1038:
This arrangement was conceived in the early to mid-1960s to contain proliferation. It is arguable that several
European nations including Germany were persuaded not to become nuclear states themselves because of the NATO nuclear umbrella. However, a nuclear sharing arrangement that may have had some logic in the pre-NPT and cold war world is now a source of weakening for the NPT, as it offers a rationale to other states to pursue a similar programme. NATO's nuclear sharing programme could now be used as an excuse by China, Pakistan or any other nuclear-armed nation to establish a similar arrangement. Imagine if China were to offer such an arrangement to persuade North Korea to give up its nuclear ambitions. Or if Pakistan were to undertake nuclear sharing with Saudi Arabia or Iran. Such developments would be perceived as a threat to security in North Asia or the Middle East, and even as a direct threat to NATO. Yet, while the NATO arrangements remain in place, NATO members would have few valid grounds for complaint. The Committee should recommend the immediate termination of NATO nuclear sharing arrangements.
1174:
operational storage capacity at Aviano and
Incirlik (Kristensen 2015, 2019c). ... Concerns were raised about the security of the nuclear weapons at the Incirlik base during the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016, and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee for Europe stated in September 2020 that "our presence, quite honestly, in Turkey is certainly threatened," and further noted that "we don't know what's going to happen to Incirlik" (Gehrke 2020). Despite rumors in late 2017 that the weapons had been "quietly removed" (Hammond 2017), reports in 2019 that US officials had reviewed emergency nuclear weapons evacuation plans (Sanger 2019) indicated that that there were still weapons present at the base. The numbers appear to have been reduced, however, from up to 50 to approximately 20.
947:, was quoted as saying, "Pakistan considers the security of Saudi Arabia not just as a diplomatic or an internal matter but as a personal matter." Naeem also said that the Saudi leadership considered Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to be one country and that any threat to Saudi Arabia is also a threat to Pakistan. Other vendors were also likely to enter into a bidding war if Riyadh indicated that it was seeking nuclear warheads. Both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have denied the existence of any such agreement. Western intelligence sources have told
352:
997:, the BBC report on possible nuclear sharing between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is partially incorrect. There is no indication of the validity or credibility of the BBC's sources, and the article fails to expand on what essentially constitutes an unverified lead. Furthermore, if Pakistan were to transfer nuclear warheads onto Saudi soil, it is highly unlikely that either nation would face any international repercussions if both nations were to follow strict nuclear sharing guidelines like those of
128:
397:
204:
639:
603:
227:
151:
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985:, said, "I do think that the Saudis believe that they have some understanding with Pakistan that, in extremis, they would have claim to acquire nuclear weapons from Pakistan." Amos Yadlin, formerly head of Israeli military intelligence, said "They already paid for the bomb, they will go to Pakistan and bring what they need to bring."
33:
581:, said that he wanted to speak with Duda to understand the intention behind the statement and that he wanted Poland to "be safe and well-armed, but would also like any initiatives to be very well prepared by the people responsible for them and for all to be convinced that this is what want." In May, foreign minister
1033:
technical nuclear weapons information. Even if the US argument is considered legally correct, some argue such peacetime operations appear to contravene both the objective and the spirit of the NPT. Essentially, all preparations for waging nuclear war have already been made by supposedly non-nuclear weapon states.
460:
collapsed, the nuclear weapon types shared within NATO were reduced to tactical nuclear bombs deployed by Dual-Capable
Aircraft (DCA). According to the press, Eastern European Member States of NATO have resisted the withdrawal of the shared nuclear bombs from Europe, fearing it would show a weakening
95:
As part of nuclear sharing, the participating countries carry out consultations and make common decisions on nuclear weapons policy, maintain technical equipment (notably nuclear-capable airplanes) required for the use of nuclear weapons and store nuclear weapons on their territory. In case of war,
1687:
Neither Super Hornet nor
Typhoon is presently nuclear certified, which could lead to a pause in Germany's participation in the nuclear sharing deal. "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the timeline," Gillian said regarding this
1037:
There are concerns that this arrangement undermines, and possibly contravenes, Articles I and II of the NPT. According to US lawyers, the transfer of control is legal because, on the outbreak of "general war", the NPT has failed in its purpose and can be regarded as no longer in controlling force.
