450:
269:. There were many countries that had Soviet nuclear weapons. Two others included Belarus and Kazakhstan. Nunn-Lugar helped Russia to move the nuclear arsenals in these countries to Russia or to dismember these weapons in these countries. The US sent "nearly 700 emergency response items to help guarantee safe and secure transportation of nuclear weapons" to Belarus for the aid of the elimination of nuclear weapons in this country. The Nunn-Lugar Act played a major role in a huge decrease in the quantity of nuclear weapons that had been stockpiled during the nuclear escalation period.
630:
298:
441:
allegations of nuclear arms smuggling caused further talk of Nunn-Lugar program expansion in 2011. Senator
Richard Lugar has expressed his concern regarding Pakistani nuclear weapons of mass destruction along with concerns over potential pathogenic and infectious disease security. Lugar also stated that if an outbreak occurs, if Pakistan accepts transparency with the CTR program, the U.S. will be able to provide aid and establish systems to combat an outbreak.
510:
498:
486:
661:
concerned. As time progresses, the threat of nuclear weapons and the money needed to spend on the elimination of them diminishes. The CTR program has faced many budget cuts since its beginning in 1986 because the program was, as opined by one observer, "created to deal with yesterday's strategic weapons and yesterday's threats have largely diminished".
249:
1276:
37:
178:
contained within made into commercial reactor fuel, which was purchased by the United States under a separate program. In recent years, the CTR program has expanded its mission from securing WMDs at the root source to protecting against WMD "on the move", by enhancing land and maritime border security in the former Soviet Union.
173:. This funding totaled $ 400 million a year for a total of four years. This $ 400 million was given to CTR-related defense programs. The Departments of Defense (DOD), Energy (DOE), state, and commerce were subject to distribute the funding. After the nuclear warheads were removed from their delivery vehicles by the
415:
1997 Defense
Authorization Act whose purposed served in securing chemical and biological weapon materials. In contrast, opponents say that the US funding is going to other Russian programs. Going into the 21st century, efforts now have an expanded focus including a more generalized nuclear nonproliferation motive.
260:
The Nunn-Lugar Act was a major contributor to de-escalation of nuclear weapon arsenals. This program was used for "the transportation, storage, safeguarding and destruction of nuclear and other weapons in the Soviet Union… and to assist in the prevention of weapons proliferation". One contribution by
628:
On 14 June 2013 the US and Russia signed a new bilateral framework on cooperative threat reduction intended to supersede the first CTR. The new agreement was intended to reinforce the longstanding partnership on nonproliferation between these two nations and their activities in Russia and the Former
431:
Albania had possession of 16 tons of chemical weapons which were disclosed and disposed of through the Nunn-Lugar program. Nunn-Lugar funds in the year 2004, under the Bush presidency, were provided to eliminate all chemical weapons held within
Albania which amounted to roughly $ 38.5 million. After
414:
Over time Nunn-Lugar has received many supporters and also many critics. Continuation and expansion has been up for debate since its initial formation in 1991. Proponents argue that the CTR does more good than harm which has led to funding expansion. This expansion of the program is displayed in the
406:
Other countries are finding ways to produce, test, and acquire weapons of mass destruction. In an attempt to regulate WMD globally, the Nunn–Lugar
Cooperative Threat Reduction has stepped outside of the former Soviet Union states. 2003 marked an important year for CTR expansion as the initiative was
313:
Ukraine and
Kazakhstan are nuclear weapons free because of this program. Under CTR, the U.S. and recipient states have made considerable advancements in global security against the threat of WMD. By 1997 all strategic Soviet nuclear weapons were removed from Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine marking
276:
under
Russian control. The US provided "10,000 fissile material storage containers by the end of 1995 and a total of nearly 33,000 containers by early 1997". These containers aided in Russia's ability to store nuclear material from dismantled warheads. Another contribution from the US to Russia was
440:
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks, knowledge regarding
Pakistani nuclear weaponry and nuclear scientists was unclear making it a strong candidate from American political leaders for Nunn-Lugar. Border crossing between Pakistan and Afghanistan militants made U.S. officials uneasy, this alongside the
696:
Committee on
International Security and Arms Control to discuss the next ten years regarding the CTR program. The committee found that the Cooperative, or "C", in CTR was found to be central in reducing threats through transparency and action further strengthening world relations while mitigating
