080: 6065: 6014: 6002: 5977: 5953: 5936: 5918: 5904: 5881: 5848: 5820: 5803: 5783: 5765: 5752:(810): 130–1. 5729: 5725:Chain Reaction 5702: 5683:(5): 1802–20. 5662: 5644: 5637: 5617: 5595: 5581: 5563: 5545: 5527: 5505: 5479: 5453: 5438: 5426: 5410: 5368: 5357:New York Times 5347: 5331:New York Times 5321: 5314: 5294: 5281:10.1086/410301 5259: 5241: 5222: 5204: 5193:. Digital News 5177: 5151: 5125: 5091: 5066: 5044: 5017: 5006:on 14 May 2013 4991: 4965: 4954:on 22 May 2006 4935: 4909: 4884: 4851: 4833: 4818: 4803: 4781: 4758: 4740: 4721: 4699: 4681: 4655: 4629: 4599: 4573: 4551: 4533: 4511: 4492: 4466: 4440: 4418: 4396: 4374: 4348: 4334:(in Swedish). 4318: 4298: 4292:Sveriges Radio 4275: 4249: 4223: 4203: 4184: 4158: 4132: 4110: 4080: 4058: 4046: 4028: 4012: 3996: 3994:, 23 June 2014 3976: 3954: 3928: 3898: 3893:Deutsche Welle 3880: 3862: 3844: 3826: 3808: 3789: 3768: 3754: 3728: 3694: 3680:10.3386/w26598 3654: 3628: 3602: 3575: 3553: 3527: 3498: 3472: 3443: 3414: 3394: 3376: 3357: 3319: 3280: 3250: 3238:Deutsche Welle 3224: 3213:on 15 May 2020 3173: 3155: 3140: 3125: 3107: 3088: 3070: 3059: 3041: 3017: 3005: 2982: 2964: 2946: 2928: 2906: 2887: 2869: 2850: 2830: 2794: 2780: 2762: 2736: 2710: 2685: 2667: 2665:, 8 July 2009. 2651: 2649:, 29 May 2009. 2642:James Kanter. 2635: 2633:, 28 May 2009. 2626:James Kanter. 2619: 2615:Deutsche Welle 2603: 2580: 2561: 2533: 2521: 2500: 2484: 2466: 2463:. 5 July 2022. 2448: 2422: 2417:energypress.eu 2404: 2386: 2364: 2315: 2296: 2278: 2261: 2242: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2138: 2135: 2099:green movement 2054: 2051: 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1907:Main article: 1904: 1901: 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1746:Main article: 1743: 1740: 1712:uranium mining 1694:fuel recycling 1654:Main article: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1614: 1611: 1544: 1541: 1492:following the 1443: 1440: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1330: 1327: 1280:Main article: 1277: 1274: 1217:Carnsore Point 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1117:Beznau 1 and 2 1070: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1008: 1001: 1000: 993: 992: 985: 984: 978: 977: 976: 974: 971: 932: 929: 917:fourth cabinet 878: 875: 660: 638:carbon dioxide 630:feed-in tariff 556: 553: 472:Kyoto Protocol 372: 369: 334: 331: 326: 325: 293:Main article: 290: 287: 163: 160: 128: 124: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7306: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7261: 7253: 7252: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6917:United States 6915: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6745:0-306-43567-5 6742: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6727:0-915707-84-5 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6630:0-88410-602-0 6627: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6614:0-06-090653-7 6611: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6470: 6467: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6375:. p. 48. 6371: 6364: 6361: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6261: 6256: 6255:Energy Policy 6249: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5933:. p. xv. 5929: 5922: 5919: 5907: 5905:0-615-12420-8 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5882: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817:. IPCC. 2014. 