Salween River - Knowledge (XXG)

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flooding, bringing deposits of rich sediment. Other crops grown in the Salween basin include maize, wheat, chili, cotton, potatoes, groundnut, sesame, pulses, betel, tea, and various vegetables. Certain areas of the floodplain are suitable for both farming and fishing, such as the seasonal Daw Lar Lake upstream of Hpa-An, where crops are grown on islands in the lake during the dry season. Following the annual harvest, the land is used for grazing livestock. In the rainy season fish migrate from the Salween River to spawn in the lake, and are caught in large numbers as the water level recedes at the end of the season. The Salween generally floods in July–September and reaches its lowest around October–December. Compared to Burma's principal rice growing region, the Irrawaddy delta, the Salween delta floods more erratically, and is prone to drought for 1–2 years out of five.

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of the park, enforcement has been difficult. In 1997 a scandal was uncovered in which logs cut on the Thai side of the river were floated across the river to Burma, stamped "exported from Burma" and floated back to the Thai side, where officials inspected the "imported" timber and approved their sale. Refugees in camps within the parks were implicated in the scandal and forced to relocate. However, "observers of forced evictions have stated that the eviction of Thai-Karen villagers from forest reserves is not done to protect the forests but so that logging activities can continue without hindrance and with fewer witnesses."

3308:, as well as the use of illegal poisons by commercial fishermen, have also contributed to the decline. Increased sedimentation from upstream logging has made the estuary shallower and reduced its productivity, in turn reducing the rate of fish migration and spawning. The Burmese government has made efforts to address the issues, including seasonal fishing bans first implemented in 2012, but these laws have been rarely enforced. An alternative approach, using small, self-enforced community-based reserves where fishing is not allowed, has successfully protected fish populations and species diversity in northern Thailand. 4164: 3026: 3508:, an 800,000-strong army crossed the Salween in 1548 and invaded Siam. This was the first time Burmese rule had been extended east of the Salween river. Subsequently, Bayinnaung moved north up the Salween, subjugating all the independent Shan states by 1557. These victories were enabled in part by the acquisition of firearms from Dutch and Portuguese traders who first reached these coasts around 1511. European mercenaries also fought in some of these battles. At Martaban the Portuguese established a trading post, one of the first European settlements in the area. 7699: 3809:. The reservoirs would flood 691 kilometres (429 mi) of the 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) total river length in Burma, as well as the downstream ends of several tributaries. Electricity generated by these dams would be exported primarily to China and Thailand. In May 2005, a formal Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Burma and Thailand to jointly develop hydropower projects along the Salween River. Since then, a number of Chinese and Thai companies have partnered to develop these projects. In 2015, the newly elected 3718:, with the aim of creating an independent state from which to retake mainland China. With the help of US forces, the Chinese attempted several times to take land on the west side of the Salween River, but were pushed back by the Burmese army. Although the KMT campaign was unsuccessful, many people of Chinese descent continue to live in the area east of the river. These events contributed to political instability in Shan State. By 1958 several insurgencies had become established in eastern Shan State, including one led by the exiled 3734: 3106: 1282:. This area is characterized by a complex, broken topography of small mountain ranges, plateaus and cliffs, through which the Salween has cut an extensive series of gorges. As the Salween flows south and descends in elevation, it travels from temperate to subtropical and finally tropical climate zones, with yearly precipitation ranging from 1,200 to 2,000 mm (47 to 79 in) in the Shan Hills area. The total length of the river in Burma and Thailand is 1,316 km (818 mi). 3279:

sedimentation and other water quality issues. The higher elevation valleys are used for grazing, particularly in Tibet, where yaks, sheep, goats, horses and cattle are raised. Forests along the Salween in eastern Burma are home to dozens of medicinal plants crucial to the production of traditional herbal medicines. Some medicinal plants are cultivated, while others are harvested wild in the forest. Many wild species are threatened by deforestation and agricultural conversion.

3555:. Although China had been expanding into the area since Ming times, the greatest influx of settlers was around 1700 to 1850. At the same time, Tibet was expanding its influence into western Yunnan. Tibetan parties raided down the Salween valley and took slaves from the indigenous Nu and Derung populations, which were not well politically organized and unable to offer much resistance. On the other hand, the Lisu fiercely resisted efforts to take slaves and land. 1259: 1116: 3627: 3288: 4209: 3576: 3263: 129: 3512: 3275:. Total water withdrawals amount to less than 3 percent of the river flow at 5.1 km (4,100,000 acre⋅ft). In recent years rubber, sugarcane and corn have become major cash crops, with the majority of this production exported to China. From 1998 to 2010, the area cultivated for rubber in Mon State increased fivefold, accompanied by significant deforestation. 3343: 3018:. The landscape was hilly but not particularly rugged, with average elevations of 1,000 m (3,300 ft) or less. As the continents converged, a complex jumble of mountains arose, breaking the ancestral Red into different drainage systems, with the Yangtze heading east towards the Pacific, and the Mekong and Salween flowing south into what is now Thailand's 911:

course the Salween provides water for agriculture and supports abundant fisheries, especially in the delta region. The Salween basin is home to numerous ethnic minority groups, whose ancestors largely originated in the Tibetan Plateau and northwest China. Starting about 5,000 years ago, people began migrating south along the river, establishing small kingdoms and

1150:, where the Chalong hydroelectric station is situated. Further east, the river is dammed at the smaller Jiquan hydroelectric station. As of 2017, these are the only two dams on the Salween River proper. Continuing east, it is joined by the Ka, Suo and Ga rivers, all flowing from the southern slope of the Tanggula Mountains. In 3642:, starting at Mawlamyine in January 1942. The Japanese army, numbering 18,000 against 7,000 British defenders, quickly captured Mawlamyine, forcing the British to retreat across the Salween to Martaban. On February 10–11 the Japanese crossed the Salween and the British fled, unprepared for a siege. The Japanese blockaded the 3757:

Karen refugees to flee the country, mostly to Thailand. The Salween creates a formidable barrier for refugees, due to its wide fast current, and only small wooden boats are available for crossing it. About 150,000 refugees are housed in official camps in Thailand, while hundreds of thousands of more live in illegal camps.

3654:"). The retreating Allied army (primarily Chinese) stopped the Japanese advance at the Salween River on May 5, 1942. After blowing all the bridges crossing the river, the Chinese took defensive positions on the east bank along a 100-mile (160 km) front, at which point the fighting reached a stalemate. 3094:, one of the largest conifers in Asia, is found here along with more than twenty other conifer species. Due to its rugged and inaccessible terrain, this is considered one of the most intact large forest regions in China. The Mekong–Salween divide forms a significant floral and faunal barrier as well as a 3836:

There are numerous concerns surrounding the potential impact of the dams, particularly the effect on agriculture in the Salween delta due to a reduction in the annual floods and sediment supply that maintain soil fertility. Water would be released based on power demand rather than agricultural needs,

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Thailand's Salawin National Park was established in 1994. Before that, thousands of refugees had already settled in this area and the adjacent Salawin Wildlife Sanctuary, with more moving in during the years following. The Thai government has made some efforts to remove them, but due to the vast size

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walked the length of the Salween River from Burma to eastern Tibet, producing some of the first comprehensive maps of the river's course. Kaulback allegedly found giant footprints in the snow while attempting to locate the source of the Salween. His report was one of several that popularized the myth

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The Salween carries an estimated 108 to 237 million tonnes of sediment per year. About 92 percent of sediment is delivered to the ocean during the monsoon season. The Salween delta is physically contiguous with the Irrawaddy and Sittaung deltas. The Irrawaddy–Sittaung–Salween delta is relatively

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river, was repeatedly captured into drainages to the south, finding various routes to the sea via the Red, Mekong, Salween and Irrawaddy rivers. The combined Salween–Yarlung Tsangpo drainage would have been much longer than the modern Salween, stretching an additional 1,500 km (930 mi) west

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In 2000, China initiated the West-East Power Transfer development scheme, to develop large-scale hydropower dams on its western rivers. The Salween (Nu) River basin within China has an estimated 36,400 megawatts of hydropower potential. The power would be exported to southeastern China, particularly

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Local organizations, including the Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN), have pushed for the establishment of a "Salween Peace Park" that would manage the river's natural resources sustainably via community forests, wildlife sanctuaries, fishery conservation and protected indigenous

3567:. Starting in 1759, Martaban served as a launching point for several invasions of Siam, which led to the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The Burmese were unable to maintain lasting control over territories east of the river, although Burma regained the Tenasserim coast from Siam in a 1793 treaty. 3333:

In Karen State, limestone quarrying for cement production along the river has increased in the 21st century. There is also increasing sand and gravel mining in the lower river. As of 2015 the Burmese government was seeking international investment in the mining sector, and new policies could lead to

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The average flow rate at the China–Burma border is 68.74 km/a (2,178 m/s). Along the Burma–Thailand border the Salween carries an average annual flow of 200 km/a (6,300 m/s). The estimated flow rate at the mouth is 6,600 m/s (230,000 cu ft/s). About 89 percent

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The Mong Ton or Tasang Dam is the largest of the planned dams. The dam would be 228 metres (748 ft) high, and produce up to 7,110 megawatts. The reservoir would flood 870 km (210,000 acres), splitting Shan State nearly in two. The Hatgyi Dam in downstream Kayin State would be smaller, but

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Ethnic minority leaders and human rights activists say a pattern they call "damming at gunpoint" has been repeated across eastern Myanmar: proposed dam sites are forcefully depopulated by the military without compensation and the region is militarized through the expansion of army camps, helicopter

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and Mon National Defense Organization took control of the lower Salween River valley, including Mawlamyine and Thaton, in September 1948. However, they were soon pushed out, leading to four years of confused fighting. In 1952, a new Karen state (today's Kayin State) was created, with the capital at

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The Salween estuary and delta is a particularly rich fishery, with the complex network of tidal channels providing a diversity of habitats for freshwater, brackish and marine fishes. Subsistence fishing is predominant along the inland channels and bays, while a large commercial fishery is supported

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The Yunnan provincial government first proposed a Nu River Grand Canyon National Park in 2007, but did not begin development of this proposal until 2014. In January 2016, Yunnan suspended small hydropower development as well as mining along the Nu River and in May approved the establishment of the

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temporarily suspended plans to build dams on the main stem of the river, although a number of hydropower projects on tributaries were ultimately built. In addition, the Chalong and Jiquan hydroelectric projects were built on the uppermost section of the Salween in Tibet. After Wen's term of office

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The Weigyi and Dagwin dams originally slated for the Burma–Thailand border, which would have flooded parts of Salawin National Park, have been suspended since 2015. Five other dams remain in the planning or pre-construction stages. In 2016 the Burmese government announced its intention to complete

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In addition to the revenues from electricity production, the SPDC saw dam construction as "part of a strategy to remove ethnic armed groups" from the area. In the years following, the military junta stepped up its attacks in the region, destroying villages and forcing over 500,000 Shan, Kachin and

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The rate of deforestation has increased sharply in the 21st century, particularly in Shan, Karenni and Karen states. Before 2010, armed conflicts made it difficult for logging companies to access many of these areas. After a 2010 peace agreement signed between ethnic militias and the Myanmar Union

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landscape with drainage running from north to south – then compressed together such that the rivers flow only 20 km (12 mi) apart in places. As the mountains continued to rise, the rivers incised into the landscape along parallel fault zones, creating the deep canyons of the present day.

