588:
572:
1153:
1955:
3375:
2196:
1194:
478:
3067:
62:
1785:
1759:
3332:
1042:
3399:
2206:
490:
3060:
3387:
3342:
1773:
3074:
1689:"Book Review: Archeonumismatica: Analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati Edited by Alberto Martín Esquivel, Antonio F. Ferrandes, and Giacomo Pardini (Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica 2). Rome: Edizioni Quasar 2023. Pp 493. ISBN 978-88-5491-198-7 (paperback) $ 67"
1056:
Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern
3040:
587:
1128:
or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in
Germany in the 1920s, particularly the
1177:
certificates. It is an area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of
1718:
Hellie, Richard (1999). "Reviewed work: The
Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries, Omeljan Pritsak".
1057:
numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties,
988:
of the
Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna realized their value in providing a temporal context and the difficulty that curators faced when identifying worn coins using classical literature. After
853:
Modern money (along with most ancient money) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of contemporary physical money. However, goods such as
595:
The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating
3345:
870:
1540:
3213:
1025:'s "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages" (2012–2013) gives an outline history of Western countries' understanding of Chinese numismatics.
1137:. The turning point occurred in the 1970s when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the
861:
retain many of the essential properties of money, such as price fluctuation and limited supply, although these goods are not controlled by one single authority.
3196:
2713:
2665:
1944:
904:, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vine diggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first
1262:
The
Origins of the Old Rus’ Weights and Monetary Systems: Two Studies in Western Eurasian Metrology and Numismatics in the Seventh to Eleventh Centuries
2640:
1816:
936:
3335:
2070:
1670:
The First
Dictionary of Paranumismatica: All About Tokens, Checks, Tickets, Passes, Medalets, Counters, Tallies and Weights (ed. Brian Edge), 1991.
2693:
2774:
2241:
2983:
2126:
1629:
1588:
1355:
998:(Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries.
978:
521:
571:
2655:
2630:
1061:, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest.
147:
142:
2678:
994:
2796:
2396:
1675:
850:. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact.
2828:
2080:
1361:
2065:
928:
619:; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as
2779:
2616:
2178:
3350:
923:. During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope
1223:
909:
152:
120:
1649:
1149:
began publishing their respective national catalogs of paper money, which represented major points of reference literature.
1537:
3391:
2259:
2152:
1809:
869:
212:
171:
137:
127:
3365:
1424:
2650:
2621:
2162:
2060:
1482:
1458:
281:
1563:
1441:
1402:
3157:
2721:
2683:
2075:
1506:
1388:
1228:
1050:
955:
306:
239:
190:
132:
2401:
2234:
1984:
1518:
1494:
1470:
1436:
970:
2784:
2751:
2020:
1012:
514:
274:
254:
2703:
1954:
1802:
1556:
947:
2803:
2741:
2698:
2429:
2142:
2106:
2005:
1218:
1213:
1152:
234:
71:
1777:
1622:
Les amis des monnaies – la sociabilité savante des collectionneurs et numismates chinois de la fin des Qing
1182:. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as stock in a successor company.
2761:
2736:
2476:
1979:
1208:
830:
good, although it does not have to be. Many materials have been used to form money, from naturally scarce
401:
3066:
2756:
2227:
974:
712:
269:
244:
743:
3419:
3218:
2914:
2791:
2688:
2673:
2486:
2451:
2434:
2345:
2121:
1233:
1110:, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been
507:
41:
3283:
3206:
3201:
2731:
2726:
2517:
2383:
2267:
2116:
1989:
1869:
224:
176:
575:
Coin collectors and enthusiasts at an exhibition organized by the
Numismatic Society of Calcutta,
3379:
2570:
2413:
2200:
2147:
1889:
1879:
1736:
1407:
1326:
1199:
940:
482:
370:
183:
108:
61:
943:
to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders.