1032:
would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT. However, the pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO countries practice handling and delivering the US nuclear bombs, and non-US warplanes have been adapted to deliver US nuclear bombs which involved the transfer of some
1173:
About 100 of these (versions −3 and −4) are thought to be deployed at six bases in five
European countries: Aviano and Ghedi in Italy; Büchel in Germany; Incirlik in Turkey; Kleine Brogel in Belgium; and Volkel in the Netherlands. This number has declined since 2009 partly due to reduction of
544:
In 2017 due to an increasingly unstable relationship between the United States and Turkey it was suggested that the United States consider removing 50 tactical nuclear weapons stored under
American control at the Incirlik Air Base in Turkey. The presence of US nuclear weapons in Turkey gained
516:
to replace the
Tornado in its nuclear sharing role. The Super Hornet was not yet certified for the B61 bomb, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, had previously stated his optimism about achieving this certification in a timely manner. In 2022, against the backdrop of the
976:
that Saudi Arabia was able to obtain nuclear weapons from
Pakistan at will. The new-report further stated, according to western experts, it was alleged that Pakistan's defense sector, including its missile and defense labs, had received plentiful financial assistance from Saudi Arabia.
585:
accused president Duda of failing to consult with him on this and other major foreign policy announcements and said that he had "asked the president privately and publicly not to discuss such delicate and secret matters in public, because it not help Poland"; he also said that the
511:
bombers of the JaBoG 33 squadron. Germany's
Tornado IDS aircraft are due to be retired by the end of 2024; while 2010 and 2018 assessments questioned what nuclear sharing role, if any, Germany would then retain, in 2020 Germany announced that it would buy 30
953:
that "the Saudi monarchy paid for up to 60% of the
Pakistani nuclear programme, and in return has the option to buy a small nuclear arsenal ('five to six warheads') off the shelf". Saudi Arabia has potential dual-purpose delivery infrastructure, including
576:
fleet as being capable of delivering B61 bombs. In April 2024, president Duda said that Poland was "ready" to host nuclear weapons and had been discussing the matter with the United States government for "some time". The current Polish prime minister,
540:
was discovered to reference the existence of US nuclear weapons at Volkel, as well as locations in Belgium, Italy, Germany, and Turkey. A new version of the report was released on 11 July 2019 without reference to the locations of the weapons.
904:
agreed the deployment of Russian short-range nuclear-capable missiles. The deployment of nuclear warheads for nuclear sharing would require a further decision, possibly after a number of years, and might be tied to future NATO decisions.
1567:
2663:"232. Letter From the Under Secretary of State (Katzenbach) to Secretary of Defense Clifford – Tab A: Questions on the Draft Non-Proliferation Treaty Asked by U.S. Allies Together with Answers Given by the United States"
1056:, negotiating the treaty along with the NATO arguments for not treating them as proliferation. Most of the states that signed the NPT in 1968 would not have known about these agreements and interpretations at that time.
1928:
2076:
1027:
The United States insists that its forces control the weapons and that no transfer of the nuclear bombs or control over them is intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the
912:
missile systems. Both conventional and nuclear versions of the missile would be provided to the Belarusians. Additionally, Putin said that he would facilitate the modifications necessary for Belarusian
1470:
344:
codes required for arming them remain under American control. In case of war, the weapons are to be mounted on the participating countries' warplanes. The weapons are under custody and control of
2877:
or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.
1959:
560:
calling the country's lack of nuclear weapons a "problem" and saying that it was in talks with the United States about the possibility of nuclear sharing. In June 2023, then-prime minister
2369:
2102:
2046:
1674:
1563:
1782:
1812:
2430:
2132:
492:
waged nuclear war against NATO. He acknowledged the presence of U.S. nuclear weapons in Italy, and speculated about the possible presence of British and French nuclear weapons.
2016:
1872:
1842:
1008:
states that as long as current NATO nuclear sharing arrangements remain in place, the NATO states would have few valid grounds for complaint if such a transfer were to occur.
564:
declared Poland's interest in hosting nuclear weapons under the policy, citing the reported deployment of Russian nuclear weapons to its Kaliningrad region and Belarus, while
2566:
1317:
2265:
1920:
97:
65:
2399:
2609:
2776:
2068:
1527:
1898:
1647:
1593:
994:
2239:
2828:
2702:
2188:
1985:
1052:
At the time the NPT was being negotiated, the NATO nuclear sharing agreements were secret. These agreements were disclosed to some of the states, including the
456:
missiles, but the UK ended up purchasing the Polaris missiles and using its own warheads, and the plan to equip NATO surface ships was abandoned. After the
2458:
1462:
282:
1620:
545:
increased public attention in October 2019 with the deterioration of relations between the two nations after the Turkish military incursion into Syria.
1951:
1666:
893:
1245:
1700:
405:
298:
2756:
1065:
2377:
2290:
780:
274:
2316:
2180:
2098:
2038:
1412:
2670:
1081:
382:
306:
294:
896:
to repeal the post-Soviet Constitutional prohibition on basing of nuclear weapons in Belarus. At a meeting on 25 June 2022, Russian President
444:
medium-range ballistic missiles were shared with Italian air force units and Turkish units with U.S. dual key systems to enable the warheads.