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Due to its great range of elevation and latitude coupled with geographic isolation, the Salween basin is considered one of the most ecologically diverse regions in the world, containing an estimated 25 percent of the world's terrestrial animal species and thousands of plant species. Along its

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army air forces, crossed the Salween on rubber rafts and attacked the Japanese position west of the river. About 17,000–19,000 Chinese and 15,000 Japanese were killed in the resulting battle, from which the Chinese emerged victorious. In the following days, additional CEF troops crossed the river

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has destabilized soils along the river and raised sediment loads. Due to the lack of good roads across most of the basin, the majority of timber is transported via waterways during the rainy season. In China, some forests in western Yunnan were intensively logged until the 1990s, when logging was

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in 2015, provides habitat for numerous endemic fish species. The Thousand Islands area at the Salween–Pang confluence, as well as the confluence of the Salween and Moei rivers, are also identified as critical fish habitat. The Salween shares most of its fish species with the nearby Irrawaddy and

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it is joined by the Kuke River and turns west, entering Burma. The total length of the river in China is 1,948 km (1,210 mi), not including a short 25 km (16 mi) segment along the China–Burma border. By the time it leaves China the Salween has descended more than 4,000 m

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megalopolis. This included thirteen dams on the mainstem of the Nu, with a total capacity of 21,320 megawatts, and a number of small to medium-size projects on tributaries. The tallest mainstem dam, Songta, would be 307 metres (1,007 ft) high. In 2003 the Yunnan Huadian Nu River Hydropower

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are some of the earliest inhabitants of the Salween basin within Burma, migrating south from China around 3000 BCE, and settling in the Salween delta and adjacent coastal areas. Agriculture was first practiced in the Salween and Irrawaddy basins around the first century BCE. Ancestors of the

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Further upstream, the river provides a water source for numerous remote villages. With arable land limited by mountainous terrain, farming occurs primarily on the seasonally flooded river banks and islands. However, forest land has been increasingly converted to agriculture, which has led to

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Along its lower course the Salween sustains both flood and irrigated agriculture. The Salween delta is a major rice-growing area; it is the single most productive agricultural region in the Salween basin and home to over 500,000 people. Rice paddies are highly dependent on the river's annual

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potential, with a fall of more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft) from its source. Since the 1970s, the Burmese and Thai governments have sought to build massive hydroelectric dams along the river. China also planned to dam the upper Salween, but in 2016 these plans were dropped in favor of

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The Tibetan portion of the Salween basin is lightly populated, especially in the frigid headwater regions where precipitation is scarce and river flow depends almost entirely on glacier melt. The upper Salween basin includes more than 12,000 km (4,600 sq mi) of glaciers.

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The proposal to develop the Nu River, one of China's last free-flowing rivers, was met with large protests from local residents as well as from international environmental organizations. If constructed, the dams would have displaced some 56,000 people. In addition, in 2003 the UNESCO

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the Tenasserim coast, and the Salween delta again became the border with Burma. For more than a hundred years this remained a disputed area, changing hands several times between the Burmese and Siamese. Burmese rule returned to the Salween delta in the 1750s with the expansion of the

3177:. The river also hosts a number of invasive exotic fish which were introduced for commercial purposes. In addition to fish, the Salween provides habitat for 92 amphibian species. The Salween has the greatest diversity of turtles of any river in the world. The endangered 3316:

Forests along the Salween are prime sources of tropical hardwoods including teak, pyinkadoe (red ironwood) and padauk (Burmese rosewood). Logging in the Burmese part of the basin first occurred on a large scale during the British colonial period in the 19th century.

1359:. Near the coast, annual rainfall is as high as 4,000 to 5,000 mm (160 to 200 in), supporting dense tropical rainforest as well as a productive rice industry. The river flows for a further 100 km (62 mi) before terminating at a modestly sized 1038:

The population of the Salween basin is estimated at 24 million, or 76 persons/km. About 10 million people live adjacent or close to the river proper. People of the Salween basin represent a large diversity of ethnic groups. In China, the Salween basin is home to

3599:. Logs were floated down the Salween River to meet oceangoing ships in Mawlamyine port. Forests in the lower Salween basin were extensively logged until the 1890s. Contemporary British maps labeled the river as "Salween", an anglicization of the Burmese name 3841:

in the delta. In addition, there would be numerous ecological impacts, as the dams would block fish migration, and necessitate considerable deforestation to clear the areas to be flooded. The dams would also be located in an area with high earthquake risk.

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in Karen State. Residents along the Salween River contend the dams would bring no economic benefits locally – as most of the electricity would be exported abroad – while their homes and traditional lands would be flooded with little to no compensation.

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Approximately 380,000 ha (940,000 acres) of land are irrigated in the Salween basin, with 50 percent in Burma, 42 percent in China and 8 percent in Thailand. About 97 percent is irrigated with surface water, and the rest with

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national park. In December 2016, China's State Energy Administration formally dropped the Nu River dams from its hydropower development plans. A major factor in the cancellation of the dams was the risk of earthquakes along the Nu River fault zone.

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emerged in the Salween and Irrawaddy deltas. Martaban served as the Hanthawaddy capital between 1287 and 1364. Along the mountainous middle reaches of the Salween River, former Shan vassal states regained their independence. Starting around 1380,

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system to the north. With a mean elevation of 3,515 m (11,532 ft), the Salween basin includes numerous glaciated mountain ranges, and the river flows for much of its length at high elevation. In China, the Salween basin is situated in

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The Salween basin includes about 283,500 km (109,500 sq mi), of which 48 percent is in China, 44 percent in Burma, and 8 percent in Thailand. The basin is extremely long and narrow, situated between the

3461:(Sithu II) conquered most of the Shan States, extending Burmese rule to the western bank of the Salween river from the delta as far north as Yunnan. For almost 500 years, the lower Salween defined the frontier between Burma and the 3049:

The formation of the Himalayas blocked drainage from the Tibetan Plateau south towards the Indian Ocean, forcing drainage north of the mountains east towards the Yangtze river. This east-flowing river, the predecessor of the modern

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ecoregion, which consists largely of subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, with pine forests at higher elevations and tropical forests at the lower margins. Further south in Burma and Thailand, the Salween basin includes the

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in present-day India. The Salween may once have had additional tributaries above its present source, but due to the uplift of the Himalaya blocking moisture from the Indian Ocean, these tributaries dried up, leaving the numerous

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conquered Tibet, and China sought to expel them from the region. In 1718 the Qing sent an army but were unsuccessful in reaching Tibet, reaching only as far as the Salween River where they were defeated by Dzungar troops in the

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Overfishing combined with lack of regulation has become an issue in the 21st century, with catches in the lower Salween declining as much as 60 percent at some villages. The use of large "bag nets" that result in excessive

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The Salween basin includes up to 25% of the world's terrestrial animal species. About one-half of all animal species in China can be found in the upper Salween, which provides habitat for endangered species including the

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Human presence along the upper Salween River dates to at least 31,000–39,000 years ago. Archeological evidence includes stone tools and animal remains discovered along the river bank in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.

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The present course of the Salween began to form about 5 million years ago as the Indian subcontinent collided with Asia, resulting in the uplift of the Himalaya mountains and the Tibetan Plateau. Prior to the Himalaya

881:. Throughout most of its course, it runs swiftly through rugged mountain canyons. Despite the river's great length, only the last 90 km (56 mi) are navigable, where it forms a modest estuary and delta at 7655: 4404:

Baronas, J. Jotautas; Stevenson, Emily I.; Hackney, Christopher R.; Darby, Stephen E.; Bickle, Michael J.; Hilton, Robert G.; Larkin, Christina S.; Parsons, Daniel R.; Myo Khaing, Aung; Tipper, Edward T. (2020).

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the Burmese government signed ceasefire agreements with 14 ethnic militias. However, protests followed by armed conflict soon broke out again around the sites of proposed dams, particularly at the Mong Ton

3088:, situated along the Nu River in western Yunnan, span elevations of 1,000 to 6,000 m (3,300 to 19,700 ft) and range from subtropical broadleaf evergreen to subalpine conifer forests. The rare 3527:

explored the Salween River country and determined that the upper Salween, Mekong and Red rivers (previously believed to be part of the same river system) were in fact separate. After the rise of the

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The Salween basin is home to thousands of species of plants, with the highest plant diversity found in Yunnan's Three Parallel Rivers region. The Three Parallel Rivers protected areas include the

1131:. The highest source is Jiangmeiergang Galou glacier, 5,432 m (17,822 ft) above sea level. The various headwater streams flow southwest through high mountain valleys and accumulate in 4760:

Cui, Jiangpeng; Tian, Lide; Biggs, Trent W.; Wen, Rong (2017). "Deuterium-excess determination of evaporation to inflow ratios of an alpine lake: Implications for water balance and modeling".

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would have a more significant impact on the river flow. In addition to producing power, the Hatgyi dam would divert up to 30 percent of the Salween flow during certain seasons into the

3300:) and Nga pyat (Coitor croaker). Prawns and shrimps are important in the local diet. Villages further upstream also depend on Salween fish, with Inle Lake being a particularly rich fishery. 1309:

from the west. The Pang River is noted for its extensive limestone formations near the confluence with the Salween, where it breaks into a myriad of cataracts, channels and islets known as

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lands. The park would cover more than 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) along the Salween River and its tributaries in Burma. The proposal was inaugurated in December 2018.

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invaded Burma with Mawlamyine serving as the colonial capital for many decades. Since Burmese independence in 1948, the Salween basin has been a battleground for several fronts of the

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At the start of the 20th century, there was still great uncertainty regarding the true sources of the river and how far west it extended into the Himalayas; some believed the upper

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The Salween is one of the least fragmented large river systems in Asia, with only a few small dams in the headwaters of the river and on tributaries. The river has extremely high

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From 1944–1945, Allied forces launched the Salween Campaign to retake Burma and reopen the Burma Road. During the initial offensive on May 11, 1944, about 40,000 troops of the

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Joint Statement of Concern by Shan Civil Society Organizations Regarding Public Meeting by Burmese Government and Hydrochina to Promote Dams on the Salween and Nam Ma Rivers

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In the 1970s the Burmese and Thai governments began planning for hydroelectric dams on the Salween River, largely within Shan and Karen-majority areas. Starting in 1979 the

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for teak has persisted, driven by strong demand abroad. On the Thai side of the river, illegal logging has been ongoing since the 1990s in Salawin National Park.

3197:. The remote jungles of the Salween basin in Burma and Thailand, particularly in Kayin and Shan states, are home to dozens of large mammal species including the 3072:

and transport by ocean currents. However, proposed dams along the Salween would trap much of the sediment with potential detrimental impacts to coastal erosion.

3591:, including the whole Tenasserim coast south of the Salween River. Due to its strategic location, Mawlamyine (anglicized as Moulmein) served as the capital of 1107:. The highest population densities are in Mon State (300 people/km) and Yunnan (100 people/km), while the lowest population density is in Tibet (5 people/km). 3438:. Tang China had several overland trade routes with Burma via Nanzhao, which it was allied with at times. One route started from Yinsheng (around present-day 3742: 7564: 3068:

stable, with the coastline advancing an average of 3.4 m (11 ft) per year between 1925 and 2006. Sediment accumulation is largely balanced out by

3457:(First Burmese Empire) from its origins in the Irrawaddy valley, conquering Thaton and the other Mon kingdoms in the Salween delta. In the late 1100s King 4674: 3390:, who today inhabit parts of the Salween basin on both sides of the China–Burma border, migrated south along the river from Tibet around 500–300 BCE. The 3386:, originating in the Tibetan Plateau, may have inhabited the areas of the Salween (Nu) and Mekong (Lancang) in modern day China as early as 2000 BCE. The 3398:(618–907 CE). The Lisu originally inhabited areas further east in Yunnan, but over centuries they were pushed north and west towards the Salween as more 4407:"Integrating Suspended Sediment Flux in Large Alluvial River Channels: Application of a Synoptic Rouse-Based Model to the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers" 4357:

Robyn, Johnston; Matthew, McCartney; Shaoyu, Liu; Tarek, Ketelsen; Luke, Taylor; Mai, Ky Vinh; Mehm, Ko Ko Gyi; Theiant, Auny; Khin, Me Ma Gyi (2017).

