Nuclear triad - Knowledge (XXG)

533:, launched from submarines, allow for a greater chance of survival from a first strike, giving the commander a second-strike capability. Because of its low detectability, quick mobility and concealment, SLBMs are almost invulnerable at sea. An SLBM is the most difficult to get accurate targeting for as it requires a precise geographical fix on a target. As for the disadvantages of using these submarines, an attack on an SLBM could be from the work of uncertainty. They can be destroyed through purposeful fruition or operational accidents. These events would create confusion about whether or not this was a deliberate attack. Some long-range submarine-launched missiles are counted towards triad status. Total cost of maintaining SLBM could get expensive as it is increased by costs of submarine force, crew size and deterrence patrols. 2358:. If the US had hundreds of ICBMs all over the US then this first attack would be a "near-insurmountable task." Kroenig writes that these ICBMs could save "millions of American lives". A study estimated that if the US were to keep its ICBMs, a Russian nuclear attack would result in 70 million US casualties, whereas if the US were to remove its ICBMs, that number increases to 125 million US casualties. Kroenig also writes that the risk of accidental launch is less than the benefit of keeping ICBMs. Also, Kroenig says "If ICBMs are truly expendable, then there is no reason to risk an accidental nuclear war just to avoid losing them." Kroenig also writes that ICBMs are the least costly leg of the triad. The annual operating cost of ICBMs is $ 1.4 billion for ICBMs, compared to $ 1.8 billion for bombers and $ 3.8 billion for SLBMs. 1309: 1327: 388: 917: 1685: 935: 1517: 1535: 513:. Because firing an ICBM is an unmistakable act, they provide stronger clarity about when a country is under attack and who the attacker is. Some disadvantages of using ICBMs include weaker deterrence, compared to the other legs of the triad, and vulnerability. ICBMs do not contribute as much nuclear deterrence as bombers or submarines because they cannot be forward-deployed in a particular location. While they are less expensive, they are still vulnerable. Some ICBMs are mobile by either rail or road. 2258: 725: 1526: 1372:. The United States also desired the nuclear triad because it would give them a variety of platforms to deliver a deadly strike to the Soviet Union. Forcing the Soviet Union to put focus on potential attacks from the land, air, and sea would give the United States a significant advantage in terms of deterrence. Specifically, the nuclear triad was viewed as a way to complicate Soviet first strike and attack planning as well as ensure the survivability of U.S. assets. 1205: 33: 2343:, has spoken for the removal of the land-based missiles from the nuclear triad. Perry believes that ICBMs are turning more into liabilities than assets. Perry says it would save "considerable cost" and would prevent an accidental nuclear war. Perry had experienced a false alarm for an incoming missile which later turned out to be a computer error. Perry's experience occurred 40 years ago, but similar false alarms have occurred since then, such as the 462:. Bombers can hold both nuclear and conventional weapons. During an event, an enemy could suspect that a conventionally-armed bomber was actually carrying a nuclear weapon, encouraging the enemy to attack the bomber or make a nuclear strike. Furthermore, bombers that are scrambled might intensify tension and arouse suspicion of an upcoming nuclear strike. Bombers can serve as both a first- and second-strike weapon. For example, a bomber armed with 374: 926: 360: 1152:, which did not function as dispersal devices, but rather allowed independent targets for the multiple nuclear warheads. MIRV as well as single warhead R-36 ICBMS were deployed by the Soviet Union in 1975. The next generation of the Soviet ICBM was the R-36M UTTH, which increased the accuracy of the warhead and allowed for innovations that allowed the missiles to carry up to 8 warheads. The final improved generated the 505:(ICBMs) allow for a long-range strike launched from a controlled environment. These missiles can also be launched, and reach targets, faster than the other legs of the triad. On top of these advantages, ICBMs are known as the most immediate leg of the triad. It offers militaries the ability to launch a nuclear attack more quickly than the other two options. If launched from a fixed, unmovable position, such as a 823: 1662:, and other light aircraft. These smaller bombs also yield smaller payloads due to their decreased size. The B61-11 is a more hardened bomb that can be used to destroy hardened targets such as bunkers, however it is unlikely that it can penetrate steel or concrete. The B83 is currently the largest bomb in the US arsenal. The US plans to retire it by the year 2025 after the new B61 LEP is completed. 1573:

United States began reducing both its warhead and delivery vehicle counts during this time. By the time they had completed the implementation of the START Treaty in 2001, the total warhead count was 6,196 and the total delivery system count was 1,064. These values continued to shrink, and by 2009 the United States reduced its warhead and delivery vehicles counts to 2,200 and 850 respectively.

1318: 540:, also known as non-strategic nuclear weapons, are used in air, land and sea warfare. Their primary use in a non-strategic war-fighting role is to destroy military forces in the battle area. But, depending on the target in today's nuclear age, they are not counted toward triad status because of the possibility that many of these systems could be used as strategic weapons. During the 1725:

System Rocket Engine Program, Safety Enhanced Reentry Vehicle (SERV), Solid Rocket Motor Warm Line Program, Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting (REACT) Service Life Extension Program, and Fuse Replacement Programs. The Air Force plans to keep the Minuteman III program viable and updated through 2030 and is in the process of developing a potential replacement in the form of the

1666: 1712:. The Peacekeeper variants were eliminated to allow for the United States to honor the reduction requirements set forth by the New START Treaty. By February 2015, the United States Air Force had deactivated all missiles of this type and filled the silos containing them with gravel. The U.S. Minuteman III ICBMs are spread between three Air Force bases which are 736: 788:, but the Agni-5 is an intercontinental range ballistic missile. An intermediate-range ballistic missile has a range of 3,000 to 5,000 kilometres (1,900 to 3,100 mi) and intercontinental missiles are missiles with the ability to travel farther than 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi). In addition, the 5,000–8,000 kilometres (3,100–5,000 mi) range 1264: 1164:(SS-17), with lower launch weights and fewer warhead capabilities. MRVs, unlike MIRVs which allowed for independent targeting, had a downside known as the "fratricide effect", which refers to the inability to distance multiple warheads from each other, allowing the chance for the initial explosion to destroy the other warheads. 2003:. Since the Cold War, France has scaled down their weapons program; the budget for nuclear forces has been reduced from 40 percent to 20 percent; they stopped work on ground-launched ballistic missiles; nuclear testing sites have shut down; and their total ballistic missile submarine arsenal has been lowered from five to four. 560:. Ground forces have included tactical nuclear artillery shells, surface-to-surface rockets, land mines, medium and small man-packable nuclear engineering demolition charges, and even man-carried or vehicle-mounted recoilless rifles. Naval forces have carried weapons that include nuclear-armed naval rockets, 756:," which means that the country will not use nuclear weapons unless they are attacked first, but the country does have the capability to induce the second strike. Before 2016, India already possessed land-based ballistic missiles and aircraft that are nuclear-capable. India's land-based arsenal includes the 2248:

Israel is known to have nuclear-capable aircraft and land-base missiles, with the addition of nuclear-armed submarines this would mean that they now have a full triad of land-, air-, and sea-based nuclear delivery systems some of which would be invulnerable to a first strike by an enemy for the first

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has been reported in a congressional testimony by the United States Department of Defense of having aircraft-delivered nuclear weapons as early as the mid-1960s, a demonstrated missile-based force also since the mid-1960s, an IRBM in the mid-1980s, an ICBM in the early 2000s and they are suspected of

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weapons are another active option available to the US. Air-Launched cruise missiles (ALCM) and Advanced Cruise Missiles (ACM) are the missiles currently maintained by the Air Force. Both are carried via the B-52 bomber. The ACM's most current design gives it higher stealth capabilities than the ALCM.

