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1777:. The coalfields are about 5 kilometers (3 mi) wide in the east–west orientation, and about 1.5 kilometers (1 mi) wide in the north–south direction. There are six seams, located at a ten to twenty degree angle towards the surface. The seam thickness varies from a few centimeters (about an inch) to 15 meters (49 ft). The varying thickness increased the complexity of mining. From the top the seams are named Ragnhil, Josefine, Otelie, Advokat, Sofie and Ester. Most of the latter three are located below sea level. Each shaft was named for the seam it connected to. The area has further been subdivided into areas: Eastern, Agnes, Eastern Center, Western Center, Western and Lagoon. Only three have seen production, the Agnes, Eastern Center and Western Center.
395:
Kings Bay, Kingsbay and
Brandal City. Ny-Ålesund came into use in the early 1920s and was soon the official name of the settlement. The mining was hit by two strikes in 1919, the first lasting from the summer to October, and the second from November to January 1920. Because of the ice, each year the shipping was limited from May through October. By 1919 the company had fallen into severe financial difficulties. A British take-over was waved off and instead state coal purchasing agreement, effectively subsidies, were enforced. By 1921 the men had started bringing their families, raising the female population to twenty-two and the child population to twenty-three. An improvised school was therefore taken into use.
581:, which has conducted air research in Ny-Ålesund since the mid-1970s. Gradually there was increased interest in research in Ny-Ålesund. In the first years a series of universities sent summer expeditions. Kings Bay also generated revenue from selling fuel, supplies and air transport to shrimp fishers. By 1977 Kings Bay stuck a deal by the then state-owned Store Norske to sell all its claims, although it kept the property rights around Ny-Ålesund. During the early 1980s a plan for cultural heritage management was developed, which included the renovation of several older houses. In 1992 nearly the entire town was listed.
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without having a permanent presence. Most research is centered around environmental and earth sciences (atmosphere, glaciology, terrestrial ecology and marine research), taking advantage of the town's latitude, close access to pristine nature and relatively mild climate. Compared to other locations at such a latitude, Ny-Ålesund research station provides a well-developed infrastructure in terms of facilities, laboratories, access and communication. Ny-Ålesund is owned and operated by Kings Bay, which provides services to visiting scientists.
38:
54:
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place in 1946, and regular services were provided from 1949. Weather observations were carried out in 1950 to 1953, and again after 1961. The mine flooded on 26 April 1949 and it took half a year to empty it. On 7 January 1951 there was an explosion in the Ester V Mine, killing nine men. On 19 March 1952, yet another explosion took place in the Ester Mine, this time killing nineteen men. These caused several investigations and inquiries, leading to improvements to mining safety.
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1283:. Among SSF's tasks is the management of the Research in Svalbard (RiS) database, which contains information on all previous and ongoing research on the archipelago. Kings Bay participates in SSF and requires all researchers to register their projects with RiS. The Americans do have a presence in the form of a National Science Foundation funded group known as Svalbard REU which conducts research on the surrounding glaciers annually.
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The following is a list of all actors engaged in research and environmental monitoring on a permanent/semi-permanent basis in Ny-Ålesund. It states the name of the facility, the institute operating it, the nationality, the year the facility was established, and the nature of the research carried out.
482:
and salting of the cod. As the station was in need of subsidies, it was closed after two years. From 1936 a hotel service targeting tourists opened. Its most elaborate building, Nordpolhotellet, opened on 3 September 1939, although the town was abandoned just days later because of the outbreak of the
382:
of Ålesund in 1916, who dispatched two ships and sixty men to Kings Bay for the summer of 1916. Arriving on 21 July, they immediately started breaking surface coal. Kings Bay Kull Comp. was founded on 14 December 1916. Thirty people were sent to Kings Bay for the 1917 season, and started construction
1278:
Representatives for the participating institutions meet in the Ny-Ålesund
Science Managers' Committee (NySMAC) twice per year. NySMAC's main goals are to distribute information on existing research and provide input to the coordination and prioritising of future research and research infrastructure.
1274:
Eighteen research institutions from eleven countries have a more or less permanent presence in Ny-Ålesund. Five of these have a year-round presence, while the others are active primarily during the spring-summer-autumn field season. In addition there are several institutions which carry out research
502:
Kings Bay dispatched a crew after the war ended, with the first 90 workers arriving at Ny-Ålesund on 13 August 1945. They started reconstruction and mining commenced in
November. Production reached 61,000 tonnes in 1947. A 4 December 1948 explosion killed fifteen miners. A trial postal air drop took
1830:
motorized transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Ny-Ålesund
Harbour is operated by Kings Bay. In addition to serving the research community, it is open to commercial and recreational vessels. It has
588:
commenced in 1988 and in 1990 Kings Bay moved its administration from Oslo to Ny-Ålesund. From 1992 the government allowed international research institutions to establish stations in Ny-Ålesund, and thus several institutes built stations the early 1990s. This was matched by Kings Bay, who invested
530:
was ultimately forced to resign in August 1963, and all mining in Ny-Ålesund was terminated from 5 November 1963. For the meanwhile, Kings Bay was to retain the equipment and facilities in case later technological development would allow for safer mining operations. The first research establishment
466:
The first fatal mining accident took place in the Ester Mine on 16 December 1926, killing two miners. Gradually a series of smaller accidents took place. The company's lack of profitability caused the government to cease subsidies from 1929. A small guard and maintenance crew was kept in Ny-Ålesund
519:. It was met by opposition from both Norwegian and Soviet authorities and no permits were granted, even though they pursued the case for a decade. By 1959 Ester I was depleted and the railway was closed—transport having been taken over by trucks, and production remained low during the late 1950s.