1203:, due to Chinese having no phonetic script.) For more than 1,000 km (620 mi) the Salween runs parallel to, and west of the headwaters of the 7687: 112: 6734: 4477: 3670:

bringing the total to 100,000, before pushing west into Japanese-held territory. The Salween Campaign concluded on January 20, 1945 with the fall of

4649: 3559: 3442:, Yunnan) and headed west then south along the Salween River, reaching the Indian Ocean at Martaban. Another crossed the Salween around present day 5783: 3225:, the smallest known bat species in the world. The Nam San Valley along the Shan reach of the river provides habitat for the critically endangered 3022:. About 1.5 million years ago, volcanic activity diverted the Salween west towards the Andaman Sea, roughly creating the modern path of the river. 3745:

conducted feasibility studies for hydropower and irrigation diversions on the river. Salween development plans gained momentum in 1988, when the

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The parallel modern courses of the upper Salween, Mekong and Yangtze are located where the eastern Tibetan Plateau intersects the uplands of the

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emerged in Burma during the 1500s, conquering much of Southeast Asia by 1565 to create the First Toungoo Empire (Second Burmese Empire). King

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Government, commercial logging was able to increase dramatically in Karenni State. The Burmese government has banned the cutting of teak, but

8644: 7777: 7268: 6138: 4909: 3081: 8649: 3694:, Mon, and Shan, sought independence, with armed conflicts between these groups and the Burmese military continuing to the present day. The 1219:

west of the Salween form the border between China and Burma. Between the Salween and Mekong rivers around the Tibet–Yunnan boundary are the

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from 1826 until 1852 and as a gateway for overland trade into Yunnan. It became the center of a lucrative timber industry, particularly in

5182:"Refugial isolation and range expansions drive the genetic structure of Oxyria sinensis (Polygonaceae) in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains" 5489: 3551:

As the Qing pushed into Yunnan, the indigenous Lisu people were driven further west, eventually settling along the Salween in and around

3125:, where the karst limestone landscape of cliffs, sinkholes and caverns lends itself to a multitude of forest types. Limestone soils host 8578: 7665: 3746: 3683: 1318: 6344: 5878: 7797: 3541: 734: 5834: 7498: 7477: 7456: 7435: 7394: 7373: 7352: 7331: 7310: 7289: 7249: 7228: 7196: 7175: 7154: 7133: 7112: 7091: 7070: 7049: 7028: 7007: 6847: 6278: 6212: 6111: 6085: 1328:(Kayin State) and forms the border between Burma and Thailand for about 120 km (75 mi). In Thailand the river is known as 4208: 3813:(NLD) government was expected to downsize or cancel the dam projects. However, the NLD soon announced the projects would go ahead. 3801:

Seven dams have been proposed along the main stem of the Salween in Burma and Thailand, with a combined capacity exceeding 20,000

8310: 3723: 3493:. These wars were an expensive failure for the Ming, and triggered tribal uprisings that fragmented Chinese power in the region. 3485:

China annexed Yunnan and conquered some of the eastern Shan states. From 1436-49, Chinese armies crossed the Salween to wage the

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seized power in Burma and sought cross-border economic development with Thailand and China. That same year, Thai Prime Minister

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basin, to benefit agriculture in central Thailand. A smaller alternative to the Salween diversion would be a diversion of the

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Hedley, Peter J.; Bird, Michael I.; Robinson, Ruth A.J. (June 2010). "Evolution of the Irrawaddy delta region since 1850".

7816: 7680: 5411: 3810: 3439: 3394:, also originating in Tibet, arrived in Yunnan sometime before 1000 CE. Chinese records begin to mention Lisu in the late 3025: 1174: 870: 6996:

Björnsson, Helgi; Oerlemans, Johannes; Shroder, John F.; Tranter, Martyn; Bishop, Michael P.; Haeberli, Wilfried (2011).

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Aerial view of the Salween Delta (North is to the right). This area has been home to Mon people for at least 5,000 years.

1238:. Forming canyons up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft) deep, this section is often called the "Grand Canyon of the East". 7804: 7640: 7548:- copyright by Dr. Christophe Lienert, Geographical Institute of the University of Berne and Kunming Institute of Botany 7521: 4874: 3375:

area of the middle Salween from Yunnan around 1000 CE and established multiple independent kingdoms, often known as the

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and the Nu Jiang Reserve within the Salween basin; the Gaoligongshan reserve has more than 4,300 plant species. The

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controlled Yunnan and parts of northern Burma, with the Salween forming its southwestern boundary with the Burmese

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The basin supports about 151 fish species, with 77 of those found in the upper Salween. The Salween has numerous

1348:

limestone hills where numerous caves and unusual rock formations line the banks, particularly around the city of

168: 153: 4493:"Changes in Indian Summer Monsoon Using Neodymium (Nd) Isotopes in the Andaman Sea During the Last 24,000 years" 8624: 7673: 7584: 7062:

Meltdown in Tibet: China's Reckless Destruction of Ecosystems from the Highlands of Tibet to the Deltas of Asia

4249: 4186: 3719: 3647: 3238: 3169: 684:(Period: 1966–2009)169 km/a (5,400 m/s) (Period: 2009–2013)5,280 m/s (186,000 cu ft/s) 33: 3222: 7650: 8217: 7703: 4274: 4239: 4234: 3711: 3584: 3363:

migrated down the Salween River area from the Tibetan Plateau and northwest China starting around 1000 BCE.

3194: 3178: 985: 361: 284: 198: 6559: 4454: 3733: 8654: 8614: 8583: 7765: 7630: 7530: 4229: 3230: 3214: 3156: 3034: 1242: 228: 8518: 8498: 8473: 6869: 5315:"The fish diversity in the upper reaches of the Salween River, Nujiang River, revealed by DNA barcoding" 4190: 3975: 3934: 3221:. Limestone caves along the Salween in Thailand are home to numerous bat species, including the endemic 3109: 1333: 1021: 1009: 326: 320: 6482: 3686:

from the British Empire. Soon afterwards, ethnic minorities in the Salween River region, including the

3105: 1135:, at 4,594 m (15,072 ft). Downstream of the lake, the Tibetan section of the river is called 7959: 7209:

Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies

6077:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

3753:

presented an economic vision for the Salween border region – from a "battlefield into a marketplace".

8281: 8138: 8099: 8069: 7913: 6711: 5700: 5326: 5193: 5082: 4970: 4824: 4769: 4507: 4418: 3750: 3695: 3226: 1384: 1344:, which forms the Burma–Thailand border south of this point. In Karen State, the river flows through 8335: 7611: 5687:

Koning, Aaron A.; Perales, K. Martin; Fluet-Chouinard, Etienne; McIntyre, Peter B. (December 2020).

5108: 3650:, forcing the British to transport military supplies to China by air across the eastern Himalayas (" 3010:, what are now the upper Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong and Yangtze rivers may have all flowed into the 1383:. The combined river then breaks into the Dayebauk (north) and Mawlamyine (south) channels, forming 958:

establishing a national park. The future of dam projects in Myanmar and Thailand remains uncertain.

8568: 8503: 8408: 8040: 8006: 7826: 7755: 4089: 3707: 3477: 1371:. The Salween is tidally influenced up to 75 km (47 mi) inland. Here it is joined by the 1235: 1216: 1013: 8325: 8276: 8256: 7730: 7606: 4491:

Harunur, Rashid; Alexandra, T. Gourlan; Brittany, Marche; Kaylyn, Sheppard; Nabil, Khélif (2019).

4193:

region as a World Heritage Site. Many of the proposed dams fell within this area. In 2004 Premier

8513: 8403: 8266: 8104: 8054: 8018: 7903: 7792: 6683:"Thailand plans to dust off Hatgyi Dam; EGATi awaits Myanmar Govt to negotiate with ethnic group" 6608: 5732: 4793: 4523: 4009: 3889: 3730:

production during the 1960s. Opium trafficking remains a major source of funding for insurgents.

3552: 3545: 3415: 3297: 3206: 1356: 1212: 1124: 919: 345: 278: 8376: 7167:

Materialising Exile: Material Culture and Embodied Experience Among Karenni Refugees in Thailand

6825: 6803: 6781: 6759: 3962: 3925: 1258: 6352: 3614:) might be the true source of the Irrawaddy, Salween or Mekong. In 1935-36, British geographer 1278:. Turning south, the river slices a winding course through the vast upland region known as the 1115: 8478: 8013: 7601: 7494: 7473: 7452: 7431: 7406:"Thai-Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century and the growth of the First Toungoo Empire" 7390: 7369: 7348: 7327: 7306: 7285: 7264: 7245: 7224: 7192: 7171: 7150: 7129: 7108: 7087: 7066: 7045: 7024: 7003: 6376:

World Drug Traffic and Its Impact on U.S. Security: The global context; report of General Walt

6274: 6208: 6134: 6107: 6081: 5724: 5716: 5362: 5344: 5229: 5211: 4852: 4785: 4570: 4436: 4047: 3822: 3715: 3626: 3607: 3462: 3242: 3198: 3182: 3134: 3126: 3056: 3019: 972: 939: 3703:

on the Salween 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Mawlamyine, but the insurgency continued.

8458: 8398: 7954: 7809: 5708: 5352: 5334: 5219: 5201: 5180:

Meng, Lihua; Chen, Gang; Li, Zhonghu; Yang, Yongping; Wang, Zhengkun; Wang, Liuyang (2015).

5090: 4842: 4832: 4777: 4515: 4426: 4131: 4094: 3838: 3806: 3564: 3287: 3150: 3011: 1388: 954: 828: 68: 63: 45: 3833:) to the Ping. Tunnels up to 88 kilometres (55 mi) long would have to be constructed. 3046:

The Nujiang fault zone stretches over 600 km (370 mi) along the river in Yunnan.

1035:

The average volume of sediment in the Salween Delta is around 180 million tonnes per year.

8448: 8438: 8320: 7974: 7568: 4572:

Tenasserim: Or Notes on the Fauna, Flora, Minerals, and Nations of British Burmah and Pegu

4198:

ended in 2013, power companies made a renewed push for construction of the Nu River dams.

3687: 3662: 3615: 3611: 3532: 3497: 3443: 3435: 3327: 3202: 3161: 3051: 3015: 1246: 1032:

season (mid-May through November), and only 11 percent in the remainder of the year.

968: 862: 295: 4932: 5704: 5330: 5197: 5086: 4828: 4773: 4550: 4511: 4422: 4306: 4177:

Company was created after an agreement between the Yunnan provincial government and the

3575: 3262: 128: 8593: 8588: 8550: 8493: 8463: 8361: 8291: 8241: 8084: 7735: 6509:"Australian Firm Says Community Opposition Impeding Consultations on Controversial Dam" 5845: 5357: 5314: 5224: 5181: 3691: 3588: 3419: 3218: 3174: 3061: 2654: 2592: 1608: 1220: 1100: 1092: 1064: 1056: 935: 927: 858: 771: 7365:

Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, & Tibet

4375: 4373: 8608: 8540: 8271: 8236: 8202: 8163: 8133: 8064: 7928: 7918: 7846: 7787: 7782: 7750: 7562:

A history of first raft and kayak descents of the Salween in Tibet and Yunnan, China.

5736: 5094: 4797: 4527: 4269: 4178: 4014: 3971: 3666: 3592: 3469: 3458: 3454: 2638: 2103: 1290: 1286: 1128: 1127:

in the central Tibetan Plateau. The headwaters are located near Dengka Peak, east of

1096: 1084: 1044: 997: 934:

along the middle Salween being a frequently contested area. In the 19th century, the

904: 243: 102: 86: 6735:"Damming the Salween: what next for Southeast Asia's last great free-flowing river?" 5688: 8545: 8468: 8418: 8330: 8158: 8094: 8089: 7986: 7979: 7945: 7933: 7923: 7888: 7745: 7740: 4264: 3671: 3635: 3528: 3501: 3482: 3473: 3423: 3395: 3360: 3318: 3190: 2524: 2508: 1488: 1427: 1372: 1088: 1080: 1040: 1017: 816: 812: 213: 5271: 5248: 5136: 1162:, it is joined from the east by the Yu River, its longest tributary within China. 7488: 7467: 7446: 7425: 7384: 7363: 7342: 7321: 7300: 7279: 7239: 7218: 7207: 7186: 7165: 7144: 7123: 7102: 7081: 7060: 7039: 7018: 6997: 6374: 6328: 6306: 6268: 6228: 6202: 6128: 6101: 6075: 3579:

Moulmein during British rule, around 1870. View of Salween river in the distance.