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in 1964. China is phasing out old liquid-fueled ballistic missiles and arming several new solid-fueled missiles. In the same estimate, it is believed that China has a small inventory of air-delivered nuclear bombs. As well as production is more than likely underway of new warheads for missiles to arm

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in 1986. Since the 1960s, in Dimona, they have operated a nuclear reactor and an underground plutonium-separation plant. The US Defense Intelligence Agency concluded in 1999 that Israel had produced approximately 80 warheads, and projected that their stockpile would moderately increase by 2020. They

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set into place in 2010, the United States continued reducing its numbers of warheads and delivery systems with a focus on modernizing and updating its most effective platforms. The United States has released a plan to complete its downsizing efforts in 2018, reducing its 2010 numbers of 880 delivery

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were viewed by the United States as the means to attack hardened targets within the Soviet Union such as underground bunkers. Stored in underground silos, these long range missiles were accurate and could be fired quickly. During the Cold War, the United States maintained multiple different types of

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SLBM. The Chinese fleet carried out a series of successful JL-2 launches in 2009, 2012 and 2015. The United States expected the 094 SSBN to carry out its first deterrent patrol in 2015 with the JL-2 missiles active. According to Pentagon report, China began to ensure that one nuclear-armed ballistic

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bans these types of weapons from outer space, stating that "the moon and other celestial bodies shall be used for peaceful purposes only." Although the treaty bans the use of nuclear weapons in space, technology that has already been deployed legally to space could be used in support of Earth-based

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Throughout the 1960s, the United States steadily commissioned increasing numbers of delivery vehicles capable of carrying nuclear warheads. In 1967, the greatest number of deployment ready delivery vehicles of the decade was recorded at 2,268. In 1970, a significant change brought about a dramatic

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By 1975, there were around 1600 ICBM launchers deployed by the Soviet Union. Not only did this number exceed American estimates, but the addition of MRVs and MIRVs further amplified the destructive capabilities of Soviet ICBMs. These launchers also utilized the increases in accuracy and range from

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report raises the possibility of China moving towards a more vigorous nuclear doctrine that will allow first use of nuclear weapons in times of war. While it is not expected that China will give up the current "no first use" policy in the near future, the Pentagon report raises concerns that "this

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Unlike the United States and Russia, where strategic nuclear forces are enumerated by treaty limits and subject to verification, China—a nuclear power since 1964—is not subject to these requirements. Instead, China currently has a triad structure smaller than those of Russia and the United States.

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are the first leg of the triad. They have greater flexibility in their deployment and weaponry, and can be quickly deployed and recalled in response to last-minute decisions. Since bombers are recallable, sending them away from a potential target is a highly visible way of demonstrating to enemies

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These technologies comprise a majority of the nuclear advances made by the Soviet Union from the 1950s–1970s. As the 1980s came about, the new technology of cruise-missiles significantly altered deterrence strategies in both the US and Soviet Union. At this point, the nuclear triad maintained its

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The development of the ICBM (Inter-continental Ballistic Missile) was led by the Soviet Union. The first-ever mid-range ballistic missile, R-5M, was created by the Soviet Union and accepted for military purposes on 21 July 1956. This missile had a range of 700 miles with a yield of 1 MT. From its

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The U.S. intelligence community expects that China will increase their total number of warheads and long-range ballistic missiles from about 50 to exceed 100 in the next 15 years, this calculation has been sliding since 2001. Since the end of the Cold War, China is suspected to have doubled their

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Treaty in 1993. These treaties called for the reduction of nuclear warheads and delivery systems within both the Soviet Union and the United States. Specifically, the U.S. was limited to 6,000 total warheads, 4,900 warheads on ballistic missiles, and 1,600 delivery vehicles. Consequentially, the

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In terms of submarine launched missiles, the United States utilized various classes of submarines as the delivery vehicles. Missile submarines played an especially important role in terms of strategic deterrence. These submarines were extremely hard to locate and could be positioned right off of

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missiles able to be launched underwater. However, the first successful underwater launch of a ballistic missile was in July 1960. It was not until 1963 that the Soviet Union was able to match the US in this regard, with an R-21 missile. There was also a considerable gap between the United States

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holds that a nuclear triad provides the best level of deterrence from attack, most nuclear powers do not have the military budget to sustain a full triad. The only two countries that have successfully maintained a strong nuclear triad for most of the nuclear age are the United States and Russia.

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in North Dakota with each of these bases in possession of 150 missiles. Multiple programs have been put into place and are currently in place to work on up-keeping and modernizing the United States ICBM force including the Propulsion Replacement Program, Guidance Replacement Program, Propulsion

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Also a nuclear power, Russia inherited the arsenal of all of the former Soviet states; this consists of silo-based as well as rail and road mobile ICBMs, sea-based SLBMs, strategic bombers, strategic aerial refueling aircraft, and long-range tactical aircraft capable of carrying gravity bombs,

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is closer in number and capability to those of France or the United Kingdom, making it much smaller than the American or Russian triads. The Chinese nuclear force consists mainly of land-based missiles, including ICBMs, IRBMs, tactical ballistic missiles, and cruise missiles. Unlike the US and

1825:, into service. This aircraft is scheduled to begin service in 2025. The B-21 is expected to have increased range and lower cost, though the details are classified. In 1997, the average cost of a B-2 was $ 737 million. The projected average cost for the B-21 Raider is $ 550 million per plane. 1625:) that the United States will retain a nuclear triad for the foreseeable future. Each leg was still viewed as necessary because of how they strengthened each other's weaknesses and gave the United States plenty of options for a nuclear strike should one or multiple legs go down. Following the 2361:

The U.S. Department of Defense defends the current triad, stating that "Without ICBMs, a conventional-only attack on the limited number of submarine and bomber bases could significantly degrade the U.S. nuclear arsenal without rising to the level of nuclear use. This significantly lowers the

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Israel neither confirms nor denies possession of nuclear weapons as national policy. However, the existence of a nuclear force is often hinted at blatantly. Evidence of an advanced weapons program including miniaturized as well as thermonuclear devices has been presented, especially with the

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enemy coastlines. In terms of the nuclear triad, this leg was meant to be the most survivable. The United States commissioned various classes of submarines throughout the Cold War as new improvements were made to each class. The first submarines to carry nuclear weapons were a collection of

2020:) on the Atlantic Coast. Out of the four, one is deployed at all times and the other three are on standby at all times. France is in the process of upgrading its current SLBMs to a newer model. The most recent addition to the French submarine fleet came in September 2010 in the form of 1638:

also stated his intent to keep the US safe, as well as allies and partners. Until a time where nuclear weapons are no longer needed, the Trump Administration has also stated its intent to maintain a "modern, flexible, and resilient" nuclear armada. Since the height of the

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in June 2000, a missile test was reported. This being the only public evidence of a nuclear version of a single missile being tested off the coast of Sri Lanka. According to an official report that was submitted to the United States Congress in 2004, it may be that the

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issue has been and will continue to be debated in China. It remains to be seen, how the introduction of more capable and survivable nuclear systems in greater numbers will shape the terms of this debate or affect Beijing's thinking about nuclear options in the future."

