688:, ran between the worlds, where nature spirits and the ancestors could travel from one world to the other and advise the living. Nzambici and Nzambi Mpungu withdrew from the earth and took their place in the heavens, choosing to no longer interact with man. Man knew Nzambici as the earth and moon and Nzambi Mpungu as the sun. Because of the duality of Nzambici and Nzambi, the Kongo people believed that the right side of the body was male, while the left side was believed to be female.
641:, and gained power of her own. To punish her, Nzambi Mpungu is said to have created the earth and sent her there. But unable to stay away from her for too long, he returned to earth and married Nzambici. On earth, they created the waters, the land and the animals. She subsequently became "the god on earth, the great princess, the mother of all the animals, the one who promises her daughter to the animal who shall bring her the fire from heaven."
988:
233:
1826:
1291:
591:
2037:
652:. Nzambici also became the great mystery of the earth, "the mother of a beautiful daughter, gives mankind all laws, ordinances, arts, games, and musical instruments." She "settles quarrels between animals, and in the stories giving her decision is embedded an immense amount of Fjort law." To guide man, Nzambici and Nzambi Mpungu created nature spirits—
197:, which gained energy and burned until its flames filled mbungi. When it became too hot, it hurled pieces of debris outside of the circle. Those pieces traveled far and wide in all directions until they came to stop. When they cooled off, they were stars and planets, which formed the universe. Nzambi Mpungu then became
176:
By the 17th century, Nzambici's importance seems to have diminished. Oral tradition from the period states that Nzambi Mpungu was surrounded by lesser spirits, including
Nzambici. There is consensus among historians that this reduction of nature spirits to lesser spirits was due to the Portuguese
633:
Wanting to expand his creation, some oral traditions say that Nzambi Mpungu crafted his female counterpart named
Nzambici, the god of essence. Other oral traditions say Nzambici always existed alongside Nzambi Mpungu as an eternal goddess in her own right.
177:
influence of monotheism and their shunning of "idols." Whereas
Nzambici and Nzambi Mpungu were once "the marvel of marvels," Nzambi Mpungu began to exist independently of Nzambici, and was seen as a supreme Creator God, similar to the
1862:
996:
620:
272:
942:
2368:
1855:
2363:
822:
790:
756:
2358:
1848:
2115:
1895:
1768:
1421:
1327:
1214:
606:
512:
928:
1961:
613:
935:
189:
Oral tradition states that in the beginning, time, place and space did not exist. There was only a circular void, called
2180:
1131:
408:
2378:
637:
Nevertheless, they lived as one, watching over all they had made. That was until
Nzambici stole some of his fire, or
2328:
2303:
1871:
1723:
2373:
2308:
2275:
1435:
838:
2353:
2338:
2323:
2298:
1986:
977:
259:
2383:
2318:
1425:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2313:
1830:
1101:
1093:
378:
371:
2078:
1966:
1954:
1748:
1199:
1181:
1015:
492:
464:
290:
2160:
1922:
1358:
2202:
1890:
1320:
178:
2222:
2016:
1804:
906:
898:
1917:
1733:
1239:
812:
537:
477:
2234:
2006:
1944:
1927:
1905:
1752:
1645:
890:
818:
786:
752:
496:
2051:
1976:
880:
93:
44:
2246:
2090:
1991:
1758:
1737:
1671:
1578:
1506:
1396:
1363:
1353:
1255:
1204:
1111:
1067:
702:
553:
502:
481:
388:
342:
165:
78:
1981:
1573:
987:
232:
2212:
2100:
2083:
2011:
1728:
1650:
1481:
1471:
1406:
1386:
1313:
1295:
1189:
1121:
972:
951:
707:
595:
472:
398:
254:
221:
213:
157:
97:
37:
2292:
2263:
2190:
2071:
2056:
1949:
1691:
1655:
1348:
1164:
1146:
910:
443:
426:
161:
141:
131:
2036:
2095:
1900:
1794:
1496:
1429:
1415:
1400:
1274:
1106:
681:
645:
572:
383:
68:
1912:
1235:
785:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 92, 93, 114, 115.
533:
780:
746:
193:. One day, the "Sovereign Master" Nzambi Mpungu summoned a spark of fire, called
2185:
2145:
2125:
2001:
1799:
1743:
1635:
1250:
1194:
967:
712:
548:
487:
249:
2135:
1773:
1681:
1630:
1305:
1219:
517:
1840:
894:
885:
868:
2253:
2197:
1996:
1537:
1041:
751:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–121.