8535: 8508: 8443: 8428: 8383: 8371: 8351: 8315: 8261: 8246: 8173: 8168: 8148: 8028: 8023: 7964: 7893: 7851: 6433:"Dam projects on mighty Salween River threaten to re-ignite Myanmar's civil war" 4723: 4358: 4126: 3967: 3930: 3893: 3516: 3391: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3272: 3234: 3130: 3095: 3041:(crustal fragments) that accreted separately to the Asian continent – forming a 1360: 1325: 1151: 1076: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1001: 947: 931: 891: 866: 763: 442: 430: 425: 309: 305: 7261:

Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River

4519: 3055:

across the Tibetan Plateau. Ultimately the Yarlung Tsangpo was captured by the

1340:. At the south end of the border section it is joined by the northwest-flowing 8528: 8393: 8388: 8356: 8301: 8251: 8207: 8197: 8183: 8079: 8001: 7883: 7856: 7841: 7821: 7760: 7720: 7469:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Part 2

5712: 5380: 4194: 4135: 4098: 4051: 4041: 3884: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3774: 3770: 3643: 3511: 3505: 3399: 3372: 3355: 3145: 3099: 3069: 2576: 2560: 2542: 2532: 1976: 1915: 1854: 1732: 1669: 1364: 1341: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289:(Kayah State) the river is joined by several large tributaries, including the 1279: 1271: 1147: 1104: 993: 943: 918:

During the last 1,000 years, the Salween has defined various frontiers of the

912: 882: 840: 836: 832: 808: 800: 595: 591: 301: 118: 7596: 5720: 5348: 5215: 4856: 4813:"Water Storage Variations in Tibet from GRACE, ICESat, and Hydrological Data" 4789: 4607: 4440: 2425: 2412: 2366: 2353: 2249: 2236: 2190: 2177: 2131: 2118: 2070: 2057: 2004: 1991: 1943: 1930: 1882: 1869: 1821: 1808: 1760: 1747: 1699: 1686: 1636: 1623: 1575: 1562: 1516: 1503: 1455: 1442: 1274:, which the river enters immediately upon leaving China, it is also known as 475: 462: 394: 381: 17: 8523: 8488: 8366: 8227: 8212: 8192: 8143: 8114: 8109: 8074: 8049: 7996: 7991: 7969: 7908: 7898: 7861: 7836: 7772: 7645: 7540: 7125:

The Maritime Silk Road and Cultural Communication Between China and the West

4259: 4173: 3450: 3387: 3383: 3165: 2622: 2550: 2041: 2037: 1793: 1368: 1314: 1294: 1224: 1200: 1199:, but also translating literally to "angry river". (The character is only a 1196: 1132: 1068: 1052: 1005: 900: 804: 796: 313: 7220:

China's New Socialist Countryside: Modernity Arrives in the Nu River Valley

5776:"After a century of logging, Myanmar struggles to preserve its teak groves" 5728: 5366: 5233: 3342: 5313:

Chen, Weitao; Ma, Xiuhui; Shen, Yanjun; Mao, Yuntao; He, Shunping (2015).

1227:, the highest peak in the Salween basin at 6,740 m (22,110 ft). 1154:, the river begins a series of turns south and southeast, passing through 8483: 8286: 8059: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7831: 5874: 5689:"A network of grassroots reserves protects tropical river fish diversity" 4431: 4406: 3802: 3651: 3630:

Chinese troops battle the Japanese along the Salween River in Burma, 1944

3524: 3490: 3210: 3138: 3090: 1155: 878: 271: 7149:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 6560:"Thousands of People Have Been 'Displaced by Fighting' in Eastern Burma" 5490:"Stone, Sand, Water: the key ingredients changing the Salween landscape" 7711: 4847: 4837: 4812: 4339: 3431: 3411: 3305: 3038: 3007: 1380: 1208: 1029: 980: 874: 634: 267: 7635: 7515: 5339: 5206: 4781: 3504:

captured and destroyed Martaban in 1541. Under the subsequent rule of

3468:

In the late 1200s, the Pagan Kingdom collapsed after invasions of the

885:. The river is known by various names along its course, including the 8573: 8453: 8433: 8413: 8153: 7725: 6535:"Karen Villagers Protest Hatgyi Dam, Other Projects on Salween River" 6103:

Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier

5159:"Biotic survey in Gaoligongshan Mountains scores remarkable progress" 4650:"Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Myanmar Hydropower Sector" 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 3700: 3427: 3426:) ruled the Salween Delta and surrounding coasts from the capital of 3296:

offshore. The most important commercial species include Nga pone na (

2803: 2675: 1349: 1204: 1182: 1159: 989: 976: 730: 672: 288: 76: 7551: 7146:

The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in Indo-Burma

950:) contested between the Burmese military and local ethnic militias. 7448:

Dams and Development in China: The Moral Economy of Water and Power

7083:

The Mekong: Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin

3141:

forests occur in the Salween delta, especially on Bilugyun Island.

1355:

The Salween emerges from the mountains into the coastal plain near

895:

sp., an olive-like plant that grows on its banks) in Burma and the

7698: 6351:. U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. March–April 1945. Archived from 4162: 3732: 3727: 3625: 3587:

in 1824, the Konbaung dynasty ceded coastal areas of Burma to the

3574: 3510: 3341: 3286: 3261: 3104: 3024: 1345: 1257: 1140: 1114: 861:

river, about 3,289 km (2,044 mi) long, flowing from the

446: 365: 357: 263: 3674:. By August 1945 the Allies had retaken Burma from the Japanese. 8124: 7386:

Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour

5464:"Saving the Salween: Southeast Asia's last major undammed river" 5249:"Southeastern Asia: China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam" 4747: 3620: 3596: 7669: 6889: 6887: 6628: 6626: 4613:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011 646:(Period: 1971–2000)5,217.5 m/s (184,250 cu ft/s) 608:(Period: 1971–2000)6,391.9 m/s (225,730 cu ft/s) 7556: 7546:

Hydrometeorological Approach to the Upper Salween River (USRB)

7545: 7281:

Ethnic Groups of North, East and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

7038:

Bridgland, David R.; Vandenberghe, Jef; Wang, Xianyan (2019).

5538: 5536: 4910:"Thailand's Responsibility to the People of the Salween River" 4675:"BASELINE ASSESSMENT REPORT GEOMORPHIC AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT" 877:(Burma), with a short section forming the border of Burma and 7344:

Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places

5404:"China May Shelve Plans to Build Dams on Its Last Wild River" 4352: 4350: 4348: 4340:

New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data

4167:

Small hydroelectric plant next to the Salween River in Yunnan

3531:

China entered a new period of western expansion. In 1717 the

3523:

In the 1640s, the last years of the Ming dynasty, geographer

3116:

Around the Burma–China border, the Salween flows through the

3037:. The mountain ranges separating these rivers are individual 1379:, the second longest bridge in Burma, connects Mawlamyine to 545:

6,600 m/s (210 km/a) 211 km/a (6,700 m/s)

6662:"The fight for the Salween, mighty river still running free" 6483:"The Nation: Illegal Logging Thrives in Salween Rain Forest" 6045: 6043: 979:

system on the east, and sharing a shorter boundary with the

746:(Period: 1971–2000)1,437 m/s (50,700 cu ft/s) 7107:. MacMillan and the International Rice Research Institute. 1375:

from the east and the Ataran river from the southeast. The

907:

of the Burmese name dating from 19th-century British maps.

5879:"The Surprisingly Early Settlement of the Tibetan Plateau" 5438:"Salween Peace Park, a desperate bid to counter mega-dams" 3722:(CPB, or "White Flag Communists"). This area, part of the 3334:

considerable increase in mining activity along the river.

1146:

From Cona Lake, the river flows south and turns east near

6919: 6917: 5829: 5827: 5137:"Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests" 5033: 1245:

via a series of deep canyons broken by wider valleys. In

7656:

Water Diversion from the Salween to the Chaophraya River

7535: 5291: 5289: 5017: 5015: 1262:

Salween River at the boundary between Burma and Thailand

1139:, "black river". In Tibet the river flows mostly within 1071:. In Burma and Myanmar, the major ethnic groups include 5044: 5042: 3414:) in the Salween Delta was a major trading port on the 3086:

Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests

903:) in China. The commonly used spelling "Salween" is an 175: 6904: 6902: 6127:

Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978).

5247:

Carpenter, Chris; Boonratana, Ramesh; Rundel, Philip.

4381:"Myanmar: Third GMS Corridor Town Development Project" 160: 145: 6379:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972. p. 161. 3233:. In the Salween delta, wetlands provide habitat for 190: 7041:

Special External Effects on Fluvial System Evolution

6586:"Violent Protests against the Hatgyi Dam in Myanmar" 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 3137:

deciduous forests are widespread in the Shan Hills.

3133:–dominant tropical forests occur on granitic soils. 1321:, drains into the Salween by way of the Pawn River. 220: 8559: 8344: 8300: 8226: 8182: 8123: 8039: 7944: 7710: 7020:

Tibet's Secret Mountain: The Triumph of Sepu Kangri

5308: 5306: 5304: 4873:. International Rivers. 24 May 2012. Archived from 3098:, and has been regarded as a major driver of plant 822: 789: 781: 769: 759: 754: 740: 724: 716: 698: 688: 678: 666: 658: 640: 628: 620: 602: 585: 577: 559: 549: 539: 529: 521: 509: 501: 491: 452: 436: 424: 410: 371: 351: 341: 332: 319: 294: 277: 259: 254: 138: 41: 7241:The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–45 4811:Zou, Fang; Tenzer, Robert; Jin, Shuanggen (2019). 1266:In Burma the Salween river is officially known as 7427:Tales of the Himalaya: Adventures of a Naturalist 6962:"Joy as China shelves plans to dam 'angry river'" 5109:"Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas" 4724:"State of Knowledge: River Health in the Salween" 1332:; much of the Thai side of the border is part of 6655: 6653: 4575:. Maulmain: American Mission Press. p. 213. 3418:as early as 200 BCE. By the 6th century CE, the 7636:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 7516:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 7490:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 7302:The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma 6255: 3805:of electricity – comparable to that of China's 3780: 2488:Major tributaries by average flow (1971–2000): 1232:Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 1230:Much of the river within Yunnan is part of the 869:. The Salween flows primarily within southwest 6706: 6704: 6230:Diplomatic and Consular Reports. Annual Series 5807:"Illegal Log Trade Continues on Salween River" 4608:"Transboundary River Basin Overview – Salween" 4411:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 32:"Salween" redirects here. For other uses, see 7681: 6947: 6935: 6893: 6644: 6632: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6243: 6010: 5998: 5761: 5749: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5566: 5542: 4994: 4938:. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 4895: 3708:Chinese Nationalist troops invaded Shan State 565:32,600 m/s (1,150,000 cu ft/s) 49: 8: 6848:"Noung Pha and Man Taung Hydropower Project" 6207:. University of Hawaii Press. January 1990. 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 3743:Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 3544:, driving out the Dzungars and establishing 7528:Nature Conservancy: Gongshan Nature Reserve 6426: 6424: 6422: 6189: 6177: 6133:. Cambridge University Press. p. 326. 6049: 5986: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4338:Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): 3737:Salween on the border of Burma and Thailand 3322:banned there due to environmental impacts. 1211:, separated by high mountain ridges of the 704:17,080 m/s (603,000 cu ft/s) 7688: 7674: 7666: 7623:Phoel, Cynthia M., "Bargaining Power", in 7017:Bonington, Chris; Clarke, Charles (2020). 6333:. Chinese news Service. 1943. p. 196. 5161:. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 8 July 2004 4722:Johnston, Robyn; et al. (July 2017). 3291:Fishing boats in the Salween River, Hpa-An 2581:334.7 m/s (11,820 cu ft/s) 2565:382.5 m/s (13,510 cu ft/s) 2547:402.4 m/s (14,210 cu ft/s) 2529:501.7 m/s (17,720 cu ft/s) 2513:672.3 m/s (23,740 cu ft/s) 1398: 1008:. In Thailand the Salween borders only on 235: 127: 7466:Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Denis W. (1978). 5431: 5429: 5356: 5338: 5223: 5205: 5130: 5128: 5126: 4846: 4836: 4430: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 2659:128.6 m/s (4,540 cu ft/s) 2643:165.1 m/s (5,830 cu ft/s) 2611:213.7 m/s (7,550 cu ft/s) 2597:226.5 m/s (8,000 cu ft/s) 2519:111.5 m/s (3,940 cu ft/s) 1317:, the second largest lake in Burma and a 694:1,743 m/s (61,600 cu ft/s) 555:2,300 m/s (81,000 cu ft/s) 513:283,500 km (109,500 sq mi) 205: 7323:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration 6061: 6034: 6022: 5006: 4342:. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94. 4309:(in Chinese). ScienceNet. 22 August 2011 3848: 3837:potentially causing water shortages and 3783:pads, access roads and other facilities. 2808: 2680: 2649:60.3 m/s (2,130 cu ft/s) 2633:61.8 m/s (2,180 cu ft/s) 2617:84.6 m/s (2,990 cu ft/s) 2603:88.6 m/s (3,130 cu ft/s) 2587:89.7 m/s (3,170 cu ft/s) 2571:90.5 m/s (3,200 cu ft/s) 2555:91.5 m/s (3,230 cu ft/s) 2537:94.2 m/s (3,330 cu ft/s) 2490: 1241:Continuing south, the river crosses the 7259:Middleton, Carl; Lamb, Vanessa (2019). 7188:Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science 6923: 6345:"Air Supply on the Salween River Front" 6165: 6153: 5962: 5938: 5926: 5914: 5554: 5295: 5270:Wikramanayake, Eric; Carpenter, Chris. 5034:Bridgland, Vandenberghe & Wang 2019 5021: 4602: 4291: 2802:Monthly flow pattern Thanlwin river at 2627:202 m/s (7,100 cu ft/s) 1169:In Yunnan, the Salween is known as the 1119:Salween River near Bingzhongluo, Yunnan 6999:Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers 6607:Deetes, Pianporn (23 September 2020). 6468: 6456: 6330:Contemporary China: A Reference Digest 6311:Contemporary China: A Reference Digest 6293: 5048: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 3852:Proposed dams on the Salween in Burma 3118:Northern Indochina subtropical forests 38: 6588:. ECC Platform Libraray. January 2009 3472:. The Mongols had also conquered the 3266:Salween River at Myaing Ka Lay, Burma 3082:Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve 3029:Salween (Gyalmo Nagqu) river in Tibet 992:. In Burma the Salween flows through 101: 62: 7: 7641:Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area 7536:Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia 7522:Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area 6908: 6733:Stokes, Demelza (23 November 2016). 6431:Gray, Dennis D. (11 December 2014). 5974: 5950: 5902: 5805:Naing, Saw Yan (27 September 2016). 5488:Stokes, Demelza (21 December 2016). 5060: 4971:"Voyaging deep into Myanmar's caves" 4956: 4933:"IWRM in international river basins" 4871:"The Salween River Basin Fact Sheet" 3829:(a tributary of the Salween via the 3542:sent a larger force to Tibet in 1720 1158:prefecture. Shortly before entering 8579:North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal 6273:. SCB Distributors. 23 March 2011. 5402:Leavenworth, Stuart (12 May 2016). 5111:. IUCN World Heritage Outlook. 2017 4552:CHAPTER 5 NATURAL CONDITION SURVEYS 4218:View of Salween River in Shan State 3476:(Nanzhao's successor). In 1287 the 7389:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. 7223:. University of Washington Press. 6870:"KungLong Dam (Upper Thanlwin Dam" 6660:Fawthrop, Tom (19 December 2016). 6481:Sukin, Kamol (26 September 1997). 6270:Yeti, Sasquatch & Hairy Giants 6106:. Harvard University Press. 2006. 5272:"Kayah-Karen montane rain forests" 3430:. From 738–902 CE, the kingdom of 3148:species, including the endangered 1254:Lower Salween (Burma and Thailand) 1250:(13,000 ft) from its source. 1012:, with tributaries extending into 975:river systems on the west and the 735:Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture 25: 7065:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. 6960:Phillips, Tom (2 December 2016). 5516:"Defending Burma's Salween River" 4908:Deetes, Pai (29 September 2016). 1402:Tributaries of the Salween River 1028:of the annual flow occurs in the 7697: 5855:from the original on 8 June 2023 5436:Bonini, Alan (20 January 2019). 5095:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2009.00346.x 4207: 3766:the end of military rule in 2011 3123:Kayah-Karen montane rain forests 1324:Further south, the river enters 111: 7557:Last Descents River Expeditions 5774:Salopek, Paul (5 August 2020). 3661:(CEF), led by American General 3646:constructed in 1938 during the 3453:expanded the boundaries of the 7472:. Cambridge University Press. 7080:Campbell, Ian Charles (2009). 6533:Nyein, Nyein (14 March 2018). 6507:Hopkins, David (6 June 2015). 6130:The Cambridge History of China 6080:. Cambridge University Press. 5462:Fawthorp, Tom (13 June 2016). 4969:Holden, Jeremy (11 May 2017). 3726:, became a center for illegal 3446:, heading west towards India. 3064:scattered across Nagqu today. 1187: 1178: 1123:The Salween originates in the 454: • coordinates 373: • coordinates 133:Map of the Salween River basin 81: 1: 7451:. Columbia University Press. 7305:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 7206:Haokip, TS Letkhosei (2018). 4975:Fauna and Flora International 4500:Earth Systems and Environment 3811:National League for Democracy 3640:Japanese Empire invaded Burma 3571:British rule and World War II 505:3,289 km (2,044 mi) 416:5,432 m (17,822 ft) 333:Physical characteristics 29:Major river in Southeast Asia 8645:International rivers of Asia 5514:Benson, Louisa (June 1994). 3846:the remaining dams by 2031. 3710:after being defeated by the 3623:in Europe during the 1930s. 3168:in Shan State, designated a 493: • elevation 412: • elevation 7612:GPX (secondary coordinates) 7413:Journal of the Siam Society 6256:Bonington & Clarke 2020 6204:South Asia: A Short History 4360:River Health in the Salween 4255:List of rivers by discharge 4189:had voted to list Yunnan's 3684:Burma declared independence 3659:Chinese Expeditionary Force 3538:Battle of the Salween River 2678:Station of Thanlwin River: 726: • location 668: • location 630: • location 587: • location 531: • location 438: • location 353: • location 161: 8671: 7424:Swan, Lawrence W. (2000). 7404:Surakiat, Pamaree (2005). 7341:Schellinger, Paul (2012). 7101:Catling, H. David (1992). 4520:10.1007/s41748-019-00105-0 4245:List of rivers of Thailand 3489:against the Shan state of 3487:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns 1338:Salawin Wildlife Sanctuary 899:(or Nu River, named after 742: • average 700: • maximum 690: • minimum 680: • average 642: • average 604: • average 561: • maximum 551: • minimum 541: • average 236: 221: 206: 191: 176: 103:[mɛ̂ːnáːmsǎːləwin] 31: 7607:GPX (primary coordinates) 7582:Map all coordinates using 7487:West, Barbara A. (2010). 7244:. Yale University Press. 7217:Harwood, Russell (2013). 7212:. Educreation Publishing. 7059:Buckley, Michael (2014). 7023:. Vertebrate Publishing. 6948:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6936:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6894:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6645:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6633:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6414:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6402:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6390:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6244:Middleton & Lamb 2019 6011:Twitchett & Mote 1978 5999:Twitchett & Mote 1978 5835:"A Conflict of Interests" 5762:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5750:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5713:10.1038/s41586-020-2944-y 5675:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5663:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5651:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5639:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5627:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5615:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5603:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5591:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5579:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5567:Middleton & Lamb 2019 5543:Middleton & Lamb 2019 4995:Middleton & Lamb 2019 4931:Zeitler, Florian (2013). 4896:Middleton & Lamb 2019 3851: 2814: 2811: 2772: 2686: 2683: 2661: 1401: 1387:before emptying into the 847: 750: 712: 708: 654: 650: 616: 612: 573: 569: 517: 420: 337: 146: 126: 110: 90: 72: 50: 7590:Download coordinates as: 7430:. Mountain N'Air Books. 7368:. Oxford, England: OUP. 7347:. Taylor & Francis. 7191:. Taylor & Francis. 7143:Darwall, W.R.T. (2012). 6437:Minneapolis Star Tribune 6349:The Quartermaster Review 6074:Needham, Joseph (1959). 5075:The Geographical Journal 4250:List of rivers by length 4187:World Heritage Committee 3773:) in Shan State and the 3720:Communist Party of Burma 3648:Second Sino-Japanese War 3540:. In response, the Qing 3371:, began moving into the 3239:Asian small-clawed otter 3170:UNESCO Biosphere Reserve 824: • right 64:[θàɰ̃lwɪ̀ɰ̃mjɪʔ] 34:Salween (disambiguation) 8650:Myanmar–Thailand border 7631:Salween River Watch NGO 7567:28 October 2019 at the 7320:Ness, Immanuel (2014). 7299:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 7278:Minahan, James (2014). 7164:Dudley, Sandra (2010). 4569:Mason, Francis (1851). 