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ballistic missile in 1956, and in 1957 introduced submarines with two R-11FM's in 1957. However, these early submarines had to be surfaced in order to launch their missiles. It is in this aspect that the US became the leader when they deployed the first SSBN,

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The triad enables a nation to deliver a nuclear attack by air from land or sea. The United States built its triad to maximize the probability that it could retaliate for a first strike. Having three legs also protects against new technology, like an enemy

1892:. The French produced the Mer-Sol Balistique Strategique, or M1 MSBS, a "submarine-launched ballistic missile". Between 1971 and 1980, France finished their first generation of nuclear ballistic missile submarines, which included all five submarines in 1883:. Their first attempt to build a nuclear ballistic missile submarine, Q.244, failed and was cancelled in 1959. The development of the land based reactor, PAT 1, allowed for Q.252 to be successful. The development of Q.252 led to the submarine 613:, referring to 2009 Chinese media reports, said "This network of tunnels could be in excess of 5,000 kilometers (3,110 miles) and is used to transport nuclear weapons and forces. The Chinese Army Newsletter calls this system of tunnels the 2327:

in the atmosphere, while ICBMs have to carry an oxidant on board (which makes them heavy). Their ability to attack fast over long distance and hide from radars enables this technology to have the potential to be used as nuclear weapons.

2319:(HGVs) are capable of containing nuclear warheads, and therefore could be used in strikes against nuclear assets. HGVs were developed to be lightweight, to travel at faster speeds, and to travel in the atmosphere. The difference between 1808:

is also used for long range bombing missions. However, in 1997, it was modified to carry only conventional payloads. The B-1 Lancer is no longer used to deliver nuclear payloads. Currently, 76 B-52H bombers are maintained at bases in

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fleet support intercontinental strategic operations for both heavy bombers and smaller aircraft. It also makes it possible for bombers to be alert and on standby, making these airborne assets nearly impossible to eliminate in a first

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In 2006, the US had 1,142 ALCMs and 394 ACMs. Since then, the number of ALC missiles has been reduced to 528. By 2030, the Air Force plans to phase out the ALCM and replace them with the long range standoff (LRSO) cruise missile.

1957:, the country's submarine fleet, contained 87 percent of the country's entire nuclear weaponry. Between 1986 and 2010, the country began work on their second generation of nuclear ballistic missile submarines, which included the 872:

is currently under sea trails. This would be the second SSBN of the three underway to be finished. 2 more improved and bigger Arihant class submarines are under construction, and that will be followed by three 13000 tonnes

2313:, because there is potential for the missile to not be stopped by the country's ballistic missile defenses. Initial reports of Status-6 were not confirmed, but it has now been confirmed that weapon is real and capable. 2249:

time in their country's history. No other nation in the Middle East is known to be in possession of nuclear weapons, even though Iran, Iraq, Syria and Libya have started development programs that were never completed.

1602:. During the 1990s, the United States reached a total of 18 submarines within this class. In 2001, these 18 submarines were all deployable and could carry 24 Trident II missiles each (6 to 8 warheads on each missile). 1761:-class submarines. Following START Treaty protocol, the United States enacted various programs to reach the treaty's requirements. The Backfit Program was utilized to eliminate the submarines that still carried 1756:

Treaty has led the United States to reduce the number of missiles carried on each submarine from 24 to 20 and these reductions have been reached in 2018. In the early 2000s, the United States possessed 18

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treaty of 1979. As a result, the increase in ICBM launchers and nuclear warheads continued by both countries. It is thought that the Soviet Union attained an advantage regarding ICBMs by the late 1970s.

1491:. The leg of the nuclear triad was the most versatile since bombers could be moved quickly and recalled if necessary to avoid unnecessary strikes. The U.S. bomber force during the Cold War consisted of 1144:(or SS-9) ICBM, and their deployment followed the next year. This meant that a single missile would now contain multiple nuclear warheads. Further development using the R-36 heavy ICBM type created the 2309:), according to the Pentagon. This thermonuclear warhead has the potential to hit any United States coast and radioactively contaminate the coastal regions. The innovative missile is a concern to the 3353: 2386: 605: 2192:. Israel has a considerable and growing number of long-range tanker aircraft and aerial refueling capacity on its long-range fighter-bomber aircraft. This capacity was used in the 1985 long-range 3412: 1875:, land-based missiles, and nuclear-armed bombers. France was the fourth country to maintain a nuclear triad. In February 1960, France performed its first nuclear weapons test codenamed " 676:

that are all capable of carrying nuclear weapons. It is estimated that China maintains an arsenal of about 250 nuclear warheads and that it has produced about 610 nuclear warheads since

1643:, the US's nuclear armada has been reduced by over 85 percent. The Trump Administration acknowledges it faces a "more diverse and advanced nuclear-threat environment than ever before." 1605:

The United States kept up to date with its strategic bomber leg of the triad following the Cold War as well. B-52G variants were phased out in favor of B-52H classes. In 2001, 94

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weapon. If dispersed in small airfields or aboard an aircraft carrier, they can reasonably avoid a counterstrike giving them regional second-strike capacity. Aircraft such as the

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aerial refueling tankers. China has also introduced a newer and modernized H-6 variant, the H-6K that has enhanced capabilities such as launching long ranged cruise missile the

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After the creation of ICBMs and improvements on distance and accuracy had been achieved, the modernization of the Soviet nuclear arsenal was undertaken. The first "shrapnel"

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was completed, India now possesses air-launched nuclear-capable cruise missiles, nuclear-missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with nuclear bombs and missiles.

2070: 1377: 437:): Nuclear missiles launched from ships or submarines. They are classified under an umbrella of vessels and submarines that are capable of launching a ballistic missile. 2362:

threshold for an attack against the U.S. homeland. Also, the Triad's diversity enables mitigation of risk if a particular leg of the Triad is degraded or unavailable."

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Lancer bombers were phased out of the triad and reoriented for different missions in an effort to honor the delivery systems limitations set by the START Treaties.

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with a payload of 1,000 kg that allows Israel to have nuclear strike capabilities within the entire Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and almost all parts of

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the flexibility to use different types of weapons for the appropriate strike while also maintaining a reserve of nuclear weapons safe from a counter-force strike.

1418:, which were employed in the Pacific as part of the regular strategic deterrent from 1959 to 1964. The Regulus boats were essentially a stop-gap until sufficient 3323: 2043:

aircraft carrier also maintains approximately 24 Rafale M aircraft. The Rafale M aircraft, as well as the Mirage 2000N K3 aircraft, is equipped with an upgraded

171: 3590: 544:, it was easy to point out which nuclear weapons were tactical. Each type of weapon had different capabilities that were better suited for different missions. 2029:

As far as air-capabilities are concerned, France maintains four separate fighter squadrons meant to act as a deterrence against foreign threats. There are 23

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can be used to gather intelligence about enemies and targets. The existence of military assets in space increases the probability of a space-based conflict.

