667:
resulting in long-term behavioral changes and may affect attention span, intelligence, sensory perception functions, mood, and behavior. Neuropathies such as ADHD, autism, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are seen in iron deficient individuals. However, excessive iron accumulation can be seen in neurodegenerative diseases including
Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Iron is needed to develop the central nervous system (CNS), endocrine system, autoimmune system, and brain. Iron is involved with the development and functioning of different neurotransmitter systems and large iron quantities are required for the myelination of white brain matter. Abnormal myelination of white matter due to iron deficiency during development may be related to the onset of psychological disorders in adolescents. Decreased iron concentration results in a reduction of neurotransmitter levels, in turn leading to poor myelination and delayed neuromaturation.
544:
system can be reduced by 85% with systematic folate supplementation occurring before the onset of pregnancy. The incidence of
Alzheimer's and other cognitive diseases has been loosely connected to deficiencies in folate. It is recommended for the elderly to consume folate through food, fortified or not, and supplements in order to reduce risk of developing the disease.
3190:
510:, which is of key importance in the maintenance and repair of all cells, including neurons. In addition, folate has been linked to the maintenance of adequate brain levels of cofactors necessary for chemicals reactions that lead to the synthesis of serotonin and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Concentrations of blood plasma folate and
3178:
666:
causing oxidation and modification of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. Hypoxic conditions in severely anemic individuals may cause brain damage resulting in cognitive impairment. When iron levels in the brain are disrupted neurophysiological mechanisms and cognition are affected, potentially
518:
The link between levels of folate and altered mental function is not large, but is sufficient enough to suggest a causal association. Deficiency in folate can cause an elevation of homocysteine within the blood, as the clearance of homocysteine requires enzymatic action dependent on folate, and to a
595:
daily for one week, weekly for one month, then monthly for the rest of the person's life. The progression of neurological manifestations of cobalamin deficiency is generally gradual. As a result, early diagnosis is important or else irreversible damage may occur. People who become demented usually
428:
in the body, and thus need to be obtained from food. B-complex vitamins are water-soluble vitamins, which means that they are not stored within the body. In consequence, the B vitamins need ongoing replenishment. It is possible to identify broad cognitive effects of certain B vitamins, as they are
285:
Cholesterol is an unsaturated alcohol commonly found in eggs, meat, and dairy. Studies on dietary cholesterol have indicated both positive and negative effects on global cognitive functioning. However, the adverse cognitive effects of cholesterol consumption appear to be reduced when combined with
543:
may be completed before pregnancy is recognized, it is recommended that women capable of becoming pregnant take about 400 ÎĽg of folic acid from fortified foods, supplements, or a combination of the two in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. These major anomalies in the nervous
233:
Dietary protein can improve cognition by increasing reaction time and inhibition control during mentally demanding and physically stressful situations, as tyrosine and tryptophan will replenish exhausted neurotransmitter levels. Additionally, adequate and consistent consumption of tyrosine and
582:
despite normal absorption functionality may be treated through oral administration of at least 6 ÎĽg/day of the vitamin in pill form. People who suffer from irreversible causes of deficiency, such as pernicious anemia or old age, will need lifelong treatment with pharmacological doses of
98:
through multiple mechanisms, including glucose and insulin metabolism, neurotransmitter actions, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the gut-brain axis. Inadequate macronutrient consumption or proportion could impair optimal cognitive functioning and have long-term health implications.
188:. Simple carbohydrates impair cognition through glucose and insulin metabolism dysfunction, as well as causing inflammation and oxidative stress within the brain. Therefore, excessive or chronic consumption of simple carbohydrates is unanimously linked to negative health consequences.
119:
reduce available energy for the brain and impair all cognitive processes and performance. Additionally, situations with high cognitive demand, such as learning a new task, increase brain glucose utilization, depleting blood glucose stores and initiating the need for supplementation.