4307:"中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头" 4275:Bogyoke Aung San bridge 4240:List of rivers of Burma 4235:List of rivers of China 3585:First Anglo-Burmese War 3245:, among other species. 3195:black snub-nosed monkey 3179:Giant Asian pond turtle 1319:World Biosphere Reserve 1297:from the east, and the 1195:, after the indigenous 986:Tibet Autonomous Region 791: • left 285:Tibet Autonomous Region 8584:Eastern Zhejiang Canal 7531:The Nature Conservancy 7493:. Facts on File, Inc. 7383:Slatyer, Will (2014). 7238:McLynn, Frank (2011). 6872:. Burma Rivers Network 6850:. Burma Rivers Network 6828:. Burma Rivers Network 6806:. Burma Rivers Network 6784:. Burma Rivers Network 6762:. Burma Rivers Network 6714:. Burma Rivers Network 6611:. International Rivers 6609:"Peace on the Salween" 6307:"The Salween Campaign" 5842:cdn2.globalwitness.org 5383:. International Rivers 4912:. International Rivers 4762:Hydrological Processes 4230:List of rivers of Asia 4168: 3785: 3738: 3631: 3580: 3558:In the 1590s Siam had 3520: 3347: 3292: 3267: 3231:slender-billed vulture 3215:eastern hoolock gibbon 3157:Akrokolioplax bicornis 3113: 3035:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau 3030: 1679:Mae Hong Son Province 1313:, "Thousand Islands". 1263: 1243:Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau 1120: 942:, with large areas in 930:to the east, with the 207:သာန်လာန်, မႄႈၼမ်ႉၶူင်း 8620:Freshwater ecoregions 7704:Major rivers of China 7651:Salween First Descent 7646:NuJiang River Project 7602:GPX (all coordinates) 7541:NuJiang River Project 7362:Searle, Mike (2013). 5274:. World Wildlife Fund 5251:. World Wildlife Fund 5139:. World Wildlife Fund 4748:Björnsson et al. 2011 4191:Three Parallel Rivers 4166: 3976:Mae Hong Son Province 3935:Mae Hong Son Province 3821:, part of Thailand's 3736: 3629: 3578: 3514: 3345: 3290: 3265: 3223:Kitti's hog-nosed bat 3110:Salawin National Park 3108: 3028: 2806:during 2009 to 2013: 2426:31.76028°N 93.74917°E 2367:31.16306°N 95.26472°E 2250:28.59694°N 98.36500°E 2191:24.33167°N 99.18250°E 2132:23.41194°N 98.67417°E 2071:21.55250°N 98.62639°E 2005:20.95583°N 98.50028°E 1944:20.79361°N 98.50417°E 1883:19.86167°N 97.74528°E 1822:19.14583°N 97.54389°E 1761:18.88139°N 97.32667°E 1700:17.83250°N 97.69167°E 1637:17.37889°N 97.66778°E 1576:16.69083°N 97.58833°E 1517:16.55222°N 97.66361°E 1456:16.52000°N 97.65917°E 1334:Salawin National Park 1261: 1118: 1111:Upper Salween (China) 1022:Kanchanaburi Province 1010:Mae Hong Son Province 476:16.19417°N 97.58333°E 395:32.72972°N 92.23278°E 7552:China Rivers Project 7445:Tilt, Bryan (2014). 7086:. Elsevier Science. 5381:"Nu (Salween) River" 4478:"Salween (Nu river)" 4432:10.1029/2020JF005554 3751:Chatichai Choonhavan 3696:Karen National Union 3406:Expansion of empires 3227:white-rumped vulture 3014:, emptying into the 962:Geography and naming 497:0 m (0 ft) 7185:Gunn, John (2004). 7128:. Lexington Books. 6689:. 14 September 2016 6317:(23). 2 April 1945. 5883:Scientific American 5780:National Geographic 5705:2020Natur.588..631K 5408:National Geographic 5331:2015NatSR...517437C 5198:2015NatSR...510396M 5087:2010GeogJ.176..138H 4829:2019RemS...11.1103Z 4774:2017HyPr...31.1034C 4512:2019ESE.....3..105R 4423:2020JGRF..12505554B 3515:Salween (Nagqu) in 3478:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 3402:settled in Yunnan. 3367:, ancestors of the 2422: / 2363: / 2246: / 2187: / 2128: / 2067: / 2001: / 1940: / 1879: / 1818: / 1757: / 1696: / 1633: / 1572: / 1513: / 1452: / 1395:List of tributaries 1236:World Heritage Site 1217:Gaoligong Mountains 755:Basin features 472: / 391: / 8640:Rivers of Thailand 8345:Other major rivers 7524:at www.eoearth.org 7170:. Berghahn Books. 7122:Chen, Yan (2020). 7104:Rice in Deep Water 6355:on 23 October 2020 6001:, p. 313–314. 5953:, p. 540–542. 5917:, p. 202–203. 5641:, p. 228–230. 5617:, p. 175–176. 5319:Scientific Reports 5186:Scientific Reports 5135:Carpenter, Chris. 4959:, p. 212–213. 4838:10.3390/rs11091103 4655:. World Bank. 2018 4169: 3890:Hlaingbwe Township 3797:Burma and Thailand 3739: 3632: 3581: 3553:Nujiang Prefecture 3546:Qing rule of Tibet 3521: 3449:In the 1060s King 3422:(one of the early 3416:Maritime Silk Road 3348: 3312:Logging and mining 3298:Paradise threadfin 3293: 3268: 3207:Asiatic black bear 3114: 3031: 2503:Average discharge 2497:Average discharge 2431:31.76028; 93.74917 2372:31.16306; 95.26472 2255:28.59694; 98.36500 2196:24.33167; 99.18250 2137:23.41194; 98.67417 2076:21.55250; 98.62639 2010:20.95583; 98.50028 1949:20.79361; 98.50417 1888:19.86167; 97.74528 1827:19.14583; 97.54389 1766:18.88139; 97.32667 1705:17.83250; 97.69167 1642:17.37889; 97.66778 1581:16.69083; 97.58833 1522:16.55222; 97.66361 1461:16.52000; 97.65917 1416:Mouth coordinates 1357:Hlaingbwe Township 1285:In Shan State and 1264: 1213:Hengduan Mountains 1125:Tanggula Mountains 1121: 926:to the south, and 481:16.19417; 97.58333 400:32.72972; 92.23278 346:Tanggula Mountains 177:ကၟံင့်ယှောတ်ခၠေါဟ် 8635:Rivers of Myanmar 8602: 8601: 7518:at whc.unesco.org 7270:978-3-319-77439-8 6566:. 12 October 2016 6140:978-0-521-24333-9 5699:(7839): 631–635. 5520:Cultural Survival 5414:on 1 October 2019 5340:10.1038/srep17437 5207:10.1038/srep10396 4782:10.1002/hyp.11085 4156: 4155: 4084:Pre-construction 4048:Mong Ton Township 3920:Pre-construction 3716:Chinese Civil War 3608:Brahmaputra River 3463:Ayutthaya Kingdom 3243:Siamese crocodile 3199:Indochinese tiger 3183:Big-headed turtle 3127:drought deciduous 3057:Brahmaputra River 3020:Chao Phraya River 2998: 2997: 2800: 2799: 2665: 2664: 2486: 2485: 946:and Karen State ( 940:Burmese Civil War 922:to the west, the 851: 850: 184:Pwo Eastern Karen 117:Salween River in 16:(Redirected from 8662: 8630:Rivers of Yunnan 7766:Qingyi (Sichuan) 7702: 7701: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7667: 7504: 7483: 7462: 7441: 7420: 7410: 7400: 7379: 7358: 7337: 7316: 7295: 7274: 7263:. SpringerOpen. 7255: 7234: 7213: 7202: 7181: 7160: 7139: 7118: 7097: 7076: 7055: 7034: 7013: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6199: 6193: 6190:Schellinger 2012 6187: 6181: 6178:Schellinger 2012 6175: 6169: 6168:, p. 52–55. 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6050:Schellinger 2012 6047: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5987:Schellinger 2012 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5965:, p. 53–54. 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5877:(1 March 2017). 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5786:on 7 August 2020 5782:. Archived from 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5410:. Archived from 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5360: 5342: 5310: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5209: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5132: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4840: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4768:(5): 1034–1046. 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4719: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4612: 4604: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4547: 4532: 4531: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4336: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4303: 4211: 4146: 4132:Kunlong Township 4115: 4105: 4095:Tangyan Township 4080: 4074: 4066: 4058: 4031: 4025: 3998: 3990: 3982: 3951: 3941: 3916: 3910: 3900: 3849: 3839:saline intrusion 3807:Three Gorges Dam 3665:and assisted by 3565:Konbaung dynasty 3185:are found here. 3151:Garra cryptonema 2815:Discharge (m/s) 2809: 2687:Discharge (m/s) 2681: 2491: 2482:(3,275 mi) 2479: 2471: 2453:(5,377 mi) 2450: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2394:(1,856 mi) 2391: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2335:(1,463 mi) 2332: 2324: 2306:(1,201 mi) 2303: 2295: 2277:(3,622 mi) 2274: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2218:(2,550 mi) 2215: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2159:(3,211 mi) 2156: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2098:(3,984 mi) 2095: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2032:(4,794 mi) 2029: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1971:(2,014 mi) 1968: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1910:(5,918 mi) 1907: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1849:(2,769 mi) 1846: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1788:(7,386 mi) 1785: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1727:(5,778 mi) 1724: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1664:(1,169 mi) 1661: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1600: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1544:(3,621 mi) 1541: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1483:(2,288 mi) 1480: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1399: 1389:Gulf of Martaban 1223:, which include 1189: 1180: 825: 792: 774: 743: 727: 701: 691: 681: 669: 643: 631: 605: 588: 562: 552: 542: 532: 487: 486: 484: 483: 482: 477: 473: 470: 469: 468: 465: 413: 406: 405: 403: 402: 401: 396: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 374: 354: 247: 239: 238: 232: 224: 223: 217: 209: 208: 202: 194: 193: 187: 179: 178: 172: 169:Standard Tibetan 164: 157: 154:Standard Tibetan 149: 148: 147:རྒྱལ་མོ་རྔུལ་ཆུ། 131: 115: 105: 100: 92: 83: 74: 66: 61: 53: 52: 39: 21: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8625:Rivers of Tibet 8605: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8555: 8519:Han (Guangdong) 8499:Jiao (Zhejiang) 8474:Jiao (Shandong) 8439:Yarlung Tsangpo 8434:Elephant Spring 8340: 8296: 8222: 8178: 8119: 8035: 7940: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7577: 7569:Wayback Machine 7512: 7510:Further reading 7507: 7501: 7486: 7480: 7465: 7459: 7444: 7438: 7423: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7382: 7376: 7361: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7319: 7313: 7298: 7292: 7277: 7271: 7258: 7252: 7237: 7231: 7216: 7205: 7199: 7184: 7178: 7163: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7121: 7115: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7073: 7058: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7016: 7010: 6995: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5748: 5744: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5541: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5312: 5311: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4877:on 25 July 2018 4869: 4868: 4864: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4750:, p. 1174. 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4580: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4535: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4403: 4402: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4161: 4144: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4029: 4023: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3875: 3870: 3799: 3794: 3724:Golden Triangle 3680: 3663:Joseph Stilwell 3616:Ronald Kaulback 3612:Yarlung Tsangpo 3573: 3533:Dzungar Khanate 3498:Toungoo dynasty 3436:Pyu city-states 3408: 3340: 3328:illegal logging 3314: 3285: 3256: 3251: 3203:clouded leopard 3175:Sittaung Rivers 3129:forests, while 3102:in the region. 3078: 3052:Yarlung Tsangpo 3043:basin and range 3016:South China Sea 3003: 2674:Flow regime at 2672: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1674:Burma/Thailand 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1413:State/Province 1397: 1385:Bilugyun Island 1377:Thanlwin Bridge 1363:and estuary in 1256: 1247:Longling County 1113: 964: 924:Kingdom of Siam 920:Burmese empires 865:south into the 863:Tibetan Plateau 859:Southeast Asian 823: 790: 770: 741: 725: 699: 689: 679: 667: 641: 629: 603: 586: 560: 550: 540: 530: 494: 480: 478: 474: 471: 466: 463: 461: 459: 458: 455: 439: 411: 399: 397: 393: 390: 385: 382: 380: 378: 377: 372: 352: 306:Karenni (Kayah) 250: 241: 226: 211: 196: 181: 166: 151: 134: 122: 106: 98: 95:Mae Nam Salawin 85: 67: 59: 43: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8668: 8666: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8189: 8187: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7914:Qingyi (Anhui) 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7780: 7778:Qi (Chongqing) 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7708: 7707: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7625:Oxfam Exchange 7615: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7575:External links 7573: 7572: 7571: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7525: 7519: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7499: 7484: 7478: 7463: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7401: 7395: 7380: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7317: 7311: 7296: 7290: 7275: 7269: 7256: 7250: 7235: 7229: 7214: 7203: 7197: 7182: 7176: 7161: 7155: 7140: 7134: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7092: 7077: 7071: 7056: 7050: 7035: 7029: 7014: 7008: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6913: 6898: 6883: 6861: 6839: 6817: 6795: 6773: 6751: 6725: 6700: 6674: 6649: 6637: 6622: 6599: 6577: 6551: 6525: 6499: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6418: 6416:, p. 186. 