232: 1116:(known as Joe-4 in America). In addition, the development of stealth and fighter bombers by the USSR were heavily modeled on the American counterparts, the 3363: 221: 2059:

Pakistan is one of eight declared nuclear weapons states in the world. It has variety of land launched nuclear weapon capable missiles. For instance, the

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The country currently has four types of bombers that are capable of carrying nuclear bombs. Land and air strike capabilities are under the control of

273: 1156:, which allowed even more accurate attacks and increased the number of warheads to 10. Some "light" ICBMs developed by the Soviet Union included the 1308: 1081: 522: 216: 3448: 4488: 3908: 1851: 1781:. SSGNs are guided missile submarines which carry conventional Tomahawk cruise missiles. Currently, the United States plans to begin retiring the 1503:. By 1990, the United States possessed 94 B-52H bombers, 96 B-1 bombers, and 2 B-2 bombers, along with a total of almost 5,000 available weapons. 1112:

with a yield of about 10 MT. It was only two years later on 12 August 1955 that the Soviet Union successfully tested their own hydrogen bomb, the

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variants. In 2001, the United States possessed 500 Minuteman III missiles (three warheads each) and 50 Peacekeeper missiles (ten warheads each).

1242:, the first Soviet SSBN with shrapnel MRV nuclear warheads. Three years later, the Soviet Navy deployed their first SLBM with MIRV warheads, the 1133:

acceptance in 1956 until 1968 there were 48 launchers with R-5M ballistic missiles equipped with nuclear warheads deployed by the Soviet Union.

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The origins of the United States' nuclear triad can be traced back to the 1960s. Its main motivation for developing the program was that the

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Pakistan can launch nukes from land, air and sea platforms but from submarines it can only deploy cruise missiles, not ballistic missiles.

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Submarine Launch Ballistic Missiles (SLBM) according to the Office of Naval Intelligence. In addition, the People's Liberation Army Navy (

4271:"Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty" 2376: 2021: 2006:

While France has drastically reduced its nuclear arsenal, it currently maintains approximately 300 nuclear weapons. France deploys four

502: 237: 155: 2051:, the President of France at the time, declared that "France possesses 54 ASMP-A missiles", confirming their exact number of missiles. 4508: 3145: 2762: 2482: 2340: 2320: 2287: 1908: 1887: 1387: 291: 2614: 1376:

increase in the nuclear arsenal. The 1970s saw a large increase in delivery vehicles and warheads because of the introduction of the

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employment of MRVs and MIRVs on SLBMs to that of the Soviets, which the US had achieved as early as 1964. In 1974, the USSR deployed

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importance in ensuring a second-strike capability, although this significance has waned dramatically since the end of the Cold War.

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has spoken against the removal of the land-based missiles leg of the nuclear triad. Kroenig writes that ICBMs offer defense from a

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The ballistic missile submarine leg of the United States' nuclear triad is still robust. Currently, the SSBN fleet consists of 14

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in terms of nuclear development, they soon closed the gap. By 1953, the U.S. successfully tested the world's first hydrogen bomb,

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treaty (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) between the US and USSR in 1972, and consequently were insignificantly limited in the

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bombers, each capable of carrying 20 cruise missiles, were active along with 21 B-2 bombers each capable of carrying 16 bombs.

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and allies that a nation wants to resolve a fight, thus preventing war. Some disadvantages include confusion on the type of

427:): Delivery vehicles powered by a liquid or solid-fueled rocket that primarily travel in a ballistic (free-fall) trajectory. 3043: 4394: 3547: 1445: 387: 266: 84: 3001: 2817: 2347:

Perry says that a major problem with ICBMs is that they cannot be recalled once launched in the event of a false alarm.

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Nuclear delivery systems are not limited to those covered in the Nuclear Triad. Other methods of delivery could include

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Podvig, Pavel (2008). "The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s—A Research Note".

1744:-class submarines each capable of carrying 24 Trident II missiles. These ballistic missile submarines are based out of 1684: 1380:

or MIRV, which allowed for the deployment of ICBMs and SLBMs that could carry multiple warheads. Up until 1990 and the

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of the Indian Air Force is believed to be assigned the nuclear strike role, operating from Maharajpur Air Force Station

4481: 3331: 2080: 2030: 2026:, which is equipped with the newer model of SLBMs. France plans to modernize the rest of its submarine fleet by 2020. 1872: 1797: 1774: 1697: 1555: 1500: 1433: 1419: 862: 753: 434: 430: 247: 2853: 3598: 1634:, the Trump Administration made clear that the United States supports global nuclear weapons elimination. President 636:

and plans to deploy up to eight of these Jin-class SSBN by the end of 2020. The newer Type 094 fleet uses the newer

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bombers still make up the entirety of the long range bomber force designed to deliver a nuclear payload. The

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missiles (ten-warhead). The ICBM count for the United States in 1990 included 2,450 warheads in 1,000 ICBMs.

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Zhang, Boahui (2007). "The Modernization of Chinese Nuclear Forces and Its Impacts on Sino-U.S. Relations".

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bombs. The B61-7 is carried by the B-2, whereas the B61-3, 4, and 10 are lighter and can be carried by the

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ICBM silo-based types. One final advent to the Soviet Union's development of ICBMs was the mobile-launcher

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has a limited capability fleet of H-6 bombers modified for aerial refueling as well as forthcoming Russian

412:: Aircraft carrying nuclear bombs, or nuclear-armed cruise missiles, for use against ground or sea targets. 306:. Countries build nuclear triads to eliminate an enemy's ability to destroy a nation's nuclear forces in a 4541: 4474: 2099: 1631: 1622: 1062: 553: 549: 4341:

Sutyagin, Igor (13 June 2016). "Russia's underwater "doomsday drone": Science fiction, but real danger".

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in Missouri. The United States Air Force is in the process of integrating a new long range bomber, the

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vehicles and 2,152 warheads to 800 delivery vehicles and 1,550 warheads. In their release of the 2017

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missiles with an extended range of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). In November 2017, it tested the

660:. In addition to the H-6 bomber, there are numerous tactical fighter and fighter-bombers such as the 475: 89: 77: 1525: 1516: 1284:

of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.

609:

Russia, China stores large numbers of its missiles in massive tunnel complexes; U.S. Representative

466:

missiles could be classified as a first-strike weapon and bombers that are classified as needing an

2257: 2185: 2181: 1805: 1610: 1585: 1551: 1496: 1400: 1042: 894: 131: 4079: 2541: 4366: 4198: 3754: 3719: 3711: 3505: 3358: 3255: 3220: 3097: 3068: 2965: 2278: 2169: 1770: 1745: 1481: 1361: 1357: 1104:

plutonium implosion design. Although the Soviet Union was behind the U.S. in the years following

874: 846: 677: 633: 621: 598: 594: 545: 447: 315: 3172:"Analysis: China's intensifying nuclear-armed submarine patrols add complexity for U.S., allies" 2301:

is essentially a torpedo with a warhead attached to it. Russia is currently working on undersea

1204: 3386: 1484:

missiles. In 1990, the United States was in possession of around 600 SLBMs and 5,216 warheads.