394:
Sixty-four people stayed the first winter. They were supplemented from May 1918, bringing the summer population to 300. In the following years the town was gradually expanded with additional housing and work buildings. During the first years several names were in use for the settlement, including
351:
As Ny-Ålesund has no legal existence as a town, it lacks any formal area. If the land owned by Kings Bay is used to define the town, it would have an area of 300 square kilometers (120 sq mi), which would encapsulate both the north and south shores of
Kongsfjorden. Kings Bay retains
335:
Ny-Ålesund is located on the north shore of Brøggerhalvøya, a peninsula of Oscar II Land on the island of
Spitsbergen. The town is located on the southern shore of Kongsfjorden (literally "the King's Bay"), a bay on the west coast of Spitsbergen which connects to Forlandssundet of the
406:
was attempted from 1924 to 1927, but proved unprofitable. The labor union, Kings Bay
Arbeiderforening, was founded in 1925, although many of the workers had previously ad hoc organized themselves. In 1919 Northern Exploration Company laid pressed that they had claims on
1945:
zone. It sits amid the richest fauna and flora areas of
Svalbard, especially along the rim of Kongsfjord and particularly in its innermost parts. Some of the cliffs are heavily populated by birds; Ny-Ålesund is the archipelago's richest area for birds, especially
326:
having had a year-round presence since 1968. As of 2021, 18 institutions from 11 countries have a more or less permanent presence in Ny-Ålesund – five of them with year-round activity, the remaining primarily present during the spring-summer-autumn field season.
2005:). But there is no nautical twilight between December 11 to December 30, it only has 24 hour of darkness called astronomical twilight. The site is sufficiently isolated that it can be used to measure the background pollution levels in the high Arctic
1912:
station at
Hamnerabben is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in certain frequencies. Thus there is enforced a 20-kilometer (12 mi) exclusion zone for devices transmitting at between 2.1 and 2.5 GHz. The ban includes mobile telephones,
2628:
510:
approved a major upgrade to the mining facilities, which would cost NOK 20 million, in the hope that production could reach 200,000 tonnes. In 1956 two brothers, Einar Sverre and Gunnar Sverre
Pedersen, through their company
1970:. All people in the settlement must carry rifles because of the bears, and all doors in town remain unlocked for the sake of people seeking cover in the event of an attack. There are three protected areas in the vicinity:
297:
and his mining company, Kings Bay Kull Comp. Initially mining was carried out until 1929, but it was unprofitable for most of the 1920s. There were a series of air expeditions launched from Ny-Ålesund towards the
269:
and is not incorporated (i.e. is not recognised as a town by the Norwegian government). Ny-Ålesund has an all-year permanent population of 30 to 35, with the summer population reaching 114. Its facilities include
1997:. The town has its lowest temperatures during March, at an average −12 °C (10 °F) and a high average of 6 °C (43 °F) during July. The sun does not set from 18 April to 24 August (
540:
2639:
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occupied claims in 1905 and 1906, which were sold to The Northern Exploration Co. Ltd. in 1910. The first test shaft was built in 1909, followed by a hut in 1912. The claims were sold to
1279:
The Svalbard Science Forum (SSF) is an agency which acts as an information and coordination facilitator for research throughout Svalbard. Based in Longyearbyen, it is chaired by the
402:
established a geophysical station at Kvadehuken in 1920, although it only remained in operation until 1924. Production rose through the 1920, reaching a peak 99,000 tonnes per year.
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306:
in 1933 and the town was used for tourism and as a fishing port. Mining resumed for some months in 1941 and then from 1945. After several fatal incidents occurred including a
457:. Because of controversies over previous efforts, this is regarded by some as the first successful expedition to the North Pole. After two short skirmishes, Nobile's airship
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carried out surveys. A Swedish expedition looked into the coal in 1870 and in 1901 Bergen–Spitsbergen Kulgrubekompani laid claims to the deposits. Failing to follow up,
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1904:
microwave connection to Longyearbyen. Two redundant fiber pairs were laid in 2014, increasing capacity to 10 gigabits per second. The fiber line is owned by
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266:
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An explosion on 5 November 1962 killed 21 miners. Two investigations were carried out and the issue became a heated political debate. In what became the
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the company, taking effect on 23 December 1933. A fisheries station opened in 1935, which sold supplies to fishing vessels and carried out steaming of
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in increased capacity, including dorms, a new dock and better communications. By 1996 there were over one hundred research projects in Ny-Ålesund.
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85:
1792:, with a high petroleum content (16–25 percent) and high sulphuric contents (2 percent). This is the same formation as the coal mines in
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265:, which provides facilities for permanent research activities by 19 institutions from 11 countries. The town is ultimately owned by the
53:
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Ny-Ålesund has a road network which connects the buildings at the settlement, but this network does not extend beyond the settlement.