5813: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5676:Energy Policy 5672: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5640: 5638:9780742518278 5634: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5599: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5516: 5509: 5506: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5480: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5322: 5317: 5315:9780520246836 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4966: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4722: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3916: 3912: 3911:Energy Trends 3908: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3857:The Telegraph 3854: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3576: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3456: 3455: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2959:BNN Bloomberg 2956: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2815: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658:Rob Broomby. 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2601:, April 2005. 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517:0-522-85251-3 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329:Energy Policy 2326: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2291:The Economist 2288: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2235: 2232:IAEA (2011). 2228: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1935:radioactivity 1932: 1928: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1838:nuclear power 1828: 1823: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767:nuclear waste 1764: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:nuclear waste 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1705:americium-241 1702: 1701:technetium-99 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1543:United States 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1426:2016 election 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1290:in 1979, the 1289: 1283: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1145:In 2018, the 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1095:Closed plants 1091: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1064: 1063: 1046: 1045: 1028: 1012: 996: 982: 972: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:energy policy 949:outlined her 948: 944: 938: 930: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:nuclear power 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 876: 874: 872: 871:Robert Habeck 868: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 835: 830: 826: 823: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 795: 789: 787: 781: 772: 765: 761: 757: 752: 744: 742: 738: 734: 733:Peter Löscher 730: 726: 722: 717: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703:energy policy 700: 699: 693: 690: 687: 682: 678: 677:Deutsche Bank 673: 671: 670:photovoltaics 667: 658: 657:energy crisis 653: 651: 650:nuclear waste 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601:In 2000, the 595: 587: 580: 576: 575:Angela Merkel 571: 566: 562: 554: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 533: 530: 525: 520: 517: 513: 508: 506: 501: 499: 495: 490: 488: 487:Gaz de France 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 368: 366: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 332: 309: 306: 301: 296: 288: 286: 284: 280: 276: 271: 266: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198:and the 1986 197: 193: 192:nuclear waste 189: 185: 177: 173: 168: 161: 155: 151: 149: 146:, Sweden and 145: 141: 137: 132: 131:emissions". 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 50:nuclear power 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 7242: 7201: 7164: 7160:Bikini Atoll 7106:Hanford Site 7101:Bikini Atoll 6905:in Australia 6895:Soviet Union 6890:South Africa 6736: 6718: 6709: 6695: 6679: 6676:Steve Thomas 6665: 6658: 6642: 6639:Clint Wilder 6635:Pernick, Ron 6619: 6603: 6593: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6556:, Black Inc. 6551: 6540: 6533: 6510: 6501: 6490:the original 6481: 6476: 6469: 6457:. Retrieved 6453:the original 6443: 6423: 6403: 6391:. Retrieved 6381: 6363: 6352:the original 6338: 6330:the original 6325: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6278:the original 6273: 6263: 6257:. p. 6. 