494:

were tasked with land or sea-based strategic nuclear attack missions. Bombers that contain an

4162: 3189: 3020: 2498: 2223:

While the Persian Gulf War was beginning in 1991, Germany agreed to subsidize the sale of two

2205: 2127: 2067: 2000: 757: 136: 121: 116: 111: 47: 1692:. This aircraft will serve as the new long range bomber for the United States, replacing the 1216:

The Soviet Union also led the way in the development of the third part of the nuclear triad,

1057:. They are all mostly armed with strategic stand off missiles or cruise missiles such as the 4520: 4358: 4292: 4282: 4235: 3746: 3703: 3247: 2955: 2336: 2159: 1762: 1730: 1651: 1647: 1626: 1488: 1466: 1343: 990: 986: 711: 586: 495: 467: 454: 401: 299: 4007:(18 Sep 2024) With Two Nuclear-Armed Strategic Competitors, U.S. Modernization Top Priority 1469:

missiles. Along with the "41 for Freedom" classes, the United States also commissioned the

525:

of the United States and Russia until 2019 when the United States withdrew from the treaty.

373: 2695: 2536: 2351: 2302: 2298: 2270: 2146:

are currently estimated to have produced enough nuclear material for 115 to 190 warheads.

2034: 1734: 1576:

Following the Cold War, the United States continued upgrading its various types of ICBMs.

1462: 1412: 1058: 1020: 816: 804: 715: 657: 569: 510: 443: 409: 57: 4216: 3093: 4354: 3865: 3694:

Odom, William E. (1983). "The Soviet Approach to Nuclear Weapons: A Historical Review".

1096:

only a few years after the United States. The USSR entered the nuclear age in 1949 with

925: 1876: 1592: 1458: 1423: 1415: 1153: 1141: 1070: 1050: 1046: 1016: 999: 974: 955: 951: 812: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 707: 653: 557: 359: 303: 146: 94: 24: 4137: 4535: 4370: 4100: 4060:

Rutherford, Ian P. "NATO's New Strategic Concept, Nuclear Weapons, and Global Zero".

3723: 3259: 2969: 2310: 2242: 2213: 2209: 1988: 1980: 1923: 1705: 1581: 1396: 1054: 1030: 1008:. Russian strategic nuclear submarine forces are equipped with the following SLBMs: 661: 471: 322: 311: 3758: 822: 3762: 2266: 2131: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1918: 1635: 1591:

Within its nuclear submarine fleet, the United States eliminated the usage of the "

1577: 1392: 1105: 1066: 982: 866: 749: 690: 673: 665: 561: 506: 4362: 3647: 3297: 2141:

extensive photographic evidence given by former Israeli nuclear weapons assembler

4189:

Collina, Tom Z. (July–August 2012). "Israel has Nuclear-Armed Sub. Report Says".

2589: 2481:

Office for the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters.

1796:

The strategic bomber program for the United States still remains viable as well.

1457:

were all commissioned between 1959 and 1967. These classes of submarines carried

509:, they are vulnerable to a first strike, though their interception once aloft is 3707: 2371: 2316: 2274: 2060: 1933: 1708:(three warheads each) from underground hardened silos under the command of U.S. 1234: 835: 827: 808: 739: 719: 610: 487: 463: 3750: 2982: 2245:

capability with a demonstrated range of at least 1500 km in a 2002 test.

2189: 2092: 2047:

air-launched cruise missile with a range of 500 kilometers. In February 2015,

1317: 1212:

submarines was amongst the first to be capable of launching ballistic missiles

850: 3973: 3948:"Supplier Problems Put Columbia Nuclear Missile Sub at Risk for 1-Year Delay" 3251: 2960: 2943: 1879:", meaning Blue Jerboa. In 1955, the country started Project Coelacanth, the 2098:

Pakistan has only 1 sea-launched nuclear weapon capable missile, called the

1753: 1665: 1161: 849:

with a range of 750 kilometres (470 mi), which later got upgraded with

792:

ICBM was also successfully tested beginning April 2012 and entered service.

669: 3922:"US Navy ship building schedules hit by supply-chain woes, labor shortages" 3501:"India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning – Times of India" 2828: 1487:

Rounding out the United States' nuclear triad during the Cold War were its

4287: 4270: 1595:" classes of ballistic missiles submarines in favor of the more versatile 841:

in August 2016, which was India's first submarine built indigenously. INS

341:

is suspected to possess a nuclear triad, but its status is not confirmed.

2459: 2077: 1640: 1569: 1109: 645: 590: 541: 416: 4202: 3684:

Arbatov, Alexey, and Vladimir Dvorkin. "SOVIET UNION." MIRVs (2016): 55.

3224: 3044:"US upgrades assessment of China's Type 094 SSBN fleet | IHS Jane's 360" 2168:

an inventory of nuclear-capable fighter aircraft such as the long-range

1621:

The Obama Administration made clear in the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (

4297: 3909:(6 Jun 2024) US test-fires two unarmed Minuteman III ballistic missiles 3779:

Wade, Mark. "R-11". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 10 April 2011.

3715: 3672:

Wade, Mark. "R-5M". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 10 April 2018.

2615:"Russia's Nuclear Rearmament: Policy Shift or Business as Usual? | NTI" 2217: 1580:

variants were all but eliminated and continued efforts were put toward

1565: 1381: 1243: 1192: 1157: 1101: 1012: 1003: 978: 854: 641:

missile submarine would always on stand by for deterrence around 2023.

565: 556:, bombs, and precision munitions have been developed and deployed with 521:

were assigned to strategic targets but were eventually forbidden by an

459: 32: 3766: 2485:. US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 1140:(Multiple reentry vehicles) were successfully tested by 1970 with the 735: 3842:"U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Background, Developments, and Issues" 2324: 2147: 2142: 2044: 2037:

aircraft equipped with ASMP-air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM). The

1239: 1221: 1188: 789: 761: 728: 491: 338: 326: 3298:"Worldwide Ballistic Missile Inventories | Arms Control Association" 2454: 1817:

in North Dakota. Along with these, 20 B-2 bombers are in service at

1564:

The pinnacle of the 1990s in terms of global nuclear policy was the

4036:"France's Nuclear Arsenal Could Kill Millions of People in Minutes" 3211:

Haynes, Susan Turner (2016). "China's Nuclear Threat Perceptions".

4131:

Missile Survey: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles of Foreign Countries

3696:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

2256: 2220:. Israel also has a regional reach with its Jericho 2 IRBM force. 2135: 1785:-class submarines in 2027. That being said, a replacement for the 1693: 1203: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1145: 1113: 1097: 994: 821: 772:

with a range of 1,000 to 2,000 kilometres (620 to 1,240 mi),

734: 723: 649: 334: 330: 4136:(Report). Congressional Research Service. RL30427. Archived from 4009:

Summary of Nuclear Triad by Melissa Dalton, UnderSecretary, USAF

3278:

Davenport, Kelsey (2012). "India Moves Closer to Nuclear Triad".

4466: 2084: 2017: 1829: 1149: 1121: 1117: 1077: 1065:. These bombers and nuclear capable strike aircraft such as the 970: 784:

with a range of 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). These are all

637: 625: 530: 424: 420: 4470: 845:

is a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine armed with 12

760:

with a range of 150 to 600 kilometres (93 to 373 mi), the

644:

Although there is an aged, upgraded bomber force consisting of

2283: 1257: 4317:"US says Russia 'developing' undersea nuclear-armed torpedo" 2076:

It also owns air-launched nuclear-capable missiles like the

1368:

all wanted to play a role in the operation of the country's

834:

India completed its nuclear triad with the commissioning of

2942:

Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (27 November 2015).