177:
successor militaries, Nunn-Lugar assistance provided equipment and supplies to destroy the missiles on which the warheads had been mounted, as well as the silos which had contained the missiles. The warheads themselves were then shipped to and destroyed in Russia, with the highly enriched uranium
664:
In
January 2015 Russian Federation representatives told their US counterparts that Russia would no longer accept US assistance in securing stored weapons-grade nuclear material but said they would continue the program on their own. Joint security work at numerous Russian sites and facilities was
637:
that expires today. This new bilateral framework authorizes the United States and the
Russian Federation to work in several areas of nonproliferation collaboration, including protecting, controlling, and accounting for nuclear materials." Under the new framework, Russia assumed the costs and the
655:
opined that "the crisis in Ukraine probably has ruined prospects for another formal Russian-U.S. arms control agreement during the Obama administration's second term." As far as reducing nuclear weapons in other countries, besides Ukraine, there is more of a chance of an agreement. This idea is
660:
to states and to nonstate actors, the prospects are somewhat better, given mutual Russian and U.S. concerns in that area". There are still many agreements that have been proposed that can be passed between the US and Russia as far as nuclear weapons and the control and elimination of them are
1166:"Dmitry Medvedev signed the federal law On the Ratification of the Protocols to the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation of 17 June 1992"
697:
dangers to the U.S. Sustainable partnerships between new and existing countries under the CTR is fundamental to the threat reduction program. The committee found the CTR program in 2018 still to be "foundational" in U.S. safety from WMD, even 30 years after the birth of the program.
2097:
565:
President Medvedev signed the ratification law to cooperate in "the elimination of reduced strategic offensive weapons, improving the safety of storing and transporting nuclear weapons, improving the physical protection of nuclear materials and the destruction of chemical
1613:
2431:
721:
112:
grew old, an alternative 2009 explanation of the program was "to secure and dismantle weapons of mass destruction in states of the former Soviet Union and beyond". The CTR program funds have been disbursed since 1997 by the
261:
the Nunn-Lugar program has been the "delivery of equipment to accelerate the dismantlement of strategic nuclear delivery vehicles" to the Soviet Union. This program made important contributions in the disarmament of
1348:
2325:
2404:
2370:
1628:
2387:
1580:
631:
Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning the Safe and Secure Transportation, Storage and Destruction of Weapons and the Prevention of Weapons Proliferation
289:
program was not just used to remove everything fissionable from Russia; it also included ideas for safe storage and transportation of fissionable material in Russia built up during the Cold War.
1696:
1665:
638:
completion without further US assistance of two areas of bilateral CTR cooperation previously covered by the CTR framework: ballistic missile elimination and chemical weapons destruction.
2148:
1950:
1533:
423:
In 2003 Libya decided upon giving up on their nuclear weapons program. Funding from Nunn-Lugar allowed for secure transportation of nuclear materials from Libya to the United States.
1751:
1679:
1745:
1735:
245:
The FY 2007 CTR Annual Report to Congress provides a status update on the program as a whole and individual initiatives. It also details future planned endeavors in each area.
1237:
614:, which would further reduce the number of nuclear weapons in the world today. This plan was the result of the impending expiration of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (
265:
in many counties. The Nunn-Lugar program eliminated former strategic weapons outside of Russia. This was most evident in the removal of these weapons in Ukraine, after the
1477:
1034:
398:
from threatening the local environment and human population. The Pavlograd missile factory PMZ has been converted to an advanced astronautics "Space Clipper" program.
382:
750 projects involving 14,000 former weapons scientists and created some 580 new peaceful high-tech jobs; The International Proliferation Prevention Program has funded
2436:
2392:
1595:
572:
955:
646:
411:
under the 108th congress granted up to $ 50 million to be used outside the former Soviet Union which focused primarily on Albania, North Korea, Iraq, and Libya.
2348:
1761:
1130:
The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program: Securing and Safeguarding Weapons of Mass Destruction (Report). American Security Project. July 25, 2012.
571:
In May 2009, Russia announced the opening of a major facility to decommission its chemical weapons reserves. Built near vast reserves of ex-Soviet weaponry at
449:
2652:
2642:
1518:
1452:, March/April 2005. Discusses disagreements between U.S. and Russian officials, which the authors argue is undermining cooperative threat reduction programs.