386:
363:
1196:
2762:
966:
959:
587:
290:
2796:
2422:
1778:
50:
1804:
448:
intermediate-range ballistic missiles were forward deployed to the UK with RAF crews. An extended version of nuclear sharing, the NATO
2824:
2124:
1864:
1070:
943:
that Saudi Arabia could have the nuclear warheads in a matter of days of approaching Pakistan. Pakistan's ambassador to Saudi Arabia,
88:
of their own to participate in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO. In particular, it provides for involvement of the
2154:
2008:
2869:
2852:
2750:
2635:
2603:
1834:
1389:
1280:
1139:
1100:
686:
573:
565:
522:
2786:
2693:
2563:
1309:
2541:
2792:
2511:
1029:
1021:
889:
660:
345:
2895:
1205:
1756:
1492:
2481:
2391:
944:
664:
1624:
1440:
610:
1347:
1519:
1076:
513:
1024:(NPT), which prohibit the transfer and the acceptance of direct or indirect control, respectively, over nuclear weapons.
2588:
1726:
2211:
1894:
1589:
1284:
2341:
537:
518:
500:
360:
2637:
The Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Articles I, II and VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1981:
1102:
The Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Articles I, II and VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
649:
2834:
668:
653:
2900:
378:
351:
2455:
1005:
1002:
41:
2819:
Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2732:
333:
310:
269:), only the United States is known to have provided weapons for nuclear sharing. As of November 2009,
401:
341:
138:
321:
until 1992, even though the UK is a nuclear-weapon state in its own right; these were mainly deployed in
2736:
877:
Artillery Shells (Canada, Belgium, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom, and West Germany)
870:
417:
2803:
NATO's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament and Related Issues
2451:
2266:"Foreign minister criticises president for declaring Poland's willingness to host US nuclear weapons"
1416:
1017:
901:
834:
582:
2662:
1233:
933:
have an understanding in which Pakistan would supply Saudi Arabia with warheads if security in the
792:
549:
416:
Historically, the shared nuclear weapon delivery systems were not restricted to bombs. Greece used
2847:(Chapter 5: Eisenhower and Nuclear Sharing), Marc Trachtenberg, 1999, Princeton University Press,
2640:, Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, archived from
590:
had been told that the idea of Poland being involved with nuclear sharing was "not on the table".
503:(PAS) equipped with WS3 Vaults for storage of nuclear weapons, each with a maximum capacity of 44
2818:
2746:
1267:
1209:
1130:
963:
561:
449:
337:
2564:"No Price is Right: Why the BBC is Incorrect about a Saudi Arabia-Pakistan Nuclear Weapons Deal"
496:
161:
1381:
2865:
2848:
2838:
2599:
1385:
1156:
1020:
and critics within NATO believe that NATO's nuclear sharing violates Articles I and II of the
804:
477:
429:
314:
237:
81:
2905:
2880:
2772:
2240:""Poland ready to host nuclear weapons," declares president, prompting response from Moscow"
1164:
1148:
770:
764:
758:
744:
703:
504:
396:
370:
336:(USAF) personnel and previously, some nuclear artillery and missile systems were guarded by
2812:
2667:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XI, Arms Control and Disarmament
2570:
2485:
2462:
1493:"The Multilateral Force: America's Nuclear Solution for NATO (1960-1965) - Storming Media"
1444:
969:
with accuracy sufficient for nuclear warheads but delivered with high explosive warheads.
955:
822:
533:
473:
390:
356:
214:
184:
2874:
2641:
2456:"Pakistan, Saudi Arabia in secret nuke pact: Islamabad trades weapons technology for oil"
1106:
480:, Italy's role in a planned retaliation consisted in striking with those nuclear weapons
2706:
2537:
2125:"Turkey fired on U.S. special forces in Syria. It's absurd that it still has U.S. nukes"
536:. This was inadvertently confirmed again in June 2019 when a public draft report to the
1374:
897:
864:
858:
816:
807:(Belgium, Canada, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom, and West Germany)
748:
569:
481:
469:
453:
441:
421:
348:
co-located on NATO main operating bases who work together with the host nation forces.