34:
consumes an immense amount of energy in comparison to the rest of the body. The mechanisms involved in the transfer of energy from foods to neurons are likely to be fundamental to the control of brain function. Human bodily processes, including the brain, all require both
445:
This vitamin is important for the facilitation of glucose use, thus ensuring the production of energy for the brain, and normal functioning of the nervous system, muscles and heart. Thiamine is found throughout mammalian nervous tissue, including the brain and
337:. Because of its role in cellular synthesis, choline is an important nutrient during the prenatal and early postnatal development of offspring as it contributes to brain development. Choline intakes from food for men, women and children may be below the
538:
and memory, particularly within the elderly population. Elderly people deficient in folate may present with deficits in free recall and recognition, which suggests that levels of folate may be related to efficacy of episodic memory. Because
293:
Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature with common sources including butter, cheese, and meat. Trans fatty acids occur naturally in some meat and dairy products, however the majority are artificially created by
115:, which is the sole energy source for the brain. Optimal brain function relies on adequate carbohydrate consumption, as carbohydrates provide the quickest source of glucose for the brain. Glucose deficiencies such as
514:
concentrations are inversely related, such that an increase in dietary folate decreases homocysteine concentration. Thus, dietary intake of folate is a major determinant of homocysteine levels within the body.
150:. Therefore, complex carbohydrates with high fibre can improve glucose and insulin metabolism, which decreases inflammation and oxidative stress, and leads to improved brain aging as measured by the absence of
1789:
Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, Zanda E, Forloni G, Tettamanti M, Lucca U (July 2004). "Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia".
640:. It helps regulation of cell division, cell function, genetic regulation, helps enhance the immune system, and is required for brain function, chemical balance, growth and development of the
587:. Strategy for treatment is dependent on the person's level of deficiency as well as their level of cognitive functioning. Treatment for those with severe deficiency involves 1000 ÎĽg of B
658:
Oxygen transportation, DNA synthesis, myelin synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism are all biological processes that require iron; however, an
567:, often results from complications involving absorption into the body. An assortment of neurological effects can be observed in 75–90% of individuals of any age with clinically observable B
1825:
Wahlin A, Hill RD, Winblad B, Bäckman L (September 1996). "Effects of serum vitamin B12 and folate status on episodic memory performance in very old age: a population-based study".
781:
Bourre JM (2006). "Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients".
130:, are associated with increased cognitive performance and improved memory function. This is because fibre regulates glucose metabolism, slowing the release of
604:
deficiency may mask anemic symptoms without solving the issue at hand. In this case, people would still be at risk for neurological deficits associated with B
2778:
1977:
Malouf R, Grimley Evans J (October 2008). "Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for the prevention and treatment of healthy elderly and demented people".
2361:
808:
Costello SE, Geiser E, Schneider N (November 2021). "Nutrients for executive function development and related brain connectivity in school-aged children".
50:
by disrupting the nutrient-dependent processes within the body that are associated with the management of energy in neurons, which can subsequently affect
2642:
954:"Effects of Nutrition on Cognitive Function in Adults with or without Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials"
2065:"Does anemia affects cognitive functions in neurologically intact adult patients: Two year cross sectional study at rural tertiary care hospital"
172:
are associated with decreased global cognitive performance. Simple carbohydrates negatively impact many essential cognitive processes, including
1917:
1715:
1519:
1904:
571:
deficiency. Cobalamin deficiency manifestations are apparent in the abnormalities of the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, optic nerves, and
2116:"Association between psychiatric disorders and iron deficiency anemia among children and adolescents: a nationwide population-based study"
1702:
1506:
275:
2852:
1635:
1622:
Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI (June 1999). "Essential fatty acids are mediators of brain biochemistry and cognitive functions".
2237:
1906:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
1704:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
1508:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline
333:
which serves a wide range of functions including motor control and memory. Choline deficiencies may be related to some liver and
696:
2725:
364:, also known as the B-complex, are an interrelated group of nutrients which often co-occur in food. The complex consists of:
1668:
Hauck MR (August 1991). "Cognitive abilities of preschool children: implications for nurses working with young children".