2902:"China Builds Underground 'Great Wall' Against Nuke Attack" 3387:"Indigenous sub, Arihant, completes India's nuclear triad" 2151:

having second-strike capabilities with the arrival of the

780:

with a range of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi), and the

685:

nuclear arsenal, while the other nuclear powers under the

290:

is a three-pronged military force structure of land-based

2261:

Air Mobile ICBM Feasibility Demonstration—24 October 1974

1676:

is planned as the United States' new SSBN, replacing the

321:

Only four countries are known to have the nuclear triad:

2323:

and HGVs is that HGVs are designed to be powered by the

3897:. 27 January 2017 – via US Department of Defense. 3680: 3678: 2788:"U.S. Withdrawal from the INF Treaty on August 2, 2019" 1773:

missiles. This reduction led to the conversion of four

1543:

The elements of the post-Cold War US nuclear triad: an

2110:(SLBM) as required to have a complete nuclear triad. 1335:

The elements of the US nuclear triad in the 1960s – a

310:

attack, which preserves their own ability to launch a

3995:(7 Jun 2024) US To Announce Bold New Nuclear Strategy 3946:

LaGrone, Mallory Shelbourne and Sam (12 March 2024).

2880:"US worries over China's underground nuclear network" 1646:

It is estimated that the US currently has around 475

3475:"After missile test, India inches closer to N-Triad" 3354:"Agni-V, India's first ICBM test-fired successfully" 2763:"Time to Modernize and Revitalize the Nuclear Triad" 965:

standoff missiles, and cruise missiles. The Russian

973:capable of delivering nuclear warheads: silo-based 345:

Traditional components of a strategic nuclear triad

3646: 3573:"India successfully test-fires underwater missile" 3435:"Nuclear triad weapons ready for deployment: DRDO" 2424: 768:with a range of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), 764:with a range of 700 kilometres (430 mi), the 687:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 4446:"The Importance of Modernizing the Nuclear Triad" 2854:"U.S. Lawmaker Warns of China's Nuclear Strategy" 2736:The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation 2387:Nuclear weapons of the People's Republic of China 1839:is responsible for strategic nuclear deterrence, 857:missile from the Sukhoi-30 MKI platform. The INS 470:aircraft to strike targets would constitute as a 3974:"Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber" 3591:"India tests 3,000 km range n-missile in secret" 3190:"HY-6 (Hongzhaji You-6) Aerial Refueling Tanker" 3170:Torode, Greg; Baptista, Eduardo (4 April 2023). 2503:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3449:"India close to attaining nuclear triad status" 3324:"Agni-V test launch puts India in select group" 3118:Taylor, Marcus; Tamerlani, Eric (3 June 2013). 3069:"Home Security Systems : My Home Security" 2757: 2755: 2753: 2290:can be used for missile and bomb guidance, and 1273:may benefit from being shortened by the use of 4124: 4122: 2944:"Global Nuclear Weapon Inventories, 1945–2013" 2565:"How Pakistan Developed Its Own Nuclear Triad" 2016:nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines ( 1999:Today, France's national security is based on 1391:ICBMs. This portion of the triad consisted of 1076:The USSR was required to destroy its stock of 4482: 1299:Nuclear triad during the Cold War (1960–1990) 1053:bombers and the long range turboprop powered 648:with an uncertain nuclear delivery role. The 531:Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) 267: 8: 3621:"BrahMos on Sukhoi: Why is it so important?" 3521:"India tests new underwater nuclear missile" 3038: 3036: 1507:Nuclear triad after the Cold War (1990–2010) 16:Set of three types of nuclear-strike weapons 4451:. U.S. Department of Defense. November 2020 4080:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance" 2983:https://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf 1704:The United States continues to operate its 865:to be completed under India's program. The 803:. Their inventory of aircraft includes the 748:India's nuclear weapons policy is that of " 4489: 4475: 4467: 3417:ready for operation, passes deep sea test" 2102:, with a range of 450 km. However, it's a 1854:had prepared an updated nuclear strategy. 1480:-class submarines carried Trident C-4 and 1220:'s. They launched the first SLBM, with an 274: 260: 31: 20: 4296: 4286: 4086:. March 2018 – via armscontrol.org. 3120:"Pentagon Sees China Progressing on SLBM" 2959: 1913:submarine. Of the five submarines in the 1843:, and operating the Defense Department's 1729:(GBSD) through various companies such as 2305:, which is referred to as the Poseidon ( 1765:missiles leaving the United States with 1683: 1664: 1088:Soviet nuclear triad during the Cold War 2669:Suellentrop, Chris (15 November 2001). 2413: 1917:class, only one submarine contained an 154: 39: 23: 4417:The Logic of American Nuclear Strategy 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4095: 4093: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3146:"China conducts JL-2 sub missile test" 3025:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3018: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2496: 1476:submarines before the Cold War's end. 1422:became available. Referred to as the " 4515:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 4310: 4308: 4264: 4262: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3413:"India's first Nuclear submarine INS 3273: 3271: 3269: 2811: 2809: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2455:"Do We Still Need a Nuclear 'Triad'?" 2237:submarines are widely believed to be 1019:, NATO name SS-N-23 "Skiff"; and the 786:intermediate-range ballistic missiles 296:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 7: 4275:Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 4269:Ferreira-Snyman, A (12 April 2015). 2639: 2637: 2635: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2419: 2417: 2402:Nuclear weapons of the United States 2108:submarine-launched ballistic missile 1769:-class submarines that only carried 1378:multiple independent reentry vehicle 1294:Nuclear weapons of the United States 4509:intercontinental ballistic missiles 2563:Mizokami, Kyle (26 November 2021). 2540:. 23 September 1985. Archived from 2377:List of states with nuclear weapons 2288:global navigation satellite systems 2212:, as well as within large parts of 2162:submarine-launched cruise missile. 1617:Modern nuclear triad (2010–present) 819:, which was purchased from France. 503:Intercontinental ballistic missiles 352:The components of the nuclear triad 292:intercontinental ballistic missiles 4234:Ben-David, Alon (1 October 2009). 3895:Office of the Secretary of Defense 2908:(English ed.). Archived from 2341:United States Secretary of Defense 731:intercontinental ballistic missile 379:Intercontinental ballistic missile 14: 4432:Approaches for Managing the Costs 4343:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4221:Federation of American Scientists 4129:Feickert, Andrew (5 March 2004). 4034:Mizokami, Kyle (26 August 2017). 3972:Gertler, Jeremiah (7 June 2017). 3546:Peri, Dinakar (17 October 2016). 3240:Asian Affairs: An American Review 2948:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2825:Federation of American Scientists 2104:submarine-launched cruise missile 1927:; The M-1 missile was put on the 1092:The Soviet Union developed their 689:have cut their forces in half. A 4395:"The Case for the US ICBM Force" 3548:"Now, India has a nuclear triad" 3144:Gertz, Bill (18 February 2015). 2453:Barry, John (12 December 2009). 2345:2018 Hawaii False Missile Alert. 1983:intermediate-range missile. The 1881:naval nuclear propulsion program 1727:Ground Based Strategic Deterrent 1714:Francis E. Warren Air Force Base 1533: 1524: 1515: 1493:B-52H and B-52G Stratofortresses 1325: 1316: 1307: 1262: 1187:MIRVs were not mentioned in the 1015:, NATO name SS-N-18 "Stingray"; 933: 924: 915: 386: 372: 358: 2816:Woolf, Amy (13 February 2018). 1837:United States Strategic Command 1710:Air Force Global Strike Command 1382:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 624:which is currently active with 615:Underground Great Wall of China 519:ground-launched cruise missiles 515:Medium-range ballistic missiles 4393:Kroenig, Matthew (Fall 2018). 4315:Barbara Starr; Zachary Cohen. 3981:Congressional Research Service 2818:"Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons" 2253:Other nuclear delivery systems 2083:. Moreover, Pakistan also has 1399:missiles (three-warhead), and 1280:Summary style may involve the 1033:, NATO name SS-NX-32, for the 314:and therefore increases their 1: 4430:Congressional Budget Office. 4363:10.1080/00963402.2016.1194617 4240:in light of Iranian 'threat'" 4101:"French Nuclear Capabilities" 3322:Malik, Aman (20 April 2012). 2532:"Toning Up the Nuclear Triad" 2350:American political scientist 1979:class of ships contained the 1499:, and the newly commissioned 3920:Stone, Mike (2 April 2024). 3840:Woolf, Amy (10 March 2016). 3411:Pubby, Manu (14 July 2018). 2671:"What Is the Nuclear Triad?" 2332:Redefining the nuclear triad 2196:against the PLO in Tunisia. 1873:ballistic missile submarines 1420:ballistic missile submarines 1148:(SS-18). MRV's evolved into 1073:aerial refuelling aircraft. 1023:. These are in use with the 431:Ballistic missile submarines 4402:Strategic Studies Quarterly 3708:10.1177/0002716283469001012 3330:. p. 3. Archived from 3213:Strategic Studies Quarterly 2696:"US Nuclear Triad Overview" 1955:Force Océanique Stratégique 1937:; two ships contained both 1395:missiles (single warhead), 943:Russia's nuclear triad – a 776:with a range of 3,000, the 754:minimum credible deterrence 393:Ballistic missile submarine 4563: 4163:"Israel Air Force, Israel" 3751:10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.118 3073:GlobalSecurityNewswire.org 2382:Mutual assured destruction 2356:pre-emptive nuclear strike 2125: 1291: 991:RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) 987:RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) 888: 701: 681:the Jin-class submarines. 632:) has deployed four newer 584: 304:nuclear bombs and missiles 4504: 4105:Nuclear Threat Initiative 3627:. India. 22 November 2017 2397:Nuclear weapons of Russia 2339:, who served as the 19th 2317:Hypersonic Glide Vehicles 2292:reconnaissance satellites 2275:hypersonic glide vehicles 2233:reports that the Israeli 1852:National Security Council 801:Nuclear Command Authority 4005:C. Todd Lopez, DOD News 3888:"Nuclear Posture Review" 3597:. London. Archived from 3252:10.3200/AAFS.34.2.87-100 3124:Arms Control Association 2961:10.1177/0096340213501363 2792:U.S. Department of State 2645:"Glossary | Learn | NTI" 2392:Nuclear weapons of India 2199:In a report by London's 1987:submarine contained the 1828:Long-Range Standoff, or 1811:Barksdale Air Force Base 1791:Columbia-class submarine 1718:Malmstrom Air Force Base 998:(Future replacement for 891:Strategic Missile Troops 797:Strategic Forces Command 704:Strategic Forces Command 678:becoming a nuclear power 620:China currently has one 538:Tactical nuclear weapons 2767:The Heritage Foundation 1845:Global Information Grid 1819:Whiteman Air Force Base 1568:Treaty in 1991 and the 1080:in accordance with the 1017:RSM-54 R-29RMU "Sineva" 967:Strategic Rocket Forces 903:Typhoon-class submarine 877:planned. After the INS 550:surface-to-air missiles 511:substantially difficult 3739:International Security 2262: 2117:Suspected triad powers 1701: 1681: 1213: 1035:Borei-class submarines 983:RT-2PM "Topol" (SS-25) 831: 745: 732: 444:missile-defense system 4419:. pp. Chapter 2. 4288:10.4314/pelj.v18i3.02 4245:Jane's Defence Weekly 4062:International Journal 4040:The National Interest 2569:The National Interest 2426:"Britannica Academic" 2260: 2230:Jane's Defence Weekly 1687: 1668: 1207: 1025:Delta-class submarine 907:Delta-class submarine 899:Borei-class submarine 825: 738: 727: 554:air-to-ground rockets 4236:"Israel seeks sixth 4165:. GlobalSecurity.org 3192:. GlobalSecurity.org 3150:The Washington Times 2884:www.straitstimes.com 2241:, offering Israel a 1953:. At this time, The 1858:Partial triad powers 1815:Minot Air Force Base 1722:Minot Air Force Base 1348:B-52G Stratofortress 1045:operates supersonic 1031:RSM-56 R-30 "Bulava" 995:RS-24 "Yars" (SS-29) 570:naval gunnery shells 446:. It also gives the 156:Nuclear-armed states 4355:2016BuAtS..72d.243S 3302:www.armscontrol.org 2912:on 16 February 2020 2890:on 16 October 2011. 