1820:
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1318:
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took over daily management of Ny-Ålesund until the telemetry station was closed in 1974. The station resulted in the construction of
1909:
1714:
37:
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2708:
602:
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1971:
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487:. However, this spurred a Norwegian demand for coal, and the town was resettled on 7 May 1941. However, the entire island
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200:
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2065:
2047:
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2020:
1975:
1721:
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608:). However, winter temperatures are very mild compared to other locations with the same classification because of the
585:
550:
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compliant and is commonly used by cruise ships. To reach the Zeppelin Station, located at 485-meter (1,591 ft)
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1979:
1870:
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411:. The case ended with the Government of Norway buying their claims in 1925, parts of which were sold to Kings Bay.
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1993:. It also receives heat from the predominant high pressure fronts which bring warm air from the Atlantic to the
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287:
283:
3332:
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2164:
Environmental impact assessment Ny-Ålesund international scientific research and monitoring station, Svalbard
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during a whaling expedition in the area in 1610. They did not receive more careful analysis until 1861, when
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Between 1925 and 1928, four attempts were made to reach the North Pole by air from Ny-Ålesund. One involved
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1986:
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3253:
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3226:
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1922:
1874:
1637:
1263:
275:
179:
2778:
2418:
375:
3765:
3645:
3610:
3479:
3286:
3268:
3211:
2890:
2440:
1836:
609:
516:
507:
471:
408:
341:
250:
189:
3920:
3744:
3729:
3524:
3443:
3258:
3238:
3221:
3216:
2734:
2704:
2635:
2557:
2527:
2502:
1901:
1766:
1588:
262:
3040:"A History of the European Space Agency 1958–1987: Volume I The story of ESRO and ELDO, 1958–1973"
3889:
1951:
1926:
488:
1390:
Environment, glaciology, meteorology, marine ecosystems, meteorology, space–Earth measurements
3655:
3448:
3127:
3106:
3085:
3024:
3003:
2978:
2959:
2398:
2342:
2306:
2138:
1959:
1181:
403:
125:
2949:
3963:
3894:
3494:
3425:
2898:
523:
484:
459:
311:
3365:
1762:
494:
386:
3590:
3499:
3291:
2810:
2783:
1882:
1849:
consists of a single 808-meter (2,651 ft) long and 30-meter (98 ft) wide gravel
1785:
1774:
1660:
1253:
1234:
449:
440:
419:
307:
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2894:
1954:
is the sole bird to winter. The vegetation is poor and vulnerable, mostly consisting of
1853:, located northwest of the settlement. It features a 30-by-75-meter (98 by 246 ft)
352:
ownership of all land in the area, although the mining claims are held by Store Norske.
3856:
3739:
3580:
3549:
3519:
3121:
3100:
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3018:
2993:
2368:
2332:
2137:(in Norwegian). Norwegian Hydrographic Service and Norwegian Polar Research Institute.
2132:
1840:
1405:
555:
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432:
322:
opened in 1967 and the town gradually transformed into a research settlement, with the
3039:
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3975:
3836:
3660:
3625:
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3400:
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2485:
iC3: Centre for ice, Cryosphere, Carbon and Climate. "Infrastructure and Facilities"
1930:
1862:
1813:
1019:
598:
574:
479:
436:
379:
337:
294:
238:
150:
1808:
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3615:
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3585:
3484:
3395:
3322:
3276:
3231:
2843:
2486:
1998:
1854:
1793:
1550:
Atmospheric physics, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography and terrestrial biology
475:
463:
left Ny-Ålesund on 23 May 1928 to reach the North Pole, but crashed on the return.
303:
258:
254:
3539:
3514:
1248:
515:, proposed that an airport be built at Kvadehussletta, on the outer-most point of
3831:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3534:
3529:
3504:
3415:
3375:
3360:
3317:
3312:
2762:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1878:
1866:
1816:
1789:
1457:
1351:
428:
367:
242:
140:
3734:
3665:
3509:
3489:
3420:
3385:
2056:
1967:
1963:
1889:, its high latitude makes it well-suited for launching rockets to investigate
570:
559:
299:
234:
1773:
The coal seams are located between the town-site and towards the mountain of
100:
87:
3595:
3410:
3405:
3344:
2903:
2879:"Climatology and time series of surface meteorology in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard"
2878:
1914:
1797:
383:
of a town. By winter buildings, mines, a port and a railway were completed.
345:
170:
2561:
399:
1468:
Atmospheric chemistry glacial and periglacial geomorphology and hydrology
3370:
3187:
1827:
1781:
246:
130:
3380:
2597:
1905:
1565:
2531:
3790:
2671:
2161:
Shears, John; Theisen, Fredrik; Bjørdal, Are; Norris, Stefan (1998).
1955:
1942:
1850:
1733:
1703:
1677:
1649:
1621:
1595:
1431:
569:
established a scientific station in Ny-Ålesund in 1966, moving their
454:
310:
on 5 November 1962 that killed 21 miners in what became known as the
196:
175:
1908:
and cost NOK 90 million (roughly €9.2 million) to install. The
2760:
Larsen, Rolf L. (16 November 1997). "Romfartshistorie på 79 nord".