302:. Saturated and trans fatty acids decrease cognitive functioning and specifically impact memory and learning performance.
2773:
2674:
2561:
1750:"Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials"
295:
341:
levels. Women, especially when pregnant or lactating, the elderly, and infants, are at risk for choline deficiency.
2899:
2824:
2657:
267:
884:
Muth AK, Park SQ (June 2021). "The impact of dietary macronutrient intake on cognitive function and the brain".
2937:
2882:
2857:
2687:
2664:
2614:
2519:
686:
2624:
2390:
592:
1382:
Colzato LS, de Haan AM, Hommel B (September 2015). "Food for creativity: tyrosine promotes deep thinking".
3031:
2991:
2892:
2861:
2499:
2287:
641:
450:. Metabolism and coenzyme function of the vitamin suggest a distinctive function for thiamine within the
3046:
2761:
2647:
2619:
2604:
2599:
2437:
507:
334:
143:
123:
1328:
2930:
2914:
2793:
2551:
2504:
2494:
2282:
2230:
617:
201:
169:
139:
1433:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 January 2015
3061:
2961:
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2536:
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2452:
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263:
235:
185:
135:
51:
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2926:
2919:
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2788:
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2735:
2713:
2682:
2509:
2063:
Agrawal S, Kumar S, Ingole V, Acharya S, Wanjari A, Bawankule S, Raisinghani N (September 2019).
1950:
Hvas AM, Nexo E (November 2006). "Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency--an update".
1647:
1604:
1407:
1364:
1306:
909:
381:
319:
287:
3143:
1923:
1721:
1221:
Wahl D, Cogger VC, Solon-Biet SM, Waern RV, Gokarn R, Pulpitel T, et al. (November 2016).
3194:
3182:
3153:
3001:
2872:
2847:
2803:
2730:
2708:
2609:
2546:
2514:
2489:
2457:
2442:
2352:
2322:
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2201:
2147:
2096:
2042:
1990:
1959:
1913:
1883:
1842:
1807:
1771:
1711:
1677:
1639:
1596:
1561:
1525:
1515:
1488:
1399:
1356:
1348:
1298:
1252:
1180:
1149:
Solon-Biet SM, Mitchell SJ, de Cabo R, Raubenheimer D, Le
Couteur DG, Simpson SJ (July 2015).
1131:
1080:
1036:
985:
901:
825:
790:
758:
608:
deficiency-related anemia, which are not associated with anemia related to folate deficiency.
564:
239:
163:
155:
147:
146:, as it can cause inflammation and oxidative stress within the brain, potentially leading to
3133:
3086:
3056:
3011:
2867:
2798:
2751:
2556:
2531:
2417:
2377:
2265:
2191:
2181:
2137:
2127:
2086:
2076:
2032:
2024:
1982:
1873:
1834:
1799:
1761:
1631:
1588:
1478:
1470:
1391:
1340:
1288:
1242:
1234:
1170:
1162:
1121:
1111:
1072:
1026:
1016:
975:
965:
893:
817:
748:
740:
389:
327:
299:
234:
tryptophan correlates to improvements in memory function. Tyrosine is also shown to improve
212:
1100:"The Effect of Healthy Diet on Cognitive Performance Among Healthy Seniors - A Mini Review"
952:
Gutierrez L, Folch A, Rojas M, Cantero JL, Atienza M, Folch J, et al. (October 2021).
3225:
3071:
3051:
3026:
3016:
2971:
2966:
2720:
2692:
2427:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2270:
2223:
1430:
653:
338:
227:
159:
3138:
3102:
2996:
2594:
2541:
2367:
2337:
2317:
2304:
2196:
2169:
2142:
2115:
2091:
2064:
2037:
2012:
1878:
1861:
1483:
1458:
1247:
1222:
1175:
1150:
1126:
1099:
1031:
1004:
980:
953:
753:
728:
475:
451:
223:
79:
40:
2028:
1344:
1076:
138:. An improperly functioning glucose and insulin metabolism is a primary mechanism for
3209:
3117:
3107:
3081:
3076:
3036:
3021:
2986:
2909:
2756:
2584:
2447:
2422:
2385:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2312:
1474:
1063:
Dye L, Lluch A, Blundell JE (October 2000). "Macronutrients and mental performance".