2353:
2103:
1852:
564:
376:
73:
31:
1384:
1866:
1777:
1589:
1572:
266:
2398:
1872:
2647:
2511:
1910:
1634:
1486:
706:
2170:
1771:
2263:
1878:
1623:
634:
1669:
1538:
726:
1470:
1402:
525:, initially launched by President Bush in cooperation with Poland in 2003, and built on by multilateral efforts and then by President Obama.
1955:
2258:
1585:
1561:
223:
1443:
2525:
2174:
1706:
533:
367:
2376:
1731:
1510:
911:
239:
557:
2426:
2070:
1935:
1920:
1767:
1553:
939:
522:
2087:
1925:
2556:
2462:
2292:
2184:
2075:
1463:
97:
85:
2611:
2506:
2032:
1826:
1618:
114:
1252:
1204:
Zarate, Robert (2009). "Cooperation Against Proliferation: How the United States and Russia can Stem Future Nuclear Threats".
40:
Senators Nunn and Lugar leave the White House in 1991 after briefing President George H. W. Bush on the Nunn–Lugar legislation
2637:
395:
1940:
2467:
2331:
2214:
2129:
1862:
1727:
1543:
887:
553:
390:, Ukraine, dedicated itself beginning in June 2004 to the decommissioning of nuclear missiles without burning their solid
57:
540:
contract has a collective ceiling of $ 4 billion among the five selected contractors. DTRA awarded BV the first BTRIC in
2190:
2091:
1757:
1523:
962:
693:
1293:
2166:
1980:
622:
105:
1223:
1362:
2521:
642:
611:
591:
549:
366:
49 former biological weapons facilities were converted to joint U.S.–Russian research under what were known as the
1741:
823:
2036:
672:
to "configure, equip, deploy and staff two quick response mobile laboratory systems (MLS) to support the ongoing
545:
375:
58,000 former weapons scientists employed in peaceful work through International Science and Technology Centers (
217:
1424:
2488:
1821:
1805:
1605:
286:
2601:
2178:
1959:
1944:
1915:
1386:
Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for the Next Ten Years and Beyond: Proceedings of a Symposium–in Brief
765:
252:
Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Richard Lugar and Committee member Barack Obama at a base near
2222:
1970:
1048:
513:
2632:
2596:
2591:
2477:
2381:
2358:
1711:
1028:
657:
302:
297:
1310:
Weitz, Richard (2014). "Russian-U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction for Conventional Weapons Expertise".
1015:
Deni, Lockwood, John, Dunbar (1994). "U.S. Begins to Deliver Nunn-Lugar Equipment to Russia, Belarus".
783:
501:
1990:
1936:
Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research
407:
accepted by congress allowing the spread to countries not included within the prior Soviet Union. The
2472:
2140:
2123:
2047:
282:
185:
Dismantle former Soviet Union (FSU)'s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and associated infrastructure
89:
77:
673:
212:
These areas were then pursued and achieved through a variety of programs. Briefly, these include:
2571:
2483:
1408:
1131:
1103:
869:
651:
174:
1329:
Liimatainen, William (2014). "Cooperative Threat Reduction for Conventional Weapons Expertise".
489:
587:. About one-third of the funding to build the plant, roughly $ 1 billion, was provided by CTR.
272:
Another important contribution was seen when the US sent storage containers to Russia to store
2566:
2287:
2158:
2052:
1985:
1398:
1095:
935:
861:
529:
158:
134:
1270:"A New Legal Framework for U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Nuclear Nonproliferation and Security"
1269:
2561:
2516:
2253:
1929:
1390:
711:
584:
360:
1455:
1423:
Based on information found at Senator Richard G. Lugar's website on the Nunn–Lugar Program
1238:"United States and the Russian Federation Sign New Bilateral Framework on Threat Reduction"
931:
Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U. S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union
2576:
2319:
2282:
2062:
2042:
603:
273:
162:
915:
514:
25th anniversary of Nunn-Lugar, featuring former U.S. Senators Richard Lugar and Sam Nunn
568:
retroactive to the signature of the protocol on 16 June 2006 for a term of seven years.