2858:China Digital Times 2483:"Nuclear Stockpile" 2194:conventional strike 2182:Dassault Mirage III 2176:and previously the 1995:Modern capabilities 1806:Rockwell B-1 Lancer 1706:Minuteman III ICBMs 1552:LGM-118 Peacekeeper 1459:Polaris A-1/A-2/A-3 1094:first nuclear bombs 1043:Long Range Aviation 895:Long Range Aviation 799:which is a part of 634:Type 094 submarines 546:Air-to-air missiles 523:arms control treaty 4415:Kroenig, Matthew. 4191:Arms Control Today 4084:Arms Control Today 3907:Christina Stassis 3653:www.lexisnexis.com 3579:. 27 January 2013. 3525:The Times of India 3509:. 18 October 2016. 3506:The Times of India 3479:Free Press Journal 3421:The Economic Times 3391:The Economic Times 3366:on 31 October 2012 3359:The Times of India 3280:Arms Control Today 3098:GlobalSecurity.org 3094:"JL-2 (CSS-NX-14)" 2700:large.stanford.edu 2279:Outer Space Treaty 2263: 2170:F-15E Strike Eagle 1871:, France obtained 1813:in Louisiana, and 1752:, Washington. The 1702: 1682: 1489:long-range bombers 1411:equipped with the 1214: 1021:R-29RMU2.1 "Liner" 875:S5-class submarine 832: 746: 733: 622:Type 092 submarine 599:Type 092 submarine 595:Type 094 submarine 448:commander-in-chief 400:While traditional 316:nuclear deterrence 4529: 4528: 4521:strategic bombers 4434:. pp. 15–18. 3763:Project MUSE 2860:. 17 October 2011 2282:nuclear weapons. 2128:Jericho (missile) 2049:Francois Hollande 2040:Charles de Gaulle 1453:Benjamin Franklin 1429:George Washington 1338:George Washington 1290: 1289: 1229:George Washington 1069:are supported by 455:Strategic bombers 323:the United States 300:strategic bombers 284: 283: 48:Nuclear explosion 4554: 4547:Nuclear strategy 4491: 4484: 4477: 4468: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4375: 4374: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4186: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3866:"41 for Freedom" 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3453:Deccan Chronicle 3445: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362:. Archived from 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3007:on 20 April 2015 3006: 3000:. Archived from 2999: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2939: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2886:. Archived from 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2827:. Archived from 2822: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2759: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2728: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2692: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590:"Babur (Hatf 7)" 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2528: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2450: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2166:Israel maintains 2156:-class submarine 2143:Mordechai Vanunu 2033:aircraft and 20 1907: 1731:Northrop Grumman 1720:in Montana, and 1627:New START Treaty 1558:strategic bomber 1537: 1528: 1519: 1350:strategic bomber 1344:LGM-25C Titan II 1329: 1320: 1311: 1285: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1231: (SSBN-598) 1160:(SS-19) and the 1100:of the American 958:strategic bomber 937: 928: 919: 712:K Missile family 587:PLA Rocket Force 558:nuclear warheads 496:aerial refueling 468:aerial refueling 405:Triads include: 402:nuclear strategy 390: 376: 362: 276: 269: 262: 213: 107:Target selection 35: 21: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4500: 4495: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4378: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4223:. 20 June 2000. 4215: 4214: 4210: 4188: 4187: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4143:on 27 June 2004 4140: 4133: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3595:Sunday Guardian 3589: 3588: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3527:. 26 March 2014 3519: 3518: 3514: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3481:. 26 March 2014 3473: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3455:. 26 March 2014 3447: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3385:Pandit, Rajat. 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3334:on 31 July 2012 3321: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3277: 3276: 3267: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3017: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2995:"Archived copy" 2993: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2977: 2941: 2940: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2906:The Chosun Ilbo 2900: 2899: 2895: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2794:. 2 August 2019 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2682: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2544:on 7 March 2008 2530: 2529: 2512: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2452: 2451: 2434: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2368: 2352:Matthew Kroenig 2334: 2303:nuclear torpedo 2299:nuclear torpedo 2271:nuclear torpedo 2267:orbital weapons 2255: 2138: 2126:Main articles: 2124: 2119: 2057: 1997: 1905: 1865: 1860: 1748:, Georgia, and 1735:Lockheed Martin 1619: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1509: 1413:SSM-N-8 Regulus 1370:nuclear arsenal 1354: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1301: 1296: 1286: 1279: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1233:, in 1959 with 1202: 1130: 1098:their imitation 1090: 979:UR-100N (SS-19) 962: 961: 960: 959: 940: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 909: 889:Main articles: 887: 805:Sukhoi Su-30MKI 722: 716:Sukhoi Su-30MKI 702:Main articles: 700: 601: 585:Main articles: 583: 578: 410:Bomber aircraft 398: 397: 396: 395: 394: 391: 382: 381: 380: 377: 368: 367: 366: 365:Bomber aircraft 363: 354: 353: 347: 280: 231: 211: 201: 170: 25:Nuclear weapons 17: 12: 11: 5: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4462: 4437: 4422: 4407: 4376: 4349:(4): 243–246. 4333: 4304: 4281:(3): 487–529. 4258: 4226: 4217:"Popeye Turbo" 4208: 4176: 4154: 4118: 4089: 4071: 4052: 4011: 3998: 3986: 3964: 3938: 3912: 3900: 3879: 3857: 3781: 3772: 3745:(1): 118–138. 3729: 3686: 3674: 3665: 3638: 3612: 3601:on 20 May 2015 3582: 3564: 3538: 3512: 3492: 3466: 3440: 3437:. 7 July 2014. 3426: 3403: 3377: 3345: 3314: 3289: 3265: 3230: 3203: 3181: 3162: 3136: 3110: 3085: 3060: 3048:IHS Jane's 360 3032: 2986: 2975: 2923: 2893: 2871: 2845: 2834:on 25 May 2006 2805: 2779: 2749: 2712: 2680: 2661: 2631: 2606: 2594:Missile Threat 2581: 2555: 2510: 2473: 2432: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2333: 2330: 2254: 2251: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2106:(SLCM), not a 2056: 2053: 1996: 1993: 1877:Gerboise Bleue 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1618: 1615: 1593:41 for Freedom 1542: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1424:41 for Freedom 1416:cruise missile 1334: 1333: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1292:Main article: 1288: 1287: 1270: 1268: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1201: 1198: 1154:R-36M2 Voevoda 1129: 1126: 1089: 1086: 1071:Ilyushin Il-78 1051:Tupolev Tu-160 1047:Tupolev Tu-22M 1039: 1038: 1028: 1013:R-29R "Vysota" 975:R-36M2 (SS-18) 956:Tupolev Tu-22M 942: 941: 932: 931: 923: 922: 914: 913: 912: 911: 910: 886: 883: 861:was the first 813:SEPECAT Jaguar 708:Agni (missile) 699: 696: 654:Ilyushin Il-78 611:Michael Turner 582: 579: 577: 574: 535: 534: 527: 526: 500: 439: 438: 428: 413: 392: 385: 384: 383: 378: 371: 370: 369: 364: 357: 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 348: 346: 343: 282: 281: 279: 278: 271: 264: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 225: 224: 219: 214: 205: 195: 194: 189: 184: 182:United Kingdom 179: 174: 159: 158: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 97: 92: 87: 81: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 42: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4559: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Nuclear triad 4540: 4539: 4537: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4498:Nuclear triad 4492: 4487: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3404: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246:(2): 87–100. 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3219:(2): 25–62e. 3218: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2738:. 16 May 2013 2737: 2733: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:William Perry 2331: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2311:United States 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2243:second-strike 2240: 2239:nuclear armed 2236: 2235:Dolphin-class 2232: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216:and Northern 2215: 2214:South America 2211: 2210:North America 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1943:M-20 missiles 1940: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929:Le Redoutable 1926: 1925: 1924:Le Foudroyant 1920: 1916: 1915:Le Redoutable 1912: 1911: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:global strike 1838: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:Minuteman III 1579: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1447:James Madison 1443: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397:Minuteman III 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1328: 1319: 1310: 1298: 1295: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1275:summary style 1271:This section 1269: 1260: 1259: 1254:United States 1253: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:Tupolev Tu-95 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 985:, silo-based 984: 980: 977:, silo-based 976: 972: 968: 957: 953: 949: 947: 936: 927: 918: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 882: 880: 876: 871: 870: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:K-15 missiles 844: 840: 839: 829: 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 744: 743: 737: 730: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 697: 695: 692: 688: 682: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 607: 606:nuclear force 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 575: 573: 571: 567: 563: 562:depth charges 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 532: 529: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:A-5 Vigilante 481: 477: 473: 472:second-strike 469: 465: 461: 456: 453: 452: 451: 449: 445: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 389: 375: 361: 344: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 312:second strike 309: 305: 301: 298:(SLBMs), and 297: 293: 289: 288:nuclear triad 277: 272: 270: 265: 263: 258: 257: 255: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 218: 215: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 196: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 172:United States 169: 167: 163: 162: 161: 160: 157: 153: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 127:Proliferation 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 44: 43: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 19: 4497: 4453:. 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