913:
663:
637:
330:
323:
279:
255:
181:
127:
46:
Insufficient intake of selected vitamins, or certain metabolic disorders, may affect
1651:
1608:
1411:
1368:
1310:
17:
3148:
3112:
3066:
2976:
2819:
2634:
2589:
2576:
2566:
2526:
2246:
1986:
511:
471:
425:
116:
108:
83:
2114:
Chen MH, Su TP, Chen YS, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Chang WH, Chen TJ, Bai YM (June 2013).
3006:
2877:
2831:
540:
487:
483:
447:
326:, although it serves other functions as well. It is a precursor molecule to the
271:
2081:
1838:
897:
490:, known mediators of brain biochemistry, and in effect, of cognitive function.
3041:
2904:
2471:
1395:
1238:
634:
430:
405:
397:
373:
361:
346:
342:
251:
208:
197:
151:
2132:
1579:
Cooper JR, Pincus JH (April 1979). "The role of thiamine in nervous tissue".
1352:
1116:
1021:
821:
2277:
1803:
1766:
1749:
1277:"Nutritional influences on cognitive function: mechanisms of susceptibility"
681:
676:
622:
413:
259:
219:
173:
95:
71:
47:
2205:
2151:
2100:
2046:
1994:
1963:
1887:
1811:
1775:
1643:
1565:
1552:
Thompson J (October 2005). "Vitamins, minerals and supplements: part two".
1492:
1403:
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1302:
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1135:
1084:
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989:
905:
829:
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762:
1846:
1681:
1636:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990615)56:6<565::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-H
1223:"Nutritional strategies to optimise cognitive function in the aging brain"
2766:
1005:"Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience: Innovations for Healthy Brain Aging"
691:
626:
572:
535:
365:
350:
215:
204:
70:
obtained from the diet to develop and sustain its physical structure and
67:
36:
1600:
1166:
2479:
2186:
1592:
970:
630:
315:
274:. Each class has distinct affects on cognitive functioning and health.
131:
112:
87:
75:
1862:"Fetal malformations and folate metabolism: review of recent evidence"
1293:
1276:
528:
421:
177:
55:
744:
596:
show little to no cognitive improvement with the administration of B
527:. Elevated homocysteine has been associated with increased risk of
322:
and its primary function within the human body is the synthesis of
196:
Through digestion dietary proteins are broken down into individual
2013:"The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders"
479:
31:
2011:
Ward RJ, Zucca FA, Duyn JH, Crichton RR, Zecca L (October 2014).
2219:
2215:
1748:
Homocysteine
Lowering Trialists' Collaboration (October 2005).
250:
Through digestion dietary fats are broken down into individual
91:
600:. There is risk that folic acid administered to those with B
559:
is important for the maintenance of neurological function. B
1151:"Macronutrients and caloric intake in health and longevity"
184:, visual-spatial processing, mental processing speed, and
1452:
1450:
1448:
729:"Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function"
482:
within the body. Niacin is involved in the synthesis of
1329:"Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance"
534:
Intake of the vitamin has been linked to deficits in
82:
to operate. The three primary macronutrients include
3126:
3095:
2954:
2947:
2840:
2812:
2744:
2701:
2673:
2633:
2575:
2470:
2376:
2351:
2303:
2296:
2253:
1459:"Choline: an essential nutrient for public health"
1912:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998.
1710:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998.
1514:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998.
1098:Klimova B, Dziuba S, Cierniak-Emerych A (2020).