2546:
2274:
1436:
784:"Preventing the Proliferation of Chemical and Biological Weapon Materials and Know-How"
595:
576:
262:
194:
Support defense and military cooperation with the objective of preventing proliferation
154:
109:
764:
Smithson, Amy E.; Mirzayanov, Vil S.; Lajoie, Roland; Krepon, Michael (October 1995).
2626:
1412:
1280:
625:
declared that Russia would not extend the CTR agreement without changes in the text.
607:
462:
256:. This is where mobile launch missiles are being destroyed by the Nunn-Lugar program.
93:
49:
277:"75 million dollars to help Russia build a new fissile material storage facility at
125:
CTR provided funding and expertise for states in the former Soviet Union (including
2606:
2586:
2581:
1673:
681:
599:
458:
306:
253:
45:
2432:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
722:
Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction
479:
Panel discussions on the 25th anniversary of the Nunn-Lugar Act, December 12, 2016
17:
1383:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2018-08-14). Rusek, Benjamin (ed.).
1165:
929:
804:
WOLFSTHAL, JON BROOK; CHUEN, CRISTINA-ASTRID; DAUGHTRY, EMILY EWELL (June 2001).
594:
began, the US still faces many issues when it comes to agreements with Russia in
27:
US initiative to reduce risk stemming from former USSR republics' nuclear weapons
2364:
2248:
2232:
2114:
1995:
1179:
677:
629:
Soviet Republics (FSR). "This new framework builds upon the success of the 1992
579:, the site is expected to destroy some 5,500 tons of chemical agents, including
391:
278:
198:
These objectives were compartmentalized into three program areas which include:
166:
891:
432:
just 3 years Albania no longer possessed chemical weapons of mass destruction.
248:
2551:
470:
466:
454:
150:
146:
138:
1439:
at Federation of American Scientists, Space Policy Project, World Space Guide
1099:
991:
Lockwood, Dunbar (1995). "The Nunn-Lugar Program: No Time to Pull the Plug".
865:
805:
1151:
745:
Lugar, Richard (2009). "Cooperative Threat Reduction and Nuclear Security".
669:
645:, work on nuclear threat reduction was said to be more bleak because of the
387:
1136:
108:
and their associated infrastructure in former Soviet Union states." As the
1911:
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)
590:
Although the budget for the CTR program has been cut every year since the
104:). The purpose of the CTR Program was originally "to secure and dismantle
36:
2227:
2081:
1527:
1049:"Nunn-Lugar Update | United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations"
716:
234:
Weapons of Mass Destruction-Proliferation Prevention Initiative (WMD-PPI)
81:
1107:
1083:
873:
849:
831:
615:
541:
142:
130:
101:
548:(BTR). The Implementing (Executive) Agents were three in number: the
170:
126:
1394:
188:
Consolidate and secure FSU WMD and related technology and materials
181:
According to the CTR website in 2007, CTR had four key objectives:
2326:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
1701:
1084:"Specifications of Nunn-Lugar programme: A case study of Pakistan"
580:
457:
with 25th anniversary Nunn-Lugar Trailblazer Award recipients Dr.
448:
247:
216:
The Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (CBEP; formerly the
35:
2405:
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013
2371:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act
1629:
Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense
1279:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
918:— Cooperative Threat Reduction With States Of Former Soviet Union
56:
allies grew concerned of the risk of nuclear weapons held in the
2388:
Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
1856:
1846:
1842:
1680:
Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio
668:
In December 2014, the program awarded a $ 4 million contract to
537:
53:
1581:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
1459:
812:. No. 6. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
610:. This plan included a plan to further reduce U.S. and Russian
191:
Increase transparency and encourage higher standards of conduct
1843:
National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team
317:
Weapons deactivated and destroyed under this program include:
2264:
Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System
1879:
Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory
1697:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
1624:
Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System
356:
60 nuclear warhead storage sites received security upgrades
1666:
National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research
635:
Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Umbrella Agreement
1448:
521:
Subsequent programs have built on the CTR, including the
372:
4 biological weapons sites received security improvements
2149:
National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases
1951:
Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies
1534:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
782:
TUCKER, JONATHAN B.; VOGEL, KATHLEEN M. (Spring 2000).