262:
194:
85:
17:
2782:
2503:
1982:"Should the US remove its nuclear bombs from Turkey? | News | DW.COM | 16 August 2016"
2889:
2857:
810:
786:
266:
1340:
2768:
1748:
1496:
1053:
982:
949:
934:
926:
828:
752:
557:
529:
457:
318:
2825:
Opposition to Nuclear Sharing Leads to Proposed Senate Amendment on NATO Expansion
2802:
2099:"Amid rising tensions, US said considering plan to remove nukes from Turkish base"
1152:
2844:
2478:
2355:
2317:"Russia-Belarus nuclear sharing would mirror NATO's—and worsen Europe's security"
1616:
1437:
1134:
978:
852:
846:
798:
734:
719:
638:
578:
508:
489:
445:
433:
409:
377:
under the nuclear sharing arrangement. The weapons are stored within a vault in
209:
2875:
The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
909:
840:
1160:
521:, the Super Hornet order was cancelled and Germany instead chose to order 35
2742:
1701:"Germany to buy 35 Lockheed F-35 fighter jets from U.S. amid Ukraine crisis"
1271:
1168:
973:
939:
329:
92:
of those countries in delivering nuclear weapons in the event of their use.
436:
nuclear-armed air-to-air rocket, as well as tactical nuclear bombs for the
1667:"Here's Where Boeing Aims To Take The Super Hornet In The Decades To Come"
1648:"Germany picks Super Hornet and more Eurofighters for Tornado replacement"
1043:
Evidence submitted to House of Commons Defence Committee (UK Parliament),
507:. There are 20 B61 bombs stored on the base for delivery by German PA-200
2216:
2039:"US nuclear bombs at Turkish airbase complicate rift over Syria invasion"
930:
109:
Weapons provided for nuclear sharing in NATO by the United States (2021)
89:
2069:"With Turkey's invasion of Syria, concerns mount over nukes at Incirlik"
1376:
Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War Arsenal
711:
707:
485:
322:
270:
156:
133:
2858:
Commitment to purpose : how alliance partnership won the cold war
2291:"Belarus approves hosting nuclear weapons, Russian forces permanently"
1952:"Turkey coup attempt raises fears over safety of US nuclear stockpile"
1921:"The U.S. stores nuclear weapons in Turkey. Is that such a good idea?"
1564:"Anche l'Italia coinvolta nel riarmo nucleare Da noi settanta testate"
2845:
A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963
774:
738:
723:
553:
462:
437:
425:
374:
332:, the nuclear weapons stored in non-nuclear countries are guarded by
302:
286:
258:
232:
2783:
Questions of Command and Control: NATO, Nuclear Sharing and the NPT
2763:
Questions of Command and Control: NATO, Nuclear Sharing and the NPT
107:
914:
715:
395:
350:
278:
179:
452:
was a plan to equip NATO surface ships of the member states with
2861:
2806:
1520:"Obama accused of nuclear U-turn as guided weapons plan emerges"
998:
77:
2813:
United States Air Forces in Europe – Munitions Support Squadron
2759:, joint PENN/BASIC-BITS-CESD-ASPR Research Note 97.3, June 1997
2669:. Office of the Historian, Department of State. 28 April 1967.
1548:
Interview to Cossiga on Blu notte – Misteri italiani, episode "
837:(Belgium, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Turkey, and West Germany)
831:(Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and West Germany)
783:(Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and West Germany)
32:
874:
632:
597:
2356:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles"
2342:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles"
1749:"US nuclear bombs based in Netherlands – ex-Dutch PM Lubbers"
1779:"Nato assembly document confirms US nuclear bombs are in NL"
1463:"Locks on nuclear missiles changed after launch key blunder"
2757:
NATO Nuclear Sharing and the NPT – Questions to be Answered
921:
Potential nuclear sharing between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
572:
said the country was interested in certifying its upcoming
2765:, PENN Research Report 2000.1, Martin Butcher et al., 2000
1310:"Is It Time to Withdraw US Nuclear Weapons from Incirlik?"
1550:
OSS, CIA, GLADIO, i Rapporti Segreti tra America e Italia
2370:"Report: Saudi Arabia to buy nukes if Iran tests A-bomb"
1727:"Tornado-Nachfolger: Neue Kampfflugzeuge für die Truppe"
2310:
2308:
1865:"Should the U.S. Pull Its Nuclear Weapons From Turkey?"
884:
Preparations for Russia–Belarus nuclear weapons sharing
614:
2598:(Report). UK Parliament. 4 March 2008. p. Ev 80.