278:are especially significant as they are critical
2163:
2161:
2058:
2056:
2006:
2004:
254:for utilization. Fatty acids are classified as
2231:
8:
783:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
478:, both of which function in many biological
2362:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
2951:
2300:
2238:
2224:
2216:
1792:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1754:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1547:
1545:
2195:
2185:
2170:"Iron deficiency and cognitive functions"
2141:
2131:
2090:
2080:
2036:
1945:
1943:
1899:
1897:
1877:
1765:
1743:
1741:
1482:
1292:
1246:
1174:
1125:
1115:
1030:
1020:
979:
969:
752:
1663:
1661:
1457:Zeisel SH, da Costa KA (November 2009).
282:and structural components of the brain.
776:
774:
772:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
708:
629:for mammals which takes form in either
78:predominately derived from the primary
1425:
1423:
1421:
1275:Leigh Gibson E, Green MW (June 2002).
934:Robinson JL (2022). "Macronutrients".
506:play a vital role in the synthesis of
470:, also known as niacin, includes both
1322:
1320:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1201:Casirola DM (2019). "Carbohydrates".
1196:
1194:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
230:and influence cognitive functioning.
7:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
947:
945:
929:
927:
925:
923:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
353:are common foods providing choline.
286:physical activity, which influences
1203:Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science
1003:Zamroziewicz MK, Barbey AK (2016).
480:oxidization and reduction reactions
276:Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
111:are broken down and converted into
74:. Additionally, the brain requires
1879:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb07013.x
936:Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health
25:
2643:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
1860:Moyers S, Bailey LB (July 2001).
1205:. Salem Press; Research Starters.
938:. Salem Press; Research Starters.
200:and absorbed into the blood. The
3188:
3176:
1624:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1475:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x
94:. Each macronutrient can impact
1104:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
226:, and these chemicals modulate
54:, or the ability to encode new
2853:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2726:Memory and social interactions
1987:10.1002/14651858.CD004514.pub2
1:
2029:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70117-6
1345:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00010-2
1077:10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00450-0
727:GĂłmez-Pinilla F (July 2008).
578:People who are deficient in B
429:involved in many significant
126:, especially those with high
2562:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1670:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
1155:The Journal of Endocrinology
733:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
296:hydrogenating vegetable oils
238:processes through increased
1327:Lieberman HR (2003-06-01).
697:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
107:Through digestion, dietary
3242:
2900:Levels of Processing model
2825:World Memory Championships
2658:Lost in the mall technique
2505:dissociative (psychogenic)
2168:Jáuregui-Lobera I (2014).
2082:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_599_19
1839:10.1037/0882-7974.11.3.487
1281:Nutrition Research Reviews
898:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.043
651:
615:
563:deficiency, also known as
555:Also known as cobalamin, B
3171:
1396:10.1007/s00426-014-0610-4
1239:10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.006
1009:Frontiers in Neuroscience
519:lesser extent, vitamins B
290:and synaptic plasticity.
66:The human brain requires
30:Relatively speaking, the
2938:The Seven Sins of Memory
2883:Intermediate-term memory
2688:Indirect tests of memory
2665:Recovered-memory therapy
2615:Misattribution of memory
2174:Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
2133:10.1186/1471-244X-13-161
1117:10.3389/fnhum.2020.00325
1022:10.3389/fnins.2016.00240
687:Nutritional neuroscience
298:and are present in many
2625:Source-monitoring error
1227:Ageing Research Reviews
531:, as well as dementia.