602:
had his own ideas for nuclear threat reduction. He and
353:
260 tons of fissile material received security upgrades
165:
weapon stockpiles, as agreed by the Soviet Union under
1956:
National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases
1752:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
1253:"New US-Russia Cooperative Threat Reduction Agreement"
544:
in 2008, which "is a vital part" of the CTR, entitled
806:"CHAPTER 3 U.S. Nonproliferation Assistance Programs"
692:
In 2018, David Franz and Libby Turpen co-chaired the
2539:
2497:
2453:
2446:
2417:
2341:
2312:
2305:
2273:
2241:
2213:
2204:
2157:
2139:
2113:
2061:
2021:
2012:
1969:
1901:
1892:
1835:
1814:
1798:
1791:
1720:
1689:
1656:
1647:
1604:
1571:
1552:
1509:
1500:
1493:
793:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies.
478:
231:
Strategic Offensive Arms Elimination Program (SOAE)
843:
841:
1363:"MRIGlobal to Deploy Mobile Labs to Sierra Leone"
1294:"U.S. - Russia Collaboration On Nuclear Research"
534:Biological Threat Reduction Integrating Contracts
368:Biological Threat Reduction Integrating Contracts
2377:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002
2437:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
2393:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
2029:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
1596:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
558:Ukraine State Committee for Veterinary Medicine
228:Nuclear Weapons Storage Security Program (NWSS)
1921:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment
1526:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center,
647:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2349:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989
2088:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative
1471:
1226:. VOA News. Global Security. 11 October 2012.
618:). START was set to expire in December 2009.
314:an important landmark in the CTR initiative.
8:
1926:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens
1519:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division
1033:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2354:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
1853:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force
747:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
379:, of which the U.S. is the leading sponsor)
74:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
32:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
2450:
2309:
2210:
2018:
1898:
1795:
1778:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit
1653:
1506:
1497:
1478:
1464:
1456:
1349:"Russia ends US nuclear security alliance"
1240:. White House Press Release. 17 June 2013.
267:Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
2399:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
1873:Aeromedical Biological Containment System
1827:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit
1702:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
1614:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs
1264:
1262:
1224:"Russia Will Not Renew Arms Deal With US"
1135:
76:), which was authored and cosponsored by
2512:United States biological weapons program
1635:National Center for Medical Intelligence
1487:United States biological defense program
824:"Cooperative Threat Reduction: Programs"
766:"Chemical Weapons Disarmament in Russia"
707:The World Institute for Nuclear Security
296:
2171:National Strategy for Homeland Security
888:"www.dtra.mil/oe/ctr/org_chart_ctr.cfm"
737:
208:Demilitarization and defense conversion
1670:National Interagency Biodefense Campus
1539:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility
1272:. U.S. State Department. 19 June 2013.
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1026:
727:Russia and weapons of mass destruction
475:
205:Safety, security and non-proliferation
1941:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling
1378:
1376:
1305:
1303:
1199:
1197:
1154:. Black & Veatch Holding Company.
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1010:
1008:
1006:
986:
984:
982:
848:Ellis, Jason D.; Perry, Todd (1997).
7:
2259:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System
1586:Division of Select Agents and Toxins
1564:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)
1562:National Counterproliferation Center
1544:National Bioforensic Analysis Center
1351:. The Boston Globe. 19 January 2015.
956:"FY07 CTR Annual Report to Congress"
554:Ukraine Academy of Agrarian Sciences
224:Chemical Weapons Elimination Program
2653:Military disbanding and disarmament
2643:United States Department of Defense
1707:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
608:reset nuclear relations with Russia
333:708 nuclear air-to-surface missiles
2092:Bio-Surveillance Management Office
1758:Homeland Security Research Program
1442:Kenneth Luongo and William Hoehn,
1206:The Brown Journal of World Affairs
240:Title 22 of the United States Code
25:
2427:Global Health Security Initiative
2071:National Biosurveillance Strategy
1768:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
1449:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1251:Fidler, David P. (19 June 2013).
1180:"Russia opens WMD disposal plant"
523:Proliferation Security Initiative
349:Other milestone results include:
238:The CTR program is authorized by
2557:Biosecurity in the United States
2463:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
2293:Positive pressure personnel suit
2185:National Disaster Medical System
1274:
850:"Nunn-Lugar's Unfinished Agenda"
508:
496:
484:
327:11 ICBM mobile missile launchers
2648:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
2612:Smallpox virus retention debate
2507:United States Army Medical Unit
2033:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1619:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
828:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
339:496 submarine-launched missiles
336:408 submarine missile launchers
285:from dismantled warheads". The
115:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
68:) program was initiated by the
1296:. VOA News. 29 September 2013.