532:
confirmed the existence of 22 shared nuclear bombs at
2181:"Poland's bid to participate in NATO nuclear sharing"
2155:"Poland might join Nato's Nuclear Sharing, says Duda"
2009:"Trump Followed His Gut on Syria. Calamity Came Fast"
2797:
Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security
2392:"Saudi Arabia threatens to go nuclear if Iran does"
1341:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe After the Cold War"
552:, reports appeared about the possible inclusion of
499:, near the border with Luxembourg. The base has 11
2835:NPT à la Carte? NATO and Nuclear Non-Proliferation
1373:
1590:"Cossiga: "In Italia ci sono bombe atomiche Usa""
925:It is common belief among foreign officials that
2538:"Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan"
2504:"Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan"
908:Russia will supply Belarus with nuclear-capable
2777:Institute for Energy and Environmental Research
2695:NATO nuclear burden sharing and NPT obligations
2573:, Project on Nuclear Weapons, 13 November 2013.
2531:
2529:
1035:
1012:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty considerations
1835:"Why the U.S. should move nukes out of Turkey"
1236:Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany
995:Center for Strategic and International Studies
556:in the nuclear sharing policy, with president
2829:British American Security Information Council
2787:Project on European Nuclear Non-Proliferation
2703:British American Security Information Council
2212:"Poland: We're ready to host nuclear weapons"
2189:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1805:"Let's get our nuclear weapons out of Turkey"
1195:Chalmers, Malcolm; Lunn, Simon (March 2010),
528:On 10 June 2013, former Dutch prime minister
8:
972:In November 2013, a variety of sources told
476:. According to the former Italian President
461:of U.S. commitment to defend Europe against
2881:Soviet Nuclear Weapons in Hungary 1961–1991
2583:
2581:
2579:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
667:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
495:The only German nuclear base is located in
301:(NORAD), rather than NATO, until 1984, and
96:the United States has told NATO allies the
27:Concept in NATO's nuclear deterrence policy
1617:"Germany's Dangerous Nuclear Sleepwalking"
993:According to the US based think-tank, the
293:as part of NATO's nuclear sharing policy.
687:Learn how and when to remove this message
2101:. The Times of Israel. 14 October 2019.
937:was threatened. A Western official told
412:nuclear-armed air-to-air missile in 1982
355:A U.S. nuclear weapon storage system at
299:North American Aerospace Defense Command
297:hosted weapons under the control of the
84:, which allows member countries without
31:
2589:The future of NATO and European defence
1413:"History of the JUPITER Missile System"
1125:
1123:
1092:
1047:(4 March 2008) (p. Ev 80, paras. 50–51)
1045:The future of NATO and European defence
888:On 27 February 2022, shortly after the
781:BGM-109G Ground Launched Cruise Missile
2793:NATO Nuclear Power Sharing and the NPT
1596:from the original on 28 September 2015
1473:from the original on 27 September 2018
1082:Taiwan and weapons of mass destruction
468:In Italy, B61 bombs are stored at the
428:nuclear-armed anti-aircraft missiles,
387:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons
383:WS3 Weapon Storage and Security System
100:(NPT) would no longer be controlling.
2769:Nuclear Sharing in NATO: Is it Legal?
2402:from the original on 16 February 2012
2079:from the original on 4 September 2021
1962:from the original on 25 February 2017
1931:from the original on 17 February 2017
1346:. Federation of American Scientists.
1339:Hans M. Kristensen (5 October 2007).
1320:from the original on 15 November 2019
1308:Micallef, Joseph (14 November 2019).
1248:from the original on 14 February 2012
1135:"United States nuclear weapons, 2021"
967:intermediate range ballistic missiles
962:fighter bombers and improved Chinese
257:Of the three nuclear powers in NATO (
7:
2615:from the original on 8 February 2015
2544:from the original on 7 November 2013
2135:from the original on 19 October 2019
2105:from the original on 15 October 2019
2019:from the original on 20 October 2019
1627:from the original on 30 January 2018
1562:Di Feo, Gianluca (17 January 2018).
1530:from the original on 4 November 2013
801:(Netherlands and the United Kingdom)
665:adding citations to reliable sources
432:surface-to-surface missiles and the
2673:from the original on 14 August 2017
1785:from the original on 22 August 2019
1665:Trevithick, Joseph (3 April 2019).
1066:1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
1001:. A research paper produced by the
917:bombers to carry nuclear missiles.
2423:"Pakistan's bomb and Saudi Arabia"
2376:. 10 February 2010. Archived from
2210:Chiappa, Claudia (22 April 2024).
2049:from the original on 30 April 2021
1988:from the original on 13 March 2017
1901:from the original on 13 March 2017
1895:"How safe are US nukes in Turkey?"
1875:from the original on 13 March 2017
1845:from the original on 13 March 2017
1815:from the original on 13 March 2017
1615:Major, Claudia (25 January 2018).
1353:from the original on 22 March 2016
1071:United States military deployments
385:. The delivery warplanes used are
25:
2751:Natural Resources Defense Council
2692:Laura Spagnuolo (23 April 2009),
2433:from the original on 5 April 2013
2321:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2007:Sanger, David (14 October 2019).