211:are precursors for the
27:Biological relationship
3032:George Armitage Miller
2992:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
2069:J Family Med Prim Care
1581:Neurochemical Research
1554:Community Practitioner
1384:Psychological Research
822:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa134
642:central nervous system
335:neurological disorders
3195:Philosophy portal
3183:Psychology portal
3047:Henry L. Roediger III
2648:False memory syndrome
2620:Misinformation effect
2600:Imagination inflation
1804:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.114
1767:10.1093/ajcn/82.4.806
652:Further information:
424:. B vitamins are not
202:essential amino acids
144:metabolic dysfunction
124:Complex carbohydrates
2552:Motivated forgetting
1827:Psychology and Aging
618:Vitamin A deficiency
612:Vitamin A deficiency
508:S-adenosylmethionine
502:Folate and vitamin B
170:Simple carbohydrates
140:cognitive impairment
18:Nutrition and memory
3062:Arthur P. Shimamura
2962:Richard C. Atkinson
2779:Effects of exercise
2653:Memory implantation
2537:Interference theory
2453:Selective retention
2433:Meaningful learning
1167:10.1530/JOE-15-0173
431:metabolic processes
236:convergent thinking
186:executive functions
136:insulin sensitivity
72:cognitive functions
52:synaptic plasticity
48:cognitive processes
3159:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2982:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2888:Involuntary memory
2789:Memory improvement
2774:Effects of alcohol
2736:Transactive memory
2714:Politics of memory
2683:Exceptional memory
2187:10.2147/NDT.S72491
1593:10.1007/BF00964146
971:10.3390/nu13113728
886:Clinical Nutrition
433:within the brain.
324:cellular membranes
320:essential nutrient
288:energy homeostasis
3203:
3202:
3167:
3166:
3154:Cosmos Rossellius
3002:Marcia K. Johnson
2873:Exosomatic memory
2858:Context-dependent
2848:Absent-mindedness
2731:Memory conformity
2709:Collective memory
2610:Memory conformity
2547:Memory inhibition
2466:
2465:
2458:Tip of the tongue
1958:(11): 1506–1512.
1919:978-0-309-06554-2
1866:Nutrition Reviews
1717:978-0-309-06554-2
1521:978-0-309-06554-2
1463:Nutrition Reviews
1294:10.1079/NRR200131
1071:(10): 1021–1034.
816:(12): 1293–1306.
810:Nutrition Reviews
565:hypocobalaminemia
240:cognitive control
213:neurotransmitters
164:cognitive decline
148:neurodegeneration
16:(Redirected from
3233:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3134:Jonathan Hancock
3087:Robert Stickgold
3057:Richard Shiffrin
3012:Elizabeth Loftus
2952:
2868:Childhood memory
2675:Research methods
2557:Repressed memory
2532:Forgetting curve
2520:transient global
2391:Autobiographical
2301:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2075:(9): 3005–3008.
2060:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1922:. Archived from
1911:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1720:. Archived from
1709:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1524:. Archived from
1513:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1000:
994:
993:
983:
973:
949:
940:
939:
931:
918:
917:
892:(6): 3999–4010.
881:
834:
833:
805:
799:
798:
778:
767:
766:
756:
724:
625:is an essential
390:pantothenic acid
328:neurotransmitter
162:, and decreased
21:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3163:
3144:Dominic O'Brien
3122:
3091:
3072:Susumu Tonegawa
3052:Daniel Schacter
3027:Eleanor Maguire
3017:Geoffrey Loftus
2972:Stephen J. Ceci
2967:Robert A. Bjork
2943:
2862:state-dependent
2836:
2808:
2740:
2721:Cultural memory
2697:
2693:Memory disorder
2669:
2629:
2571:
2462:
2372:
2347:
2292:
2249:
2244:
2214:
2213:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2023:(10): 1045–60.
2010:
2009:
2002:
1981:(4): CD004514.
1976:
1975:
1971:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1560:(10): 366–368.
1551:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1469:(11): 615–623.