767:
3424:
3271:
2512:
2507:
2391:
2360:
1894:
1874:
1849:
1671:
1625:
1584:
1351:
1318:
1282:
Maurer, B. "Primitive and
Nonmetallic Money". In Yago, K.; Battilosi, S.; Cassis., Y. (eds.).
984:
In the 20th century, coins gained recognition as archaeological objects, and scholars such as
920:
259:
229:
219:
101:
1299:"Ramen Politics: Informal Money and Logics of Resistance in the Contemporary American Prison"
3298:
3293:
2968:
2581:
2314:
1914:
1904:
1859:
1839:
1728:
1700:
1688:
1310:
1058:
821:
565:
338:
323:
249:
204:
3323:
3303:
3288:
3223:
3179:
3152:
3029:
2978:
2973:
2605:
2471:
2305:
2288:
1825:
1567:
1544:
1446:
1412:
966:
891:
887:
666:
604:
358:
301:
31:
1788:
1345:
1784:
1763:
791:
3162:
2946:
2860:
2635:
2541:
2466:
2423:
2408:
2324:
1844:
1264:(Harvard Series In Ukrainian Studies). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
1174:
1115:
1099:
1026:
1001:
In the United States, the US Mint established a coin cabinet in 1838 when chief coiner
831:
716:
624:
461:
333:
316:
311:
264:
159:
1758:
1255:
Archeonumismatica: analisi e studio dei reperti monetali da contesti pluristratificati
1098:, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes
3413:
3308:
3266:
3191:
3147:
2990:
2951:
2592:
2157:
1939:
1924:
1864:
1514:
1490:
1466:
1432:
1330:
1138:
1103:
1002:
924:
894:
gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as
608:
166:
3403:
3261:
2896:
2553:
2350:
2250:
2210:
2035:
2030:
2015:
2010:
1969:
1111:
1041:
989:
874:
494:
382:
377:
328:
3059:
1645:
950:
was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the
30:
This article is about numismatics as an academic discipline. For collecting, see
3256:
3107:
3034:
2865:
2852:
2746:
2587:
2499:
2025:
1929:
1170:
1157:
1107:
1078:
985:
905:
881:
835:
628:
580:
545:
449:
415:
17:
1383:
3142:
3124:
3017:
2929:
2575:
2456:
2101:
1934:
1603:
1314:
1253:
Martín
Esquivel, Alberto; Ferrandes, F. Antonio and Pardini, Giacomo. (2023).
1189:
1091:
1022:
895:
843:
675:
632:
432:
1322:
3174:
3102:
3024:
2958:
2924:
2919:
2891:
2565:
2531:
2461:
2111:
1974:
1559:
1530:
1298:
1179:
1121:
1074:
932:
839:
616:
600:
389:
1102:, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counter-stamped coins,
3386:
1772:
1033:
is an in-depth study of
Chinese numismatics in China in the 19th century.
591:
Numismatic items from
Ancient, medieval and British India, made of silver.
3278:
3251:
3241:
3114:
3092:
2822:
2481:
2096:
1909:
1899:
1884:
1125:
1083:
1070:
901:
877:
847:
827:
636:
596:
538:
408:
396:
113:
96:
83:
3073:
2934:
2886:
2560:
1740:
1142:
1134:
1019:(1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals.
576:
557:
3184:
3012:
2963:
2536:
2522:
1606:, "A short history of Chinese numismatics in European languages", in
1146:
858:
797:
773:
749:
725:
541:, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals and related objects.
437:
1732:
1704:
3169:
3097:
3004:
2941:
2881:
2275:
2271:
1794:
1151:
1095:
1040:
868:
620:
612:
586:
570:
553:
549:
456:
442:
425:
420:
2874:
2526:
1854:
1087:
1046:
854:
561:
365:
91:
2223:
2219:
1798:
3119:
908:
collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to
1507:
1483:
1459:
1425:
789:
765:
741:
719:
1017:
American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals
3346:
Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
1257:(Workshop Internazionale di Numismatica, 2). Roma: Quasar.