1947:
1918:
1807:
1800:, but the Ny-Ålesund layer has been shifted in relation to these.
1761:
1539:
1513:
1485:
1379:
1325:
1262:
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413:
385:
1989:
which flows northwards from mainland Norway up the west coast of
1861:, but lacks a terminal and hangar facilities. Kings Bay charters
1576:
Atmospheric physics, biology, chemistry and geology. Part of the
470:
As of 1929 Kings Bay owed NOK 18.6 million to the state and
2462:
2104:
1267:
3160:
2498:
3846:
1873:. Tickets are only available after permission from Kings Bay.
541:
Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
212:
1929:
transmitted in Ny-Ålesund, which is remotely controlled from
1750:‡ The French and German activities are all part of the joint
282:, as well as a number of buildings dedicated to research and
1941:
Ny-Ålesund is located in a high-Arctic ecosystem within the
1784:
formation created 65 million years ago. It is classified as
3156:
366:
The coal deposits at Kongsfjorden were first discovered by
1985:
The climate is mild for its northern latitude, due to the
2009:. The town has some of the cleanest air in the world.
1524:
Atmospheric sciences, marine ecosystems and pollution
3947:
3149:
491:
on 29 August, with critical infrastructure blown up.
219:
2877:
Maturilli, M.; Herber, A.; König-Langlo, G. (2013).
2001:) and does not rise from 25 October to 17 February (
3929:
3913:
3870:
3824:
3758:
3722:
3674:
3558:
3462:
3434:
3353:
3305:
3267:
3194:
2554:"Svalbard Science Forum (SSF) and the RiS database"
453:left Ny-Ålesund and traveled via the North Pole to
249:, Norway. It is situated on the Brøgger peninsula (
207:
186:
169:
161:
156:
146:
136:
124:
116:
21:
1833:International Ship and Port Facility Security Code
2419:"Moyennes 1991-2020 Norvege (Jan Mayen/Svalbard)"
2524:"Ny-Ålesund Science Managers Committee (NySMAC)"
2487:https://ic3.uit.no/infrastructure-and-facilities
3126:(in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Norsk Telemuseum.
2584:"Key institutions, Ny-Ålesund Research Station"
1893:. It is the world's northernmost launch site.
1291:Key institutions, Ny-Ålesund Research Station
3172:
2920:"The town with the cleanest air in the world"
8:
1507:National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
1442:Atmospheric sciences, hydrology, glaciology
3020:Longyearbyen – Svalbard: historisk veiviser
2731:"Other Research Institutions in Ny-Ålesund"
1373:Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration
288:northernmost functional civilian settlement
3179:
3165:
3157:
2804:
2802:
1865:to fly two to four weekly flights using a
1289:
1235:Ny-Ålesund, Norway Travel Weather Averages
1228:Source 1: Météo climat stats Météo Climat
615:
547:, and resulted in about thirty employees.
340:. Across from Ny-Ålesund is the island of
18:
2902:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2362:
2360:
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2222:
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2218:
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2214:
2212:
2210:
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2156:
2154:
1769:mining operations during the first years
1615:French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor
1425:French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor
3954:
3073:Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
2375:Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2096:
2080:List of research stations in the Arctic
2016:
206:
168:
155:
115:
80:
46:
34:
2863:
2861:
2777:Zachariassen, Espen (13 March 2014).
1578:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
314:, mining activity was terminated and
185:
160:
145:
135:
123:
7:
4007:Populated places established in 1916
3771:Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower
3038:Kriege, J.; Russo, A. (April 2000).
2629:"Regulations for Ny-Ålesund Harbour"
2134:Den norske los Svalbard og Jan Mayen
1859:aerodrome flight information service
1533:National Institute of Polar Research
579:Norwegian Institute for Air Research
577:. An early scientific agent was the
554:Pipelines and cables are located in
537:European Space Research Organization
2811:"So remote, it could pass for Mars"
2809:Shukman, David (6 September 2012).
2779:"Forskere på Svalbard får 10 gbits"
2441:"Météo Climat stats for Ny Alesund"
535:was opened to communicate with the
267:Ministry of Climate and Environment
2975:Kings Bay Kull Comp. A/S 1917–1992
2707:. 20 December 2010. Archived from
2674:. 18 November 2010. Archived from
2303:Kings Bay Kull Comp. A/S 1917–1992
1958:. Mammals in the area include the
1900:in 2003 Ny-Ålesund had a twin 155
1479:National Research Council of Italy
1319:National Research Council of Italy
60:
14:
3123:Televerket: I samfunnets tjeneste
3105:. Scandinavian University Press.
3052:from the original on 2 March 2012
2977:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Schibsted.
2305:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Schibsted.
1910:very-long-baseline interferometry
1715:Very-long-baseline interferometry
253:) and on the shore of the bay of
3969:
3957:
3781:Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station
3068:Svalbard og den politiske avmakt
2815:British Broadcasting Corporation
2370:Svalbard og den politiske avmakt
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
1732:
1702:
1676:
1648:
1620:
1594:
1564:
1538:
1512:
1484:
1456:
1430:
1404:
1378:
1350:
1324:
293:The town was founded in 1917 by
59:
52:
36:
3937:2011 Svalbard polar bear attack
3885:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
3880:Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden
2918:Filipova, Anna (29 July 2022).