6254: 6226:. Retrieved 6222:the original 6212: 6200:. Retrieved 6193:the original 6172: 6159: 6151:the original 6146: 6137: 6129: 6112: 6102: 6094: 6068: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6005: 5999:. p. 1. 5996: 5939: 5921: 5909:. Retrieved 5890: 5884: 5874:12 September 5872:. Retrieved 5863: 5851: 5843:the original 5838: 5806: 5786: 5776: 5768: 5749: 5745: 5732: 5724: 5705: 5680: 5674: 5665: 5655: 5647: 5627: 5620: 5603: 5598: 5584: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5518:. Retrieved 5508: 5496:. Retrieved 5492: 5482: 5470:. Retrieved 5466: 5456: 5441: 5429: 5421: 5413: 5388: 5384: 5371: 5355: 5350: 5329: 5324: 5304: 5297: 5275:(4): 467–8. 5272: 5268: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5197:18 September 5195:. Retrieved 5190: 5180: 5170:18 September 5168:. Retrieved 5164: 5154: 5142:. Retrieved 5138: 5128: 5116:. Retrieved 5104: 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5078: 5069: 5061:the original 5056: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5030: 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 5004:the original 4994: 4982:. Retrieved 4977: 4968: 4956:. Retrieved 4952:the original 4947: 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4921: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4896: 4887: 4875:. Retrieved 4863: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4821: 4806: 4797: 4784: 4776:the original 4771: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4724: 4712:. Retrieved 4702: 4693: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4667: 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4643:Taipei Times 4642: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4616:the original 4611: 4602: 4590:. Retrieved 4586: 4576: 4564:. Retrieved 4554: 4546:the original 4536: 4528:the original 4524:The Bulletin 4523: 4514: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4478: 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4453:De Standaard 4452: 4443: 4435:the original 4430: 4421: 4413:the original 4408: 4399: 4391:the original 4386: 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4360: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4331: 4321: 4310: 4301: 4290: 4266:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4236:the original 4226: 4215: 4206: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4171:the original 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145:the original 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4113: 4103:27 September 4101:. Retrieved 4097:the original 4092: 4083: 4075:the original 4070: 4061: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4024:Der Standard 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3979: 3971:the original 3966: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941:the original 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3915:the original 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3792: 3783:The Guardian 3781: 3771: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3741:the original 3731: 3712:. Retrieved 3707: 3697: 3670: 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3640: 3631: 3619:. Retrieved 3614: 3605: 3592:. Retrieved 3587: 3578: 3566:. Retrieved 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3539: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3513: 