1759:from the original on 4 March 2020
1677:from the original on 10 July 2019
1570:from the original on 29 July 2021
1290:from the original on 23 July 2014
1281:Natural Resources Defense Council
1140:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
408:, firing an inert version of the
359:to store weapons for delivery by
2315:Nikolai N. Sokov (1 July 2022).
2238:Tilles, Daniel (22 April 2024).
1646:Perry, Dominic (21 April 2020).
1518:Borger, Julian (21 April 2013).
1133:; Matt Korda (26 January 2021).
1022:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
890:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
761:(Canada, and the United Kingdom)
637:
601:
346:USAF Munitions Support Squadrons
225:
202:
172:
149:
126:
2739:, ORG Explains No. 5, June 2018
2514:from the original on 1 May 2019
2502:Urban, Mark (6 November 2013).
2344:. Deutsche Welle. 25 June 2022.
1950:Borger, Julian (17 July 2016).
1206:Royal United Services Institute
1198:NATO's Tactical Nuclear Dilemma
373:are believed to be deployed in
2743:U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe
2536:Mark Urban (6 November 2013).
2479:"Saudi Arabia Special Weapons"
2421:Borger, Julian (11 May 2010).
1273:U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe
525:jets for nuclear sharing use.
514:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets
1:
2293:. France 24. 28 February 2022
2264:Tilles, Daniel (6 May 2024).
1461:Sam Marsden (1 August 2013).
1153:10.1080/00963402.2020.1859865
1077:U.S. nuclear weapons in Japan
1781:. Dutch News. 16 July 2019.
1438:"Missiles :: THOR IRBM"
501:Protective Aircraft Shelters
424:attack aircraft. Canada had
550:Russian invasion of Ukraine
538:NATO Parliamentary Assembly
519:Russian invasion of Ukraine
361:Royal Netherlands Air Force
2922:
1380:. Dundurn Press. pp.
588:previous Polish government
379:hardened aircraft shelters
2159:Polska Agencja Prasowa SA
900:and President of Belarus
369:As of 2021, 100 tactical
188:
170:
42:Nuclear-weapon-free zones
2596:Defence Select Committee
1372:John Clearwater (1998).
1006:Defence Select Committee
1003:British House of Commons
767:(Canada, United Kingdom)
566:National Security Bureau
311:tactical nuclear weapons
98:Non-Proliferation Treaty
62:
56:
47:
38:
2461:4 February 2018 at the
1592:(in Italian). Tiscali.
892:, Belarusians voted in
334:United States Air Force
18:Nuclear weapons sharing
2896:Nuclear weapons policy
2864:, MC-190-RC/FF, 1993,
1050:
418:Nike-Hercules Missiles
413:
366:
342:Permissive Action Link
70:
2860:, Richard L. Kugler,
2737:Oxford Research Group
2452:de Borchgrave, Arnaud
1449:raf-lincolnshire.info
399:
354:
340:(USA) personnel; the
80:'s policy of nuclear
58: Nuclear sharing
35:
2815:, GlobalSecurity.org
2733:NATO Nuclear Sharing
2569:14 July 2014 at the
2484:22 June 2018 at the
2467:The Washington Times
2398:. 10 February 2012.
2380:on 13 February 2012.
2358:. BBC. 26 June 2022.
1443:20 June 2019 at the
1018:Non-Aligned Movement
835:MIM-14 Nike Hercules
661:improve this section
615:adding missing items
523:Lockheed Martin F-35
291:U.S. nuclear weapons
51:Nuclear-armed states
2131:. 18 October 2019.
2075:. 14 October 2019.
2073:The Air Force Times
2045:. 14 October 2019.
945:Muhammed Naeem Khan
793:Mark 7 nuclear bomb
548:In 2022, after the
309:also received U.S.
110:
2747:Hans M. Kristensen
2490:globalsecurity.org
2469:, 22 October 2003.
1984:. Deutsche Welle.
1869:The New York Times
1811:. 11 August 2016.
1268:Hans M. Kristensen
1131:Hans M. Kristensen
1109:on 28 January 2015
861:(Italy and Turkey)
613:; you can help by
562:Mateusz Morawiecki
450:Multilateral Force
414:
367:
338:United States Army
289:have been hosting
108:
71:
2839:Acronym Institute
2837:, Nicola Butler,
2795:, Denise Groves,
2644:on 5 January 2009
2270:Notes from Poland
2244:Notes from Poland
1809:Los Angeles Times
1270:(February 2005),
1244:. 10 April 2009.