60:falling into enemy hands. The
1:
2468:1989 California medfly attack
2332:Biological Weapons Convention
2130:Personnel Reliability Program
1863:Epidemic Intelligence Service
1728:Galveston National Laboratory
680:." The labs were deployed to
658:nuclear weapons proliferation
202:Destruction and dismantlement
2191:Strategic National Stockpile
1742:Integrated Research Facility
1524:DHS Office of Health Affairs
694:National Academy of Sciences
502:Implementation of Nunn-Lugar
62:Cooperative Threat Reduction
2254:Biological Materials MASINT
2167:National Response Framework
2076:Laboratory Response Network
2037:Biological Threat Reduction
1981:Battelle Memorial Institute
1168:. kremlin.ru. 23 July 2008.
791:The Nonproliferation Review
623:second Putin administration
546:Biological Threat Reduction
218:Biological Threat Reduction
106:weapons of mass destruction
2669:
2522:Aeromedical Isolation Team
771:. Henry L. Stimson Center.
665:halted on 1 January 2015.
550:Ukraine Ministry of Health
363:received security upgrades
301:Disassembling of a Soviet
29:
656:explained in "countering
528:In 2008 the DTRA awarded
507:
495:
483:
2094:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)
1822:State Health Departments
1806:Local Health Departments
1444:"An ounce of prevention"
1082:Nayyar, Ghazala (2011).
633:, commonly known as the
573:Shchuchye, Kurgan Oblast
409:Nunn-Lugar Expansion Act
345:194 nuclear test tunnels
287:Nuclear Threat Reduction
2602:Isolation (health care)
2572:Biological warfare (BW)
1945:University of Rochester
1916:Henry L. Stimson Center
536:(BTRIC). The five-year
48:appeared imminent, the
44:As the collapse of the
1053:www.foreign.senate.gov
928:Woolf, Amy F. (2010).
473:
359:35 percent of Russian
310:
257:
41:
2638:Nuclear proliferation
2597:Entomological warfare
2498:Defunct organizations
2478:Wood Green ricin plot
2382:Project Bioshield Act
2359:Executive Order 13139
1712:Dugway Proving Ground
834:on 27 September 2007.
810:Nuclear Status Report
490:Origins of Nunn-Lugar
453:Secretary of Defense
452:
445:Expansion under Obama
386:One Nunn–Lugar site,
342:27 nuclear submarines
303:Oscar-class submarine
300:
251:
39:
2473:2001 anthrax attacks
2141:Medical intelligence
2124:Select Agent Program
2048:Project Clear Vision
934:. DIANE Publishing.
621:In October 2012 the
592:Obama administration
402:Expansion under Bush
293:20th century outcome
274:fissionable material
1369:. 16 December 2014.
1255:. Arms Control Law.
1182:. BBC. May 29, 2009
643:Obama's second term
2489:2013 ricin letters
2484:2003 ricin letters
2031:, implemented the
1960:George Mason Univ.