3489:. Retrieved 3484: 3475: 3462:. Retrieved 3453: 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3417: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3341:the original 3328: 3322: 3310:. Retrieved 3303:the original 3290: 3283: 3271:. Retrieved 3267:the original 3262: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3227: 3215:. Retrieved 3211:the original 3190: 3186: 3176: 3168:STROM-REPORT 3167: 3158: 3143: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3091: 3073: 3062: 3054:STROM-REPORT 3053: 3044: 3033:the original 3020: 3008: 3000:the original 2995: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2919:. Retrieved 2909: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2853: 2840: 2833: 2823:11 September 2821:. Retrieved 2814:the original 2783: 2774: 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2749:the original 2739: 2727:. Retrieved 2723: 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2630: 2622: 2606: 2583: 2564: 2524: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2439:. Retrieved 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2264: 2255: 2245: 2227: 2120: 2102: 2027: 2011: 2000: 1982: 1943: 1924: 1897: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1851: 1835: 1833: 1807: 1787: 1783: 1773:, such as a 1753: 1751: 1709: 1698: 1674: 1670:nuclear fuel 1661: 1659: 1639: 1635: 1616: 1600: 1597: 1581: 1573: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1538: 1519: 1512: 1508: 1490:anti-nuclear 1483: 1478:Meiji Shrine 1433: 1430: 1411: 1404: 1392: 1382: 1332: 1323: 1312: 1300: 1285: 1255: 1245: 1240: 1226: 1214: 1207: 1186: 1183:Albert Rösti 1180: 1176: 1172:solar energy 1152: 1144: 1133: 1110: 1094: 1060: 1042: 963:Saudi Arabia 940: 902: 900:technology. 891: 880: 864: 862: 847: 839: 824: 800: 796: 783: 773: 753: 745: 741:Yukiya Amano 718: 715: 698:Energiewende 696: 694: 691: 686:anti-nuclear 674: 666:wind turbine 654: 646: 623: 619:in Obrigheim 600: 534: 521: 509: 502: 491: 476: 460:fossil fuels 449: 418: 401:Greens party 374: 364: 356:a referendum 342: 304: 275:fossil fuels 267: 263: 228: 181: 133: 121: 86: 62:fossil fuels 45: 43: 29: 7232:Smiling Sun 6943:Individual 6880:North Korea 6647:, Collins, 6589:, Palgrave. 6430:, p. 3 6393:20 November 6228:20 November 6091:M.V. Ramana 5911:10 November 5057:Duke Energy 5037:28 February 5010:28 February 4928:10 February 4897:Nikkei Asia 4714:11 November 4332:SVT Nyheter 4268:22 November 4242:22 November 3714:12 November 3464:8 September 3436:8 September 2729:24 February 2335:: 647–653. 2270:Ian Fairlie 2031:core damage 1980:incident." 1939:human error 1816:Environment 1790:state-owned 1627:Moon Jae-in 1613:South Korea 1589:Duke Energy 1466:radioactive 1458:Fukushima I 1395:North Korea 1335:Netherlands 1208:In Spain a 1155:referendums 973:Switzerland 943:Philippines 931:Philippines 894:Enel S.p.A. 695:The German 510:Before the 348:Zwentendorf 148:South Korea 140:Philippines 113:North Korea 7273:Categories 7222:Peace camp 7012:1985–1987 6945:accidents 6813:disasters 6668:, Longman. 6525:See also: 6428:Ipsos 2011 5520:9 December 5498:31 January 5472:31 January 5191:Naver News 4984:10 January 4877:19 October 4674:31 October 4592:13 January 4485:24 January 4459:24 January 4409:ecology.at 4071:cnfc.or.jp 3647:12 January 3621:8 December 3594:6 December 3568:6 December 3546:6 December 3520:8 December 3491:24 October 2519:, p. xvii. 2441:18 October 2256:Green Left 2214:Wind power 2125:, and the 2085:See also: 1775:carbon tax 1547:See also: 1530:Takahama-4 1515:Shinzo Abe 1446:See also: 1419:using the 1388:hydropower 1351:government 1347:Borssele's 1319:government 1222:Sellafield 1210:moratorium 1202:See also: 1164:moratorium 1101:See also: 935:See also: 909:government 760:World Bank 756:Vattenfall 711:low carbon 707:transition 559:See also: 524:government 516:government 492:After the 483:Electrabel 458:and other 399:) and the 389:Socialists 337:See also: 212:Greenpeace 93:Kazakhstan 84:in Japan. 