826:
Throughout its history, money itself has been made to be a
946:
Professional societies organised in the 19th century. The
615:
as the principal currency unit, and gave small change in
552:, but the discipline also includes the broader study of
2329:
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
939:
of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and
759:
to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily
548:, are often characterized as students or collectors of
1693:
The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America
1005:
donated his personal collection. William E. Du Bois'
3363:
1173:
is the study and collection of companies' shares and
1248:
The Numismatic World in the Long Nineteenth Century.
3326:
is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
3232:
3133:
3083:
3003:
2907:
2851:
2840:
2820:
2712:
2664:
2649:
2615:
2604:
2552:
2444:
2422:
2382:
2375:
2338:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2171:
2135:
2089:
2051:
2044:
1998:
1962:
1832:
3214:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
1581:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
1250:New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
2319:and their national/public/official authorities
1086:(UK English: Paranumismatica) is the study of
2235:
1810:
1624:. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose nlle édition.
1284:Handbook of the History of Money and Currency
1246:Krmnicek Stefan and Hadrien Rambach. (2023).
958:was founded in 1858 and began publishing the
515:
8:
890:may have possibly existed in ancient times.
669:
647:First attested in English in 1829, the word
1945:VAM (Morgan and Peace dollar die varieties)
706:
690:
684:
678:
2848:
2837:
2661:
2612:
2441:
2419:
2379:
2301:
2294:
2242:
2228:
2220:
2048:
1817:
1803:
1795:
522:
508:
36:
27:Study of currencies, coins and paper money
3336:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
2071:International Coin Certification Service
3370:
1652:from the original on September 14, 2013
1405:. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.
1274:
807:to dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold
48:
2127:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
979:Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles
842:to entirely artificial money, called
7:
3322:* = Direct or indirect reference to
3041:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
1610:vols 35-36 (2012–2013), pp. 395-429,
1297:Gibson-Light, Michael (2018-06-01).
3341:
3351:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Awards
25:
2081:Professional Coin Grading Service
3397:
3385:
3373:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3072:
3065:
3058:
2204:
2194:
2179:Coin shows in the United States
2122:Replacement banknote (star note)
2066:Certified Acceptance Corporation
1953:
1783:
1771:
1757:
1192:
935:of France, Ferdinand I, Elector
488:
476:
60:
1364:from the original on 2006-07-14
1347:Chronology of Money 1900 — 1919
960:American Journal of Numismatics
665:. It was borrowed in 1792 from
607:in prison). As an example, the
1224:List of numismatic collections
1009:(1846) describes the cabinet.
537:is the study or collection of
1:
2153:List of metal detecting finds
1762:The dictionary definition of
1687:Moreno Pulido, Elena (2024).
1350:. University of Wales Press.
1161:
1156:Alexander the Great memorial
2260:Auxiliary science of history
2163:List of most expensive coins
1791:travel guide from Wikivoyage
915:The first book on coins was
798:
774:
750:
726:
3158:Fraternities and sororities
2076:Numismatic Guaranty Company
1389:Online Etymology Dictionary
1286:. Springer. p. 87-104.
1229:List of numismatic journals
1051:Scandinavian Monetary Union
956:American Numismatic Society
674:, itself a derivation from
3441:
1985:Sheldon coin grading scale
1648:. Maritime International.
1508:
1484:
1460:
1426:
1068:
973:publishing collections of
971:Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum
931:of the Holy Roman Empire,
819:
790:
766:
742:
720:
29:
3317:
3056:
2257:
2191:
1951:
1315:10.1007/s11133-018-9376-0
651:comes from the adjective
1620:Jankowski, Lyce (2018).
1557:Brigham Young University
948:Royal Numismatic Society
2143:List of coin collectors
2107:Greenback (1860s money)
1442:A Greek–English Lexicon
1219:Numismatic associations
1214:Glossary of numismatics
992:in Germany, a project,
981:was published in 1958.