2665:"ENAS - Ny-Ålesund/Hamnerabben"
1896:From the implementation of the
1847:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
1843:which runs up Zeppelinfjellet.
1821:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
545:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
280:Ny-Ålesund Town and Mine Museum
272:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
3282:Longyearbyen Community Council
3080:Thusesen, Nils Petter (2005).
2393:Thusesen, Nils Petter (2005).
2129:Norwegian Hydrographic Service
1972:Blomstrandhamna Bird Sanctuary
1898:Svalbard Undersea Cable System
1780:The coal layers are part of a
1752:AWIPEV Arctic Research Station
1632:Atmospheric and life sciences
1451:Korea Polar Research Institute
443:made an attempt. Amundsen and
1:
4012:1916 establishments in Norway
3084:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion.
2463:"Ny-Ålesund Research Station"
2397:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Orion.
2105:"Ny-Ålesund Research Station"
398:The Geophysical Institute of
344:and the former settlement of
3997:Populated places in Svalbard
3842:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
3082:Svalbards historie i årstall
2995:Svalbard: nature and history
2395:Svalbards historie i årstall
2334:Svalbard: nature and history
1921:and other wireless devices.
1804:Transport and communications
619:Climate data for Ny-Ålesund
533:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
372:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand
320:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
3776:Arctic Yellow River Station
2467:Ny-Ålesund Research Station
2109:Ny-Ålesund Research Station
1976:Kongsfjorden Bird Sanctuary
1697:Norwegian Mapping Authority
1092:Average precipitation days
878:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
738:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
423:in Ny-Ålesund on 7 May 1926
4030:
2737:. May 1997. Archived from
2701:"Travelling to Ny-Ålesund"
1980:Ossian Sars Nature Reserve
1871:Svalbard Airport, Longyear
1281:Research Council of Norway
1252:The gondola which runs up
1232:
1227:
618:
528:Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet
390:The town in the late 1910s
359:
316:Gerhardsen's Third Cabinet
3796:Norwegian Polar Institute
3045:. European Space Agency.
3000:Norwegian Polar Institute
2956:Norwegian Polar Institute
2883:Earth System Science Data
2339:Norwegian Polar Institute
2172:Norwegian Polar Institute
1831:one large berth which is
1727:Norwegian Polar Institute
1720:
1692:
1671:Norwegian Polar Institute
1666:
1636:
1610:
1584:
1554:
1528:
1500:
1472:
1446:
1420:
1394:
1366:
1340:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1179:
1135:
1091:
1017:
947:
877:
807:
737:
667:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
573:measurement station from
567:Norwegian Polar Institute
324:Norwegian Polar Institute
261:is owned and operated by
81:
47:
35:
28:
2085:The Ny-Ålesund Symposium
1559:Alfred Wegener Institute
1496:Environment and climate
1416:Earth and life sciences
1399:British Antarctic Survey
498:Miners in the Agnes Mine
467:in the following years.
284:environmental monitoring
165:Summer: 117 Winter: 35
16:Town in Svalbard, Norway
4002:Company towns in Norway
3684:Forlandet National Park
3099:Ulfstein, Geir (1995).
2904:10.5194/essd-5-155-2013
1345:University of Groningen
42:Ny-Ålesund in June 2013
3120:Øvregard, Per (1996).
3071:(in Norwegian). Oslo:
2992:Hisdal, Vidar (1998).
2948:Brekke, Berit (1996).
2638:. 2013. Archived from
2373:(in Norwegian). Oslo:
2331:Hisdal, Vidar (1998).
1987:North Atlantic Current
1891:Earth's magnetic field
1823:
1770:
1271:
1260:
562:
513:Norsk Polar Navigasjon
499:
424:
391:
286:activities. It is the
237:") is a small town in
3900:Svalbard Rocket Range
3704:Northwest Spitsbergen
3699:Nordre Isfjorden Land
3065:Tamnes, Rolf (1992).
2840:Telenor Maritim Radio
2618:Umbriet (1997): 63–67
2367:Tamnes, Rolf (1992).
1923:Telenor Maritim Radio
1875:Svalbard Rocket Range
1811:
1765:
1266:
1251:
553:
497:
417:
389:
362:History of Ny-Ålesund
276:Svalbard Rocket Range
188: • Summer (
101:78.92500°N 11.92222°E
3801:Polish Polar Station
3766:Arctic World Archive
3646:Wedel Jarlsberg Land
2973:Hanoa, Rolf (1993).
2301:Hanoa, Rolf (1993).
1837:above mean sea level
668:Record high °C (°F)
610:North Atlantic Drift
584:Construction of the
472:Aalesunds Kreditbank
73:Location in Svalbard
3921:Longyearbyen School
3730:Arctic Coal Company
3525:Prins Karls Forland
3102:The Svalbard Treaty
3017:Holm, Kari (1999).