722:
316:
1885:
156:) is the eternal God of Essence, as well as Moon, Earth and Sky Mother in
1939:
1264:
959:
562:
242:
902:
2173:
2110:
2105:
2066:
2021:
1789:
1763:
1640:
1552:
1461:
1209:
507:
121:
2241:
2150:
1971:
1809:
1696:
1686:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1547:
1501:
1476:
1466:
1451:
1391:
1268:
1159:
1126:
1116:
1083:
869:"The Spiral as the Basic Semiotic of the Kongo Religion, the Bukongo"
566:
438:
403:
393:
358:
107:
2207:
817:(1st ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 120–124, 165, 166, 361.
2258:
2217:
2168:
2130:
2061:
2026:
1934:
1676:
1598:
1583:
1557:
1542:
1532:
1516:
1491:
1486:
1456:
1245:
1154:
1136:
1004:
717:
697:
660:
654:
543:
433:
413:
279:
920:
2270:
2140:
2120:
1411:
1260:
558:
111:
57:
1844:
1309:
924:
782:
A Dictionary of
African Mythology: The Mythmaker as Storyteller
2229:
748:
African-Atlantic
Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
459:
2159:
2044:
1878:
1782:
1716:
1709:
1664:
1623:
1616:
1566:
1525:
1444:
1379:
1372:
1341:
1228:
1180:
1173:
1145:
1092:
995:
958:
526:
463:
137:
127:
117:
103:
89:
84:
74:
64:
53:
43:
33:
21:
160:. She is also the female counterpart of the Kongo
839:"Nzambi Mpungu and the Race between Moon and Sun"
1856:
1321:
936:
614:
8:
644:Nzambici and Nzambi then created the first
1863:
1849:
1841:
1713:
1620:
1376:
1328:
1314:
1306:
1177:
943:
929:
921:
672:—and separated the physical world, called
621:
607:
460:
208:
884:
811:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2009).
734:
680:, with a boundary of water, called the
220:
867:Luyaluka, Kiatezua Lubanzadio (2017).
18:
7:
862:
860:
858:
806:
804:
802:
774:
772:
770:
768:
740:
738:
676:, from the spiritual world, called
14:
2035:
1825:
1824:
1290:
1289:
986:
814:Encyclopedia of African Religion
590:
589:
231:
201:, the god of fire and change.
1:
2369:Traditional African religions
2203:European witchcraft folklore
1336:Bantu religion and folklore
745:Brown, Ras Michael (2012).
2400:
1872:African diaspora religions
1724:African diaspora religions
205:Nzambici and Nzambi Mpungu
181:of Portuguese colonizers.
28:Moon, Earth and Sky Mother
2364:Sky and weather goddesses
2276:Native American religions
2033:
1822:
1287:
984:
26:
886:10.1177/0021934716678984
873:Journal of Black Studies
2359:Sky and weather deities
779:Scheub, Harold (2000).
2045:Practices and concepts
684:. A mystical forest,
1359:Proto-Bantu language
1102:Ancestral veneration
1009:Chicamassi-chinuinji
379:Ancestral veneration
284:Chicamassi-chinuinji
1665:Legendary creatures
104:Egyptian equivalent
2379:Tutelary goddesses
2017:Trinidadian Vodunu
1805:John the Conqueror
2329:Creator goddesses
2304:African goddesses
2286:
2285:
2198:Western occultism
2007:Spiritual Baptist
1838:
1837:
1818:
1817:
1705:
1704:
1612:
1611:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1282:
978:Kongo Catholicism
631:
630:
581:
580:
260:Kongo Catholicism
147:
146:
118:Nubian equivalent
2391:
2374:Tutelary deities
2309:Animal goddesses
2052:Animal sacrifice
2039:
1977:Louisiana Voodoo
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1828:
1827:
1714:
1624:Legendary beings
1621:
1377:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1178:
990:
945:
938:
931:
922:
915:
914:
888:
864:
853:
852:
850:
849:
843:Oxford Reference
835:
829:
828:
808:
797:
796:
776:
763:
762:
742:
623:
616:
609:
593:
592:
461:
235:
224:
209:
158:Bakongo religion
90:Roman equivalent
19:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2354:Lunar goddesses
2339:Earth goddesses
2324:Creator deities
2299:African deities
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2155:
2091:Hot foot powder
2040:
2031:
1874:
1869:
1839:
1834:
1814:
1778:
1759:Hot foot powder
1734:Candomblé Bantu
1701:
1660:
1608:
1579:Kongo cosmogram
1562:
1521:
1440:
1397:Dini Ya Msambwa
1368:
1364:Bantu languages
1354:Bantu expansion
1337:
1334:
1304:
1299:
1279:
1224:
1205:Hot foot powder
1169:
1141:
1112:Kongo cosmogram
1088:
991:
982:
954:
949:
919:
918:
866:
865:
856:
847:
845:
837:
836:
832:
825:
810:
809:
800:
793:
778:
777:
766:
759:
744:
743:
736:
731:
703:Kongo cosmogram
694:
627:
584:
583:
582:
577:
522:
503:Hot foot powder
478:Candomblé Bantu
457:
449:
448:
429:
419:
418:
389:Kongo cosmogram
374:
364:
363:
275:
265:
264:
245:
222:
207:
187:
185:Kongo cosmology
174:
138:Akan equivalent
128:Igbo equivalent
29:
17:
16:Bakongo goddess
12:
11:
5:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2384:Kongo religion
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Bantu religion
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2101:Kromanti dance
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Tambor de Mina
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1945:Dominican VudĂş
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1729:Black cat bone
1726:
1720:
1718:
1711:
1710:Bantu diaspora
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:Nyongo society
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1419:
1409:
1407:Kongo religion
1404:
1394:
1389:
1387:Bantu religion
1383:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Black cat bone
1186:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Nature spirits
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
985:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
956:
955:
952:Kongo religion
950:
948:
947:
940:
933:
925:
917:
916:
854:
830:
823:
798:
791:
764:
757:
733:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
708:Kongo religion
705:
700:
693:
690:
629:
628:
626:
625:
618:
611:
603:
600:
599:
586:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
556:
551:
546:
541:
530:
528:
524:
523:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
490:
485:
475:
473:Black cat bone
469:
467:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
436:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:Nature spirits
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
350:
345:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
288:
285:
282:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
252:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
218:
217:
206:
203:
186:
183:
173:
170:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
105:
101:
100:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
47:
41:
40:
38:Kongo religion
35:
31:
30:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Lunar deities
2347:
2345:
2344:Kongo culture
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Earth deities
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Bantu deities
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:Protestantism
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2161:Diverse roots
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:Fetish priest
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:Haitian Vodou
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Mokele-mbembe
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
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1656:Sudika-mbambi
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1507:Nzambi Mpungu
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1436:Zulu religion
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1068:Nzambi Mpungu
1066:
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879:(1): 91–112.
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824:9781412936361
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343:Nzambi Mpungu
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179:Christian God
171:
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166:Nzambi Mpungu
163:
159:
155:
152:(also called
151:
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79:Nzambi Mpungu
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67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2181:Christianity
2096:Jazz funeral
1982:MarĂa Lionza
1901:Black church
1829:
1795:Congo Square
1574:Kalûnga Line
1511:
1294:
1275:Maria Lionza
1107:Kalunga line
1072:
876:
872:
846:. Retrieved
842:
833:
813:
781:
747:
685:
682:kalûnga line
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
653:
649:
646:Kongo person
643:
638:
636:
632:
594:
573:Maria Lionza
384:Kalunga line
347:
198:
194:
190:
188:
175:
153:
149:
148:
65:Ethnic group
34:Venerated in
2235:Fon and Ewe
2186:Catholicism
2146:Voodoo doll
2126:Nine nights
1906:Catholicism
1800:Gullah Jack
1744:Goofer dust
1342:Main topics
1251:Espiritismo
1195:Goofer dust
1080:Phulu Bunzi
1046:Mbantilanda
1042:Mamba Muntu
968:Antonianism
713:Lunar deity
549:Espiritismo
488:Goofer dust
355:Phulu Bunzi
321:Mbantilanda
317:Mamba Muntu
250:Antonianism
162:creator god
85:Equivalents
2293:Categories
2136:Spirituals
1774:Ring shout
1682:Koolakamba
1631:Kimanaueze
1422:Zimbabwean
1220:Ring shout
1058:Moni-Mambu
1023:Kuitikuiti
848:2023-05-28
729:References
518:Ring shout
333:Moni-Mambu
298:Kuitikuiti
2254:Rastafari
1997:Quimbanda
1913:Candomblé
1879:Religions
1538:Mami Wata
1380:Religions
1236:Candomblé
1229:Religions
1026:Lubangala
960:Religions
911:152037988
895:0021-9347
723:Sky deity
534:Candomblé
527:Religions
301:Lubangala
243:Religions
2116:Mojo bag
2002:SanterĂa
1940:Convince
1831:Category
1769:Mojo bag
1717:Religion
1567:Concepts
1512:Nzambici
1373:Religion
1296:Category
1265:Convince
1215:Mojo bag
1174:Diaspora
1094:Elements
1073:Nzambici
1038:Ma Kiela
1012:Dinganga
903:26174215
692:See also
596:Category
563:Convince
513:Mojo bag
456:Diaspora
372:Elements
348:Nzambici
313:Ma Kiela
287:Dinganga
225:religion
214:a series
212:Part of
150:Nzambici
142:Asase Ya
22:Nzambici
2111:Michari
2106:Macumba
2067:Houngan
2022:Umbanda
1967:Judaism
1955:in Cuba
1896:Atheism
1790:Boo hag
1783:Culture
1764:Kumbaya
1641:Mwuetsi
1617:Culture
1553:Shetani
1526:Spirits
1462:Kalumba
1445:Deities
1426:Ndebele
1210:Kumbaya
1035:Makanga
1032:Lusunzi
1029:Lusiemo
1020:Kimbazi
997:Deities
670:kilundu
639:kalûnga
508:Kumbaya
310:Makanga
307:Lusunzi
304:Lusiemo
295:Kimbazi
273:Deities
199:Kalûnga
195:kalûnga
172:History
122:Amesemi
75:Consort
69:Bakongo
60:, Earth
54:Symbols
2247:Yoruba
2242:Orisha
2151:Zombie
2079:Hoodoo
1987:Maroon
1972:Kumina
1886:Abakuá
1810:Zombie
1749:Hoodoo
1738:Brazil
1697:Obambo
1687:Mbwiri
1636:Mwindo
1604:Zebola
1594:Nganga
1589:Nkondi
1548:Nkondi
1502:Nyambe
1497:Njambe
1482:Mukasa
1477:Mebege
1472:Kibuka
1467:Kianda
1452:Akongo
1428:&
1392:Badimo
1269:Kumina
1200:Hoodoo
1182:Hoodoo
1160:Nkondi
1132:Nlongo
1127:Nganga
1117:Mfinda
1084:Yahweh
1064:Ntangu
1061:Ngonde
1055:Mbumba
1049:Mbenza
909:
901:
893:
821:
789:
755:
686:mfinda
678:Mpémba
668:, and
567:Kumina
493:Hoodoo
482:Brazil
465:Hoodoo
439:Nkondi
409:Nlongo
404:Nganga
394:Mfinda
359:Yahweh
339:Ntangu
336:Ngonde
330:Mbumba
324:Mbenza
191:mbûngi
154:Nzambi
108:Amunet
45:Planet
2259:Winti
2223:Bantu
2218:Nkisi
2213:Kongo
2169:Alusi
2131:Obeah
2084:Kongo
2072:Mambo
2062:Bokor
2027:Winti
1962:Islam
1935:Comfa
1918:Bantu
1891:Arará
1677:Eloko
1672:Abada
1646:Nambi
1599:Okuyi
1584:Nkisi
1558:Simbi
1543:Nkisi
1533:Jengu
1517:Nzame
1492:Mwari
1487:Muisa
1457:Bunzi
1430:Shona
1416:Chewa
1401:Luhya
1246:Comfa
1240:Bantu
1165:Tumba
1155:Nkisi
1137:Simbi
1077:Nzazi
1052:Mboze
1016:Jesus
1005:Bunzi
973:Kongo
907:S2CID
899:JSTOR
718:Simbi
698:Bunzi
674:Nseke
666:nkita
661:nkisi
655:simbi
650:muntu
648:, or
544:Comfa
538:Bantu
444:Tumba
434:Nkisi
414:Simbi
352:Nzazi
327:Mboze
291:Jesus
280:Bunzi
255:Kongo
223:Kongo
49:Earth
2271:Zemi
2264:Akan
2174:Igbo
2141:Veve
2121:Myal
1992:Palo
1928:Ketu
1923:Jejé
1412:Nyau
1261:Myal
1256:Palo
891:ISSN
819:ISBN
787:ISBN
753:ISBN
559:Myal
554:Palo
112:Isis
98:Luna
94:Juno
58:Moon
2230:Loa
2208:Ifá
1753:USA
1147:Art
881:doi
497:USA
427:Art
132:Ala
2295::
1267:,
905:.
897:.
889:.
877:48
875:.
871:.
857:^
841:.
801:^
767:^
737:^
664:,
658:,
565:,
216:on
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164:,
110:•
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1424:(
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827:.
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495:(
484:)
480:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