977:. The first volume of
402:Commemorative banknotes
3392:Business and economics
2201:Numismatics portal
1980:Paper currency grading
1209:Awards for numismatics
1167:
1090:-like objects such as
1053:
884:
865:History of numismatics
707:
691:
685:
679:
670:
592:
584:
544:Specialists, known as
483:Numismatics portal
121:Circulating currencies
1433:Liddell, Henry George
1303:Qualitative Sociology
1160:from the Temnos Mint
1155:
1118:are also exonumists.
1044:
1031:Les amis des monnaies
1007:Pledges of History...
995:Fundmünzen der Antike
975:Ancient Greek coinage
872:
740:, which derives from
590:
574:
213:Historical currencies
54:the study of currency
3219:Magical organization
2679:Intellectual freedom
2487:Master of ceremonies
1780:at Wikimedia Commons
1579:Kent, Allen (1985).
1344:Glyn Davies (1996).
1260:Pritsak, O. (1998).
1234:List of numismatists
952:Numismatic Chronicle
184:Fictional currencies
3284:Order of precedence
2117:Paper money catalog
1990:Third-party grading
1870:Coin counterfeiting
917:De Asse et Partibus
735:current coin/custom
556:and other means of
371:Commemorative coins
282:Medieval currencies
191:Proposed currencies
3197:Hereditary society
2414:Royal family order
2148:List of currencies
1890:Commemorative coin
1880:Coin rolling scams
1566:2008-07-25 at the
1543:2022-07-31 at the
1408:A Latin Dictionary
1200:Numismatics portal
1168:
1054:
1037:Modern numismatics
941:Henry IV of France
910:Emperor Charles IV
885:
788:, ultimately from
593:
585:
3361:
3360:
3327:
3272:Campaign streamer
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
2999:
2998:
2834:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2770:
2769:
2600:
2599:
2495:
2494:
2438:
2392:Order of chivalry
2371:
2370:
2364:
2361:Self-styled order
2217:
2216:
2187:
2186:
1895:Euro starter kits
1875:Coin roll hunting
1850:Circulation issue
1776:Media related to
1631:978-2-37701-030-1
1590:978-0-8247-2037-7
1382:Harper, Douglas.
1357:978-0-7083-1351-0
1165: 188–170 BC
880:, a standardized
532:
531:
16:(Redirected from
3432:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3299:Awareness ribbon
3294:Devotional medal
3207:Gentlemen's club
3076:
3069:
3062:
2849:
2838:
2826:
2780:Religion-related
2662:
2613:
2442:
2427:
2420:
2380:
2358:
2306:Founts of honour
2302:
2295:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2211:Money portal
2209:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2049:
1957:
1915:Mint-made errors
1905:History of coins
1860:Coin base weight
1840:Bi-metallic coin
1819:
1812:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1775:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1570:
1560:library web page
1553:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1166:
1163:
1124:is the study of
1059:mint-made errors
822:History of money
816:History of money
811:
808:
805:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
781:
777:
771:
770:
763:
760:
757:
753:
747:
746:
739:
736:
733:
729:
723:
722:
710:
704:
701:
698:
694:
688:
682:
673:
664:
661:
658:
560:used to resolve
524:
517:
510:
495:Money portal
493:
492:
491:
481:
480:
479:
205:History of money
160:Local currencies
64:
55:
37:
21:
18:Numismatic value
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3324:fount of honour
3313:
3304:Code of conduct
3289:Honorary degree
3234:
3228:
3224:Religious order
3180:Learned society
3153:Fraternal order
3135:
3129:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3046:
2995:
2903:
2842:
2830:
2825:
2808:
2766:
2708:
2694:Humanitarianism
2653:
2645:
2641:Law enforcement
2631:List of highest
2619:
2607:
2596:
2548:
2491:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2367:
2334:
2286:
2278:
2253:
2248:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2167:
2131:
2085:
2053:
2040:
1994:
1958:
1949:
1828:
1826:Coin collecting
1823:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1733:10.2307/2697226
1717:
1716:
1712:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1583:. p. 281.