2895:2013ESSD....5..155M
2846:on 18 February 2014
1902:megabits per second
1887:Andøya Rocket Range
1643:Andøya Rocket Range
1368:Arctic Yellow River
1362:Ecology and others
1292:
1136:Average snowy days
948:Record low °C (°F)
808:Daily mean °C (°F)
539:'s satellites. The
531:came in 1967, when
97: /
3890:Pyramiden Heliport
3825:Telecommunications
3709:Sassen–Bünsow Land
3689:Indre Wijdefjorden
3354:Former settlements
2564:on 3 November 2013
2534:on 3 November 2013
1952:Svalbard ptarmigan
1927:VHF maritime radio
1824:
1771:
1585:Marine Laboratory
1290:
1272:
1261:
563:
500:
425:
392:
302:. The company was
162: • Total
106:78.92500; 11.92222
3945:
3944:
3852:Satellite Station
3811:University Centre
3694:Nordenskiöld Land
3656:Gustav Adolf Land
3611:Nordenskiöld Land
3091:978-82-458-0742-4
3030:978-82-992142-4-7
3009:978-82-7666-152-1
2984:978-82-516-1448-1
2965:978-82-7666-090-6
2404:978-82-458-0742-4
2348:978-82-7666-152-1
2312:978-82-516-1448-1
2144:978-82-90653-06-9
1960:Svalbard reindeer
1748:
1747:
1474:Dirigibile Italia
1240:
1239:
1182:relative humidity
597:Ny-Ålesund has a
474:. Thus the state
409:Blomstrandhalvøya
404:Coal liquefaction
241:on the island of
228:
227:
213:nyalesundresearch
4019:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3895:Svalbard Airport
3816:Zeppelin Station
3652:
3567:
3545:Thousand Islands
3470:Amsterdam Island
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3150:Official website
3137:
3116:
3095:
3076:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3034:
3023:(in Norwegian).
3013:
2988:
2969:
2954:(in Norwegian).
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2842:. Archived from
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:on 14 April 2012
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2711:on 14 April 2012
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2681:on 7 August 2012
2680:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2560:. Archived from
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2530:. Archived from
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
1883:sounding rockets
1737:
1736:
1707:
1706:
1681:
1680:
1661:Sounding rockets
1653:
1652:
1625:
1624:
1599:
1598:
1569:
1568:
1543:
1542:
1517:
1516:
1489:
1488:
1461:
1460:
1435:
1434:
1409:
1408:
1383:
1382:
1355:
1354:
1329:
1328:
1293:
1270:radio telescope.
616:
586:Zeppelin Station
524:Kings Bay Affair
485:Second World War
376:Ernest Mansfield
312:Kings Bay Affair
224:
221:
217:
214:
193:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
63:
62:
56:
40:
19:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3925:
3909:
3866:
3820:
3786:Himadri Station
3754:
3718:
3714:Sør-Spitsbergen
3670:
3650:
3591:Haakon VII Land
3565:
3554:
3500:Kong Karls Land
3458:
3454:Protected areas
3430:
3349:
3301:
3263:
3190:
3185:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3079:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3010:
2991:
2985:
2972:
2966:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2784:Teknisk Ukeblad
2776:
2775:
2771:
2766:(in Norwegian).
2759:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2645:on 7 April 2014
2642:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
1939:
1806:
1786:bituminous coal
1775:Zeppelinfjellet
1760:
1731:
1701:
1675:
1647:
1619:
1606:Marine biology
1593:
1563:
1537:
1511:
1483:
1455:
1429:
1403:
1377:
1349:
1323:
1314:Amundsen–Nobile
1254:Zeppelinfjellet
1246:
1241:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
595:
441:Richard E. Byrd
364:
358:
333:
308:mining accident
218:
211:
187:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
77:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3862:Undersea Cable
3859:
3857:Svalbard Radio
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:IndARC Station
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3676:National parks
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:Nordaustlandet
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3550:Wilhelm Island
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Nordaustlandet
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3142:External links
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:978-8291335100
3132:
3117:
3112:978-8200227137
3111:
3096:
3090:
3077:
3062:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2970:
2964:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2910:
2889:(1): 155–163.
2869:
2857:
2827:
2798:
2787:(in Norwegian)
2769:
2752:
2722:
2692:
2656:
2620:
2611:
2589:
2575:
2545:
2515:
2490:
2478:
2454:
2443:. Météo Climat
2432:
2410:
2403:
2380:
2354:
2347:
2318:
2311:
2184:
2150:
2143:
2120:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2011:
1938:
1935:
1841:aerial tramway
1839:, there is an
1805:
1802:
1759:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1690:
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1668:
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1627:
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1556:
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1526:
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1522:
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1448:
1444:
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1414:
1411:
1410:United Kingdom
1401:
1396:
1392:
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749:
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739:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
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694:
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669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
614:
594:
591:
517:Brøggerhalvøya
445:Umberto Nobile
433:Roald Amundsen
360:Main article:
357:
354:
332:
329:
290:in the world.