1456:
1455:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1002:
1001:
997:
951:
950:
943:
933:
932:
921:
883:
882:
837:
807:
806:
802:
780:
779:
770:
745:10.1038/nrn2421
726:
725:
710:
705:
673:
656:
654:Iron deficiency
650:
648:Iron deficiency
620:
614:
607:
603:
599:
593:intramuscularly
590:
586:
581:
570:
562:
558:
553:
551:
529:vascular events
526:
522:
505:
500:
497:
469:
464:
461:
443:
440:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
359:
339:Adequate Intake
313:
308:
300:processed foods
268:polyunsaturated
264:monounsaturated
248:
228:neural activity
194:
160:chronic disease
134:and preserving
105:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Paul R. McHugh
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Ivan Izquierdo
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Hindsight bias
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Memory erasure
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:post-traumatic
2497:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:Personal-event
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2368:Working memory
2365:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:Motor learning
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2254:Basic concepts
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2157:
2120:BMC Psychiatry
2106:
2052:
2000:
1969:
1939:
1918:
1893:
1872:(7): 215–224.
1852:
1833:(3): 487–496.
1817:
1798:(1): 114–122.
1781:
1760:(4): 806–812.
1737:
1716:
1687:
1676:(4): 230–235.
1657:
1630:(6): 565–570.
1614:
1587:(2): 223–239.
1571:
1541:
1520:
1498:
1444:
1417:
1390:(5): 709–714.
1374:
1339:(3): 245–254.
1316:
1287:(1): 169–206.
1262:
1208:
1190:
1161:(1): R17–R28.
1141:
1090:
1046:
995:
941:
919:
835:
800:
789:(5): 377–385.
768:
739:(7): 568–578.
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
672:
669:
662:can result in
660:iron imbalance
649:
646:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
588:
584:
579:
568:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
524:
520:
503:
499:
495:
492:
476:nicotinic acid
467:
463:
459:
456:
452:nervous system
442:
438:
435:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
358:
355:
312:
309:
307:
306:Micronutrients
304:
247:
244:
224:norepinephrine
193:
190:
142:, and general
104:
101:
80:macronutrients
76:caloric energy
63:
62:Macronutrients
60:
41:micronutrients
37:macronutrients
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3238:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3118:Clive Wearing
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Endel Tulving
3080:
3078:
3077:Anne Treisman
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Brenda Milner
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:James McGaugh
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Sigmund Freud
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:retrospective
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Muscle memory
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:Art of memory
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Memory biases
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Confabulation
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2577:Memory errors
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:post-hypnotic
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Rote learning
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Hyperthymesia
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Active recall
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Consolidation
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:Lancet Neurol
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:Haematologica
1946:
1944:
1940:
1929:on 2012-09-12
1925:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1727:on 2013-05-15
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1531:on 2015-09-06
1527:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
946:
942:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
775:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
709:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
665:
664:neurotoxicity
661:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
638:beta-Carotene
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
611:
609:
594:
591:administered
576:
574:
566:
547:
545:
542:
537:
532:
530:
516:
513:
509:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
457:
455:
453:
449:
436:
434:
432:
427:
423:
415:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
363:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Acetylcholine
329:
325:
321:
317:
310:
305:
303:
301:
297:
291:
289:
283:
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103:Carbohydrates
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2977:Susan Clancy
2936:
2820:Memory sport
2745:Other topics
2635:False memory
2590:Cryptomnesia
2567:Weapon focus
2527:Decay theory
2288:Neuroanatomy
2247:Human memory
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2955:Researchers
2927:Prospective
2878:Free recall
2832:Shas Pollak
2485:anterograde
2401:Declarative
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541:neurulation
488:cholesterol
484:fatty acids
474:as well as
448:spinal cord
426:synthesized
272:cholesterol
252:fatty acids
198:amino acids
3210:Categories
3042:Lynn Nadel
2920:intertrial
2905:Metamemory
2893:flashbacks
2813:In society
2510:retrograde
2472:Forgetting
2443:Procedural
2353:Short-term
2323:Eyewitness
1933:2012-03-19
1731:2012-03-21
1535:2012-03-21
1437:22 October
703:References
635:provitamin
441:(thiamine)
406:folic acid
374:riboflavin
362:B vitamins
357:B vitamins
347:wheat germ
343:Beef liver
209:tryptophan
156:depression
152:disability
3221:Cognition
3216:Nutrition
2794:Nutrition
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2490:childhood
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