1578:
1577:
1573:
1568:Wayback Machine
1554:
1550:
1545:Wayback Machine
1538:75 on-line text
1529:
1525:
1505:
1501:
1481:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1447:Perseus Project
1423:
1419:
1413:Perseus Project
1401:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1243:
1241:Further reading
1238:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1164:
1133:(Series notes)
1116:coin collectors
1100:elongated coins
1081:
1069:Main articles:
1067:
1049:coins from the
1039:
1013:C. Wyllys Betts
967:British Academy
888:Coin collecting
867:
832:precious metals
824:
818:
809:
806:
803:
785:
782:
779:
764:, in turn from
761:
758:
755:
737:
734:
731:
702:
699:
696:
689:, a variant of
662:
659:
656:
645:
625:precious metals
605:instant noodles
528:
499:
489:
487:
477:
475:
467:
466:
359:Coin collecting
354:
353:
344:
343:
297:
296:
287:
286:
208:
207:
196:
195:
87:
86:
53:
52:
35:
32:Coin collecting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:Secret society
3160:
3155:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2835:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2785:Ecclesiastical
2777:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2636:Campaign medal
2633:
2627:
2625:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:Order of merit
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:Colonial order
2399:
2397:Military order
2388:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2346:Ecclesiastical
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2299:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Challenge coin
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1769:
1753:
1752:External links
1750:
1747:
1746:
1727:(4): 909–910.
1710:
1705:10.1086/731320
1699:(3): 072–074.
1679:
1676:978-0951691007
1663:
1646:"Collectibles"
1637:
1630:
1612:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1548:
1523:
1499:
1475:
1451:
1417:
1395:
1374:
1356:
1336:
1309:(2): 199–220.
1289:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1187:
1184:
1104:wooden nickels
1066:
1063:
1038:
1035:
1027:Lyce Jankowski
921:Guillaume Budé
866:
863:
820:Main article:
817:
814:
730:) which means
683:, genitive of
644:
641:
530:
529:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
501:
500:
498:
497:
485:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
453:
452:
446:
445:
440:
435:
429:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
405:
404:
399:
393:
392:
386:
385:
380:
374:
373:
368:
362:
361:
355:
351:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
215:
209:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
180:
179:
174:
169:
163:
162:
156:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
94:
88:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
66:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3437:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3371:
3367:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:Code of honor
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Battle honour
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Honor society
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Confraternity
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:organisations
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2991:Shoulder mark
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:/Grand Cordon
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:(decorations)
2839:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2819:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2554:Jurisdictions
2551:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:/Grand Cordon
2501:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Organisations
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2190:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:List of mints
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Proof coinage
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Coin cleaning
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:at Wiktionary
1767:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Slavic Review
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:Scott, Robert
1434:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:"numismatics"
1378:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:United States
1136:
1132:
1131:Serienscheine
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:Adam Eckfeldt
999:
997:
996:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
969:launched the
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Boniface VIII
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
879:
876:
871:
864:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
823:
815:
813:
800:
793:
783:usage, custom
776:
769:
752:
745:
728:
718:
714:
709:
693:
687:
681:
677:
672:
668:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Kyrgyz people
606:
602:
598:
589:
582:
578:
573:
569:
567:
564:and exchange
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
505:
503:
502:
496:
486:
484:
474:
473:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
448:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
378:Bullion coins
376:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
356:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
291:
290:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
210:
206:
200:
199:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
167:Company scrip
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
149:
148:South America
146:
144:
143:North America
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
63:
59:
58:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3262:Service flag
3246:
3039:
2897:Medal ribbon
2868:
2843:
2829:Named after
2722:Architecture
2684:Human rights
2580:
2502:
2452:Grand master
2435:Post-nominal
2284:Distinctions
2283:
2263:
2251:Phaleristics
2052:Coin grading
2036:Coin wrapper
2031:Coin storage
2021:Coin counter
2016:Coin catalog
2011:Coin capsule
1970:Coin grading
1919:
1764:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1640:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1534:
1526:
1502:
1478:
1454:
1440:
1420:
1406:
1398:
1387:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1346:
1339:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1169:
1130:
1120:
1114:), and many
1112:legal tender
1108:credit cards
1082:
1055:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
993:
990:World War II
983:
965:In 1931 the
964:
959:
951:
945:
916:
914:
900:
886:
852:
836:cowry shells
825:
713:latinisation
671:numismatique
652:
648:
646:
633:large stones
621:cowry shells
594:
546:numismatists
543:
534:
533:
416:Credit cards
177:Time dollars
49:
3420:Numismatics
3380:Numismatics
3257:Vexillology
3247:Numismatics
3108:Passage fee
3084:Ceremonies
2866:Grand Cross
2841:For wearing
2588:Grand Lodge
2518:Hospitaller
2500:Grand Cross
2445:By function
2298:By conferee
2272:decorations
2264:numismatics
2090:Paper money
2026:Coin folder
1930:Seigniorage
1920:Numismatics
1833:Numismatics
1789:Numismatics
1778:Numismatics
1765:numismatics
1608:Early China
1171:Scripophily
1158:tetradrachm
1126:paper money
1092:token coins
1079:Scripophily
986:Guido Bruck
906:Renaissance
882:silver coin
649:numismatics
629:cocoa beans
581:West Bengal
535:Numismatics
450:Scripophily
50:Numismatics
3414:Categories
3185:Fellowship
3143:Fraternity
3125:Collar day
3086:and events
2930:Collar pin
2752:Philosophy
2742:Literature
2576:Commandery
2457:Chancellor
2355:Commercial
2102:Fiat money
2006:Coin board
1935:Token coin
1604:Helen Wang
1368:2006-08-09
1269:References
1045:Two 20 kr
1023:Helen Wang
937:Joachim II
929:Maximilian
927:, Emperor
919:(1514) by
896:Saturnalia
846:, such as
844:fiat money
840:cigarettes
680:numismatis
676:Late Latin
655:, meaning
653:numismatic
601:cigarettes
583:, in 2022.
352:Collection
295:Production
225:Achaemenid
3175:Syndicate
3103:Feoffment
3025:Plaquette
2959:Epaulette
2925:Lapel pin
2920:Award pin
2892:Medal bar
2704:Volunteer
2582:Obedience
2566:Bailiwick
2532:Postulant
2508:Commander
2462:Treasurer
2325:Dynasties
2112:Notaphily
2054:companies
1975:Coin slab
1531:Suetonius
1513: in
1489: in
1465: in
1331:254976793
1323:1573-7837
1180:engraving
1122:Notaphily
1075:Notaphily
1065:Subfields
962:in 1866.
933:Louis XIV
912:in 1355.
848:banknotes
643:Etymology
617:lambskins
397:Banknotes
390:Notaphily
324:Hammering
307:Designers
230:Byzantine
97:Banknotes
3425:Currency
3279:Nobility
3252:Heraldry
3242:Chivalry
3235:concepts
3233:Related
3134:Related
3115:Festival
3093:Accolade
2979:Campaign
2947:Heraldic
2823:insignia
2797:Scouting
2699:Politics
2651:Civilian
2617:Military
2608:by field
2482:Chaplain
2467:Assessor
2097:Banknote
1999:Supplies
1910:Key date
1900:Exonumia
1885:Coin set
1656:June 13,
1650:Archived
1564:Archived
1541:Archived
1535:Augustus
1461:νομίζειν
1362:Archived
1186:See also
1084:Exonumia
1071:Exonumia
902:Petrarch
892:Augustus
878:denarius
838:through
751:nomizein
744:νομίζειν
695:meaning
660:of coins
597:currency
539:currency
409:Exonumia
260:Japanese
240:Filipino
220:Aksumite
84:Currency
72:Glossary
42:a series
40:Part of
3366:Portals
3030:Rosette
2984:Service
2952:Pilgrim
2935:Tie pin
2915:Rosette
2887:Necklet
2775:Science
2762:Theatre
2737:History
2714:Culture
2666:Society
2606:Others,
2571:Chapter
2561:Charter
2513:Officer
2472:Bailiff
2376:By type
2339:Private
1963:Grading
1741:2697226
1515:Liddell
1491:Liddell
1467:Liddell
1445:at the
1427:νόμισμα
1403:nomisma
1143:Germany
1135:Notgeld
898:gifts.