7014:Therac-25 6947:and sites 6817:incidents 6811:Lists of 6565:, AMACOM. 6181:0360-7275 6034:: 16–49. 5710:Jim Green 5405:154479502 5391:(1): 57. 5113:0362-4331 4872:0447-5763 4753:USA Today 4367:21 August 4312:The Local 3921:17 August 3689:211027218 3273:22 August 3217:22 August 3207:144198768 3193:(4): 15. 2977:sckcen.be 2703:14 August 2555:, by the 2359:197781857 2039:Chernobyl 2015:Fukushima 1974:radiation 1970:Chernobyl 1903:Accidents 1874:and 1986 1870:The 1979 1794:regulated 1742:Economics 1601:In 2021, 1486:Naoto Kan 1462:meltdowns 1386:, mainly 1343:Dodewaard 1168:green tax 1140:Mühleberg 1129:Mühleberg 1125:Leibstadt 1044:Mühleberg 1027:Leibstadt 675:In 2011, 89:Lithuania 7260:Category 7126:Related 7016:accident 6885:Pakistan 6694:(2011). 6641:(2007). 6602:(1977). 6583:(2007). 6571:(2007). 6550:(2009). 6412:Archived 6012:, p. 28. 5969:Archived 5898:. 2003. 5868:Archived 5795:Archived 5775:(2007). 5717:Archived 5654:(2009). 5608:Archived 5420:(1982). 5418:Jim Falk 5165:Polinews 4958:29 April 4622:28 April 4566:19 April 4504:Archived 3988:Archived 3875:Euractiv 3839:Politico 3821:NBC News 3389:BBC News 3263:Euronews 3243:15 March 3120:BBC News 3099:Archived 3081:Archived 2898:Archived 2882:BBC News 2663:BBC News 2591:Archived 2572:Archived 2549:Archived 2137:See also 2021:AG, the 1960:(1986), 1956:(2011), 615:in Stade 479:GDF SUEZ 468:Flanders 377:Liberals 206:include 162:Overview 6995:Effects 6459:6 April 6202:26 July 6189:1929453 6077:Archive 6036:Bibcode 5685:Bibcode 5615:, p. 7. 5576:NRC Web 5289:2823429 5236:Reuters 5144:30 June 5118:30 June 5084:30 June 5079:eia.gov 4846:Reuters 4694:eia.gov 4648:5 March 4612:Reuters 4341:13 June 3803:Reuters 3747:3 March 3350:16 June 2996:Reuters 2921:5 April 2698:iea.org 2559:, 1999. 2399:Reuters 2381:Reuters 2337:Bibcode 1919:Pripyat 1888:Level 7 1797:utility 1577:Georgia 1526:Ikata-3 1435:Vietnam 1333:In the 1305:at the 1241:Dnevnik 1233:Croatia 941:In the 919:led by 905:seminar 854:Isar II 850:Emsland 737:Rosatom 721:Siemens 555:Germany 503:In the 439:formed 419:In the 387:), the 371:Belgium 352:Austria 333:Austria 259:Belgium 239:Denmark 235:Austria 231:Austria 136:Belgium 101:Austria 97:Armenia 78:Ukraine 7128:topics 7051:under 6870:France 6743: 6725: 6651: 6628: 6612: 6484:] 6187: 6179: 5902: 5635: 5403: 5360:, see 5334:, see 5312: 5287: 5111: 4978:Platts 4902:4 July 4870: 4479:nos.nl 4177:19 May 4151:19 May 4125:19 May 3687: 3205: 2755:19 May 2515: 2357: 2097:, and 2081:(2011) 1991:Safety 1413:Taiwan 1397:, two 1359:Essent 1276:Sweden 1257:Serbia 1247:Greece 1198:Europe 1127:, and 1121:Gösgen 1093: 1062:Lucens 1011:Gösgen 995:Beznau 915:. The 866:Cicero 813:, and 792: 776: 768: 749: 537:MYRRHA 405:Groen! 365:except 320: 313: 277:or an 255:Poland 251:Serbia 247:Norway 243:Greece 222:, and 144:Greece 138:, the 117:Poland 7115:1945 7094:1954 7088:1957 7082:1957 7076:1957 7069:1961 7063:1961 7057:1962 7047:1962 7041:1969 7031:1979 7025:1980 7019:1982 7006:1985 6988:1986 6982:1987 6976:1990 6965:2001 6959:2011 6953:2019 6875:India 6865:China 6493:(PDF) 6486:(PDF) 6480:[ 6373:(PDF) 6355:(PDF) 6348:(PDF) 6299:(PDF) 6251:(PDF) 6196:(PDF) 6169:(PDF) 5993:(PDF) 5948:(PDF) 5931:(PDF) 5815:(PDF) 5742:(PDF) 5401:S2CID 5381:(PDF) 5285:JSTOR 3947:5 May 3685:S2CID 3667:(PDF) 3641:Grist 3458:(PDF) 3426:(PDF) 3344:(PDF) 3333:(PDF) 3312:1 May 3306:(PDF) 3295:(PDF) 3203:S2CID 3036:(PDF) 3029:(PDF) 3026:"PDF" 2817:(PDF) 2810:(PDF) 2647:Green 2355:S2CID 2079:Ipsos 1442:Japan 