251:Brøggerhalvøya
226:
225:
209:
205:
204:
194:
184:
183:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
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79:
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72:
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65:
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51:
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41:
33:
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29:
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25:
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15:
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599:polar climate
592:
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575:Isfjord Radio
572:
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486:
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480:cod liver oil
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437:Floyd Bennett
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380:Peter Brandal
377:
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342:Blomstrandøya
339:
338:Greenland Sea
330:
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295:Peter Brandal
291:
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278:, a port and
277:
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239:Oscar II Land
236:
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223:
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177:
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172:
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152:
151:Oscar II Land
149:
142:
139:
132:
129:
127:
119:
110:
82:Coordinates:
55:
39:
27:
20:
3905:Svea Airport
3750:Store Norske
3636:Sørkapp Land
3616:Ny-Friesland
3601:James I Land
3586:Dickson Land
3485:Danes Island
3396:Kobbefjorden
3340:Isbjørnhamna
3327:
3323:Longyearbyen
3232:Newtontoppen
3122:
3101:
3081:
3067:
3054:. Retrieved
3019:
2994:
2974:
2950:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2848:. Retrieved
2844:the original
2836:"Bodø Radio"
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2789:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2640:the original
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2600:. Tccon-wiki
2592:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:the original
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2493:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2413:
2394:
2369:
2333:
2302:
2175:. Retrieved
2163:
2133:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
1999:midnight sun
1984:
1940:
1895:
1869:aircraft to
1845:
1825:
1794:Longyearbyen
1779:
1772:
1754:since 2003.
1749:
1744:Atmospheric
1638:Rocket Range
1336:Atmospheric
1302:Nationality
1299:Institution
1285:
1277:
1273:
1022:mm (inches)
605:
596:
583:
564:
521:
505:
501:
476:nationalized
469:
465:
458:
448:
429:flying boats
426:
418:
397:
393:
365:
350:
334:
304:nationalized
292:
259:company town
255:Kongsfjorden
230:
229:
3832:Hopen Radio
3641:Torell Land
3631:Sabine Land
3621:Olav V Land
3581:Bünsow Land
3576:Andrée Land
3566:Spitsbergen
3535:Spitsbergen
3480:Bear Island
3436:Environment
3416:Smeerenburg
3361:Advent City
3318:Hopen Radio
3313:Barentsburg
3306:Settlements
3297:Visa policy
3207:Archaeology
3202:Agriculture
2763:Aftenposten
2447:10 November
2421:(in French)
2007:troposphere
2003:polar night
1995:Barents Sea
1991:Spitsbergen
1937:Environment
1925:operates a
1885:. Owned by
1879:launch site
1867:Dornier 228
1819:landing at
1817:Dornier 228
1790:cannel coal
1555:Koldewey ‡
1462:South Korea
1356:Netherlands
447:'s airship
368:Jonas Poole
243:Spitsbergen
141:Spitsbergen
104: /
3992:Ny-Ålesund
3986:Categories
3806:Seed Vault
3735:Arktikugol
3666:Orvin Land
3559:Land areas
3475:Barentsøya
3421:Virgohamna
3401:Lægerneset
3386:Hiorthhamn
3366:Bölscheøya
3328:Ny-Ålesund
3259:In fiction
2951:Ny-Ålesund
2942:References
2745:30 October
2499:"Research"
2472:2021-08-08
2170:. Tromsø:
2114:2021-08-10
1968:polar bear
1964:Arctic fox
1931:Bodø Radio
1233:Source 2:
571:ionosphere
560:permafrost
508:Parliament
318:resigned.
300:North Pole
231:Ny-Ålesund
157:Population
92:11°55′20″E
89:78°55′30″N
67:Ny-Ålesund
23:Ny-Ålesund
3964:Geography
3914:Education
3872:Transport
3745:Kings Bay
3723:Companies
3596:Heer Land
3540:Svenskøya
3411:Pyramiden
3406:Ny-London
3345:Sveagruva
3254:Transport
3244:Languages
3227:Geography
2929:11 August
2867:Brekke: 6
2735:Kings Bay
2705:Kings Bay
2636:Kings Bay
2604:3 January
2558:Kings Bay
2528:Kings Bay
2503:Kings Bay
1915:Bluetooth
1798:Sveagruva
1767:Kings Bay
1667:Sverdrup
1589:Kings Bay
1529:Japanese
1421:Corbel ‡
1308:Research
1296:Facility
558:to avoid
556:utilidors
346:Ny-London
331:Geography
263:Kings Bay
171:Time zone
3759:Research
3740:Bjørnøen
3530:Sjuøyane
3505:Kongsøya
3376:Gåshamna
3371:Finneset
3287:Governor
3269:Politics
3212:Cannabis
3188:Svalbard
3056:10 April
3047:Archived
2998:. Oslo:
2715:17 April
2685:17 April
2649:21 March
2425:21 March
2337:. Oslo:
2131:(1990).