1331:Arms Control Today
1312:Arms Control Today
1017:Arms Control Today
993:Arms Control Today
854:Arms Control Today
652:Arms Control Today
530:Black & Veatch
474:
394:, thus preventing
311:
258:
153:) to decommission
121:The first 15 years
42:
18:Nunn-Lugar program
2620:
2619:
2567:Biological hazard
2535:
2534:
2413:
2412:
2301:
2300:
2288:Biosafety cabinet
2200:
2199:
2159:Disaster response
2053:Project Jefferson
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1986:SRI International
1888:
1887:
1787:
1786:
1643:
1642:
1404:978-0-309-48234-9
1367:GLOBAL BIODEFENSE
1088:Strategic Studies
1055:. 28 January 2011
532:the first of its
519:
518:
169:treaties such as
16:(Redirected from
2660:
2562:Biological agent
2517:Sunshine Project
2451:
2310:
2211:
2173:(DHS; including
2022:Threat reduction
2019:
1991:Idaho Technology
1930:Brown University
1902:Academic centers
1899:
1796:
1654:
1507:
1498:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1417:
1416:
1380:
1371:
1370:
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1352:
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1307:
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1234:
1228:
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1220:
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1192:
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1142:
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1127:
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1111:
1079:
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1061:
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1045:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1012:
1001:
1000:
988:
977:
976:
974:
973:
967:
961:. Archived from
960:
952:
946:
945:
925:
919:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
884:
878:
877:
845:
836:
835:
830:. Archived from
820:
814:
813:
801:
795:
794:
788:
779:
773:
772:
770:
761:
755:
754:
742:
712:Project Sapphire
612:nuclear arsenals
512:
511:
500:
499:
488:
487:
476:
361:chemical weapons
283:plutonium "pits"
263:nuclear warheads
58:Soviet republics
21:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2592:Decontamination
2577:Biosurveillance
2531:
2499:
2493:
2455:
2454:Past biological
2442:
2419:
2409:
2337:
2320:Geneva Protocol
2297:
2283:Biosafety level
2269:
2237:
2206:
2196:
2153:
2135:
2109:
2063:Biosurveillance
2057:
2043:Project Bacchus
2014:
2000:
1972:
1965:
1904:and think tanks
1903:
1894:
1884:
1831:
1810:
1783:
1716:
1685:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1600:
1567:
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1502:
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1405:
1382:
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1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
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1292:
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1236:
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1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1152:"BTRIC Ukraine"
1150:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1047:
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1004:
990:
989:
980:
971:
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942:
927:
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922:
910:
906:
897:
895:
886:
885:
881:
847:
846:
839:
822:
821:
817:
803:
802:
798:
786:
781:
780:
776:
768:
763:
762:
758:
744:
743:
739:
735:
703:
690:
604:Hillary Clinton
600:President Obama
509:
497:
485:
447:
438:
429:
421:
404:
295:
242:, chapter 68a.
123:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Agro-terrorism
2543:
2541:
2540:Related topics
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
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2481:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2444:
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2441:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2420:representation
2415:
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2411:
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2396:
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2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:Biocontainment
2271:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
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2110:
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2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1896:
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1513:
1504:
1503:administrative
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1475:
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1453:
1440:
1432:
1431:External links
1429:
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1403:
1395:10.17226/25209
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1299:
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1094:(3): 190–205.
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577:Ural Mountains
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324:459 ICBM silos
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210:
209:
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196:
195:
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119:
110:peace dividend
70:Nunn–Lugar Act
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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2418:International
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2207:and equipment
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2017:
2011:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
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1525:
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1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:Organizations
1492:
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1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
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1458:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:Space Clipper
1435:
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1422:
1421:
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1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1306:
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1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:public domain
1271:
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1216:
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1194:
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1089:
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1018:
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1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
968:on 2007-09-26
964:
957:
951:
948:
943:
941:9781437921953
937:
933:
932:
924:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
894:on 2007-09-27
893:
889:
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871:
867:
863:
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811:
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778:
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748:
741:
738:
732:
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613:
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601:
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588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:In July 2008
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531:
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463:Laura Holgate
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95:
94:Richard Lugar
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:United States
47:
38:
33:
19:
2633:Arms control
2607:Select agent
2587:CBRN defense
2582:Bioterrorism
2500:and programs
2322:(1925, 1975)
2028:
2015:and projects
1895:governmental
1674:Fort Detrick
1659:departmental
1447:
1385:
1366:
1357:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1288:
1246:
1232:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1184:. Retrieved
1174:
1160:
1146:
1091:
1087:
1057:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1029:cite journal
1020:
1016:
996:
992:
970:. Retrieved
963:the original
950:
930:
923:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
882:
860:(7): 14–22.
857:
853:
832:the original
827:
818:
809:
799:
790:
777:
759:
750:
746:
740:
691:
688:Future plans
682:Sierra Leone
676:outbreak in
667:
663:
650:
640:
627:
620:
596:nuclear arms
589:
570:
562:
527:
520:
459:Gloria Duffy
439:
430:
422:
413:
408:
405:
385:
348:
316:
312:
307:Severodvinsk
271:
259:
254:Perm, Russia
244:
237:
211:
197:
180:
124:
72:(really the
69:
65:
61:
46:Soviet Union
43:
2365:Patriot Act
2342:Legislation
2249:Cell CANARY
2233:Respirators
2115:Biosecurity
1996:Phoenix Air
1973:contractors
1137:resrep06057
678:West Africa
598:reduction.