805:MGR-1 Honest John
697:
696:
689:
631:
630:
583:Radosław Sikorski
505:B61 nuclear bombs
478:Francesco Cossiga
381:, using the USAF
371:B61 nuclear bombs
315:nuclear artillery
255:
254:
16:(Redirected from
2913:
2901:Politics of NATO
2773:Otfried Nassauer
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2712:on 17 March 2012
2711:
2705:, archived from
2700:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2634:Brian Donnelly,
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2593:
2585:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
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2412:
2411:
2409:
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2382:
2381:
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2300:
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2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:. September 2023
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:. 5 October 2022
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2121:
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2110:
2095:
2089:
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2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
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2035:
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2028:
2026:
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2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:. 25 July 2016.
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1755:. 10 June 2013.
1745:
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1553:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1458:
1452:
1451:, 27 March 2005.
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1379:
1369:
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1230:
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1220:
1214:
1208:, archived from
1203:
1192:
1177:
1176:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1105:, archived from
1097:
1073:around the world
1048:
981:, an adviser to
855:(United Kingdom)
819:(United Kingdom)
795:(United Kingdom)
771:B61 nuclear bomb
765:B43 nuclear bomb
759:B28 nuclear bomb
745:B57 nuclear bomb
704:B61 nuclear bomb
692:
685:
681:
678:
672:
641:
633:
626:
623:
605:
604:
598:
391:Panavia Tornados
305:until 2001. The
231:
229:
228:
208:
206:
205:
178:
176:
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155:
153:
152:
132:
130:
129:
111:
76:is a concept in
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63:
59:
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48:
44:
39:
21:
2921:
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2916:
2915:
2914:
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2886:
2885:
2799:, 6 August 2000
2753:, February 2005
2729:
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2577:
2571:Wayback Machine
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2500:
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2486:Wayback Machine
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2463:Wayback Machine
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2006:
2005:
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1991:
1989:
1980:
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1965:
1963:
1949:
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1944:
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1925:Washington Post
1919:
1918:
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1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
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1839:The Japan Times
1833:
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1802:
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1730:
1725:
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1720:
1710:
1708:
1707:. 14 March 2022
1699:
1698:
1694:
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1659:
1645:
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1621:Carnegie Europe
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1491:
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1474:
1467:Daily Telegraph
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:Wayback Machine
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1099:
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1049:
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1014:
991:
923:
886:
823:MGM-29 Sergeant
693:
682:
676:
673:
658:
642:
627:
621:
618:
602:
596:
534:Volkel Air Base
497:Büchel Air Base
474:Aviano Air Base
357:Volkel Air Base
226:
224:
203:
201:
173:
171:
150:
148:
127:
125:
106:
86:nuclear weapons
74:Nuclear sharing
61:
60:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
23:
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12:
11:
5:
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2800:
2790:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2740:
2735:, Tim Street,
2728:
2727:External links
2725:
2723:
2722:
2684:
2654:
2626:
2604:
2575:
2562:Deming, Kyle,
2555:
2525:
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2116:
2090:
2060:
2030:
2013:New York Times
1999:
1973:
1942:
1912:
1886:
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1826:
1796:
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1692:
1657:
1638:
1607:
1581:
1554:
1541:
1510:
1484:
1453:
1430:
1419:on 3 June 2004
1404:
1390:
1364:
1331:
1300:
1283:, p. 26,
1259:
1234:"Der Spiegel:
1225:
1215:on 29 May 2012
1178:
1119:
1091:
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1010:
990:
987:
922:
919:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
868:
865:UGM-27 Polaris
862:
859:PGM-19 Jupiter
856:
850:
849:(West Germany)
844:
843:(West Germany)
838:
832:
826:
825:(West Germany)
820:
817:MGM-5 Corporal
814:
813:(West Germany)
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
768:
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756:
749:United Kingdom
742:
729:
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695:
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645:
643:
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629:
628:
608:
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570:Jacek Siewiera
482:Czechoslovakia
470:Ghedi Air Base
454:UGM-27 Polaris
442:PGM-19 Jupiter
422:A-7 Corsair II
319:Lance missiles
307:United Kingdom
263:United Kingdom
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1652:Flight Global
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1499:on 6 May 2012
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1238:(2009-04-10)"
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811:MGM-1 Matador
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791:
788:
787:CIM-10 Bomarc
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677:February 2019
670:
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646:This section
644:
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625:
622:November 2010
616:
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609:This list is
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267:United States
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1524:The Guardian
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1314:Military.com
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983:Barack Obama
971:
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938:
935:Persian Gulf
927:Saudi Arabia
924:
907:
894:a referendum
887:
829:MGM-52 Lance
753:West Germany
683:
674:
659:Please help
647:
619:
558:Andrzej Duda
547:
543:
530:Ruud Lubbers
527:
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467:
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404:assigned to
389:(F-16s) and
368:
327:
256:
94:
90:armed forces
73:
72:
64: Other
29:
2809:, June 2005
2437:4 September
2406:4 September
1729:(in German)
1397:10 November
1324:14 November
1252:4 September
1242:Der Spiegel
1113:2 September
979:Gary Samore
956:Tornado IDS
853:PGM-17 Thor
847:Pershing 1a
799:Mk 101 Lulu
735:AIR-2 Genie
720:Netherlands
594:Weapon List
579:Donald Tusk
509:Tornado IDS
490:Warsaw Pact
472:and at the
446:PGM-17 Thor
434:AIR-2 Genie
430:Honest John
420:as well as
410:AIR-2 Genie
283:Netherlands
210:Netherlands
2890:Categories
2831:, May 1998
2779:, May 2001
2608:. HC 111.