6406: 6394: 6382: 6366: 6336: 6320: 6298: 6286: 6279: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6220: 6213: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6139: 6119: 6112: 6093: 6086: 6066: 6054: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6013:, p. 326. 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 653. 5979: 5977:, p. 185. 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5929:, p. 299. 5919: 5907: 5905:, p. 264. 5895: 5866: 5846:Global Witness 5823: 5797: 5766: 5764:, p. 247. 5754: 5752:, p. 161. 5742: 5679: 5677:, p. 225. 5667: 5665:, p. 234. 5655: 5653:, p. 231. 5643: 5631: 5629:, p. 223. 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 166. 5595: 5593:, p. 160. 5583: 5581:, p. 262. 5571: 5569:, p. 164. 5559: 5557:, p. 281. 5547: 5532: 5506: 5480: 5454: 5425: 5394: 5372: 5300: 5285: 5262: 5239: 5172: 5150: 5122: 5100: 5081:(2): 138–149. 5065: 5053: 5038: 5026: 5011: 4999: 4997:, p. 227. 4987: 4961: 4949: 4923: 4900: 4898:, p. 107. 4888: 4862: 4817:Remote Sensing 4803: 4752: 4740: 4683: 4666: 4624: 4578: 4561: 4533: 4483: 4460: 4446: 4389: 4369: 4344: 4320: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4109: 4108:(295 ft) 4101: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4069:(335 mi) 4062: 4061:(748 ft) 4054: 4045: 4040:Mong Ton Dam ( 4037: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3993:(247 mi) 3986: 3985:(551 ft) 3978: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3944:(184 ft) 3937: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3903:(108 ft) 3896: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3866:Flooding area 3864: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3679: 3676: 3589:British Empire 3572: 3569: 3420:Thaton Kingdom 3410:Martaban (now 3407: 3404: 3339: 3336: 3313: 3310: 3284: 3281: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3219:Sunda pangolin 3164:to the basin. 3077: 3074: 3062:terminal lakes 3002: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2474:(133 mi) 2467: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2445:(164 mi) 2438: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2386:(104 mi) 2379: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2269:(281 mi) 2262: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2210:(109 mi) 2203: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2151:(165 mi) 2144: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2090:(173 mi) 2083: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2024:(202 mi) 2017: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1963:(151 mi) 1956: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1902:(279 mi) 1895: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841:(127 mi) 1834: 1802: 1801:Karenni State 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1780:(210 mi) 1773: 1741: 1740:Karenni State 1738: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719:(206 mi) 1712: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1656:(136 mi) 1649: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1603:(827 mi) 1596: 1588: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536:(155 mi) 1529: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1476: 1475:(155 mi) 1468: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1255: 1252: 1221:Meili Xue Shan 1112: 1109: 963: 960: 936:British Empire 928:Imperial China 849: 848: 845: 844: 826: 820: 819: 793: 787: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 767: 766: 761: 757: 756: 752: 751: 748: 747: 744: 738: 737: 728: 722: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 696: 695: 692: 686: 685: 682: 676: 675: 670: 664: 663: 660: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 638: 637: 632: 626: 625: 622: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 606: 600: 599: 589: 583: 582: 579: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 507: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 488: 456: 453: 450: 449: 440: 437: 434: 433: 428: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 375: 369: 368: 355: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 335: 334: 330: 329: 324: 317: 316: 299: 292: 291: 282: 275: 274: 261: 257: 256: 252: 251: 249: 248: 233: 218: 203: 188: 173: 162:Gyalmo Ngulchu 158: 142: 140: 136: 135: 132: 124: 123: 116: 108: 107: 44: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8667: 8656: 8655:Border rivers 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615:Salween River 8613: 8612: 8610: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8007:Luo (Shaanxi) 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7960:Yuegu Zonglie 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7691: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7585:OpenStreetMap 7583: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7500:9781438119137 7496: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7479:9780521243339 7475: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7458:9780231538268 7454: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7437:9781879415294 7433: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7396:9781482827309 7392: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7377: 7375:9780191652493 7371: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7354:9781136639791 7350: 7346: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7333:9781118970591 7329: 7325: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7312:9780374163426 7308: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7291:9781610690188 7287: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7251:9780300178364 7247: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7230:9780295804781 7226: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7198:9781135455088 7194: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7179: 7177:9781845458096 7173: 7169: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7156:9782831714240 7152: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7135:9781498544054 7131: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7114:9789712200052 7110: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7093:9780080920634 7089: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7074: 7072:9781137474728 7068: 7064: 7063: 7057: 7053: 7051:9783039215447 7047: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7030:9781912560165 7026: 7022: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7009:9789048126415 7005: 7001: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6953: 6950:, p. 64. 6949: 6944: 6941: 6938:, p. 28. 6937: 6932: 6929: 6926:, p. 62. 6925: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6911:, p. 93. 6910: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6896:, p. 54. 6895: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6726: 6713: 6712:"Ywathit Dam" 6707: 6705: 6701: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6675: 6663: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6647:, p. 35. 6646: 6641: 6638: 6635:, p. 33. 6634: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6610: 6603: 6600: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6540: 6539:The Irrawaddy 6536: 6529: 6526: 6514: 6513:The Irrawaddy 6510: 6503: 6500: 6488: 6487:BurmaNet News 6484: 6477: 6474: 6471:, p. 72. 6470: 6465: 6462: 6459:, p. 68. 6458: 6453: 6450: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6407: 6404:, p. 79. 6403: 6398: 6395: 6392:, p. 27. 6391: 6386: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6370: 6367: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6296:, p. 18. 6295: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6280:9781935487562 6276: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6246:, p. 19. 6245: 6240: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6221: 6216: 6214:9780824812874 6210: 6206: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6192:, p. 58. 6191: 6186: 6183: 6180:, p. 56. 6179: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6113:9780674021716 6109: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6087:9780521058018 6083: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6067: 6064:, p. 85. 6063: 6062:Surakiat 2005 6058: 6055: 6052:, p. 61. 6051: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6037:, p. 92. 6036: 6035:Surakiat 2005 6031: 6028: 6025:, p. 79. 6024: 6023:Surakiat 2005 6019: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5944: 5941:, p. 54. 5940: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5812: 5811:The Irrawaddy 5808: 5801: 5798: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5545:, p. 74. 5544: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5507: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5481: 5469: 5468:The Ecologist 5465: 5458: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5395: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5298:, p. 40. 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5138: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5063:, p. 91. 5062: 5057: 5054: 5051:, p. 61. 5050: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5036:, p. 18. 5035: 5030: 5027: 5024:, p. 61. 5023: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007:Campbell 2009 5003: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4889: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Wang Yongchen 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4179:Huadian Group 4175: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:Noung Pha Dam 4088: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4015:Karenni State 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3972:Karenni State 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593:British Burma 3590: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470:Mongol Empire 3466: 3464: 3460: 3459:Narapatisithu 3456: 3455:Pagan Kingdom 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3249:Economic uses 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2329: 2327:(69 mi) 2321: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2300: 2298:(83 mi) 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2018: 2014: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1595:(92 mi) 1589: 1585: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:Nanding River 1288: 1287:Karenni State 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Tanggula Pass 1126: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Karenni State 995: 991: 987: 982: 978: 974: 970: 961: 959: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 908: 906: 905:anglicisation 902: 898: 894: 893: 889:(named after 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 788: 784: 780: 777:Salween River 776: 773: 768: 765: 762: 758: 753: 749: 745: 739: 736: 732: 729: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 697: 693: 687: 683: 677: 674: 671: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 639: 636: 633: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 601: 597: 593: 590: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 554: 548: 544: 538: 535:Salween Delta 534: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 490: 485: 457: 451: 448: 444: 441: 435: 432: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 409: 404: 376: 370: 367: 363: 359: 356: 350: 347: 344: 340: 336: 331: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 310:Karen (Kayin) 307: 303: 300: 297: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 253: 245: 234: 230: 219: 215: 204: 200: 189: 185: 174: 170: 163: 159: 155: 144: 143: 141: 137: 130: 125: 120: 114: 109: 104: 96: 91:แม่น้ำสาละวิน 88: 84: 78: 70: 65: 57: 47: 40: 35: 27: 19: 18:Nujiang River 8561:Major canals 8514:Jin (Fujian) 8423: 8336:Eastern Liao 8331:Western Liao 8125:Heilongjiang 8105:Li (Guangxi) 7934:Suzhou Creek 7904:Fu (Jiangxi) 7793:Fu (Sichuan) 7627:, Fall 2004. 7624: 7589: 7588: 7581: 7489: 7468: 7447: 7426: 7416: 7412: 7385: 7364: 7343: 7322: 7301: 7284:. ABC-CLIO. 7280: 7260: 7240: 7219: 7208: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7124: 7103: 7082: 7061: 7040: 7019: 7002:. Springer. 