1363:DELTA 1229:Krško 1115:were 877:Italy 803:COP26 529:Engie 429:ECOLO 409:Ecolo 109:Libya 7071:SL-1 7035:and 6815:and 6741:ISBN 6723:ISBN 6649:ISBN 6637:and 6626:ISBN 6610:ISBN 6461:2017 6434:help 6395:2021 6230:2021 6204:2010 6185:OCLC 6177:ISSN 6147:Time 5913:2006 5900:ISBN 5876:2010 5633:ISBN 5522:2009 5500:2020 5474:2020 5342:and 5338:and 5310:ISBN 5199:2021 5172:2021 5146:2021 5139:NRDC 5120:2021 5109:ISSN 5086:2021 5039:2013 5012:2013 4986:2013 4960:2006 4930:2023 4904:2021 4879:2015 4868:ISSN 4716:2016 4676:2016 4650:2015 4624:2014 4594:2012 4568:2015 4487:2022 4461:2022 4369:2020 4343:2016 4270:2016 4244:2016 4179:2006 4153:2006 4127:2006 4105:2024 3949:2012 3923:2005 3749:2022 3716:2021 3649:2020 3623:2016 3596:2016 3570:2016 3548:2016 3522:2016 3493:2016 3466:2016 3438:2016 3352:2016 3314:2016 3275:2014 3245:2011 3219:2014 2923:2018 2825:2012 2757:2006 2731:2020 2705:2019 2513:ISBN 2479:IAEA 2443:2022 2114:and 1983:The 1966:SL-1 1852:The 1834:The 1765:and 1752:The 1736:IPCC 1660:The 1421:ABWR 1399:PWRs 1393:For 1379:Asia 1361:and 1301:The 1105:and 1077:view 856:and 832:The 815:EnBW 807:E.ON 774:On 5 624:The 617:and 609:and 563:and 496:, a 407:and 395:and 393:SP.A 383:and 249:and 172:Bonn 115:and 105:Cuba 91:and 64:and 6054:hdl 6044:doi 6032:112 5754:doi 5693:doi 5393:doi 5277:doi 4948:UIC 3675:doi 3195:doi 2345:doi 2333:132 2019:UBS 1792:or 1777:or 1591:'s 811:RWE 762:'s 607:SPD 547:of 456:oil 381:VLD 281:to 7275:: 6747:. 6735:, 6701:, 6684:, 6674:, 6509:. 6324:. 6307:46 6305:. 6301:. 6286:^ 6272:. 6253:. 6238:^ 6183:. 6171:. 6145:. 6121:^ 6111:. 6083:^ 6052:. 6042:. 6030:. 6026:. 5995:. 5980:^ 5956:^ 5894:. 5862:. 5837:. 5823:^ 5748:. 5744:. 5723:. 5712:. 5691:. 5681:36 5679:. 5574:. 5556:. 5538:. 5491:. 5465:. 5399:. 5389:16 5387:. 5383:. 5283:. 5273:52 5271:. 5252:. 5234:. 5215:. 5189:. 5163:. 5137:. 5107:. 5103:. 5077:. 5055:. 5029:. 4976:. 4946:. 4920:. 4895:. 4862:. 4844:. 4796:. 4770:. 4751:. 4733:. 4692:. 4666:. 4641:. 4610:. 4585:. 4522:. 4477:. 4451:. 4429:. 4407:. 4385:. 4359:. 4330:. 4309:. 4289:. 4278:^ 4214:. 4196:. 4091:. 4069:. 4039:. 4022:. 4006:. 3965:. 3909:. 3891:. 3873:. 3855:. 3837:. 3819:. 3801:. 3780:. 3706:. 3683:. 3669:. 3639:. 3586:. 3538:. 3512:. 3501:^ 3483:. 3405:. 3387:. 3369:. 3261:. 3236:. 3201:. 3191:67 3189:. 3185:. 3166:. 3118:. 3052:. 2994:. 2975:. 2957:. 2939:. 2880:. 2862:. 2797:^ 2773:. 2722:. 2696:. 2678:. 2536:^ 2477:. 2459:. 2433:. 2415:. 2397:. 2379:. 2367:^ 2353:. 2343:. 2331:. 2327:. 2308:. 2289:. 2272:, 2254:. 2110:, 2093:, 2089:, 1849:. 1123:, 1119:, 852:, 809:, 642:PJ 551:. 500:. 474:. 397:PS 385:MR 350:, 324:. 285:. 253:. 241:, 237:, 226:. 218:, 214:, 210:, 182:A 150:. 142:, 111:, 107:, 44:A 6795:e 6788:t 6781:v 6729:. 6705:. 6688:. 6463:. 6438:. 6436:) 6418:. 6397:. 6232:. 6206:. 6115:. 6062:. 6056:: 6046:: 6038:: 5975:. 5950:. 5915:. 5878:. 5801:. 5762:. 5756:: 5750:2 5699:. 5695:: 5687:: 5641:. 5578:. 5560:. 5524:. 5502:. 5476:. 5450:. 5436:. 5407:. 5395:: 5318:. 5291:. 5279:: 5238:. 5201:. 5174:. 5148:. 5122:. 5088:. 5041:. 5014:. 4988:. 4962:. 4932:. 4906:. 4881:. 4800:. 4737:. 4718:. 4696:. 4678:. 4652:. 4626:. 4596:. 4570:. 4489:. 4463:. 4371:. 4345:. 4272:. 4246:. 4200:. 4181:. 4155:. 4129:. 4107:. 4043:. 3951:. 3925:. 3805:. 3786:. 3751:. 3718:. 3691:. 3677:: 3651:. 3625:. 3598:. 3572:. 3550:. 3524:. 3495:. 3468:. 3440:. 3373:. 3354:. 3316:. 3277:. 3247:. 3221:. 3197:: 3170:. 3056:. 2979:. 2943:. 2925:. 2866:. 2827:. 2777:. 2759:. 2733:. 2707:. 2682:. 2481:. 2445:. 2419:. 2383:. 2361:. 2347:: 2339:: 2312:. 2258:. 2236:. 2029:( 1372:2 1079:) 782:( 747:9 661:2 581:. 403:( 391:( 379:( 178:. 129:2 125:2 40:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Nuclear power phase-out

Index