2074:See also
1966:and the
1828:Off-road
1782:Tertiary
1722:Zeppelin
1688:Various
1611:Rabot ‡
1395:British
1258:Zeppelin
1244:Research
1180:Average
1087:(18.11)
1018:Average
1013:(−44.0)
1008:(−29.7)
1003:(−17.0)
963:(−44.0)
958:(−42.0)
953:(−33.9)
506:In 1956
247:Svalbard
220:kingsbay
131:Svalbard
3950:Portals
3930:History
3510:Kvitøya
3490:Edgeøya
3463:Islands
3444:Climate
3381:Grumant
3333:history
3249:Museums
3239:History
3222:Economy
3217:Outline
3195:General
2891:Bibcode
2850:3 April
2820:3 April
2791:4 April
2598:"Sites"
2568:3 April
2538:3 April
2508:3 April
2177:4 April
1906:Uninett
1570:Germany
1502:Himadri
1341:Arctic
1082:(1.75)
1077:(1.99)
1072:(1.58)
1067:(2.35)
1062:(1.48)
1057:(1.24)
1052:(0.57)
1047:(0.76)
1042:(0.98)
1037:(1.53)
1032:(1.67)
1027:(2.21)
998:(−5.1)
988:(22.1)
983:(27.1)
978:(16.7)
973:(−2.4)
943:(19.8)
933:(14.4)
928:(19.9)
923:(30.6)
918:(37.4)
913:(39.2)
908:(34.3)
903:(23.7)
898:(10.4)
873:(24.4)
868:(15.3)
863:(19.2)
858:(24.1)
853:(34.0)
848:(40.6)
843:(42.6)
838:(37.6)
833:(28.2)
828:(16.2)
823:(10.4)
818:(11.5)
813:(13.1)
803:(29.0)
798:(20.5)
793:(24.3)
788:(28.4)
783:(37.4)
778:(43.9)
773:(45.9)
768:(40.8)
763:(32.7)
758:(22.1)
753:(16.2)
748:(17.2)
743:(18.7)
733:(65.7)
728:(45.3)
723:(45.3)
718:(51.1)
713:(54.1)
708:(65.5)
703:(65.7)
698:(54.1)
693:(49.5)
688:(46.0)
683:(41.0)
678:(41.5)
673:(43.9)
593:Climate
431:led by
356:History
235:Ålesund
208:Website
117:Country
3976:Norway
3515:Lågøya
3292:Treaty
3130:
3109:
3088:
3027:
3006:
2981:
2962:
2672:Avinor
2401:
2345:
2309:
2141:
1962:, the
1956:lichen
1950:. The
1948:waders
1943:tundra
1851:runway
1758:Mining
1738:Norway
1708:Norway
1682:Norway
1654:Norway
1626:France
1600:Norway
1447:Dasan
1436:France
968:(−29)
938:(9.9)
893:(4.8)
888:(5.7)
883:(7.5)
624:Month
603:Köppen
460:Italia
455:Alaska
400:Tromsø
257:. The
233:("New
137:Island
126:Region
120:Norway
3495:Hopen
3449:Flora
3050:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
2679:(PDF)
2668:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
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2091:Notes
1919:Wi-Fi
1877:is a
1855:apron
1693:VLBI
1544:Japan
1518:India
1490:Italy
1384:China
1330:Italy
1305:Est.
1011:−42.2
1006:−34.3
1001:−27.2
996:−20.6
971:−19.1
961:−42.2
956:−41.1
951:−36.6
936:−12.3
896:−12.0
891:−15.1
886:−14.6
881:−13.6
821:−12.0
816:−11.4
811:−10.5
663:Year
450:Norge
420:Norge
197:UTC+2
176:UTC+1
3128:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3058:2012
3025:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2931:2022
2852:2014
2822:2014
2793:2014
2747:2012
2717:2012
2687:2012
2651:2014
2606:2014
2570:2014
2540:2014
2510:2014
2449:2019
2427:2022
2399:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2179:2014
2139:ISBN
1978:and
1881:for
1857:and
1796:and
1788:and
1741:1988
1711:1992
1685:1999
1657:1997
1629:1999
1603:2005
1573:1991
1547:1990
1521:2008
1493:1997
1465:2002
1439:1963
1413:1991
1387:2004
1359:1995
1333:2009
1268:VLBI
1184:(%)
1175:145
1131:197
1080:44.5
1075:50.5
1070:40.2
1065:59.6
1060:37.7
1055:31.4
1050:14.6
1045:19.3
1040:24.9
1035:38.8
1030:42.4
1025:56.1
993:(5)
986:−5.5
981:−2.7
976:−8.5
941:−6.8
931:−9.8
926:−6.7
921:−0.8
901:−4.6
871:−4.2
866:−9.3
861:−7.1
856:−4.4
831:−2.1
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801:−1.7
796:−6.4
791:−4.3
786:−2.0
756:−5.5
751:−8.8
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741:−7.4
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716:10.6
711:12.3
706:18.6
701:18.7
696:12.3
660:Dec
657:Nov
654:Oct
651:Sep
648:Aug
645:Jul
642:Jun
639:May
636:Apr
633:Mar
630:Feb
627:Jan
565:The
439:and
201:CEST
147:Land
30:Town
3847:.sj
3277:Act
2924:BBC
2899:doi
1256:to
1223:76
1220:69
1217:71
1214:71
1211:77
1208:80
1205:83
1202:81
1199:76
1196:74
1193:76
1190:78
1187:71
1172:15
1169:18
1166:18
1163:11
1151:14
1148:15
1145:14
1142:14
1139:15
1128:16
1125:20
1122:20
1119:18
1116:16
1113:16
1110:15
1107:16
1104:16
1101:14
1098:15
1095:15
1085:460
991:−15
966:−34
916:3.0
911:4.0
906:1.3
851:1.1
846:4.8
841:5.9
836:3.1
781:3.0
776:6.6
771:7.7
766:4.9
761:0.4
726:7.4
721:7.4
691:9.7
686:7.8
681:5.0
676:5.3
671:6.6
245:in
222:.no
215:.no
190:DST
180:CET
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