6998: 6969:. Retrieved 6966:The Guardian 6965: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6924:Buckley 2014 6874:. Retrieved 6864: 6852:. Retrieved 6842: 6830:. Retrieved 6826:"TaSang Dam" 6820: 6808:. Retrieved 6804:"Weigyi Dam" 6798: 6786:. Retrieved 6782:"Dagwin Dam" 6776: 6764:. Retrieved 6760:"Hatgyi Dam" 6754: 6742:. Retrieved 6738: 6728: 6716:. Retrieved 6691:. Retrieved 6686: 6677: 6665:. Retrieved 6640: 6613:. Retrieved 6602: 6590:. Retrieved 6580: 6568:. Retrieved 6563: 6554: 6542:. Retrieved 6538: 6528: 6516:. Retrieved 6512: 6502: 6490:. Retrieved 6486: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6375: 6369: 6357:. Retrieved 6353:the original 6348: 6339: 6329: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6229: 6223: 6203: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6166:Harwood 2013 6161: 6154:Slatyer 2014 6149: 6129: 6122: 6102: 6096: 6076: 6069: 6057: 6030: 6018: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5970: 5963:Myint-U 2006 5958: 5946: 5939:Harwood 2013 5934: 5927:Minahan 2014 5922: 5915:Minahan 2014 5910: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5882: 5869: 5857:. Retrieved 5841: 5814:. Retrieved 5810: 5800: 5788:. Retrieved 5784:the original 5779: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5555:Catling 1992 5550: 5523:. Retrieved 5519: 5509: 5497:. Retrieved 5493: 5483: 5471:. Retrieved 5467: 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5441: 5416:. Retrieved 5412:the original 5407: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5375: 5325:(1): 17437. 5322: 5318: 5296:Darwall 2012 5276:. Retrieved 5265: 5253:. Retrieved 5242: 5192:(1): 10396. 5189: 5185: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5113:. Retrieved 5103: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5056: 5029: 5022:Darwall 2012 5002: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4974: 4964: 4952: 4940:. Retrieved 4926: 4914:. Retrieved 4903: 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4875:the original 4865: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4615:. Retrieved 4571: 4564: 4551: 4503: 4499: 4486: 4449: 4414: 4410: 4359: 4311:. Retrieved 4265:Jinsha River 4200: 4183: 4170: 3844: 3835: 3815: 3800: 3786: 3781: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3740: 3705: 3681: 3678:1948–present 3656: 3636:World War II 3633: 3605: 3600: 3582: 3557: 3550: 3529:Qing dynasty 3522: 3502:Tabinshwehti 3495: 3474:Dali Kingdom 3467: 3448: 3424:Mon kingdoms 3409: 3396:Tang dynasty 3381: 3353: 3349: 3332: 3324: 3319:Clearcutting 3315: 3302: 3294: 3277: 3269: 3257: 3191:snow leopard 3187: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3115: 3089: 3079: 3066: 3048: 3032: 3004: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2673: 2666: 2487: 1677:Karen State/ 1616:Karen State 1373:Gyaing River 1354: 1329: 1323: 1310: 1284: 1275: 1267: 1265: 1240: 1229: 1192: 1186: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1145: 1143:prefecture. 1137:Gyalmo Nagqu 1136: 1122: 1037: 1034: 1026: 965: 952: 917: 909: 896: 890: 886: 873:and eastern 854: 852: 772:River system 327:Mae Hong Son 94: 80: 55: 26: 8569:Grand Canal 8429:Lion Spring 8139:2nd Songhua 8014:Luo (Henan) 7044:. 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Wiley. 6909:Tilt 2014 5975:Chen 2020 5951:West 2010 5903:Ness 2014 5875:Qiu, Jane 5737:227175010 5721:1476-4687 5349:2045-2322 5216:2045-2322 5061:Swan 2000 4957:Gunn 2004 4857:2072-4292 4798:132522836 4790:0885-6087 4528:198422435 4441:2169-9003 4286:Citations 4260:Pai River 4174:Guangzhou 4147: MW 4116: MW 4075: MW 4026: MW 3999: MW 3952: MW 3911: MW 3871:capacity 3860:Location 3803:megawatts 3682:In 1948, 3451:Anawrahta 3388:Wa people 3384:Nu people 3166:Inle Lake 3012:Red River 2670:Discharge 2608:Donthami 1549:Donthami 1369:Mon State 1315:Inle Lake 1295:Hka River 1276:Nam Khone 1225:Kawagarbo 1201:homophone 1197:Nu people 1133:Cona Lake 1006:Mon State 969:Irrawaddy 901:Nu people 795:Suo, Ga, 717:Discharge 659:Discharge 621:Discharge 578:Discharge 522:Discharge 298:(Myanmar) 279:Provinces 270:(Burma), 237:ၼမ်ႉၶူင်း 121:, Myanmar 8594:Zhengguo 8589:Red Flag 8551:Xiaoqing 8464:Qiantang 8404:Minjiang 8362:Karatash 8242:Yongding 8085:Hongshui 7810:Qingshui 7736:Tongtian 7565:Archived 6739:Mongabay 5850:Archived 5729:33239780 5494:Mongabay 5367:26616046 5234:26013161 4224:See also 4152:Planned 4121:Planned 4067: km 4035:Planned 3991: km 3706:In 1950 3652:The Hump 3601:Thanlwin 3560:captured 3525:Xu Xiake 3491:Mong Mao 3465:(Siam). 3440:Jingdong 3229:and the 3211:sun bear 3146:cyprinid 3139:Mangrove 3091:Taiwania 3039:terranes 2655:Yunzalin 1609:Yunzalin 1410:Country 1336:and the 1311:Kun Heng 1268:Thanlwin 1193:Nu River 1156:Nyingchi 1079:, Lisu, 897:Nu Jiang 887:Thanlwin 879:Thailand 831:, Leng, 596:Moulmein 321:Province 272:Thailand 255:Location 82:Nù Jiāng 56:Thanlwin 8541:Wanquan 8424:Nujiang 8414:Lancang 8292:Jiyunhe 8272:Sanggan 8237:Chaobai 8203:Shiguan 8164:Kherlen 8134:Songhua 8065:Yujiang 7929:Huangpu 7919:Qinhuai 7847:Chishui 7817:Hanshui 7788:Bailong 7783:Jialing 7751:Baishui 7712:Yangtze 6984:Sources 6233:. 1891. 5701:Bibcode 5358:4663501 5327:Bibcode 5225:4445061 5194:Bibcode 5083:Bibcode 4825:Bibcode 4770:Bibcode 4508:Bibcode 4455:"Bilin" 4419:Bibcode 4386:. 2017. 4106: m 4059: m 3983: m 3942: m 3901: m 3879:Status 3863:Height 3714:in the 3672:Wanding 3634:During 3619:of the 3519:, Tibet 3444:Baoshan 3432:Nanzhao 3412:Mottama 3338:History 3306:bycatch 3283:Fishing 3162:endemic 3135:Montane 3076:Ecology 3008:orogeny 3001:Geology 2966:12,203 2952:13,913 2949:10,000 2938:17,080 2935:11,959 2924:15,550 2910:12,243 2768:16,077 2754:16,227 2740:17,080 2726:11,140 2712:11,937 2639:Nanding 2170:Yunnan 2104:Nanding 1419:Length 1381:Mottama 1330:Salawin 1209:Yangtze 1188:Nujiang 1175:Chinese 1171:Nujiang 1093:Karenni 1065:Tibetan 1057:Palaung 1030:monsoon 981:Yangtze 875:Myanmar 855:Salween 635:Mottama 268:Myanmar 260:Country 69:Chinese 46:Burmese 42:Salween 8574:Lingqu 8546:Taping 8469:Puyang 8459:Suifen 8454:Irtysh 8419:Beilun 8326:Xinkai 8304:system 8277:Fuyang 8257:Daqing 8230:system 8186:system 8154:Ussuri 8127:system 8095:Beipan 8090:Nanpan 8043:system 7987:Wuding 7980:Datong 7955:Kariqu 7948:system 7946:Yellow 7924:Xitiao 7889:Lishui 7746:Yalong 7741:Jinsha 7731:Chumar 7726:Dangqu 7721:Tuotuo 7714:system 7497: 7476: 7455: 7434: 7393: 7372: 7351: 7330: 7309: 7288: 7267: 7248: 7227: 7195: 7174: 7153: 7132: 7111: 7090: 7069: 7048: 7027: 7006: 6277: 6211: 6137: 6110: 6084: 5859:8 June 5735: 5727: 5719: 5693:Nature 5365: 5355: 5347: 5232: 5222: 5214: 4855: 4796: 4788: 4729:. CORE 4526: 4439: 4079:35,446 4030:21,789 3874:Annual 3764:After 3701:Hpa-An 3688:Kachin 3428:Thaton 2994:4,287 2991:3,085 2988:2,271 2980:6,938 2977:4,063 2974:2,684 2963:6,808 2960:3,747 2946:7,760 2932:7,685 2921:8,497 2918:4,656 2907:5,172 2904:2,660 2896:4,096 2893:2,954 2890:2,068 2882:4,016 2879:2,630 2876:1,913 2868:3,451 2865:2,506 2862:1,743 2854:3,483 2851:2,643 2848:1,803 2840:3,580 2837:2,833 2834:2,007 2812:Month 2804:Hpa-an 2795:14,492 2765:5,302 2762:1,827 2751:5,312 2748:2,145 2737:6,014 2734:1,927 2723:4,836 2720:1,743 2709:4,938 2706:2,090 2676:Hpa-an 2525:Ataran 2509:Gyaing 2464:Tibet 2461:China 2449:13,939 2405:Tibet 2402:China 2346:Tibet 2343:China 2317:Tibet 2314:China 2288:Tibet 2285:China 2229:Tibet 2226:China 2167:China 2108:Burma 2094:10,326 2047:Burma 2028:12,427 1981:Burma 1920:Burma 1906:15,340 1859:Burma 1798:Burma 1784:19,145 1737:Burma 1723:14,978 1613:Burma 1552:Burma 1493:Burma 1489:Gyaing 1432:Burma 1428:Ataran 1350:Hpa-An 1305:, and 1215:. The 1205:Mekong 1185:: 1183:pinyin 1177:: 1160:Yunnan 1097:Kokang 1085:Kachin 1045:Derung 990:Yunnan 977:Mekong 817:Ataran 813:Gyaing 785: 731:Lushui 720: 673:Hpa-an 662: 624: 581: 525: 502:Length 342:Source 296:States 289:Yunnan 240: 225: 210: 195: 180: 165: 150: 79:: 77:pinyin 71:: 51:သံလွင် 8536:Nandu 8509:Mulan 8494:Cao'e 8444:Nyang 8384:Tumen 8372:Shule 8352:Tarim 8316:Taizi 8262:Wenyu 8247:Hutuo 8174:Huifa 8169:Woken 8159:Argun 8149:Mudan 8050:North 8041:Pearl 8029:Dawen 8024:Muwen 7965:Daxia 7894:Miluo 7852:Xiang 7409:(PDF) 5853:(PDF) 5838:(PDF) 5733:S2CID 4936:(PDF) 4794:S2CID 4727:(PDF) 4678:(PDF) 4653:(PDF) 4611:(PDF) 4556:(PDF) 4524:S2CID 4496:(PDF) 4417:(9). 4384:(PDF) 4364:(PDF) 4159:China 4145:1,400 4114:1,200 4073:7,110 4024:4,500 3997:4,540 3915:7,325 3909:1,365 3857:Name 3728:opium 3692:Karen 3610:(the 3361:Karen 2823:Mean 2789:5,280 2783:1,946 2759:2013 2745:2012 2731:2011 2717:2010 2703:2009 2695:Mean 2684:Year 2646:Leng 2516:Kuke 2500:Name 2494:Name 2478:8,489 2390:4,812 2331:3,792 2302:3,113 2282:Leng 2273:9,389 2214:6,610 2164:Kuke 2155:8,322 2042:Nanka 1967:5,221 1845:7,178 1660:3,031 1599:2,143 1540:9,386 1479:5,930 1407:Name 1361:delta 1346:karst 1270:; in 1191:) or 1141:Nagqu 1089:Karen 1081:Hmong 1041:Blang 871:China 857:is a 447:Burma 426:Mouth 366:China 362:Tibet 358:Nagqu 281:(PRC) 264:China 222:ခြုံꩻ 8529:Ting 8394:Luan 8389:Yalu 8377:Dang 8357:Ejin 8302:Liao 8267:Juma 8252:Ziya 8218:Hong 8208:Quan 8198:Ying 8184:Huai 8100:Rong 8080:Qian 8070:Yong 8060:West 8055:East 8002:Jing 7884:Yuan 7857:Xiao 7842:Qing 7822:Muma 7761:Dadu 7495:ISBN 7474:ISBN 7453:ISBN 7432:ISBN 7391:ISBN 7370:ISBN 7349:ISBN 7328:ISBN 7307:ISBN 7286:ISBN 7265:ISBN 7246:ISBN 7225:ISBN 7193:ISBN 7172:ISBN 7151:ISBN 7130:ISBN 7109:ISBN 7088:ISBN 7067:ISBN 7046:ISBN 7025:ISBN 7004:ISBN 6973:2020 6878:2020 6856:2020 6834:2020 6812:2020 6790:2020 6768:2020 6746:2020 6720:2020 6695:2020 6669:2020 6617:2020 6594:2020 6572:2020 6564:TIME 6546:2020 6520:2020 6494:2020 6444:2020 6361:2009 6275:ISBN 6209:ISBN 6135:ISBN 6108:ISBN 6082:ISBN 5890:2020 5861:2023 5818:2020 5792:2020 5725:PMID 5717:ISSN 5527:2020 5501:2020 5475:2020 5449:2020 5420:2020 5389:2009 5363:PMID 5345:ISSN 5280:2020 5257:2020 5230:PMID 5212:ISSN 5167:2020 5145:2020 5117:2020 4982:2020 4944:2020 4918:2020 4883:2020 4853:ISSN 4786:ISSN 4735:2020 4661:2020 4619:2020 4437:ISSN 4315:2021 4172:the 3970:and 3792:Dams 3747:SPDC 3638:the 3621:Yeti 3597:teak 3496:The 3483:Ming 3382:The 3369:Shan 3354:The 3241:and 3193:and 3181:and 3154:and 2985:DEC 2971:NOV 2957:OCT 2943:SEP 2929:AUG 2915:JUL 2901:JUN 2887:MAY 2873:APR 2859:MAR 2845:FEB 2831:JAN 2826:Max 2820:Min 2778:Mean 2698:Max 2692:Min 2600:Suo 2593:Pang 2577:Teng 2561:Moei 2543:Pawn 2533:Hsim 2399:Suo 1977:Pang 1916:Hsim 1855:Teng 1733:Pawn 1670:Moei 1303:Teng 1299:Pang 1293:and 1234:, a 1207:and 1101:Pa'O 1077:Lahu 1073:Akha 1067:and 1061:Shan 1049:Lisu 1020:and 1004:and 988:and 971:and 853:The 841:Pawn 837:Teng 833:Pang 809:Moei 801:Hsim 302:Shan 244:Shan 99:IPA: 87:Thai 60:IPA: 8524:Mei 8489:Shu 8479:Dai 8399:Red 8367:Ili 8311:Hun 8282:Wei 8228:Hai 8213:Hui 8193:Guo 8144:Nen 8115:Liu 8110:Gui 8075:Xun 8019:Qin 7997:Wei 7992:Fen 7970:Tao 7909:Xin 7899:Gan 7862:Lei 7837:Bao 7827:Chi 7773:Tuo 7756:Min 7597:KML 5709:doi 5697:588 5353:PMC 5335:doi 5220:PMC 5202:doi 5091:doi 5079:176 4843:hdl 4833:doi 4778:doi 4516:doi 4427:doi 4415:125 4065:870 4057:228 3989:640 3981:168 3950:792 3356:Mon 2630:Ka 2623:Hka 2614:Ga 2584:Yu 2568:Ba 2551:Pai 2470:214 2458:Ka 2441:264 2382:168 2340:Ga 2323:111 2311:Ba 2294:133 2265:453 2223:Yu 2206:175 2147:266 2086:278 2038:Hka 2020:325 1959:243 1898:449 1837:205 1794:Pai 1776:338 1715:332 1652:219 1591:148 1532:250 1471:249 1367:in 1105:Yao 1018:Tak 805:Pai 797:Hka 314:Mon 214:Mon 8611:: 8504:Ou 8484:Si 8287:Ju 7879:Zi 7872:Mi 7832:Du 7805:Wu 7798:Qu 7417:93 7415:. 7411:. 6964:. 6916:^ 6901:^ 6886:^ 6737:. 6703:^ 6685:. 6652:^ 6625:^ 6562:. 6537:. 6511:. 6485:. 6435:. 6421:^ 6347:. 6313:. 6309:. 6042:^ 5881:. 5848:. 5844:. 5840:. 5826:^ 5809:. 5778:. 5731:. 5723:. 5715:. 5707:. 5695:. 5691:. 5535:^ 5518:. 5492:. 5466:. 5440:. 5428:^ 5406:. 5361:. 5351:. 5343:. 5333:. 5321:. 5317:. 5303:^ 5288:^ 5228:. 5218:. 5210:. 5200:. 5188:. 5184:. 5125:^ 5089:. 5077:. 5041:^ 5014:^ 4973:. 4851:. 4841:. 4831:. 4821:11 4819:. 4815:. 4792:. 4784:. 4776:. 4766:31 4764:. 4686:^ 4627:^ 4581:^ 4536:^ 4522:. 4514:. 4502:. 4498:. 4463:^ 4435:. 4425:. 4413:. 4409:. 4392:^ 4372:^ 4347:^ 4323:^ 4294:^ 4181:. 4134:, 4104:90 4097:, 4050:, 4044:) 3940:56 3899:33 3892:, 3690:, 3667:US 3603:. 3548:. 3379:. 3237:, 3213:, 3209:, 3205:, 3201:, 2480:km 2472:km 2451:km 2443:km 2392:km 2384:km 2333:km 2325:km 2304:km 2296:km 2275:km 2267:km 2216:km 2208:km 2157:km 2149:km 2096:km 2088:km 2044:) 2030:km 2022:km 1969:km 1961:km 1908:km 1900:km 1847:km 1839:km 1786:km 1778:km 1725:km 1717:km 1662:km 1654:km 1601:km 1593:km 1542:km 1534:km 1481:km 1473:km 1391:. 1352:. 1301:, 1181:; 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