727:nomisma
721:νόμισμα
715:of the
708:Nomisma
692:nomisma
686:numisma
599:(e.g.,
577:Kolkata
558:payment
438:Cheques
383:Grading
317:Milling
312:Coining
275:Tibetan
255:Italian
235:Chinese
153:Oceania
102:Forgery
3013:Trophy
3005:Prizes
2974:Button
2964:Ribbon
2861:Collar
2853:Formal
2831:people
2804:Beauty
2792:Sports
2757:Poetry
2537:Squire
2523:Knight
2430:Styles
2424:Titles
2384:Orders
2315:States
2276:medals
2274:, and
2268:orders
2266:about
1940:Toning
1739:
1674:
1628:
1587:
1509:νέμειν
1354:
1329:
1321:
1147:France
1145:, and
1096:medals
1077:, and
954:. The
859:silver
828:scarce
799:nemein
792:νέμειν
667:French
635:, and
613:horses
457:Stocks
443:Scrips
433:Tokens
426:Medals
421:Jetons
339:Errors
334:Metals
250:Indian
138:Europe
128:Africa
3404:Money
3170:Guild
3098:Vigil
3035:Money
2942:Badge
2908:Other
2882:Medal
2873:with
2747:Music
2674:Peace
2593:Lodge
2477:Prior
2289:Lists
2172:Shows
2136:Lists
2061:ANACS
2045:Other
1737:JSTOR
1519:Scott
1495:Scott
1485:νόμος
1471:Scott
1327:S2CID
1175:bonds
875:Roman
775:nomos
768:νόμος
717:Greek
711:is a
611:used
566:goods
562:debts
554:money
550:coins
462:Bonds
366:Coins
265:Roman
245:Greek
92:Coins
3202:Club
2969:Ring
2875:sash
2732:Film
2656:List
2622:List
2542:Page
2527:Dame
2262:and
1855:Coin
1672:ISBN
1658:2013
1626:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1517:and
1493:and
1469:and
1352:ISBN
1319:ISSN
1094:and
1088:coin
1047:gold
855:gold
834:and
700:coin
637:gems
329:Cast
302:Mint
270:Thai
172:LETS
133:Asia
109:List
3120:Vow
3018:War
2821:By
2727:Art
2689:Law
1729:doi
1701:doi
1697:128
1411:on
1311:doi
1029:'s
857:or
603:or
114:ISO
3416::
2270:,
1735:.
1725:58
1723:.
1695:.
1691:.
1533:,
1439:;
1435:;
1431:.
1386:.
1360:.
1325:.
1317:.
1307:41
1305:.
1301:.
1162:c.
1141:,
1106:,
1073:,
1015:'
873:A
812:.
802:)
778:)
754:)
705:.
639:.
631:,
627:,
623:,
579:,
568:.
44:on
3368::
2833:)
2827:(
2658:)
2654:(
2624:)
2620:(
2525:/
2437:)
2432:,
2428:(
2363:)
2359:(
2308:*
2291:)
2287:(
2243:e
2236:t
2229:v
1818:e
1811:t
1804:v
1743:.
1731::
1707:.
1703::
1660:.
1634:.
1593:.
1521:.
1497:.
1473:.
1449:.
1415:.
1392:.
1371:.
1333:.
1313::
810:'
804:'
796:(
786:'
780:'
772:(
762:'
756:'
748:(
738:'
732:'
724:(
703:'
697:'
663:'
657:'
523:e
516:t
509:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