2548:7 November
2429:. London.
2139:18 October
2109:15 October
2083:15 October
2053:15 October
2023:19 October
1789:19 October
1763:19 October
1631:31 January
1169:Q105699219
1088:References
910:Iskander-M
902:Lukashenko
841:Pershing 1
611:incomplete
120:Estimated
82:deterrence
2677:14 August
2518:14 August
2374:msnbc.com
2326:26 August
2297:26 August
2165:6 October
1552:" of 2005
1357:10 August
1161:0096-3402
1016:Both the
940:The Times
747:(Canada,
700:Current:
648:does not
440:fighter.
400:Canadian
330:peacetime
2716:7 August
2671:Archived
2648:7 August
2610:Archived
2567:Archived
2542:Archived
2512:Archived
2508:BBC News
2482:Archived
2459:Archived
2431:Archived
2400:Archived
2396:Fox News
2249:28 April
2223:28 April
2217:Politico
2195:28 April
2185:iiss.org
2133:Archived
2129:NBC News
2103:Archived
2077:Archived
2047:Archived
2017:Archived
1992:12 March
1986:Archived
1966:12 March
1960:Archived
1935:12 March
1929:Archived
1905:12 March
1899:Archived
1879:12 March
1873:Archived
1849:12 March
1843:Archived
1819:12 March
1813:Archived
1783:Archived
1757:Archived
1753:BBC News
1733:14 March
1711:24 April
1681:31 March
1675:Archived
1625:Archived
1594:Archived
1568:Archived
1528:Archived
1503:22 April
1477:6 August
1471:Archived
1441:Archived
1348:Archived
1318:Archived
1285:archived
1246:Archived
1219:16 March
1165:Wikidata
1060:See also
1041:—
989:Response
931:Pakistan
789:(Canada)
731:Former:
488:had the
313:such as
265:and the
238:Incirlik
2906:Sharing
2619:2 April
2540:. BBC.
1897:. CNN.
1705:Reuters
1574:30 July
1534:11 June
1294:2 April
867:(Italy)
712:Germany
708:Belgium
669:removed
654:sources
486:Hungary
402:CF-101B
323:Germany
275:Germany
271:Belgium
157:Germany
134:Belgium
114:Country
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1688:issue.
1423:3 June
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775:Greece
751:, and
739:Canada
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426:Bomarc
375:Europe
303:Greece
295:Canada
287:Turkey
281:, the
261:, the
259:France
233:Turkey
230:
215:Volkel
207:
185:Aviano
177:
162:Büchel
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2710:(PDF)
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2592:(PDF)
2275:6 May
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1277:(PDF)
1213:(PDF)
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964:CSS-2
960:F-15S
915:Su-25
898:Putin
716:Italy
574:F-35A
568:head
406:NORAD
364:F-16s
279:Italy
195:Ghedi
180:Italy
2866:ISBN
2862:RAND
2849:ISBN
2807:NATO
2718:2009
2679:2017
2650:2009
2621:2015
2600:ISBN
2550:2013
2520:2018
2439:2021
2408:2021
2328:2022
2299:2022
2277:2024
2251:2024
2225:2024
2197:2024
2167:2022
2141:2019
2111:2019
2085:2019
2055:2019
2025:2019
1994:2017
1968:2017
1937:2017
1907:2017
1881:2017
1851:2017
1821:2017
1791:2019
1765:2019
1735:2022
1713:2022
1683:2020
1633:2018
1602:2015
1576:2021
1536:2013
1505:2012
1479:2013
1425:2004
1399:2008
1386:ISBN
1359:2013
1326:2019
1296:2009
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1221:2010
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