392:rocket fuel
330:128 bombers
279:Chelyabinsk
175:post-Soviet
167:disarmament
2627:Categories
2552:Biodefense
2215:Protection
2205:Technology
2193:(CDC, DHS)
2117:/Biosurety
2106:(Civilian)
2084:(EPA, CDC)
2039:(DoD) plus
1971:Government
1682:(DHHS/DoD)
1631:(JPEO-CBD)
1059:2022-04-25
972:2007-01-06
898:2007-01-06
753:: 183–189.
733:References
471:Jane Wales
467:Susan Koch
455:Ash Carter
159:biological
151:Kazakhstan
147:Uzbekistan
139:Azerbaijan
52:and their
30:See also:
2456:incidents
2242:Detection
1413:188766231
1100:1029-0990
912:22 U.S.C.
866:0196-125X
717:MPC&A
670:MRIGlobal
606:tried to
575:, in the
566:weapons,"
388:Pavlograd
321:537 ICBMs
2313:Treaties
2266:(JBAIDS)
2228:NBC suit
2090:(GBTI),
2082:BioWatch
2013:Programs
1958:(NCBID;
1792:Response
1721:Civilian
1690:Military
1650:research
1528:BioWatch
1337:: 18–22.
1318:: 15–21.
1212:: 59–71.
1108:48527656
999:: 18–22.
874:23625739
701:See also
469:and Ms.
436:Pakistan
220:Program)
163:chemical
117:(DTRA).
82:Sam Nunn
2447:History
2169:of the
2098:ESSENCE
1836:Federal
1648:Federal
1501:Federal
1186:May 20,
916:ch. 68A
616:START I
542:Ukraine
427:Albania
396:dioxins
155:nuclear
143:Belarus
135:Georgia
131:Ukraine
2480:(2002)
2439:(2004)
2401:(2006)
2395:(2005)
2384:(2004)
2373:(2002)
2367:(2001)
2361:(1999)
2334:(1972)
2328:(1969)
2187:(DHHS)
1849:, HHS)
1780:(USDA)
1657:Trans-
1411:
1401:
1134:
1106:
1098:
938:
872:
864:
465:, Dr.
461:, Ms.
309:, 1996
171:SALT I
161:, and
149:, and
127:Russia
92:) and
2132:(DoD)
2126:(CDC)
2100:(DoD)
2078:(CDC)
1881:(CDC)
1875:(CDC)
1815:State
1799:Local
1764:/DHS)
1754:(HHS)
1746:NIAID
1744:(HHS/
1736:NIAID
1409:S2CID
1132:JSTOR
1104:JSTOR
1023:: 21.
966:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
914:
870:JSTOR
787:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
674:Ebola
581:Sarin
419:Libya
2223:MOPP
2177:and
2175:NIMS
2104:RODS
2035:and
1893:Non-
1857:USMC
1847:NDMS
1772:USDA
1732:UTMB
1573:DHHS
1399:ISBN
1188:2010
1096:ISSN
1035:link
936:ISBN
862:ISSN
583:and
556:and
538:IDIQ
377:ISTC
281:for
78:Sens
54:NATO
2526:DoD
2306:Law
2179:ICS
1867:CDC
1762:EPA
1606:DoD
1590:CDC
1554:DNI
1511:DHS
1391:doi
641:In
305:in
66:CTR
2629::
1672:,
1446:,
1407:.
1397:.
1389:.
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1365:.
1335:44
1333:.
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1261:^
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1196:^
1116:^
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1090:.
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1068:^
1051:.
1031:}}
1027:{{
1021:24
1019:.
1005:^
997:44
995:.
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868:.
858:27
856:.
852:.
840:^
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808:.
789:.
751:10
749:.
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649:.
585:VX
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552:,
157:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
102:IN
90:GA
80:.
2528:)
2524:(
2181:)
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1947:)
1943:(
1932:)
1928:(
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1865:(
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1845:(
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1140:.
1110:.
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1037:)
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100:-
98:R
96:(
88:-
86:D
84:(
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